# Earthquake lesson image credits

Installed September 5, 2026. The seven JPEGs below reproduce the downloaded originals without retouching, cropping, or stylization. Embedded text, legends, and credits are retained. Each image has a visible credit and full-size link in the lesson. Retrieval metadata and SHA-256 hashes are in [source-downloads.json](source-downloads.json).

## Figure 1 — How a tsunami develops

- File: [noaa-tsunami-formation.jpg](noaa-tsunami-formation.jpg), 2796 × 1360.
- Credit printed in the image: **Ocean Institute; modified by NOAA/NWS**.
- [NOAA/NWS source guide](https://www.weather.gov/nthmp/guide).
- [Original image](https://weather.gov/images/nthmp/tsunamiformation.jpg).
- The guide supplies the image for download. Retain the image’s Ocean Institute credit.

## Figure 2 — Kodiak, Alaska, 1964

- File: [usgs-kodiak-1964.jpg](usgs-kodiak-1964.jpg), 1799 × 1174.
- Credit: **USGS Alaska Technical Data Unit**, catalogue SF-GP-00-0107. Public domain.
- [USGS photograph record](https://www.usgs.gov/media/images/tsunami-damage-kodiak-alaska).
- [Original image](https://d9-wret.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com/assets/palladium/production/s3fs-public/media/images/18_earthquake1964.jpg).

## Figure 3 — Natori, Japan, 2011

- File: [usgs-natori-2011.jpg](usgs-natori-2011.jpg), 1280 × 960.
- Credit: **Bruce Jaffe, USGS**. Public domain.
- [USGS photograph record](https://www.usgs.gov/media/images/wreckage-after-japan-earthquake-and-tsunami-2011).
- [USGS context and photographer](https://www.usgs.gov/centers/pcmsc/science/preliminary-simulations-2011-japan-tsunami).
- [Original image](https://d9-wret.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com/assets/palladium/production/s3fs-public/thumbnails/image/Japan2011Natori-damage-10m_1.jpg).

## Figure 4 — The March 2011 tsunami across the Pacific

- File: [pmel-japan-2011-wave-model.jpg](pmel-japan-2011-wave-model.jpg), 1800 × 1965.
- Credit: **NOAA/PMEL**, reproduced from Eddie Bernard, Christian Meinig, Vasily V. Titov, and Yong Wei (2023), *50 Years of PMEL Tsunami Research and Development*, *Oceanography* 36(2–3):175–185.
- [Source article](https://tos.org/oceanography/article/50-years-of-pmel-tsunami-research-and-development) · [DOI](https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2023.208).
- [Original image](https://tos.org/oceanography/assets/images/content/36-bernard-title.jpg).
- Reproduced unchanged under [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/); the article’s image credit lines list no separate license exception for this image.
- Opening illustration: modeled maximum deep-water tsunami amplitudes in centimeters. The entire color scale and geography are preserved. This is not coastal flood depth or a live alert.
- Supplied by the user on September 5, 2026; copied without changing the original bytes.

## Figure 5 — How warnings reach people

- File: [noaa-warning-system.jpg](noaa-warning-system.jpg), 3305 × 1795.
- Credit: **NOAA/National Weather Service**, National Tsunami Hazard Mitigation Program.
- [NOAA/NWS source guide](https://www.weather.gov/nthmp/guide).
- [Original image](https://weather.gov/images/nthmp/systemdiagram.jpg).

## Figure 6 — DART buoy and seafloor pressure recorder

- File: [pmel-dart-cutaway.jpg](pmel-dart-cutaway.jpg), 1536 × 995.
- Credit: **NOAA/PMEL**, reproduced from Eddie Bernard, Christian Meinig, Vasily V. Titov, and Yong Wei (2023), *50 Years of PMEL Tsunami Research and Development*, *Oceanography* 36(2–3):175–185.
- [Source article](https://tos.org/oceanography/article/50-years-of-pmel-tsunami-research-and-development) · [DOI](https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2023.208).
- [Original image](https://tos.org/oceanography/assets/images/content/36-bernard-f2.jpg).
- Reproduced unchanged under [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/); the article’s image credit lines list no separate license exception for this image.
- Figure 2 of the source article. The lesson explains the acoustic and satellite links and identifies the warning-center labels as historical.
- Supplied by the user on September 5, 2026; copied without changing the original bytes.

## Figure 7 — NOAA DART surface buoy

- File: [noaa-dart-buoy.png](../noaa-dart-buoy.png), 1275 × 717.
- Credit: **NOAA**.
- Previously extracted without retouching from page 2 of the [user-supplied NOAA modernization announcement](../sources/noaa-dart-modernization-2024.pdf#page=2).
- [Original May 17, 2024 NOAA announcement](https://www.noaa.gov/news-release/biden-harris-administration-invests-30m-to-improve-tsunami-ocean-observing-system).

## Figure 8 — Seismometer installation, Ridgecrest, 2019

- File: [usgs-ridgecrest-installation.jpg](usgs-ridgecrest-installation.jpg), 4048 × 3036.
- Credit: **Elizabeth Cochran, USGS**. Public domain.
- [USGS photograph record](https://www.usgs.gov/media/images/seismometer-installation-ridgecrest-california).
- [Original image](https://d9-wret.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com/assets/palladium/production/s3fs-public/media/images/SV06.jpg).
- Depicts earthquake-monitoring fieldwork, not a dedicated tsunami installation.

## Budget chart

The proportional budget chart is drawn for this lesson using [USGS Circular 1544, table 1, printed page 8](../sources/usgs-earthquake-strategy-2024-2033.pdf#page=20). The FY2024 Earthquake Hazards Program appropriation totals $92.651 million: $62.645 million monitoring and reporting, $16.376 million assessment, and $13.630 million research.