{
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      "publisher": "Colorado State University Extension",
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      "id": "C-perennials",
      "title": "Native Herbaceous Perennials for Colorado Landscapes",
      "url": "https://extension.colostate.edu/resource/native-herbaceous-perennials-for-colorado-landscapes/",
      "publisher": "Colorado State University Extension",
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      "accessed": "2026-09-07T00:27:17+00:00",
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      "title": "Canada Thistle",
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      "publisher": "Jefferson County, Colorado",
      "locator": "Description, impacts, Colorado list designation, management",
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      "verification": "Source retrieved and relevant sections reviewed; response hash retained",
      "reuse": "Facts paraphrased; copyrighted source text is not republished"
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      "id": "J-musk-thistle",
      "title": "Musk Thistle",
      "url": "https://www.jeffco.us/2384/Musk-Thistle",
      "publisher": "Jefferson County, Colorado",
      "locator": "Description, impacts, Colorado list designation, management",
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      "verification": "Source retrieved and relevant sections reviewed; response hash retained",
      "reuse": "Facts paraphrased; copyrighted source text is not republished"
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      "title": "Oxeye Daisy",
      "url": "https://www.jeffco.us/2340/Oxeye-Daisy",
      "publisher": "Jefferson County, Colorado",
      "locator": "Description, impacts, Colorado list designation, management",
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      "reuse": "Facts paraphrased; copyrighted source text is not republished"
    },
    "J-russian-knapweed": {
      "id": "J-russian-knapweed",
      "title": "Russian knapweed",
      "url": "https://www.jeffco.us/4107/Russian-knapweed",
      "publisher": "Jefferson County, Colorado",
      "locator": "Description, impacts, Colorado list designation, management",
      "accessed": "2026-09-07T00:27:24+00:00",
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      "verification": "Source retrieved and relevant sections reviewed; response hash retained",
      "reuse": "Facts paraphrased; copyrighted source text is not republished"
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    "J-russian-olive": {
      "id": "J-russian-olive",
      "title": "Russian Olive",
      "url": "https://www.jeffco.us/2224/Russian-Olive",
      "publisher": "Jefferson County, Colorado",
      "locator": "Description, impacts, Colorado list designation, management",
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      "verification": "Source retrieved and relevant sections reviewed; response hash retained",
      "reuse": "Facts paraphrased; copyrighted source text is not republished"
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      "id": "J-saltcedar---tamarisk",
      "title": "Saltcedar - Tamarisk",
      "url": "https://www.jeffco.us/2216/Saltcedar---Tamarisk",
      "publisher": "Jefferson County, Colorado",
      "locator": "Description, impacts, Colorado list designation, management",
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      "verification": "Source retrieved and relevant sections reviewed; response hash retained",
      "reuse": "Facts paraphrased; copyrighted source text is not republished"
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    "J-scotch-thistle": {
      "id": "J-scotch-thistle",
      "title": "Scotch Thistle",
      "url": "https://www.jeffco.us/2192/Scotch-Thistle",
      "publisher": "Jefferson County, Colorado",
      "locator": "Description, impacts, Colorado list designation, management",
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      "verification": "Source retrieved and relevant sections reviewed; response hash retained",
      "reuse": "Facts paraphrased; copyrighted source text is not republished"
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      "id": "J-spotted-knapweed",
      "title": "Spotted Knapweed",
      "url": "https://www.jeffco.us/2181/Spotted-Knapweed",
      "publisher": "Jefferson County, Colorado",
      "locator": "Description, impacts, Colorado list designation, management",
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      "verification": "Source retrieved and relevant sections reviewed; response hash retained",
      "reuse": "Facts paraphrased; copyrighted source text is not republished"
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      "title": "Teasel",
      "url": "https://www.jeffco.us/2152/Teasel",
      "publisher": "Jefferson County, Colorado",
      "locator": "Description, impacts, Colorado list designation, management",
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      "verification": "Source retrieved and relevant sections reviewed; response hash retained",
      "reuse": "Facts paraphrased; copyrighted source text is not republished"
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      "url": "https://www.jeffco.us/2142/Yellow-Toadflax",
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      "verification": "Source retrieved and relevant sections reviewed; response hash retained",
      "reuse": "Facts paraphrased; copyrighted source text is not republished"
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    "K-bindweed": {
      "id": "K-bindweed",
      "title": "Bindweeds: field and hedge bindweed",
      "url": "https://blogs.cornell.edu/weedid/859-2/",
      "publisher": "Cornell University",
      "locator": "Field bindweed description, alkaloids and livestock, management",
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      "reuse": "Facts paraphrased; copyrighted source text is not republished"
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    "N-achillea-filipendulina": {
      "id": "N-achillea-filipendulina",
      "url": "https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/achillea-filipendulina/",
      "publisher": "NC State Extension",
      "title": "Achillea filipendulina — Plant Toolbox",
      "locator": "Description, Attributes, Poisonous to Humans, Problems",
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      "verification": "Source retrieved and relevant sections reviewed; response hash retained",
      "reuse": "Facts paraphrased; copyrighted source text is not republished"
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    "N-ambrosia-artemisiifolia": {
      "id": "N-ambrosia-artemisiifolia",
      "url": "https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/ambrosia-artemisiifolia/",
      "publisher": "NC State Extension",
      "title": "Ambrosia artemisiifolia — Plant Toolbox",
      "locator": "Description, Attributes, Poisonous to Humans, Problems",
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      "verification": "Source retrieved and relevant sections reviewed; response hash retained",
      "reuse": "Facts paraphrased; copyrighted source text is not republished"
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    "N-artemisia-ludoviciana": {
      "id": "N-artemisia-ludoviciana",
      "url": "https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/artemisia-ludoviciana/",
      "publisher": "NC State Extension",
      "title": "Artemisia ludoviciana — Plant Toolbox",
      "locator": "Description, Attributes, Poisonous to Humans, Problems",
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      "retrieved_url": "https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/artemisia-ludoviciana/",
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      "verification": "Source retrieved and relevant sections reviewed; response hash retained",
      "reuse": "Facts paraphrased; copyrighted source text is not republished"
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      "verification": "Relevant source sections reviewed; retrieval hash retained.",
      "reuse": "Factual synthesis in original wording; source text is not republished."
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    "N-lythrum-salicaria": {
      "id": "N-lythrum-salicaria",
      "title": "lythrum salicaria — Plant Toolbox",
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      "verification": "Relevant source sections reviewed; retrieval hash retained.",
      "reuse": "Factual synthesis in original wording; source text is not republished."
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    "N-iris-pseudacorus": {
      "id": "N-iris-pseudacorus",
      "title": "iris pseudacorus — Plant Toolbox",
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      "publisher": "NC State Extension",
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      "verification": "Relevant source sections reviewed; retrieval hash retained.",
      "reuse": "Factual synthesis in original wording; source text is not republished."
    },
    "N-centaurea-solstitialis": {
      "id": "N-centaurea-solstitialis",
      "title": "centaurea solstitialis — Plant Toolbox",
      "url": "https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/centaurea-solstitialis/",
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      "verification": "Relevant source sections reviewed; retrieval hash retained.",
      "reuse": "Factual synthesis in original wording; source text is not republished."
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    "N-artemisia-absinthium": {
      "id": "N-artemisia-absinthium",
      "title": "artemisia absinthium — Plant Toolbox",
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      "verification": "Relevant source sections reviewed; retrieval hash retained.",
      "reuse": "Factual synthesis in original wording; source text is not republished."
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    "N-hyoscyamus-niger": {
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      "title": "hyoscyamus niger — Plant Toolbox",
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      "publisher": "NC State Extension",
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      "verification": "Relevant source sections reviewed; retrieval hash retained.",
      "reuse": "Factual synthesis in original wording; source text is not republished."
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    "N-saponaria-officinalis": {
      "id": "N-saponaria-officinalis",
      "title": "saponaria officinalis — Plant Toolbox",
      "url": "https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/saponaria-officinalis/",
      "publisher": "NC State Extension",
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      "verification": "Relevant source sections reviewed; retrieval hash retained.",
      "reuse": "Factual synthesis in original wording; source text is not republished."
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    "N-tanacetum-vulgare": {
      "id": "N-tanacetum-vulgare",
      "title": "tanacetum vulgare — Plant Toolbox",
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      "publisher": "NC State Extension",
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      "verification": "Relevant source sections reviewed; retrieval hash retained.",
      "reuse": "Factual synthesis in original wording; source text is not republished."
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    "N-myriophyllum-spicatum": {
      "id": "N-myriophyllum-spicatum",
      "title": "myriophyllum spicatum — Plant Toolbox",
      "url": "https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/myriophyllum-spicatum/",
      "publisher": "NC State Extension",
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      "verification": "Relevant source sections reviewed; retrieval hash retained.",
      "reuse": "Factual synthesis in original wording; source text is not republished."
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    "N-potentilla-recta": {
      "id": "N-potentilla-recta",
      "title": "potentilla recta — Plant Toolbox",
      "url": "https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/potentilla-recta/",
      "publisher": "NC State Extension",
      "locator": "Description; Attributes; Problems; Poisonous to Humans",
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      "verification": "Relevant source sections reviewed; retrieval hash retained.",
      "reuse": "Factual synthesis in original wording; source text is not republished."
    },
    "N-carum-carvi": {
      "id": "N-carum-carvi",
      "title": "carum carvi — Plant Toolbox",
      "url": "https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/carum-carvi/",
      "publisher": "NC State Extension",
      "locator": "Description; Attributes; Problems; Poisonous to Humans",
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      "verification": "Relevant source sections reviewed; retrieval hash retained.",
      "reuse": "Factual synthesis in original wording; source text is not republished."
    },
    "N-cyperus-esculentus": {
      "id": "N-cyperus-esculentus",
      "title": "cyperus esculentus — Plant Toolbox",
      "url": "https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/cyperus-esculentus/",
      "publisher": "NC State Extension",
      "locator": "Description; Attributes; Problems; Poisonous to Humans",
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      "verification": "Relevant source sections reviewed; retrieval hash retained.",
      "reuse": "Factual synthesis in original wording; source text is not republished."
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    "N-cichorium-intybus": {
      "id": "N-cichorium-intybus",
      "title": "cichorium intybus — Plant Toolbox",
      "url": "https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/cichorium-intybus/",
      "publisher": "NC State Extension",
      "locator": "Description; Attributes; Problems; Poisonous to Humans",
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      "verification": "Relevant source sections reviewed; retrieval hash retained.",
      "reuse": "Factual synthesis in original wording; source text is not republished."
    },
    "N-arctium-minus": {
      "id": "N-arctium-minus",
      "title": "arctium minus — Plant Toolbox",
      "url": "https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/arctium-minus/",
      "publisher": "NC State Extension",
      "locator": "Description; Attributes; Problems; Poisonous to Humans",
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      "retrieved_url": "https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/arctium-minus/",
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      "verification": "Relevant source sections reviewed; retrieval hash retained.",
      "reuse": "Factual synthesis in original wording; source text is not republished."
    },
    "N-verbascum-thapsus": {
      "id": "N-verbascum-thapsus",
      "title": "verbascum thapsus — Plant Toolbox",
      "url": "https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/verbascum-thapsus/",
      "publisher": "NC State Extension",
      "locator": "Description; Attributes; Problems; Poisonous to Humans",
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      "verification": "Relevant source sections reviewed; retrieval hash retained.",
      "reuse": "Factual synthesis in original wording; source text is not republished."
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    "N-hypericum-perforatum": {
      "id": "N-hypericum-perforatum",
      "title": "hypericum perforatum — Plant Toolbox",
      "url": "https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/hypericum-perforatum/",
      "publisher": "NC State Extension",
      "locator": "Description; Attributes; Problems; Poisonous to Humans",
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      "retrieved_url": "https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/hypericum-perforatum/",
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      "verification": "Relevant source sections reviewed; retrieval hash retained.",
      "reuse": "Factual synthesis in original wording; source text is not republished."
    },
    "N-sorghum-halepense": {
      "id": "N-sorghum-halepense",
      "title": "sorghum halepense — Plant Toolbox",
      "url": "https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/sorghum-halepense/",
      "publisher": "NC State Extension",
      "locator": "Description; Attributes; Problems; Poisonous to Humans",
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      "retrieved_url": "https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/sorghum-halepense/",
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      "verification": "Relevant source sections reviewed; retrieval hash retained.",
      "reuse": "Factual synthesis in original wording; source text is not republished."
    },
    "N-ulmus-pumila": {
      "id": "N-ulmus-pumila",
      "title": "ulmus pumila — Plant Toolbox",
      "url": "https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/ulmus-pumila/",
      "publisher": "NC State Extension",
      "locator": "Description; Attributes; Problems; Poisonous to Humans",
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      "retrieved_url": "https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/ulmus-pumila/",
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      "verification": "Relevant source sections reviewed; retrieval hash retained.",
      "reuse": "Factual synthesis in original wording; source text is not republished."
    },
    "N-ailanthus-altissima": {
      "id": "N-ailanthus-altissima",
      "title": "ailanthus altissima — Plant Toolbox",
      "url": "https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/ailanthus-altissima/",
      "publisher": "NC State Extension",
      "locator": "Description; Attributes; Problems; Poisonous to Humans",
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      "verification": "Relevant source sections reviewed; retrieval hash retained.",
      "reuse": "Factual synthesis in original wording; source text is not republished."
    },
    "WA-common-crupina": {
      "id": "WA-common-crupina",
      "title": "Common Crupina",
      "url": "https://www.nwcb.wa.gov/weeds/common-crupina",
      "publisher": "Washington State Noxious Weed Control Board",
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      "verification": "Relevant source sections reviewed; retrieval hash retained.",
      "reuse": "Factual synthesis in original wording; source text is not republished."
    },
    "WA-camelthorn": {
      "id": "WA-camelthorn",
      "title": "Camelthorn",
      "url": "https://www.nwcb.wa.gov/weeds/camelthorn",
      "publisher": "Washington State Noxious Weed Control Board",
      "locator": "Identification, ecological impacts, management; Washington legal class not applied to Colorado",
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      "verification": "Relevant source sections reviewed; retrieval hash retained.",
      "reuse": "Factual synthesis in original wording; source text is not republished."
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    "WA-flowering-rush": {
      "id": "WA-flowering-rush",
      "title": "Flowering Rush",
      "url": "https://www.nwcb.wa.gov/weeds/flowering-rush",
      "publisher": "Washington State Noxious Weed Control Board",
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      "verification": "Relevant source sections reviewed; retrieval hash retained.",
      "reuse": "Factual synthesis in original wording; source text is not republished."
    },
    "WA-giant-knotweed": {
      "id": "WA-giant-knotweed",
      "title": "Giant Knotweed",
      "url": "https://www.nwcb.wa.gov/weeds/giant-knotweed",
      "publisher": "Washington State Noxious Weed Control Board",
      "locator": "Identification, ecological impacts, management; Washington legal class not applied to Colorado",
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      "verification": "Relevant source sections reviewed; retrieval hash retained.",
      "reuse": "Factual synthesis in original wording; source text is not republished."
    },
    "WA-bohemian-knotweed": {
      "id": "WA-bohemian-knotweed",
      "title": "Bohemian Knotweed",
      "url": "https://www.nwcb.wa.gov/weeds/bohemian-knotweed",
      "publisher": "Washington State Noxious Weed Control Board",
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      "verification": "Relevant source sections reviewed; retrieval hash retained.",
      "reuse": "Factual synthesis in original wording; source text is not republished."
    },
    "WA-meadow-knapweed": {
      "id": "WA-meadow-knapweed",
      "title": "Meadow Knapweed",
      "url": "https://www.nwcb.wa.gov/weeds/meadow-knapweed",
      "publisher": "Washington State Noxious Weed Control Board",
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      "verification": "Relevant source sections reviewed; retrieval hash retained.",
      "reuse": "Factual synthesis in original wording; source text is not republished."
    },
    "WA-mediterranean-sage": {
      "id": "WA-mediterranean-sage",
      "title": "Mediterranean Sage",
      "url": "https://www.nwcb.wa.gov/weeds/mediterranean-sage",
      "publisher": "Washington State Noxious Weed Control Board",
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      "reuse": "Factual synthesis in original wording; source text is not republished."
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    "WA-medusahead": {
      "id": "WA-medusahead",
      "title": "Medusahead",
      "url": "https://www.nwcb.wa.gov/weeds/medusahead",
      "publisher": "Washington State Noxious Weed Control Board",
      "locator": "Identification, ecological impacts, management; Washington legal class not applied to Colorado",
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      "verification": "Relevant source sections reviewed; retrieval hash retained.",
      "reuse": "Factual synthesis in original wording; source text is not republished."
    },
    "WA-orange-hawkweed": {
      "id": "WA-orange-hawkweed",
      "title": "Orange Hawkweed",
      "url": "https://www.nwcb.wa.gov/weeds/orange-hawkweed",
      "publisher": "Washington State Noxious Weed Control Board",
      "locator": "Identification, ecological impacts, management; Washington legal class not applied to Colorado",
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      "retrieved_url": "https://www.nwcb.wa.gov/weeds/orange-hawkweed",
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      "verification": "Relevant source sections reviewed; retrieval hash retained.",
      "reuse": "Factual synthesis in original wording; source text is not republished."
    },
    "WA-rush-skeletonweed": {
      "id": "WA-rush-skeletonweed",
      "title": "Rush Skeletonweed",
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    "U-bulbous": {
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      "id": "N-taraxacum-officinale",
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    "ARS-larkspur": {
      "id": "ARS-larkspur",
      "title": "Larkspur (Delphinium spp.)",
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    "A-larkspur": {
      "id": "A-larkspur",
      "title": "Larkspur — Delphinium species",
      "url": "https://www.aspca.org/pet-care/aspca-poison-control/toxic-and-non-toxic-plants/larkspur",
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      "reuse": "Factual synthesis in original wording; source text is not republished."
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    "B-deathcamas": {
      "id": "B-deathcamas",
      "title": "Toxicoscordion venenosum var. gramineum",
      "url": "https://burkeherbarium.org/imagecollection/taxon.php?Taxon=Toxicoscordion+venenosum+var.+gramineum",
      "publisher": "University of Washington Burke Herbarium; Don Knoke and David Giblin",
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      "reuse": "Factual synthesis in original wording; source text is not republished."
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    "ARS-deathcamas": {
      "id": "ARS-deathcamas",
      "title": "Deathcamas",
      "url": "https://www.ars.usda.gov/Services/docs.htm?docid=9861",
      "publisher": "USDA Agricultural Research Service",
      "locator": "Description; toxicity; species group including Zigadenus venenosus",
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      "verification": "Relevant source sections reviewed; retrieval hash retained.",
      "reuse": "Factual synthesis in original wording; source text is not republished."
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    "N-chenopodium-album": {
      "id": "N-chenopodium-album",
      "title": "chenopodium album — Plant Toolbox",
      "url": "https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/chenopodium-album/",
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      "locator": "Species identity, description, ecology, toxicity",
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      "reuse": "Factual synthesis in original wording; source text is not republished."
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    "C-edible-weeds": {
      "id": "C-edible-weeds",
      "title": "Early Spring Edible Plants In Your Yard And Garden",
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      "publisher": "Colorado State University Extension, Pueblo County",
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    "N-rumex-crispus": {
      "id": "N-rumex-crispus",
      "title": "rumex crispus — Plant Toolbox",
      "url": "https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/rumex-crispus/",
      "publisher": "NC State Extension",
      "locator": "Species identity, description, ecology, toxicity",
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      "reuse": "Factual synthesis in original wording; source text is not republished."
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    "N-malva-neglecta": {
      "id": "N-malva-neglecta",
      "title": "malva neglecta — Plant Toolbox",
      "url": "https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/malva-neglecta/",
      "publisher": "NC State Extension",
      "locator": "Species identity, description, ecology, toxicity",
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    "A-caraway": {
      "id": "A-caraway",
      "title": "Caraway",
      "url": "https://www.aspca.org/pet-care/aspca-poison-control/toxic-and-non-toxic-plants/caraway",
      "publisher": "ASPCA Poison Control",
      "locator": "Scientific name and toxicity",
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      "verification": "Relevant exact entry reviewed through web retrieval; local downloaded-response hash retained separately. Automated local text extraction was incomplete.",
      "reuse": "Factual synthesis in original wording; source text is not republished."
    },
    "A-ragwort": {
      "id": "A-ragwort",
      "title": "Ragwort",
      "url": "https://www.aspca.org/pet-care/aspca-poison-control/toxic-and-non-toxic-plants/ragwort",
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      "reuse": "Factual synthesis in original wording; source text is not republished."
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    "K-kochia": {
      "id": "K-kochia",
      "title": "Kochia",
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      "title": "Revision of Colorado’s Floristic Quality Assessment Indices, 2020",
      "url": "https://cnhp.colostate.edu/download/documents/2020/CO_FQA_2020_Final_Report.pdf",
      "publisher": "Colorado Natural Heritage Program, Colorado State University",
      "locator": "Appendix B, Colorado species list: scientific name and native/non-native fields",
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      "reuse": "Factual synthesis in original wording; source text is not republished."
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      "id": "N-digitaria-sanguinalis",
      "title": "Digitaria sanguinalis",
      "url": "https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/digitaria-sanguinalis/",
      "publisher": "NC State Extension",
      "locator": "Description, identification attributes and plant problems; toxicity section where present",
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    "N-setaria-viridis": {
      "id": "N-setaria-viridis",
      "title": "Setaria viridis",
      "url": "https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/setaria-viridis/",
      "publisher": "NC State Extension",
      "locator": "Description, identification attributes and plant problems; toxicity section where present",
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    "N-polygonum-aviculare": {
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      "url": "https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/polygonum-aviculare/",
      "publisher": "NC State Extension",
      "locator": "Description, identification attributes and plant problems; toxicity section where present",
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    },
    "F-opuntia": {
      "id": "F-opuntia",
      "title": "Plains pricklypear",
      "url": "https://research.fs.usda.gov/feis/species-reviews/opupol",
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      "verification": "Relevant source sections reviewed; retrieval hash retained.",
      "reuse": "Factual synthesis in original wording; source text is not republished."
    },
    "C-low-water-cactus": {
      "id": "C-low-water-cactus",
      "title": "Very Low Water Garden",
      "url": "https://elpaso.extension.colostate.edu/native-plant-demonstration-garden/very-low-water-garden/",
      "publisher": "Colorado State University Extension, El Paso County",
      "locator": "Named species descriptions and landscape context; sagebrush subspecies distinctions",
      "accessed": "2026-09-07T02:33:43+00:00",
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      "verification": "Relevant source sections reviewed; retrieval hash retained.",
      "reuse": "Factual synthesis in original wording; source text is not republished."
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    "F-ericameria": {
      "id": "F-ericameria",
      "title": "Rubber rabbitbrush",
      "url": "https://research.fs.usda.gov/feis/species-reviews/erinau",
      "publisher": "USDA Forest Service, Fire Effects Information System",
      "locator": "Taxonomy, distribution, botanical description, wildlife/livestock values and management",
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      "verification": "Relevant source sections reviewed; retrieval hash retained.",
      "reuse": "Factual synthesis in original wording; source text is not republished."
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    "F-ambrosia-psilostachya": {
      "id": "F-ambrosia-psilostachya",
      "title": "Western ragweed",
      "url": "https://research.fs.usda.gov/feis/species-reviews/ambpsi",
      "publisher": "USDA Forest Service, Fire Effects Information System",
      "locator": "Taxonomy, distribution, botanical description, wildlife/livestock values and management",
      "accessed": "2026-09-07T02:24:49+00:00",
      "retrieved_url": "https://research.fs.usda.gov/feis/species-reviews/ambpsi",
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      "verification": "Relevant source sections reviewed; retrieval hash retained.",
      "reuse": "Factual synthesis in original wording; source text is not republished."
    },
    "N-euphorbia-marginata": {
      "id": "N-euphorbia-marginata",
      "title": "Euphorbia marginata",
      "url": "https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/euphorbia-marginata/",
      "publisher": "NC State Extension",
      "locator": "Description, identification attributes and plant problems; toxicity section where present",
      "accessed": "2026-09-07T02:23:13+00:00",
      "retrieved_url": "https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/euphorbia-marginata/",
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      "verification": "Relevant source sections reviewed; retrieval hash retained.",
      "reuse": "Factual synthesis in original wording; source text is not republished."
    },
    "U-silverleaf": {
      "id": "U-silverleaf",
      "title": "Silverleaf nightshade",
      "url": "https://ipm.ucanr.edu/weeds-identification-gallery/silverleaf-nightshade/",
      "publisher": "University of California Statewide Integrated Pest Management",
      "locator": "Named species or genus; identification, distribution and hazard sections where available",
      "accessed": "2026-09-07T02:26:10+00:00",
      "retrieved_url": "https://ipm.ucanr.edu/weeds-identification-gallery/silverleaf-nightshade/",
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      "verification": "Relevant source sections reviewed; retrieval hash retained.",
      "reuse": "Factual synthesis in original wording; source text is not republished."
    },
    "N-ranunculus-acris": {
      "id": "N-ranunculus-acris",
      "title": "Ranunculus acris",
      "url": "https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/ranunculus-acris/",
      "publisher": "NC State Extension",
      "locator": "Description, identification attributes and plant problems; toxicity section where present",
      "accessed": "2026-09-07T02:23:13+00:00",
      "retrieved_url": "https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/ranunculus-acris/",
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      "verification": "Relevant source sections reviewed; retrieval hash retained.",
      "reuse": "Factual synthesis in original wording; source text is not republished."
    },
    "P-buttercup": {
      "id": "P-buttercup",
      "title": "Buttercup",
      "url": "https://www.aspca.org/pet-care/animal-poison-control/toxic-and-non-toxic-plants/buttercup",
      "publisher": "ASPCA Animal Poison Control",
      "locator": "Named species or genus; identification, distribution and hazard sections where available",
      "accessed": "2026-09-07T02:26:11+00:00",
      "retrieved_url": "https://www.aspca.org/pet-care/aspca-poison-control/toxic-and-non-toxic-plants/buttercup",
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      "content_type": "text/html; charset=utf-8",
      "published_or_updated": null,
      "verification": "Scientific-name, toxicity and clinical-sign sections reviewed via the public web page. Local HTML extraction returned limited text; the retrieval hash records downloaded HTML bytes, not independent clinical validation.",
      "reuse": "Factual synthesis in original wording; source text is not republished."
    },
    "F-sisymbrium": {
      "id": "F-sisymbrium",
      "title": "Tall tumblemustard",
      "url": "https://research.fs.usda.gov/feis/species-reviews/sisalt",
      "publisher": "USDA Forest Service, Fire Effects Information System",
      "locator": "Taxonomy, distribution, botanical description, wildlife/livestock values and management",
      "accessed": "2026-09-07T02:24:49+00:00",
      "retrieved_url": "https://research.fs.usda.gov/feis/species-reviews/sisalt",
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      "verification": "Relevant source sections reviewed; retrieval hash retained.",
      "reuse": "Factual synthesis in original wording; source text is not republished."
    },
    "N-securigera-varia": {
      "id": "N-securigera-varia",
      "title": "Securigera varia",
      "url": "https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/securigera-varia/",
      "publisher": "NC State Extension",
      "locator": "Description, identification attributes and plant problems; toxicity section where present",
      "accessed": "2026-09-07T02:23:14+00:00",
      "retrieved_url": "https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/coronilla-varia/",
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      "verification": "Relevant source sections reviewed; retrieval hash retained.",
      "reuse": "Factual synthesis in original wording; source text is not republished."
    },
    "F-securigera": {
      "id": "F-securigera",
      "title": "Crownvetch",
      "url": "https://research.fs.usda.gov/feis/species-reviews/secvar",
      "publisher": "USDA Forest Service, Fire Effects Information System",
      "locator": "Named species or genus; identification, distribution and hazard sections where available",
      "accessed": "2026-09-07T02:26:13+00:00",
      "retrieved_url": "https://research.fs.usda.gov/feis/species-reviews/secvar",
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      "verification": "Relevant source sections reviewed; retrieval hash retained.",
      "reuse": "Factual synthesis in original wording; source text is not republished."
    },
    "Corteva-west": {
      "id": "Corteva-west",
      "url": "https://online.flippingbook.com/view/847083821/",
      "retrieved_url": "https://online.flippingbook.com/view/847083821/",
      "accessed": "2026-09-07T02:05:52+00:00",
      "response_sha256": "0e93ee6c96e4ae27308d24940fd21bc566d15a4c967ffe8fdd991ea69c2c94e6",
      "title": "Range & Pasture Western Rangeland Weed & Brush ID Guide",
      "publisher": "Corteva Agriscience",
      "locator": "84 plant profile topics; per-row printed pages in coverage.json",
      "verification": "Table of contents and plant topic pages reviewed in the source comparison; names and page hashes retained. No treatment or toxicity claims are taken from this comparison.",
      "reuse": "Bibliographic and taxonomic crosswalk only; manufacturer prose and photographs are not republished.",
      "published_or_updated": null
    },
    "Fremont-list-definitions": {
      "id": "Fremont-list-definitions",
      "title": "Weed Identification: Colorado List A, B and C definitions",
      "publisher": "Fremont County, Colorado — Weed Management",
      "url": "https://fremontcountyco.gov/weed-control/weed-identification",
      "locator": "Opening paragraphs defining List A, List B and List C under the Colorado Noxious Weed Act",
      "accessed": "2026-09-07T03:48:41.948837+00:00",
      "retrieved_url": "https://fremontcountyco.gov/weed-control/weed-identification",
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      "author": null,
      "verification": "Category definitions reviewed through web retrieval; source response downloaded and hashed separately.",
      "reuse": "Facts paraphrased; short category labels are editorial summaries."
    }
  },
  "coverage": {
    "schema_version": "1.0",
    "baseline": "Colorado noxious weed lists A, B and C",
    "source_id": "CO-rules-2025",
    "rule_effective": "2025-05-15",
    "scope_note": "A finite regulatory baseline, not a claim to encompass every plant that could be considered a weed. Salt cedar is one listing row containing two named species. Hybrids retain separate rows.",
    "entries": [
      {
        "name": "African rue",
        "listed_taxon": "Peganum harmala",
        "noxious_class": "A",
        "source_id": "CO-rules-2025",
        "locator": "3.1",
        "profile_id": "african-rue",
        "profile_taxon": "Peganum harmala",
        "coverage": "Illustrated profile with explicit evidence limits",
        "mapping_note": "Exact listing name."
      },
      {
        "name": "Camelthorn",
        "listed_taxon": "Alhagi maurorum",
        "noxious_class": "A",
        "source_id": "CO-rules-2025",
        "locator": "3.1",
        "profile_id": "camelthorn",
        "profile_taxon": "Alhagi maurorum",
        "coverage": "Illustrated profile with explicit evidence limits",
        "mapping_note": "Exact listing name."
      },
      {
        "name": "Common crupina",
        "listed_taxon": "Crupina vulgaris",
        "noxious_class": "A",
        "source_id": "CO-rules-2025",
        "locator": "3.1",
        "profile_id": "common-crupina",
        "profile_taxon": "Crupina vulgaris",
        "coverage": "Illustrated profile with explicit evidence limits",
        "mapping_note": "Exact listing name."
      },
      {
        "name": "Cypress spurge",
        "listed_taxon": "Euphorbia cyparissias",
        "noxious_class": "A",
        "source_id": "CO-rules-2025",
        "locator": "3.1",
        "profile_id": "cypress-spurge",
        "profile_taxon": "Euphorbia cyparissias",
        "coverage": "Illustrated profile with explicit evidence limits",
        "mapping_note": "Exact listing name."
      },
      {
        "name": "Dyer's woad",
        "listed_taxon": "Isatis tinctoria",
        "noxious_class": "A",
        "source_id": "CO-rules-2025",
        "locator": "3.1",
        "profile_id": "dyers-woad",
        "profile_taxon": "Isatis tinctoria",
        "coverage": "Illustrated profile with explicit evidence limits",
        "mapping_note": "Exact listing name."
      },
      {
        "name": "Elongated mustard",
        "listed_taxon": "Brassica elongata",
        "noxious_class": "A",
        "source_id": "CO-rules-2025",
        "locator": "3.1",
        "profile_id": "elongated-mustard",
        "profile_taxon": "Brassica elongata",
        "coverage": "Illustrated profile with explicit evidence limits",
        "mapping_note": "Exact listing name."
      },
      {
        "name": "Flowering rush",
        "listed_taxon": "Butomus umbellatus",
        "noxious_class": "A",
        "source_id": "CO-rules-2025",
        "locator": "3.1",
        "profile_id": "flowering-rush",
        "profile_taxon": "Butomus umbellatus",
        "coverage": "Illustrated profile with explicit evidence limits",
        "mapping_note": "Exact listing name."
      },
      {
        "name": "Giant reed",
        "listed_taxon": "Arundo donax",
        "noxious_class": "A",
        "source_id": "CO-rules-2025",
        "locator": "3.1",
        "profile_id": "giant-reed",
        "profile_taxon": "Arundo donax",
        "coverage": "Illustrated profile with explicit evidence limits",
        "mapping_note": "Exact listing name."
      },
      {
        "name": "Giant salvinia",
        "listed_taxon": "Salvinia molesta",
        "noxious_class": "A",
        "source_id": "CO-rules-2025",
        "locator": "3.1",
        "profile_id": "giant-salvinia",
        "profile_taxon": "Salvinia molesta",
        "coverage": "Illustrated profile with explicit evidence limits",
        "mapping_note": "Exact listing name."
      },
      {
        "name": "Hairy willow-herb",
        "listed_taxon": "Epilobium hirsutum",
        "noxious_class": "A",
        "source_id": "CO-rules-2025",
        "locator": "3.1",
        "profile_id": "hairy-willow-herb",
        "profile_taxon": "Epilobium hirsutum",
        "coverage": "Illustrated profile with explicit evidence limits",
        "mapping_note": "Exact listing name."
      },
      {
        "name": "Hydrilla",
        "listed_taxon": "Hydrilla verticillata",
        "noxious_class": "A",
        "source_id": "CO-rules-2025",
        "locator": "3.1",
        "profile_id": "hydrilla",
        "profile_taxon": "Hydrilla verticillata",
        "coverage": "Illustrated profile with explicit evidence limits",
        "mapping_note": "Exact listing name."
      },
      {
        "name": "Japanese knotweed",
        "listed_taxon": "Fallopia japonica",
        "noxious_class": "A",
        "source_id": "CO-rules-2025",
        "locator": "3.1",
        "profile_id": "japanese-knotweed",
        "profile_taxon": "Reynoutria japonica",
        "coverage": "Illustrated profile with explicit evidence limits",
        "mapping_note": "Synonym, spelling or taxon-scope mapping; see profile caveat."
      },
      {
        "name": "Giant knotweed",
        "listed_taxon": "Fallopia sachalinense",
        "noxious_class": "A",
        "source_id": "CO-rules-2025",
        "locator": "3.1",
        "profile_id": "giant-knotweed",
        "profile_taxon": "Reynoutria sachalinensis",
        "coverage": "Illustrated profile with explicit evidence limits",
        "mapping_note": "Synonym, spelling or taxon-scope mapping; see profile caveat."
      },
      {
        "name": "Bohemian knotweed",
        "listed_taxon": "Fallopia x bohemicum",
        "noxious_class": "A",
        "source_id": "CO-rules-2025",
        "locator": "3.1",
        "profile_id": "bohemian-knotweed",
        "profile_taxon": "Reynoutria × bohemica",
        "coverage": "Illustrated profile with explicit evidence limits",
        "mapping_note": "Synonym, spelling or taxon-scope mapping; see profile caveat."
      },
      {
        "name": "Meadow knapweed",
        "listed_taxon": "Centaurea x moncktonii",
        "noxious_class": "A",
        "source_id": "CO-rules-2025",
        "locator": "3.1",
        "profile_id": "meadow-knapweed",
        "profile_taxon": "Centaurea × moncktonii",
        "coverage": "Illustrated profile with explicit evidence limits",
        "mapping_note": "Synonym, spelling or taxon-scope mapping; see profile caveat."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mediterranean sage",
        "listed_taxon": "Salvia aethiopis",
        "noxious_class": "A",
        "source_id": "CO-rules-2025",
        "locator": "3.1",
        "profile_id": "mediterranean-sage",
        "profile_taxon": "Salvia aethiopis",
        "coverage": "Illustrated profile with explicit evidence limits",
        "mapping_note": "Exact listing name."
      },
      {
        "name": "Medusahead",
        "listed_taxon": "Taeniatherum caput-medusae",
        "noxious_class": "A",
        "source_id": "CO-rules-2025",
        "locator": "3.1",
        "profile_id": "medusahead",
        "profile_taxon": "Taeniatherum caput-medusae",
        "coverage": "Illustrated profile with explicit evidence limits",
        "mapping_note": "Exact listing name."
      },
      {
        "name": "Myrtle spurge",
        "listed_taxon": "Euphorbia myrsinites",
        "noxious_class": "A",
        "source_id": "CO-rules-2025",
        "locator": "3.1",
        "profile_id": "myrtle-spurge",
        "profile_taxon": "Euphorbia myrsinites",
        "coverage": "Illustrated profile with explicit evidence limits",
        "mapping_note": "Exact listing name."
      },
      {
        "name": "Orange hawkweed",
        "listed_taxon": "Hieracium aurantiacum",
        "noxious_class": "A",
        "source_id": "CO-rules-2025",
        "locator": "3.1",
        "profile_id": "orange-hawkweed",
        "profile_taxon": "Pilosella aurantiaca",
        "coverage": "Illustrated profile with explicit evidence limits",
        "mapping_note": "Synonym, spelling or taxon-scope mapping; see profile caveat."
      },
      {
        "name": "Parrotfeather",
        "listed_taxon": "Myriophyllum aquaticum",
        "noxious_class": "A",
        "source_id": "CO-rules-2025",
        "locator": "3.1",
        "profile_id": "parrotfeather",
        "profile_taxon": "Myriophyllum aquaticum",
        "coverage": "Illustrated profile with explicit evidence limits",
        "mapping_note": "Exact listing name."
      },
      {
        "name": "Purple loosestrife",
        "listed_taxon": "Lythrum salicaria",
        "noxious_class": "A",
        "source_id": "CO-rules-2025",
        "locator": "3.1",
        "profile_id": "purple-loosestrife",
        "profile_taxon": "Lythrum salicaria",
        "coverage": "Illustrated profile with explicit evidence limits",
        "mapping_note": "Exact listing name."
      },
      {
        "name": "Rush skeletonweed",
        "listed_taxon": "Chondrilla juncea",
        "noxious_class": "A",
        "source_id": "CO-rules-2025",
        "locator": "3.1",
        "profile_id": "rush-skeletonweed",
        "profile_taxon": "Chondrilla juncea",
        "coverage": "Illustrated profile with explicit evidence limits",
        "mapping_note": "Exact listing name."
      },
      {
        "name": "Squarrose knapweed",
        "listed_taxon": "Centaurea virgata",
        "noxious_class": "A",
        "source_id": "CO-rules-2025",
        "locator": "3.1",
        "profile_id": "squarrose-knapweed",
        "profile_taxon": "Centaurea virgata",
        "coverage": "Illustrated profile with explicit evidence limits",
        "mapping_note": "Exact listing name."
      },
      {
        "name": "Tansy ragwort",
        "listed_taxon": "Senecio jacobaea",
        "noxious_class": "A",
        "source_id": "CO-rules-2025",
        "locator": "3.1",
        "profile_id": "tansy-ragwort",
        "profile_taxon": "Jacobaea vulgaris",
        "coverage": "Illustrated profile with explicit evidence limits",
        "mapping_note": "Synonym, spelling or taxon-scope mapping; see profile caveat."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ventenata",
        "listed_taxon": "Ventenata dubia",
        "noxious_class": "A",
        "source_id": "CO-rules-2025",
        "locator": "3.1",
        "profile_id": "ventenata",
        "profile_taxon": "Ventenata dubia",
        "coverage": "Illustrated profile with explicit evidence limits",
        "mapping_note": "Exact listing name."
      },
      {
        "name": "Yellow flag iris",
        "listed_taxon": "Iris pseudacorus",
        "noxious_class": "A",
        "source_id": "CO-rules-2025",
        "locator": "3.1",
        "profile_id": "yellow-flag-iris",
        "profile_taxon": "Iris pseudacorus",
        "coverage": "Illustrated profile with explicit evidence limits",
        "mapping_note": "Exact listing name."
      },
      {
        "name": "Yellow starthistle",
        "listed_taxon": "Centaurea solstitialis",
        "noxious_class": "A",
        "source_id": "CO-rules-2025",
        "locator": "3.1",
        "profile_id": "yellow-starthistle",
        "profile_taxon": "Centaurea solstitialis",
        "coverage": "Illustrated profile with explicit evidence limits",
        "mapping_note": "Exact listing name."
      },
      {
        "name": "Absinth wormwood",
        "listed_taxon": "Artemisia absinthium",
        "noxious_class": "B",
        "source_id": "CO-rules-2025",
        "locator": "4.1",
        "profile_id": "absinth-wormwood",
        "profile_taxon": "Artemisia absinthium",
        "coverage": "Illustrated profile with explicit evidence limits",
        "mapping_note": "Exact listing name."
      },
      {
        "name": "Black henbane",
        "listed_taxon": "Hyoscyamus niger",
        "noxious_class": "B",
        "source_id": "CO-rules-2025",
        "locator": "4.1",
        "profile_id": "black-henbane",
        "profile_taxon": "Hyoscyamus niger",
        "coverage": "Illustrated profile with explicit evidence limits",
        "mapping_note": "Exact listing name."
      },
      {
        "name": "Bouncingbet",
        "listed_taxon": "Saponaria officinalis",
        "noxious_class": "B",
        "source_id": "CO-rules-2025",
        "locator": "4.1",
        "profile_id": "bouncingbet",
        "profile_taxon": "Saponaria officinalis",
        "coverage": "Illustrated profile with explicit evidence limits",
        "mapping_note": "Exact listing name."
      },
      {
        "name": "Bull thistle",
        "listed_taxon": "Cirsium vulgare",
        "noxious_class": "B",
        "source_id": "CO-rules-2025",
        "locator": "4.1",
        "profile_id": "bull-thistle",
        "profile_taxon": "Cirsium vulgare",
        "coverage": "Illustrated profile with explicit evidence limits",
        "mapping_note": "Exact listing name."
      },
      {
        "name": "Canada thistle",
        "listed_taxon": "Cirsium arvense",
        "noxious_class": "B",
        "source_id": "CO-rules-2025",
        "locator": "4.1",
        "profile_id": "canada-thistle",
        "profile_taxon": "Cirsium arvense",
        "coverage": "Illustrated profile with explicit evidence limits",
        "mapping_note": "Exact listing name."
      },
      {
        "name": "Chinese clematis",
        "listed_taxon": "Clematis orientalis",
        "noxious_class": "B",
        "source_id": "CO-rules-2025",
        "locator": "4.1",
        "profile_id": "chinese-clematis",
        "profile_taxon": "Clematis orientalis",
        "coverage": "Illustrated profile with explicit evidence limits",
        "mapping_note": "Exact listing name."
      },
      {
        "name": "Common tansy",
        "listed_taxon": "Tanacetum vulgare",
        "noxious_class": "B",
        "source_id": "CO-rules-2025",
        "locator": "4.1",
        "profile_id": "common-tansy",
        "profile_taxon": "Tanacetum vulgare",
        "coverage": "Illustrated profile with explicit evidence limits",
        "mapping_note": "Exact listing name."
      },
      {
        "name": "Common teasel",
        "listed_taxon": "Dipsacus fullonum",
        "noxious_class": "B",
        "source_id": "CO-rules-2025",
        "locator": "4.1",
        "profile_id": "common-teasel",
        "profile_taxon": "Dipsacus fullonum",
        "coverage": "Illustrated profile with explicit evidence limits",
        "mapping_note": "Exact listing name."
      },
      {
        "name": "Cutleaf teasel",
        "listed_taxon": "Dipsacus laciniatus",
        "noxious_class": "B",
        "source_id": "CO-rules-2025",
        "locator": "4.1",
        "profile_id": "cutleaf-teasel",
        "profile_taxon": "Dipsacus laciniatus",
        "coverage": "Illustrated profile with explicit evidence limits",
        "mapping_note": "Exact listing name."
      },
      {
        "name": "Dalmatian toadflax, broad-leaved",
        "listed_taxon": "Linaria dalmatica",
        "noxious_class": "B",
        "source_id": "CO-rules-2025",
        "locator": "4.1",
        "profile_id": "dalmatian-toadflax",
        "profile_taxon": "Linaria dalmatica",
        "coverage": "Illustrated profile with explicit evidence limits",
        "mapping_note": "Exact listing name."
      },
      {
        "name": "Dalmatian toadflax, narrow-leaved",
        "listed_taxon": "Linaria genistifolia",
        "noxious_class": "B",
        "source_id": "CO-rules-2025",
        "locator": "4.1",
        "profile_id": "narrow-leaved-dalmatian-toadflax",
        "profile_taxon": "Linaria genistifolia",
        "coverage": "Illustrated profile with explicit evidence limits",
        "mapping_note": "Exact listing name."
      },
      {
        "name": "Dame's rocket",
        "listed_taxon": "Hesperis matronalis",
        "noxious_class": "B",
        "source_id": "CO-rules-2025",
        "locator": "4.1",
        "profile_id": "dames-rocket",
        "profile_taxon": "Hesperis matronalis",
        "coverage": "Illustrated profile with explicit evidence limits",
        "mapping_note": "Exact listing name."
      },
      {
        "name": "Diffuse knapweed",
        "listed_taxon": "Centaurea diffusa",
        "noxious_class": "B",
        "source_id": "CO-rules-2025",
        "locator": "4.1",
        "profile_id": "diffuse-knapweed",
        "profile_taxon": "Centaurea diffusa",
        "coverage": "Illustrated profile with explicit evidence limits",
        "mapping_note": "Exact listing name."
      },
      {
        "name": "Eurasian watermilfoil",
        "listed_taxon": "Myriophyllum spicatum",
        "noxious_class": "B",
        "source_id": "CO-rules-2025",
        "locator": "4.1",
        "profile_id": "eurasian-watermilfoil",
        "profile_taxon": "Myriophyllum spicatum",
        "coverage": "Illustrated profile with explicit evidence limits",
        "mapping_note": "Exact listing name."
      },
      {
        "name": "Hoary cress",
        "listed_taxon": "Lepidium draba",
        "noxious_class": "B",
        "source_id": "CO-rules-2025",
        "locator": "4.1",
        "profile_id": "hoary-cress",
        "profile_taxon": "Lepidium draba",
        "coverage": "Illustrated profile with explicit evidence limits",
        "mapping_note": "Exact listing name."
      },
      {
        "name": "Houndstongue",
        "listed_taxon": "Cynoglossum officinale",
        "noxious_class": "B",
        "source_id": "CO-rules-2025",
        "locator": "4.1",
        "profile_id": "houndstongue",
        "profile_taxon": "Cynoglossum officinale",
        "coverage": "Illustrated profile with explicit evidence limits",
        "mapping_note": "Exact listing name."
      },
      {
        "name": "Jointed goatgrass",
        "listed_taxon": "Aegilops cylindrica",
        "noxious_class": "B",
        "source_id": "CO-rules-2025",
        "locator": "4.1",
        "profile_id": "jointed-goatgrass",
        "profile_taxon": "Aegilops cylindrica",
        "coverage": "Illustrated profile with explicit evidence limits",
        "mapping_note": "Exact listing name."
      },
      {
        "name": "Leafy spurge",
        "listed_taxon": "Euphorbia esula",
        "noxious_class": "B",
        "source_id": "CO-rules-2025",
        "locator": "4.1",
        "profile_id": "leafy-spurge",
        "profile_taxon": "Euphorbia esula",
        "coverage": "Illustrated profile with explicit evidence limits",
        "mapping_note": "Exact listing name."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mayweed/stinking chamomile",
        "listed_taxon": "Anthemis cotula",
        "noxious_class": "B",
        "source_id": "CO-rules-2025",
        "locator": "4.1",
        "profile_id": "mayweed-chamomile",
        "profile_taxon": "Anthemis cotula",
        "coverage": "Illustrated profile with explicit evidence limits",
        "mapping_note": "Exact listing name."
      },
      {
        "name": "Moth mullein",
        "listed_taxon": "Verbascum blattaria",
        "noxious_class": "B",
        "source_id": "CO-rules-2025",
        "locator": "4.1",
        "profile_id": "moth-mullein",
        "profile_taxon": "Verbascum blattaria",
        "coverage": "Illustrated profile with explicit evidence limits",
        "mapping_note": "Exact listing name."
      },
      {
        "name": "Musk thistle",
        "listed_taxon": "Carduus nutans",
        "noxious_class": "B",
        "source_id": "CO-rules-2025",
        "locator": "4.1",
        "profile_id": "musk-thistle",
        "profile_taxon": "Carduus nutans",
        "coverage": "Illustrated profile with explicit evidence limits",
        "mapping_note": "Exact listing name."
      },
      {
        "name": "Oxeye daisy",
        "listed_taxon": "Leucanthemum vulgare",
        "noxious_class": "B",
        "source_id": "CO-rules-2025",
        "locator": "4.1",
        "profile_id": "oxeye-daisy",
        "profile_taxon": "Leucanthemum vulgare",
        "coverage": "Illustrated profile with explicit evidence limits",
        "mapping_note": "Exact listing name."
      },
      {
        "name": "Perennial pepperweed",
        "listed_taxon": "Lepidium latifolium",
        "noxious_class": "B",
        "source_id": "CO-rules-2025",
        "locator": "4.1",
        "profile_id": "perennial-pepperweed",
        "profile_taxon": "Lepidium latifolium",
        "coverage": "Illustrated profile with explicit evidence limits",
        "mapping_note": "Exact listing name."
      },
      {
        "name": "Plumeless thistle",
        "listed_taxon": "Carduus acanthoides",
        "noxious_class": "B",
        "source_id": "CO-rules-2025",
        "locator": "4.1",
        "profile_id": "plumeless-thistle",
        "profile_taxon": "Carduus acanthoides",
        "coverage": "Illustrated profile with explicit evidence limits",
        "mapping_note": "Exact listing name."
      },
      {
        "name": "Russian knapweed",
        "listed_taxon": "Rhaponticum repens",
        "noxious_class": "B",
        "source_id": "CO-rules-2025",
        "locator": "4.1",
        "profile_id": "russian-knapweed",
        "profile_taxon": "Rhaponticum repens",
        "coverage": "Illustrated profile with explicit evidence limits",
        "mapping_note": "Exact listing name."
      },
      {
        "name": "Russian-olive",
        "listed_taxon": "Elaeagnus angustifolia",
        "noxious_class": "B",
        "source_id": "CO-rules-2025",
        "locator": "4.1",
        "profile_id": "russian-olive",
        "profile_taxon": "Elaeagnus angustifolia",
        "coverage": "Illustrated profile with explicit evidence limits",
        "mapping_note": "Exact listing name."
      },
      {
        "name": "Salt cedar",
        "listed_taxon": "Tamarix chinensis and T. ramosissima",
        "noxious_class": "B",
        "source_id": "CO-rules-2025",
        "locator": "4.1",
        "profile_id": "tamarisk",
        "profile_taxon": "Tamarix ramosissima",
        "coverage": "Illustrated profile with explicit evidence limits",
        "mapping_note": "One state listing covers T. chinensis and T. ramosissima. The profile discusses the saltcedar group; photographs are source-identified T. ramosissima and do not separately resolve T. chinensis or hybrids."
      },
      {
        "name": "Scentless chamomile",
        "listed_taxon": "Tripleurospermum inodorum",
        "noxious_class": "B",
        "source_id": "CO-rules-2025",
        "locator": "4.1",
        "profile_id": "scentless-chamomile",
        "profile_taxon": "Tripleurospermum inodorum",
        "coverage": "Illustrated profile with explicit evidence limits",
        "mapping_note": "Exact listing name."
      },
      {
        "name": "Scotch thistle",
        "listed_taxon": "Onopordum acanthium",
        "noxious_class": "B",
        "source_id": "CO-rules-2025",
        "locator": "4.1",
        "profile_id": "scotch-thistle",
        "profile_taxon": "Onopordum acanthium",
        "coverage": "Illustrated profile with explicit evidence limits",
        "mapping_note": "Exact listing name."
      },
      {
        "name": "Scotch thistle",
        "listed_taxon": "Onopordum tauricum",
        "noxious_class": "B",
        "source_id": "CO-rules-2025",
        "locator": "4.1",
        "profile_id": "taurian-thistle",
        "profile_taxon": "Onopordum tauricum",
        "coverage": "Illustrated profile with explicit evidence limits",
        "mapping_note": "Exact listing name."
      },
      {
        "name": "Spotted knapweed",
        "listed_taxon": "Centaurea stoebe ssp.micranthos",
        "noxious_class": "B",
        "source_id": "CO-rules-2025",
        "locator": "4.1",
        "profile_id": "spotted-knapweed",
        "profile_taxon": "Centaurea stoebe",
        "coverage": "Illustrated profile with explicit evidence limits",
        "mapping_note": "The state names ssp. micranthos; the illustrated profile uses C. stoebe broadly and does not independently verify chromosome/subspecies identity."
      },
      {
        "name": "Spotted x diffuse knapweed hybrid",
        "listed_taxon": "Centaurea x psammogena",
        "noxious_class": "B",
        "source_id": "CO-rules-2025",
        "locator": "4.1",
        "profile_id": "hybrid-knapweed",
        "profile_taxon": "Centaurea × psammogena",
        "coverage": "Illustrated profile with explicit evidence limits",
        "mapping_note": "Synonym, spelling or taxon-scope mapping; see profile caveat."
      },
      {
        "name": "Sulfur cinquefoil",
        "listed_taxon": "Potentilla recta",
        "noxious_class": "B",
        "source_id": "CO-rules-2025",
        "locator": "4.1",
        "profile_id": "sulfur-cinquefoil",
        "profile_taxon": "Potentilla recta",
        "coverage": "Illustrated profile with explicit evidence limits",
        "mapping_note": "Exact listing name."
      },
      {
        "name": "Wild caraway",
        "listed_taxon": "Carum carvi",
        "noxious_class": "B",
        "source_id": "CO-rules-2025",
        "locator": "4.1",
        "profile_id": "wild-caraway",
        "profile_taxon": "Carum carvi",
        "coverage": "Illustrated profile with explicit evidence limits",
        "mapping_note": "Exact listing name."
      },
      {
        "name": "Yellow nutsedge",
        "listed_taxon": "Cyperus esculentus",
        "noxious_class": "B",
        "source_id": "CO-rules-2025",
        "locator": "4.1",
        "profile_id": "yellow-nutsedge",
        "profile_taxon": "Cyperus esculentus",
        "coverage": "Illustrated profile with explicit evidence limits",
        "mapping_note": "Exact listing name."
      },
      {
        "name": "Yellow toadflax",
        "listed_taxon": "Linaria vulgaris",
        "noxious_class": "B",
        "source_id": "CO-rules-2025",
        "locator": "4.1",
        "profile_id": "yellow-toadflax",
        "profile_taxon": "Linaria vulgaris",
        "coverage": "Illustrated profile with explicit evidence limits",
        "mapping_note": "Exact listing name."
      },
      {
        "name": "Yellow x Dalmatian toadflax hybrid",
        "listed_taxon": "Linaria vulgaris x L. dalmatica",
        "noxious_class": "B",
        "source_id": "CO-rules-2025",
        "locator": "4.1",
        "profile_id": "hybrid-toadflax",
        "profile_taxon": "Linaria vulgaris × Linaria dalmatica",
        "coverage": "Illustrated profile with explicit evidence limits",
        "mapping_note": "Synonym, spelling or taxon-scope mapping; see profile caveat."
      },
      {
        "name": "Bulbous bluegrass",
        "listed_taxon": "Poa bulbosa",
        "noxious_class": "C",
        "source_id": "CO-rules-2025",
        "locator": "5.1",
        "profile_id": "bulbous-bluegrass",
        "profile_taxon": "Poa bulbosa",
        "coverage": "Illustrated profile with explicit evidence limits",
        "mapping_note": "Exact listing name."
      },
      {
        "name": "Chicory",
        "listed_taxon": "Cichorium intybus",
        "noxious_class": "C",
        "source_id": "CO-rules-2025",
        "locator": "5.1",
        "profile_id": "chicory",
        "profile_taxon": "Cichorium intybus",
        "coverage": "Illustrated profile with explicit evidence limits",
        "mapping_note": "Exact listing name."
      },
      {
        "name": "Common burdock",
        "listed_taxon": "Arctium minus",
        "noxious_class": "C",
        "source_id": "CO-rules-2025",
        "locator": "5.1",
        "profile_id": "common-burdock",
        "profile_taxon": "Arctium minus",
        "coverage": "Illustrated profile with explicit evidence limits",
        "mapping_note": "Exact listing name."
      },
      {
        "name": "Common mullein",
        "listed_taxon": "Verbascum thapsus",
        "noxious_class": "C",
        "source_id": "CO-rules-2025",
        "locator": "5.1",
        "profile_id": "common-mullein",
        "profile_taxon": "Verbascum thapsus",
        "coverage": "Illustrated profile with explicit evidence limits",
        "mapping_note": "Exact listing name."
      },
      {
        "name": "Common St. Johnswort",
        "listed_taxon": "Hypericum perforatum",
        "noxious_class": "C",
        "source_id": "CO-rules-2025",
        "locator": "5.1",
        "profile_id": "common-st-johnswort",
        "profile_taxon": "Hypericum perforatum",
        "coverage": "Illustrated profile with explicit evidence limits",
        "mapping_note": "Exact listing name."
      },
      {
        "name": "Downy brome",
        "listed_taxon": "Bromus tectorum",
        "noxious_class": "C",
        "source_id": "CO-rules-2025",
        "locator": "5.1",
        "profile_id": "cheatgrass",
        "profile_taxon": "Bromus tectorum",
        "coverage": "Illustrated profile with explicit evidence limits",
        "mapping_note": "Exact listing name."
      },
      {
        "name": "Field bindweed",
        "listed_taxon": "Convolvulus arvensis",
        "noxious_class": "C",
        "source_id": "CO-rules-2025",
        "locator": "5.1",
        "profile_id": "field-bindweed",
        "profile_taxon": "Convolvulus arvensis",
        "coverage": "Illustrated profile with explicit evidence limits",
        "mapping_note": "Exact listing name."
      },
      {
        "name": "Halogeton",
        "listed_taxon": "Halogeton glomeratus",
        "noxious_class": "C",
        "source_id": "CO-rules-2025",
        "locator": "5.1",
        "profile_id": "halogeton",
        "profile_taxon": "Halogeton glomeratus",
        "coverage": "Illustrated profile with explicit evidence limits",
        "mapping_note": "Exact listing name."
      },
      {
        "name": "Johnsongrass",
        "listed_taxon": "Sorghum halepense",
        "noxious_class": "C",
        "source_id": "CO-rules-2025",
        "locator": "5.1",
        "profile_id": "johnsongrass",
        "profile_taxon": "Sorghum halepense",
        "coverage": "Illustrated profile with explicit evidence limits",
        "mapping_note": "Exact listing name."
      },
      {
        "name": "Perennial sowthistle",
        "listed_taxon": "Sonchus arvensis",
        "noxious_class": "C",
        "source_id": "CO-rules-2025",
        "locator": "5.1",
        "profile_id": "perennial-sowthistle",
        "profile_taxon": "Sonchus arvensis",
        "coverage": "Illustrated profile with explicit evidence limits",
        "mapping_note": "Exact listing name."
      },
      {
        "name": "Poison hemlock",
        "listed_taxon": "Conium maculatum",
        "noxious_class": "C",
        "source_id": "CO-rules-2025",
        "locator": "5.1",
        "profile_id": "poison-hemlock",
        "profile_taxon": "Conium maculatum",
        "coverage": "Illustrated profile with explicit evidence limits",
        "mapping_note": "Exact listing name."
      },
      {
        "name": "Puncturevine",
        "listed_taxon": "Tribulus terrestris",
        "noxious_class": "C",
        "source_id": "CO-rules-2025",
        "locator": "5.1",
        "profile_id": "puncturevine",
        "profile_taxon": "Tribulus terrestris",
        "coverage": "Illustrated profile with explicit evidence limits",
        "mapping_note": "Exact listing name."
      },
      {
        "name": "Quackgrass",
        "listed_taxon": "Elymus repens",
        "noxious_class": "C",
        "source_id": "CO-rules-2025",
        "locator": "5.1",
        "profile_id": "quackgrass",
        "profile_taxon": "Elymus repens",
        "coverage": "Illustrated profile with explicit evidence limits",
        "mapping_note": "Exact listing name."
      },
      {
        "name": "Redstem filaree",
        "listed_taxon": "Erodium cicutarium",
        "noxious_class": "C",
        "source_id": "CO-rules-2025",
        "locator": "5.1",
        "profile_id": "redstem-filaree",
        "profile_taxon": "Erodium cicutarium",
        "coverage": "Illustrated profile with explicit evidence limits",
        "mapping_note": "Exact listing name."
      },
      {
        "name": "Siberian elm",
        "listed_taxon": "Ulmus pumila",
        "noxious_class": "C",
        "source_id": "CO-rules-2025",
        "locator": "5.1",
        "profile_id": "siberian-elm",
        "profile_taxon": "Ulmus pumila",
        "coverage": "Illustrated profile with explicit evidence limits",
        "mapping_note": "Exact listing name."
      },
      {
        "name": "Tree of heaven",
        "listed_taxon": "Ailanthus altissima",
        "noxious_class": "C",
        "source_id": "CO-rules-2025",
        "locator": "5.1",
        "profile_id": "tree-of-heaven",
        "profile_taxon": "Ailanthus altissima",
        "coverage": "Illustrated profile with explicit evidence limits",
        "mapping_note": "Exact listing name."
      },
      {
        "name": "Velvetleaf",
        "listed_taxon": "Abutilon theophrasti",
        "noxious_class": "C",
        "source_id": "CO-rules-2025",
        "locator": "5.1",
        "profile_id": "velvetleaf",
        "profile_taxon": "Abutilon theophrasti",
        "coverage": "Illustrated profile with explicit evidence limits",
        "mapping_note": "Exact listing name."
      },
      {
        "name": "Wild proso millet",
        "listed_taxon": "Panicum miliaceum",
        "noxious_class": "C",
        "source_id": "CO-rules-2025",
        "locator": "5.1",
        "profile_id": "wild-proso-millet",
        "profile_taxon": "Panicum miliaceum",
        "coverage": "Illustrated profile with explicit evidence limits",
        "mapping_note": "Exact listing name."
      }
    ],
    "profile_count": 154,
    "open_gaps": [
      "County-by-county occurrence and abundance are not mapped.",
      "Common and native weeds beyond this catalog remain to be added; this is not the entire Colorado flora.",
      "Some species complexes, subspecies and hybrids need expert verification; image identity follows the credited source.",
      "Species-specific pet toxicology is missing for many plants and is labeled in each profile.",
      "One hybrid-toadflax flower photograph is only 176 by 329 pixels.",
      "The wild-violet genus is represented by one species, and several manufacturer topics combine species still missing from this guide. The comparison is a research backlog, not evidence that every missing plant occurs in Colorado."
    ],
    "source_comparison": {
      "checked_at": "2026-09-07T02:42:43+00:00",
      "unit": "Dedicated source topic, not species count or clinical completeness. Compound and genus topics remain partial until all named components are covered.",
      "scope": "Only the specified finite Corteva Western Rangeland guide and CSU Weed Descriptions article; not every page on either website. Missing topics are research candidates, not confirmed Colorado occurrences.",
      "profile_count": 154,
      "profile_inventory_sha256": "39cad4e6ab5da401965020e97bec419f569ad637e4475784beeb08c685c32c82",
      "taxonomic_notes": [
        "Conyza canadensis maps to Erigeron canadensis using the NC State species account.",
        "The older Chrysothamnus genus topic is partly represented by Ericameria nauseosa, formerly Chrysothamnus nauseosus.",
        "Corteva’s conflicting giant-ragweed scientific label remains unresolved in this audit, even though our guide now includes independently sourced Ambrosia trifida.",
        "Viola spp. remains partial because Viola sororia is only one species.",
        "Full match means a named taxon has a profile; subspecies, image and toxicology limits remain in that profile."
      ],
      "publications": [
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          "title": "CSU Weed Descriptions",
          "source_id": "C-descriptions",
          "source_url": "https://extension.colostate.edu/resource/weed-descriptions/",
          "topic_count": 37,
          "counts": {
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            "partial": 1,
            "none": 0
          },
          "rows": [
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              "source_taxa": [
                "Malva neglecta"
              ],
              "status": "full",
              "profile_ids": [
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              ],
              "remaining_taxa_or_groups": [],
              "source_url": "https://extension.colostate.edu/resource/weed-descriptions/",
              "printed_page": null,
              "note": []
            },
            {
              "topic": "Common Purslane",
              "source_taxa": [
                "Portulaca oleracea"
              ],
              "status": "full",
              "profile_ids": [
                "common-purslane"
              ],
              "remaining_taxa_or_groups": [],
              "source_url": "https://extension.colostate.edu/resource/weed-descriptions/",
              "printed_page": null,
              "note": []
            },
            {
              "topic": "Crabgrass",
              "source_taxa": [
                "Digitaria sanguinalis"
              ],
              "status": "full",
              "profile_ids": [
                "large-crabgrass"
              ],
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              "printed_page": null,
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            },
            {
              "topic": "Green Foxtail",
              "source_taxa": [
                "Setaria viridis"
              ],
              "status": "full",
              "profile_ids": [
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              ],
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              "source_url": "https://extension.colostate.edu/resource/weed-descriptions/",
              "printed_page": null,
              "note": []
            },
            {
              "topic": "Kochia",
              "source_taxa": [
                "Bassia scoparia"
              ],
              "status": "full",
              "profile_ids": [
                "kochia"
              ],
              "remaining_taxa_or_groups": [],
              "source_url": "https://extension.colostate.edu/resource/weed-descriptions/",
              "printed_page": null,
              "note": []
            },
            {
              "topic": "Netseed Lambsquarters",
              "source_taxa": [
                "Chenopodium berlandieri"
              ],
              "status": "full",
              "profile_ids": [
                "netseed-lambsquarters"
              ],
              "remaining_taxa_or_groups": [],
              "source_url": "https://extension.colostate.edu/resource/weed-descriptions/",
              "printed_page": null,
              "note": []
            },
            {
              "topic": "Prostrate Knotweed",
              "source_taxa": [
                "Polygonum aviculare"
              ],
              "status": "full",
              "profile_ids": [
                "prostrate-knotweed"
              ],
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              "source_url": "https://extension.colostate.edu/resource/weed-descriptions/",
              "printed_page": null,
              "note": []
            },
            {
              "topic": "Prostrate Spurge",
              "source_taxa": [
                "Euphorbia maculata"
              ],
              "status": "full",
              "profile_ids": [
                "spotted-spurge"
              ],
              "remaining_taxa_or_groups": [],
              "source_url": "https://extension.colostate.edu/resource/weed-descriptions/",
              "printed_page": null,
              "note": []
            },
            {
              "topic": "Redroot Pigweed",
              "source_taxa": [
                "Amaranthus retroflexus"
              ],
              "status": "full",
              "profile_ids": [
                "redroot-pigweed"
              ],
              "remaining_taxa_or_groups": [],
              "source_url": "https://extension.colostate.edu/resource/weed-descriptions/",
              "printed_page": null,
              "note": []
            },
            {
              "topic": "Scentless Chamomile",
              "source_taxa": [
                "Tripleurospermum inodorum"
              ],
              "status": "full",
              "profile_ids": [
                "scentless-chamomile"
              ],
              "remaining_taxa_or_groups": [],
              "source_url": "https://extension.colostate.edu/resource/weed-descriptions/",
              "printed_page": null,
              "note": []
            },
            {
              "topic": "Downy Brome/Cheat Grass",
              "source_taxa": [
                "Bromus tectorum"
              ],
              "status": "full",
              "profile_ids": [
                "cheatgrass"
              ],
              "remaining_taxa_or_groups": [],
              "source_url": "https://extension.colostate.edu/resource/weed-descriptions/",
              "printed_page": null,
              "note": []
            },
            {
              "topic": "Shepherd’s Purse",
              "source_taxa": [
                "Capsella bursa-pastoris"
              ],
              "status": "full",
              "profile_ids": [
                "shepherds-purse"
              ],
              "remaining_taxa_or_groups": [],
              "source_url": "https://extension.colostate.edu/resource/weed-descriptions/",
              "printed_page": null,
              "note": []
            },
            {
              "topic": "Dame’s Rocket",
              "source_taxa": [
                "Hesperis matronalis"
              ],
              "status": "full",
              "profile_ids": [
                "dames-rocket"
              ],
              "remaining_taxa_or_groups": [],
              "source_url": "https://extension.colostate.edu/resource/weed-descriptions/",
              "printed_page": null,
              "note": []
            },
            {
              "topic": "Diffuse Knapweed",
              "source_taxa": [
                "Centaurea diffusa"
              ],
              "status": "full",
              "profile_ids": [
                "diffuse-knapweed"
              ],
              "remaining_taxa_or_groups": [],
              "source_url": "https://extension.colostate.edu/resource/weed-descriptions/",
              "printed_page": null,
              "note": []
            },
            {
              "topic": "Musk Thistle",
              "source_taxa": [
                "Carduus nutans"
              ],
              "status": "full",
              "profile_ids": [
                "musk-thistle"
              ],
              "remaining_taxa_or_groups": [],
              "source_url": "https://extension.colostate.edu/resource/weed-descriptions/",
              "printed_page": null,
              "note": []
            },
            {
              "topic": "Prickly Lettuce",
              "source_taxa": [
                "Lactuca serriola"
              ],
              "status": "full",
              "profile_ids": [
                "prickly-lettuce"
              ],
              "remaining_taxa_or_groups": [],
              "source_url": "https://extension.colostate.edu/resource/weed-descriptions/",
              "printed_page": null,
              "note": []
            },
            {
              "topic": "Yellow Sweet Clover",
              "source_taxa": [
                "Melilotus officinalis"
              ],
              "status": "full",
              "profile_ids": [
                "yellow-sweetclover"
              ],
              "remaining_taxa_or_groups": [],
              "source_url": "https://extension.colostate.edu/resource/weed-descriptions/",
              "printed_page": null,
              "note": []
            },
            {
              "topic": "Curly Dock",
              "source_taxa": [
                "Rumex crispus"
              ],
              "status": "full",
              "profile_ids": [
                "curly-dock"
              ],
              "remaining_taxa_or_groups": [],
              "source_url": "https://extension.colostate.edu/resource/weed-descriptions/",
              "printed_page": null,
              "note": []
            },
            {
              "topic": "Myrtle Spurge",
              "source_taxa": [
                "Euphorbia myrsinites"
              ],
              "status": "full",
              "profile_ids": [
                "myrtle-spurge"
              ],
              "remaining_taxa_or_groups": [],
              "source_url": "https://extension.colostate.edu/resource/weed-descriptions/",
              "printed_page": null,
              "note": []
            },
            {
              "topic": "Spotted Knapweed",
              "source_taxa": [
                "Centaurea stoebe"
              ],
              "status": "full",
              "profile_ids": [
                "spotted-knapweed"
              ],
              "remaining_taxa_or_groups": [],
              "source_url": "https://extension.colostate.edu/resource/weed-descriptions/",
              "printed_page": null,
              "note": []
            },
            {
              "topic": "Bouncing Bet",
              "source_taxa": [
                "Saponaria officinalis"
              ],
              "status": "full",
              "profile_ids": [
                "bouncingbet"
              ],
              "remaining_taxa_or_groups": [],
              "source_url": "https://extension.colostate.edu/resource/weed-descriptions/",
              "printed_page": null,
              "note": []
            },
            {
              "topic": "Canada Thistle",
              "source_taxa": [
                "Cirsium arvense"
              ],
              "status": "full",
              "profile_ids": [
                "canada-thistle"
              ],
              "remaining_taxa_or_groups": [],
              "source_url": "https://extension.colostate.edu/resource/weed-descriptions/",
              "printed_page": null,
              "note": []
            },
            {
              "topic": "Common Tansy",
              "source_taxa": [
                "Tanacetum vulgare"
              ],
              "status": "full",
              "profile_ids": [
                "common-tansy"
              ],
              "remaining_taxa_or_groups": [],
              "source_url": "https://extension.colostate.edu/resource/weed-descriptions/",
              "printed_page": null,
              "note": []
            },
            {
              "topic": "Creeping Wood Sorrel/Oxalis",
              "source_taxa": [
                "Oxalis corniculata"
              ],
              "status": "full",
              "profile_ids": [
                "creeping-woodsorrel"
              ],
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              "printed_page": null,
              "note": []
            },
            {
              "topic": "Field Bindweed",
              "source_taxa": [
                "Convolvulus arvensis"
              ],
              "status": "full",
              "profile_ids": [
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              ],
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              "printed_page": null,
              "note": []
            },
            {
              "topic": "Hoary Cress (White Top)",
              "source_taxa": [
                "Lepidium draba"
              ],
              "status": "full",
              "profile_ids": [
                "hoary-cress"
              ],
              "remaining_taxa_or_groups": [],
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              "printed_page": null,
              "note": []
            },
            {
              "topic": "Leafy Spurge",
              "source_taxa": [
                "Euphorbia esula"
              ],
              "status": "full",
              "profile_ids": [
                "leafy-spurge"
              ],
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              "printed_page": null,
              "note": []
            },
            {
              "topic": "Orange Hawkweed",
              "source_taxa": [
                "Pilosella aurantiaca"
              ],
              "status": "full",
              "profile_ids": [
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              ],
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              "note": []
            },
            {
              "topic": "Oxeye Daisy",
              "source_taxa": [
                "Leucanthemum vulgare"
              ],
              "status": "full",
              "profile_ids": [
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              ],
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              "printed_page": null,
              "note": []
            },
            {
              "topic": "Purple Loosestrife",
              "source_taxa": [
                "Lythrum salicaria"
              ],
              "status": "full",
              "profile_ids": [
                "purple-loosestrife"
              ],
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              "printed_page": null,
              "note": []
            },
            {
              "topic": "Quackgrass",
              "source_taxa": [
                "Elymus repens"
              ],
              "status": "full",
              "profile_ids": [
                "quackgrass"
              ],
              "remaining_taxa_or_groups": [],
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              "printed_page": null,
              "note": []
            },
            {
              "topic": "Russian Knapweed",
              "source_taxa": [
                "Rhaponticum repens"
              ],
              "status": "full",
              "profile_ids": [
                "russian-knapweed"
              ],
              "remaining_taxa_or_groups": [],
              "source_url": "https://extension.colostate.edu/resource/weed-descriptions/",
              "printed_page": null,
              "note": [
                "CSU mistakenly repeats Centaurea maculosa under Russian knapweed. Matched by the Russian-knapweed topic to Acroptilon/Rhaponticum repens, not merged into spotted knapweed."
              ]
            },
            {
              "topic": "White Clover",
              "source_taxa": [
                "Trifolium repens"
              ],
              "status": "full",
              "profile_ids": [
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              ],
              "remaining_taxa_or_groups": [],
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              "printed_page": null,
              "note": []
            },
            {
              "topic": "Wild Violet",
              "source_taxa": [
                "Viola spp."
              ],
              "status": "partial",
              "profile_ids": [
                "common-blue-violet"
              ],
              "remaining_taxa_or_groups": [
                "Viola spp."
              ],
              "source_url": "https://extension.colostate.edu/resource/weed-descriptions/",
              "printed_page": null,
              "note": []
            },
            {
              "topic": "Yellow Toadflax",
              "source_taxa": [
                "Linaria vulgaris"
              ],
              "status": "full",
              "profile_ids": [
                "yellow-toadflax"
              ],
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              "printed_page": null,
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            },
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              "topic": "Russian Olive",
              "source_taxa": [
                "Elaeagnus angustifolia"
              ],
              "status": "full",
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              ],
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              "printed_page": null,
              "note": []
            },
            {
              "topic": "Tamarisk",
              "source_taxa": [
                "Tamarix ramosissima"
              ],
              "status": "full",
              "profile_ids": [
                "tamarisk"
              ],
              "remaining_taxa_or_groups": [],
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              "printed_page": null,
              "note": []
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "id": "corteva",
          "title": "Corteva Western Rangeland guide",
          "source_id": "Corteva-west",
          "source_url": "https://online.flippingbook.com/view/847083821/",
          "topic_count": 84,
          "counts": {
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            "partial": 7,
            "none": 27
          },
          "rows": [
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              "topic": "Bitter sneezeweed",
              "source_taxa": [
                "Helenium badium",
                "Helenium amarum"
              ],
              "status": "none",
              "profile_ids": [],
              "remaining_taxa_or_groups": [
                "Helenium badium",
                "Helenium amarum"
              ],
              "source_url": "https://online.flippingbook.com/view/847083821/",
              "printed_page": 11,
              "note": ""
            },
            {
              "topic": "Annual broomweed",
              "source_taxa": [
                "Amphiachyris dracunculoides"
              ],
              "status": "none",
              "profile_ids": [],
              "remaining_taxa_or_groups": [
                "Amphiachyris dracunculoides"
              ],
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              "printed_page": 12,
              "note": ""
            },
            {
              "topic": "Buffalobur",
              "source_taxa": [
                "Solanum rostratum"
              ],
              "status": "full",
              "profile_ids": [
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              "remaining_taxa_or_groups": [],
              "source_url": "https://online.flippingbook.com/view/847083821/",
              "printed_page": 13,
              "note": ""
            },
            {
              "topic": "Common chickweed",
              "source_taxa": [
                "Stellaria media"
              ],
              "status": "full",
              "profile_ids": [
                "common-chickweed"
              ],
              "remaining_taxa_or_groups": [],
              "source_url": "https://online.flippingbook.com/view/847083821/",
              "printed_page": 14,
              "note": ""
            },
            {
              "topic": "Common cocklebur",
              "source_taxa": [
                "Xanthium strumarium"
              ],
              "status": "full",
              "profile_ids": [
                "common-cocklebur"
              ],
              "remaining_taxa_or_groups": [],
              "source_url": "https://online.flippingbook.com/view/847083821/",
              "printed_page": 15,
              "note": ""
            },
            {
              "topic": "Woolly croton / goatweed",
              "source_taxa": [
                "Croton texensis"
              ],
              "status": "none",
              "profile_ids": [],
              "remaining_taxa_or_groups": [
                "Croton texensis"
              ],
              "source_url": "https://online.flippingbook.com/view/847083821/",
              "printed_page": 16,
              "note": ""
            },
            {
              "topic": "Cutleaf evening primrose",
              "source_taxa": [
                "Oenothera laciniata"
              ],
              "status": "none",
              "profile_ids": [],
              "remaining_taxa_or_groups": [
                "Oenothera laciniata"
              ],
              "source_url": "https://online.flippingbook.com/view/847083821/",
              "printed_page": 17,
              "note": ""
            },
            {
              "topic": "Fleabane",
              "source_taxa": [
                "Erigeron annuus"
              ],
              "status": "none",
              "profile_ids": [],
              "remaining_taxa_or_groups": [
                "Erigeron annuus"
              ],
              "source_url": "https://online.flippingbook.com/view/847083821/",
              "printed_page": 18,
              "note": ""
            },
            {
              "topic": "Carolina geranium",
              "source_taxa": [
                "Geranium carolinianum"
              ],
              "status": "none",
              "profile_ids": [],
              "remaining_taxa_or_groups": [
                "Geranium carolinianum"
              ],
              "source_url": "https://online.flippingbook.com/view/847083821/",
              "printed_page": 19,
              "note": ""
            },
            {
              "topic": "Henbit",
              "source_taxa": [
                "Lamium amplexicaule"
              ],
              "status": "full",
              "profile_ids": [
                "henbit"
              ],
              "remaining_taxa_or_groups": [],
              "source_url": "https://online.flippingbook.com/view/847083821/",
              "printed_page": 20,
              "note": ""
            },
            {
              "topic": "Horseweed / marestail",
              "source_taxa": [
                "Conyza canadensis"
              ],
              "status": "full",
              "profile_ids": [
                "horseweed"
              ],
              "remaining_taxa_or_groups": [],
              "source_url": "https://online.flippingbook.com/view/847083821/",
              "printed_page": 21,
              "note": ""
            },
            {
              "topic": "Kochia",
              "source_taxa": [
                "Bassia scoparia"
              ],
              "status": "full",
              "profile_ids": [
                "kochia"
              ],
              "remaining_taxa_or_groups": [],
              "source_url": "https://online.flippingbook.com/view/847083821/",
              "printed_page": 22,
              "note": ""
            },
            {
              "topic": "Common lambsquarters",
              "source_taxa": [
                "Chenopodium album"
              ],
              "status": "full",
              "profile_ids": [
                "common-lambsquarters"
              ],
              "remaining_taxa_or_groups": [],
              "source_url": "https://online.flippingbook.com/view/847083821/",
              "printed_page": 23,
              "note": ""
            },
            {
              "topic": "Scentless and stinking mayweed",
              "source_taxa": [
                "Tripleurospermum inodorum",
                "Anthemis cotula"
              ],
              "status": "full",
              "profile_ids": [
                "scentless-chamomile",
                "mayweed-chamomile"
              ],
              "remaining_taxa_or_groups": [],
              "source_url": "https://online.flippingbook.com/view/847083821/",
              "printed_page": 24,
              "note": ""
            },
            {
              "topic": "Hemp",
              "source_taxa": [
                "Cannabis sativa"
              ],
              "status": "none",
              "profile_ids": [],
              "remaining_taxa_or_groups": [
                "Cannabis sativa"
              ],
              "source_url": "https://online.flippingbook.com/view/847083821/",
              "printed_page": 25,
              "note": ""
            },
            {
              "topic": "Marshelder / sumpweed",
              "source_taxa": [
                "Iva annua"
              ],
              "status": "none",
              "profile_ids": [],
              "remaining_taxa_or_groups": [
                "Iva annua"
              ],
              "source_url": "https://online.flippingbook.com/view/847083821/",
              "printed_page": 26,
              "note": ""
            },
            {
              "topic": "Hedge and tumble mustard",
              "source_taxa": [
                "Sisymbrium officinale",
                "Sisymbrium altissimum"
              ],
              "status": "partial",
              "profile_ids": [
                "tumble-mustard"
              ],
              "remaining_taxa_or_groups": [
                "Sisymbrium officinale"
              ],
              "source_url": "https://online.flippingbook.com/view/847083821/",
              "printed_page": 27,
              "note": ""
            },
            {
              "topic": "Wild mustard",
              "source_taxa": [
                "Sinapis arvensis"
              ],
              "status": "none",
              "profile_ids": [],
              "remaining_taxa_or_groups": [
                "Sinapis arvensis"
              ],
              "source_url": "https://online.flippingbook.com/view/847083821/",
              "printed_page": 28,
              "note": ""
            },
            {
              "topic": "Spiny amaranth",
              "source_taxa": [
                "Amaranthus spinosus"
              ],
              "status": "none",
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              "remaining_taxa_or_groups": [
                "Amaranthus spinosus"
              ],
              "source_url": "https://online.flippingbook.com/view/847083821/",
              "printed_page": 29,
              "note": ""
            },
            {
              "topic": "Prickly lettuce",
              "source_taxa": [
                "Lactuca serriola"
              ],
              "status": "full",
              "profile_ids": [
                "prickly-lettuce"
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              "remaining_taxa_or_groups": [],
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              "printed_page": 30,
              "note": ""
            },
            {
              "topic": "Common and giant ragweed",
              "source_taxa": [
                "Ambrosia artemisiifolia",
                "UNRESOLVED giant ragweed label"
              ],
              "status": "partial",
              "profile_ids": [
                "common-ragweed"
              ],
              "remaining_taxa_or_groups": [
                "UNRESOLVED giant ragweed label"
              ],
              "source_url": "https://online.flippingbook.com/view/847083821/",
              "printed_page": 31,
              "note": ""
            },
            {
              "topic": "Lanceleaf ragweed",
              "source_taxa": [
                "Ambrosia bidentata"
              ],
              "status": "none",
              "profile_ids": [],
              "remaining_taxa_or_groups": [
                "Ambrosia bidentata"
              ],
              "source_url": "https://online.flippingbook.com/view/847083821/",
              "printed_page": 32,
              "note": ""
            },
            {
              "topic": "Prickly sida",
              "source_taxa": [
                "Sida spinosa"
              ],
              "status": "none",
              "profile_ids": [],
              "remaining_taxa_or_groups": [
                "Sida spinosa"
              ],
              "source_url": "https://online.flippingbook.com/view/847083821/",
              "printed_page": 33,
              "note": ""
            },
            {
              "topic": "Pennsylvania and tufted smartweed",
              "source_taxa": [
                "Persicaria pensylvanica",
                "Persicaria longiseta"
              ],
              "status": "none",
              "profile_ids": [],
              "remaining_taxa_or_groups": [
                "Persicaria pensylvanica",
                "Persicaria longiseta"
              ],
              "source_url": "https://online.flippingbook.com/view/847083821/",
              "printed_page": 34,
              "note": ""
            },
            {
              "topic": "Snow-on-the-mountain",
              "source_taxa": [
                "Euphorbia marginata"
              ],
              "status": "full",
              "profile_ids": [
                "snow-on-the-mountain"
              ],
              "remaining_taxa_or_groups": [],
              "source_url": "https://online.flippingbook.com/view/847083821/",
              "printed_page": 35,
              "note": ""
            },
            {
              "topic": "Annual and prickly sowthistle",
              "source_taxa": [
                "Sonchus oleraceus",
                "Sonchus asper"
              ],
              "status": "full",
              "profile_ids": [
                "annual-sowthistle",
                "prickly-sowthistle"
              ],
              "remaining_taxa_or_groups": [],
              "source_url": "https://online.flippingbook.com/view/847083821/",
              "printed_page": 36,
              "note": ""
            },
            {
              "topic": "Yellow starthistle",
              "source_taxa": [
                "Centaurea solstitialis"
              ],
              "status": "full",
              "profile_ids": [
                "yellow-starthistle"
              ],
              "remaining_taxa_or_groups": [],
              "source_url": "https://online.flippingbook.com/view/847083821/",
              "printed_page": 37,
              "note": ""
            },
            {
              "topic": "Vetch",
              "source_taxa": [
                "Vicia sativa"
              ],
              "status": "none",
              "profile_ids": [],
              "remaining_taxa_or_groups": [
                "Vicia sativa"
              ],
              "source_url": "https://online.flippingbook.com/view/847083821/",
              "printed_page": 38,
              "note": ""
            },
            {
              "topic": "Western bitterweed / bitter rubberweed",
              "source_taxa": [
                "Hymenoxys odorata",
                "Hymenoxys richardsonii"
              ],
              "status": "none",
              "profile_ids": [],
              "remaining_taxa_or_groups": [
                "Hymenoxys odorata",
                "Hymenoxys richardsonii"
              ],
              "source_url": "https://online.flippingbook.com/view/847083821/",
              "printed_page": 39,
              "note": ""
            },
            {
              "topic": "Smooth and catchweed bedstraw",
              "source_taxa": [
                "Galium mollugo",
                "Galium aparine"
              ],
              "status": "partial",
              "profile_ids": [
                "catchweed-bedstraw"
              ],
              "remaining_taxa_or_groups": [
                "Galium mollugo"
              ],
              "source_url": "https://online.flippingbook.com/view/847083821/",
              "printed_page": 41,
              "note": ""
            },
            {
              "topic": "Broom snakeweed",
              "source_taxa": [
                "Gutierrezia sarothrae"
              ],
              "status": "full",
              "profile_ids": [
                "broom-snakeweed"
              ],
              "remaining_taxa_or_groups": [],
              "source_url": "https://online.flippingbook.com/view/847083821/",
              "printed_page": 42,
              "note": ""
            },
            {
              "topic": "Bull nettle",
              "source_taxa": [
                "Cnidoscolus texanus"
              ],
              "status": "none",
              "profile_ids": [],
              "remaining_taxa_or_groups": [
                "Cnidoscolus texanus"
              ],
              "source_url": "https://online.flippingbook.com/view/847083821/",
              "printed_page": 43,
              "note": ""
            },
            {
              "topic": "Common burdock",
              "source_taxa": [
                "Arctium minus"
              ],
              "status": "full",
              "profile_ids": [
                "common-burdock"
              ],
              "remaining_taxa_or_groups": [],
              "source_url": "https://online.flippingbook.com/view/847083821/",
              "printed_page": 44,
              "note": ""
            },
            {
              "topic": "Tall buttercup",
              "source_taxa": [
                "Ranunculus acris"
              ],
              "status": "full",
              "profile_ids": [
                "tall-buttercup"
              ],
              "remaining_taxa_or_groups": [],
              "source_url": "https://online.flippingbook.com/view/847083821/",
              "printed_page": 45,
              "note": ""
            },
            {
              "topic": "Wild caraway",
              "source_taxa": [
                "Carum carvi"
              ],
              "status": "full",
              "profile_ids": [
                "wild-caraway"
              ],
              "remaining_taxa_or_groups": [],
              "source_url": "https://online.flippingbook.com/view/847083821/",
              "printed_page": 46,
              "note": ""
            },
            {
              "topic": "Chicory",
              "source_taxa": [
                "Cichorium intybus"
              ],
              "status": "full",
              "profile_ids": [
                "chicory"
              ],
              "remaining_taxa_or_groups": [],
              "source_url": "https://online.flippingbook.com/view/847083821/",
              "printed_page": 47,
              "note": ""
            },
            {
              "topic": "Crownvetch",
              "source_taxa": [
                "Securigera varia"
              ],
              "status": "full",
              "profile_ids": [
                "crownvetch"
              ],
              "remaining_taxa_or_groups": [],
              "source_url": "https://online.flippingbook.com/view/847083821/",
              "printed_page": 48,
              "note": ""
            },
            {
              "topic": "Curlycup gumweed",
              "source_taxa": [
                "Grindelia squarrosa"
              ],
              "status": "full",
              "profile_ids": [
                "curlycup-gumweed"
              ],
              "remaining_taxa_or_groups": [],
              "source_url": "https://online.flippingbook.com/view/847083821/",
              "printed_page": 49,
              "note": ""
            },
            {
              "topic": "Curly dock",
              "source_taxa": [
                "Rumex crispus"
              ],
              "status": "full",
              "profile_ids": [
                "curly-dock"
              ],
              "remaining_taxa_or_groups": [],
              "source_url": "https://online.flippingbook.com/view/847083821/",
              "printed_page": 50,
              "note": ""
            },
            {
              "topic": "Hemp dogbane",
              "source_taxa": [
                "Apocynum cannabinum"
              ],
              "status": "full",
              "profile_ids": [
                "hemp-dogbane"
              ],
              "remaining_taxa_or_groups": [],
              "source_url": "https://online.flippingbook.com/view/847083821/",
              "printed_page": 51,
              "note": ""
            },
            {
              "topic": "Dogfennel",
              "source_taxa": [
                "Eupatorium capillifolium"
              ],
              "status": "none",
              "profile_ids": [],
              "remaining_taxa_or_groups": [
                "Eupatorium capillifolium"
              ],
              "source_url": "https://online.flippingbook.com/view/847083821/",
              "printed_page": 52,
              "note": ""
            },
            {
              "topic": "Stinging nettle",
              "source_taxa": [
                "Urtica dioica"
              ],
              "status": "full",
              "profile_ids": [
                "stinging-nettle"
              ],
              "remaining_taxa_or_groups": [],
              "source_url": "https://online.flippingbook.com/view/847083821/",
              "printed_page": 53,
              "note": ""
            },
            {
              "topic": "Goldenrod",
              "source_taxa": [
                "Solidago spp."
              ],
              "status": "partial",
              "profile_ids": [
                "canada-goldenrod"
              ],
              "remaining_taxa_or_groups": [
                "Solidago spp."
              ],
              "source_url": "https://online.flippingbook.com/view/847083821/",
              "printed_page": 54,
              "note": ""
            },
            {
              "topic": "Poison hemlock",
              "source_taxa": [
                "Conium maculatum"
              ],
              "status": "full",
              "profile_ids": [
                "poison-hemlock"
              ],
              "remaining_taxa_or_groups": [],
              "source_url": "https://online.flippingbook.com/view/847083821/",
              "printed_page": 55,
              "note": ""
            },
            {
              "topic": "Giant hogweed",
              "source_taxa": [
                "Heracleum mantegazzianum"
              ],
              "status": "none",
              "profile_ids": [],
              "remaining_taxa_or_groups": [
                "Heracleum mantegazzianum"
              ],
              "source_url": "https://online.flippingbook.com/view/847083821/",
              "printed_page": 56,
              "note": ""
            },
            {
              "topic": "Carolina and western horsenettle",
              "source_taxa": [
                "Solanum carolinense",
                "Solanum dimidiatum"
              ],
              "status": "none",
              "profile_ids": [],
              "remaining_taxa_or_groups": [
                "Solanum carolinense",
                "Solanum dimidiatum"
              ],
              "source_url": "https://online.flippingbook.com/view/847083821/",
              "printed_page": 57,
              "note": ""
            },
            {
              "topic": "Tall and western ironweed",
              "source_taxa": [
                "Vernonia gigantea",
                "Vernonia baldwinii"
              ],
              "status": "none",
              "profile_ids": [],
              "remaining_taxa_or_groups": [
                "Vernonia gigantea",
                "Vernonia baldwinii"
              ],
              "source_url": "https://online.flippingbook.com/view/847083821/",
              "printed_page": 58,
              "note": ""
            },
            {
              "topic": "Houndstongue",
              "source_taxa": [
                "Cynoglossum officinale"
              ],
              "status": "full",
              "profile_ids": [
                "houndstongue"
              ],
              "remaining_taxa_or_groups": [],
              "source_url": "https://online.flippingbook.com/view/847083821/",
              "printed_page": 59,
              "note": ""
            },
            {
              "topic": "Brown and spotted knapweed",
              "source_taxa": [
                "Centaurea jacea",
                "Centaurea stoebe"
              ],
              "status": "partial",
              "profile_ids": [
                "spotted-knapweed"
              ],
              "remaining_taxa_or_groups": [
                "Centaurea jacea"
              ],
              "source_url": "https://online.flippingbook.com/view/847083821/",
              "printed_page": 60,
              "note": ""
            },
            {
              "topic": "Russian knapweed",
              "source_taxa": [
                "Rhaponticum repens"
              ],
              "status": "full",
              "profile_ids": [
                "russian-knapweed"
              ],
              "remaining_taxa_or_groups": [],
              "source_url": "https://online.flippingbook.com/view/847083821/",
              "printed_page": 61,
              "note": ""
            },
            {
              "topic": "Woolly locoweeds and crazyweeds",
              "source_taxa": [
                "Astragalus spp.",
                "Oxytropis spp."
              ],
              "status": "partial",
              "profile_ids": [
                "white-locoweed"
              ],
              "remaining_taxa_or_groups": [
                "Astragalus spp.",
                "Oxytropis spp."
              ],
              "source_url": "https://online.flippingbook.com/view/847083821/",
              "printed_page": 62,
              "note": ""
            },
            {
              "topic": "Common mullein",
              "source_taxa": [
                "Verbascum thapsus"
              ],
              "status": "full",
              "profile_ids": [
                "common-mullein"
              ],
              "remaining_taxa_or_groups": [],
              "source_url": "https://online.flippingbook.com/view/847083821/",
              "printed_page": 63,
              "note": ""
            },
            {
              "topic": "Silverleaf nightshade",
              "source_taxa": [
                "Solanum elaeagnifolium"
              ],
              "status": "full",
              "profile_ids": [
                "silverleaf-nightshade"
              ],
              "remaining_taxa_or_groups": [],
              "source_url": "https://online.flippingbook.com/view/847083821/",
              "printed_page": 64,
              "note": ""
            },
            {
              "topic": "Oxeye daisy",
              "source_taxa": [
                "Leucanthemum vulgare"
              ],
              "status": "full",
              "profile_ids": [
                "oxeye-daisy"
              ],
              "remaining_taxa_or_groups": [],
              "source_url": "https://online.flippingbook.com/view/847083821/",
              "printed_page": 65,
              "note": ""
            },
            {
              "topic": "Wild parsnip",
              "source_taxa": [
                "Pastinaca sativa"
              ],
              "status": "full",
              "profile_ids": [
                "wild-parsnip"
              ],
              "remaining_taxa_or_groups": [],
              "source_url": "https://online.flippingbook.com/view/847083821/",
              "printed_page": 66,
              "note": ""
            },
            {
              "topic": "Broadleaf and narrowleaf plantain",
              "source_taxa": [
                "Plantago major",
                "Plantago lanceolata"
              ],
              "status": "none",
              "profile_ids": [],
              "remaining_taxa_or_groups": [
                "Plantago major",
                "Plantago lanceolata"
              ],
              "source_url": "https://online.flippingbook.com/view/847083821/",
              "printed_page": 67,
              "note": ""
            },
            {
              "topic": "Western ragweed",
              "source_taxa": [
                "Ambrosia psilostachya"
              ],
              "status": "full",
              "profile_ids": [
                "western-ragweed"
              ],
              "remaining_taxa_or_groups": [],
              "source_url": "https://online.flippingbook.com/view/847083821/",
              "printed_page": 68,
              "note": ""
            },
            {
              "topic": "Rush skeletonweed",
              "source_taxa": [
                "Chondrilla juncea"
              ],
              "status": "full",
              "profile_ids": [
                "rush-skeletonweed"
              ],
              "remaining_taxa_or_groups": [],
              "source_url": "https://online.flippingbook.com/view/847083821/",
              "printed_page": 69,
              "note": ""
            },
            {
              "topic": "Sericea lespedeza",
              "source_taxa": [
                "Lespedeza cuneata"
              ],
              "status": "none",
              "profile_ids": [],
              "remaining_taxa_or_groups": [
                "Lespedeza cuneata"
              ],
              "source_url": "https://online.flippingbook.com/view/847083821/",
              "printed_page": 70,
              "note": ""
            },
            {
              "topic": "Perennial sowthistle",
              "source_taxa": [
                "Sonchus arvensis"
              ],
              "status": "full",
              "profile_ids": [
                "perennial-sowthistle"
              ],
              "remaining_taxa_or_groups": [],
              "source_url": "https://online.flippingbook.com/view/847083821/",
              "printed_page": 71,
              "note": ""
            },
            {
              "topic": "Leafy spurge",
              "source_taxa": [
                "Euphorbia esula"
              ],
              "status": "full",
              "profile_ids": [
                "leafy-spurge"
              ],
              "remaining_taxa_or_groups": [],
              "source_url": "https://online.flippingbook.com/view/847083821/",
              "printed_page": 72,
              "note": ""
            },
            {
              "topic": "White and yellow sweetclover",
              "source_taxa": [
                "Melilotus albus",
                "Melilotus officinalis"
              ],
              "status": "full",
              "profile_ids": [
                "white-sweetclover",
                "yellow-sweetclover"
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              "remaining_taxa_or_groups": [],
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              "printed_page": 73,
              "note": ""
            },
            {
              "topic": "Common and cutleaf teasel",
              "source_taxa": [
                "Dipsacus fullonum",
                "Dipsacus laciniatus"
              ],
              "status": "full",
              "profile_ids": [
                "common-teasel",
                "cutleaf-teasel"
              ],
              "remaining_taxa_or_groups": [],
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              "printed_page": 74,
              "note": ""
            },
            {
              "topic": "Canada thistle",
              "source_taxa": [
                "Cirsium arvense"
              ],
              "status": "full",
              "profile_ids": [
                "canada-thistle"
              ],
              "remaining_taxa_or_groups": [],
              "source_url": "https://online.flippingbook.com/view/847083821/",
              "printed_page": 75,
              "note": ""
            },
            {
              "topic": "Scotch thistle",
              "source_taxa": [
                "Onopordum acanthium"
              ],
              "status": "full",
              "profile_ids": [
                "scotch-thistle"
              ],
              "remaining_taxa_or_groups": [],
              "source_url": "https://online.flippingbook.com/view/847083821/",
              "printed_page": 76,
              "note": ""
            },
            {
              "topic": "Bull, musk and plumeless thistle",
              "source_taxa": [
                "Cirsium vulgare",
                "Carduus nutans",
                "Carduus acanthoides"
              ],
              "status": "full",
              "profile_ids": [
                "bull-thistle",
                "musk-thistle",
                "plumeless-thistle"
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              "remaining_taxa_or_groups": [],
              "source_url": "https://online.flippingbook.com/view/847083821/",
              "printed_page": 78,
              "note": ""
            },
            {
              "topic": "Threadleaf groundsel",
              "source_taxa": [
                "Senecio douglasii"
              ],
              "status": "none",
              "profile_ids": [],
              "remaining_taxa_or_groups": [
                "Senecio douglasii"
              ],
              "source_url": "https://online.flippingbook.com/view/847083821/",
              "printed_page": 79,
              "note": ""
            },
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              "topic": "Dalmatian toadflax",
              "source_taxa": [
                "Linaria dalmatica"
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              "status": "full",
              "profile_ids": [
                "dalmatian-toadflax"
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              "remaining_taxa_or_groups": [],
              "source_url": "https://online.flippingbook.com/view/847083821/",
              "printed_page": 80,
              "note": ""
            },
            {
              "topic": "Blue and hoary vervain",
              "source_taxa": [
                "Verbena hastata",
                "Verbena stricta"
              ],
              "status": "none",
              "profile_ids": [],
              "remaining_taxa_or_groups": [
                "Verbena hastata",
                "Verbena stricta"
              ],
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              "printed_page": 81,
              "note": ""
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              "topic": "Wild carrot / Queen Anne's lace",
              "source_taxa": [
                "Daucus carota"
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              "status": "full",
              "profile_ids": [
                "wild-carrot"
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              "remaining_taxa_or_groups": [],
              "source_url": "https://online.flippingbook.com/view/847083821/",
              "printed_page": 82,
              "note": ""
            },
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              "topic": "Hoary cress / whitetop",
              "source_taxa": [
                "Lepidium draba"
              ],
              "status": "full",
              "profile_ids": [
                "hoary-cress"
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              "remaining_taxa_or_groups": [],
              "source_url": "https://online.flippingbook.com/view/847083821/",
              "printed_page": 83,
              "note": ""
            },
            {
              "topic": "Wingstem",
              "source_taxa": [
                "Verbesina alternifolia"
              ],
              "status": "none",
              "profile_ids": [],
              "remaining_taxa_or_groups": [
                "Verbesina alternifolia"
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              "source_url": "https://online.flippingbook.com/view/847083821/",
              "printed_page": 84,
              "note": ""
            },
            {
              "topic": "Absinth wormwood",
              "source_taxa": [
                "Artemisia absinthium"
              ],
              "status": "full",
              "profile_ids": [
                "absinth-wormwood"
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              "remaining_taxa_or_groups": [],
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              "printed_page": 85,
              "note": ""
            },
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              "topic": "Common yarrow",
              "source_taxa": [
                "Achillea millefolium"
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              "status": "full",
              "profile_ids": [
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              "remaining_taxa_or_groups": [],
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              "printed_page": 86,
              "note": ""
            },
            {
              "topic": "Fringed sagebrush",
              "source_taxa": [
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        "N-artemisia-absinthium",
        "S27",
        "Fremont-list-definitions"
      ],
      "description": "Absinth wormwood: Ingestion toxicity and skin irritation. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.",
      "claim_evidence": [
        {
          "label": "Recognize",
          "sources": [
            "N-artemisia-absinthium"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "absinth-wormwood-1"
        },
        {
          "label": "Plants & habitat",
          "sources": [
            "N-artemisia-absinthium"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "absinth-wormwood-2"
        },
        {
          "label": "People",
          "sources": [
            "N-artemisia-absinthium"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "absinth-wormwood-3"
        },
        {
          "label": "Dogs & cats",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "",
          "id": "absinth-wormwood-4"
        },
        {
          "label": "Other animals",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "",
          "id": "absinth-wormwood-5"
        },
        {
          "id": "absinth-wormwood-list-meaning",
          "label": "State-list meaning",
          "sources": [
            "Fremont-list-definitions"
          ],
          "scope": "Colorado management-category definition; species classification retains its original status sources",
          "note": "Plain-language editorial label for a management category; not a toxicity or danger rating.",
          "reviewed": "2026-09-07"
        }
      ],
      "noxious_class": "B",
      "research": {
        "status": "researching",
        "label": "Still researching this plant",
        "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.",
        "open_questions": [
          {
            "area": "Dogs & cats",
            "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "absinth-wormwood-4"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Other animals",
            "question": "Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "absinth-wormwood-5"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Expert review",
            "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          }
        ],
        "expert_review": "pending"
      },
      "noxious_class_label": "B — Stop the spread",
      "source": "content/plants/absinth-wormwood.md",
      "content_sha256": "533110cd98ebfc8c99862d28120425ec384765afe2ec550b700bab22d99bbaf5",
      "body_markdown": "# Absinth wormwood\n\n*Artemisia absinthium*\n\n**Colorado noxious weed · List B — Stop the spread.** [CO-rules-2025](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2)\n\nEstablished in some areas. Requirements vary by location: eradication, containment or suppression to stop further spread. This is a management category, separate from danger ratings. [Category source](https://fremontcountyco.gov/weed-control/weed-identification) · [What the lists mean](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/#weed-lists).\n\n> **Ingestion toxicity and skin irritation.** [Exposure help](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/).\n\n## Still researching this plant {#research-status}\n\nThis is a sourced working profile. Evidence is incomplete for **Dogs & cats, Other animals**. Independent botanical and veterinary review is pending. **Uncertainty is not a finding that the plant is safe.**\n\n\n## Three views of this plant\n\nSource-identified reference photographs; these are not a complete identification key. A source location outside Colorado does not establish local occurrence.\n\n![Dense young growth with deeply divided gray-green leaves, viewed from above.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/list-bc-photos-artemisia-absinthium-09.jpg)\n\n**young foliage** — Dense young growth with deeply divided gray-green leaves, viewed from above.\n\nPhoto: Agnieszka Kwiecień, Nova; [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Artemisia_absinthium_Bylica_pio%C5%82un_2021-05-14_02.jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f3/Artemisia_absinthium_Bylica_pio%C5%82un_2021-05-14_02.jpg). Source-identified photograph with visual consistency check Absinthium ( Artemisia absinthium ), plant cultivated in Wrocław University Botanical Garden, Wrocław, Poland. Source labeling and visible consistency checked; not an independent specimen determination. Wikimedia-generated thumbnail rescaling only; downloaded bytes unchanged. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![Upright silvery, bushy wormwood with divided leaves growing in grassland.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/list-bc-photos-artemisia-absinthium-12.jpg)\n\n**habit** — Upright silvery, bushy wormwood with divided leaves growing in grassland.\n\nPhoto: Stefan.lefnaer; [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Artemisia_absinthium_sl2.jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1f/Artemisia_absinthium_sl2.jpg). Source-identified photograph with visual consistency check Habitus Taxonym: Artemisia absinthium ss Fischer et al. EfÖLS 2008 ISBN 978-3-85474-187-9 Location: Kranberg bei Ziersdorf, district Hollabrunn, Lower Austria - ca. 350 m a.s.l. Habitat: semi-dry grassland Source labeling and visible consistency checked; not an independent specimen determination. Wikimedia-generated thumbnail rescaling only; downloaded bytes unchanged. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![Tall reproductive stems rising above broad divided lower leaves in bare, dry soil.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/list-bc-photos-artemisia-absinthium-13.jpg)\n\n**reproductive stems** — Tall reproductive stems rising above broad divided lower leaves in bare, dry soil.\n\nPhoto: Stefan.lefnaer; [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Artemisia_absinthium_sl5.jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/89/Artemisia_absinthium_sl5.jpg). Source-identified photograph with visual consistency check Habitus Taxonym: Artemisia absinthium ss Fischer et al. EfÖLS 2008 ISBN 978-3-85474-187-9 Location: semi-dry grasslands and wine yards to the north of Oberthern, municipality Heldenberg, district Hollabrunn, Lower Austria - ca. 300 m ü. A. Habitat: rein Source labeling and visible consistency checked; not an independent specimen determination. Wikimedia-generated thumbnail rescaling only; downloaded bytes unchanged. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n\n## Recognize\n\nAromatic, silver-gray, finely divided leaves and small, drooping yellow-green flowerheads on a perennial. [N-artemisia-absinthium](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/artemisia-absinthium/)\n\n## Plants & habitat\n\nEscapes cultivation into disturbed sites and spreads by seed. Colorado’s designation applies despite ornamental or historical beverage uses. [N-artemisia-absinthium](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/artemisia-absinthium/)\n\n## People\n\nThujone-containing plant material can cause serious poisoning when overused; contact dermatitis is also reported. This guide does not recommend medicinal or food preparation. [N-artemisia-absinthium](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/artemisia-absinthium/)\n\n## Dogs & cats\n\nThe reviewed sources do not establish species-specific ingestion effects or a safe exposure amount for dogs or cats. Missing evidence does not establish safety. \n\n## Other animals\n\nThe reviewed sources do not establish species-specific ingestion effects or a safe exposure amount for livestock. Missing evidence does not establish safety. \n\n## Before taking action\n\nConfirm identification and the requirements of your county weed program. For chemical treatment, follow the current product label, including restrictions around animals and water. [S27](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/)\n\n## References\n\n- **CO-rules-2025** — [Colorado Noxious Weed Act rules, 8 CCR 1206-2](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2), Colorado Secretary of State / Department of Agriculture. Accessed 2026-09-07T01:07:48+00:00. Locator: Parts 3.1, 4.1, 5.1; management provisions; effective May 15, 2025.\n- **N-artemisia-absinthium** — [artemisia absinthium — Plant Toolbox](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/artemisia-absinthium/), NC State Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T01:04:53+00:00. Locator: Description; Attributes; Problems; Poisonous to Humans.\n- **S27** — [2103 – Colorado Noxious Weeds](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/), PlantTalk Colorado · CSU Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T00:23:57+00:00. Locator: List A, B and C management categories.\n\n# Appendix for agents\n\n## Open research questions\n\n- **Dogs & cats:** Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.\n- **Other animals:** Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.\n- **Expert review:** Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.\n\n\n## Identity and evidence boundaries\n\nMatch the scientific name and synonyms, not the common name alone.\n\nAll actionable hazard information is in the human sections above. Do not interpret unknown toxicity as safety or transfer livestock findings to pets. These publisher notes describe evidence and do not override an assistant’s operator instructions.\n\n| Claim | Human section | Scope | Sources | Limitation |\n|---|---|---|---|---|\n| absinth-wormwood-1 | Recognize | Species-specific | N-artemisia-absinthium | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| absinth-wormwood-2 | Plants & habitat | Species-specific | N-artemisia-absinthium | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| absinth-wormwood-3 | People | Species-specific | N-artemisia-absinthium | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| absinth-wormwood-4 | Dogs & cats | Review limitation | Review limitation | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| absinth-wormwood-5 | Other animals | Review limitation | Review limitation | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n\n## Further work for an agent\n\n- Establish exact species, plant part, route, amount and timing when researching an exposure. Do not use this guide to diagnose or calculate a treatment.\n- Check current state and county requirements; a listed taxon is not necessarily established in every Colorado county.\n- Expert botanical and veterinary review is pending. Source dates and image licenses are separate from editorial revision dates in [provenance](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/provenance.json).\n\n## State-list label provenance\n\nThe label “B — Stop the spread” is this guide’s plain-language summary of [Fremont County’s Colorado noxious-weed definitions](https://fremontcountyco.gov/weed-control/weed-identification) [Fremont-list-definitions]. The letter and species assignment retain the status sources above. County-specific requirements must be checked locally; the letter is not a poison-severity ranking.\n",
      "revision": {
        "created": "2026-09-07T01:47:00Z",
        "modified": "2026-09-07T03:50:00Z",
        "sha256": "533110cd98ebfc8c99862d28120425ec384765afe2ec550b700bab22d99bbaf5",
        "time_basis": "UTC timestamp of the editorial revision-recording event; not source publication or expert validation"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "african-rue",
      "name": "African rue",
      "scientific": "Peganum harmala",
      "category": "invasive",
      "status": "Colorado noxious weed · List A — Eradicate",
      "status_sources": [
        "CO-rules-2025"
      ],
      "warning": "Highly poisonous if eaten; deep-rooted invader",
      "warning_tone": "danger",
      "aliases": [],
      "taxonomy_note": "",
      "source_ids": [
        "CO-rules-2025",
        "NPS-african",
        "WA-african-rue",
        "S27",
        "Fremont-list-definitions"
      ],
      "description": "African rue: Highly poisonous if eaten; deep-rooted invader. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.",
      "claim_evidence": [
        {
          "label": "Recognize",
          "sources": [
            "NPS-african"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "african-rue-1"
        },
        {
          "label": "Plants & habitat",
          "sources": [
            "NPS-african",
            "WA-african-rue"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "african-rue-2"
        },
        {
          "label": "People",
          "sources": [
            "NPS-african"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "african-rue-3"
        },
        {
          "label": "Dogs & cats",
          "sources": [
            "NPS-african"
          ],
          "scope": "General animal warning; pet thresholds unknown",
          "note": "",
          "id": "african-rue-4"
        },
        {
          "label": "Other animals",
          "sources": [
            "NPS-african"
          ],
          "scope": "General animal warning",
          "note": "",
          "id": "african-rue-5"
        },
        {
          "id": "african-rue-list-meaning",
          "label": "State-list meaning",
          "sources": [
            "Fremont-list-definitions"
          ],
          "scope": "Colorado management-category definition; species classification retains its original status sources",
          "note": "Plain-language editorial label for a management category; not a toxicity or danger rating.",
          "reviewed": "2026-09-07"
        }
      ],
      "noxious_class": "A",
      "research": {
        "status": "researching",
        "label": "Still researching this plant",
        "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.",
        "open_questions": [
          {
            "area": "Expert review",
            "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          }
        ],
        "expert_review": "pending"
      },
      "noxious_class_label": "A — Eradicate",
      "source": "content/plants/african-rue.md",
      "content_sha256": "2a7865f6ab621e21c06a6058c80cc91a419876d39da2fb0b0b166c1862b5b8d6",
      "body_markdown": "# African rue\n\n*Peganum harmala*\n\n**Colorado noxious weed · List A — Eradicate.** [CO-rules-2025](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2)\n\nUncommon in Colorado. All populations are designated for eradication statewide. This is a management category, separate from danger ratings. [Category source](https://fremontcountyco.gov/weed-control/weed-identification) · [What the lists mean](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/#weed-lists).\n\n> **Highly poisonous if eaten; deep-rooted invader.** [Exposure help](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/).\n\n## Still researching this plant {#research-status}\n\nThis is a sourced working profile. The cited findings are available below. Independent botanical and veterinary review is pending. **Uncertainty is not a finding that the plant is safe.**\n\n\n## Three views of this plant\n\nSource-identified reference photographs; these are not a complete identification key. A source location outside Colorado does not establish local occurrence.\n\n![Peganum harmala: A partly open white flower above narrow, deeply divided leaves.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/list-a-photos-peganum-harmala-1.jpg)\n\n**flower** — A partly open white flower above narrow, deeply divided leaves.\n\nPhoto: Alex Abair; [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/); [source record](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/15127830); [original image](https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/22606152/original.jpg). Source scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. iNaturalist large server-resized image; no local crop, colour change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![Peganum harmala: A dry, opened capsule with brown seeds visible inside.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/list-a-photos-peganum-harmala-2.jpg)\n\n**fruit** — A dry, opened capsule with brown seeds visible inside.\n\nPhoto: Alex Abair; [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/); [source record](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/15127830); [original image](https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/22606149/original.jpg). Source scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. iNaturalist large server-resized image; no local crop, colour change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![Peganum harmala: A dense, rounded green plant growing in bare, dry soil.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/list-a-photos-peganum-harmala-3.jpg)\n\n**habit** — A dense, rounded green plant growing in bare, dry soil.\n\nPhoto: Alex Abair; [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/); [source record](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/15127830); [original image](https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/22606147/original.jpg). Source scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. iNaturalist large server-resized image; no local crop, colour change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n\n## Recognize\n\nBright green, branching stems carry divided, narrow leaves and small white flowers with five petals. [NPS-african](https://www.nps.gov/whsa/learn/nature/africanrue.htm)\n\n## Plants & habitat\n\nDeep roots, drought tolerance and plentiful seeds allow invasion of disturbed dry ground. Root fragments can sprout. [NPS-african](https://www.nps.gov/whsa/learn/nature/africanrue.htm) [WA-african-rue](https://www.nwcb.wa.gov/weeds/african-rue)\n\n## People\n\nThe National Park Service describes ingestion as highly toxic. Do not taste or use this plant as a home remedy. [NPS-african](https://www.nps.gov/whsa/learn/nature/africanrue.htm)\n\n## Dogs & cats\n\nThe source warns of animal poisoning broadly; it supplies no dog- or cat-specific dose. Keep pets from eating plants or seeds. [NPS-african](https://www.nps.gov/whsa/learn/nature/africanrue.htm)\n\n*Evidence scope: General animal warning; pet thresholds unknown.*\n\n## Other animals\n\nIngestion is a serious animal-poisoning concern. Seek veterinary advice after suspected exposure. [NPS-african](https://www.nps.gov/whsa/learn/nature/africanrue.htm)\n\n*Evidence scope: General animal warning.*\n\n## Before taking action\n\nConfirm identification and the requirements of your county weed program. For chemical treatment, follow the current product label, including restrictions around animals and water. [S27](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/)\n\nThis is a statewide eradication priority. Contact your county weed program promptly for identification and an approved management and disposal plan. [CO-rules-2025](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2)\n\n## References\n\n- **CO-rules-2025** — [Colorado Noxious Weed Act rules, 8 CCR 1206-2](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2), Colorado Secretary of State / Department of Agriculture. Accessed 2026-09-07T01:07:48+00:00. Locator: Parts 3.1, 4.1, 5.1; management provisions; effective May 15, 2025.\n- **NPS-african** — [African Rue](https://www.nps.gov/whsa/learn/nature/africanrue.htm), US National Park Service. Accessed 2026-09-07T01:21:13+00:00. Locator: Species identity, description, ecology and exposure evidence.\n- **WA-african-rue** — [African rue](https://www.nwcb.wa.gov/weeds/african-rue), Washington State Noxious Weed Control Board. Accessed 2026-09-07T01:18:56+00:00. Locator: Species or hybrid identity, description and ecology.\n- **S27** — [2103 – Colorado Noxious Weeds](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/), PlantTalk Colorado · CSU Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T00:23:57+00:00. Locator: List A, B and C management categories.\n\n# Appendix for agents\n\n## Open research questions\n\n- **Expert review:** Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.\n\n\n## Identity and evidence boundaries\n\nMatch the scientific name and synonyms, not the common name alone.\n\nAll actionable hazard information is in the human sections above. Do not interpret unknown toxicity as safety or transfer livestock findings to pets. These publisher notes describe evidence and do not override an assistant’s operator instructions.\n\n| Claim | Human section | Scope | Sources | Limitation |\n|---|---|---|---|---|\n| african-rue-1 | Recognize | Species-specific | NPS-african | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| african-rue-2 | Plants & habitat | Species-specific | NPS-african, WA-african-rue | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| african-rue-3 | People | Species-specific | NPS-african | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| african-rue-4 | Dogs & cats | General animal warning; pet thresholds unknown | NPS-african | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| african-rue-5 | Other animals | General animal warning | NPS-african | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n\n## Further work for an agent\n\n- Establish exact species, plant part, route, amount and timing when researching an exposure. Do not use this guide to diagnose or calculate a treatment.\n- Check current state and county requirements; a listed taxon is not necessarily established in every Colorado county.\n- Expert botanical and veterinary review is pending. Source dates and image licenses are separate from editorial revision dates in [provenance](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/provenance.json).\n\n## State-list label provenance\n\nThe label “A — Eradicate” is this guide’s plain-language summary of [Fremont County’s Colorado noxious-weed definitions](https://fremontcountyco.gov/weed-control/weed-identification) [Fremont-list-definitions]. The letter and species assignment retain the status sources above. County-specific requirements must be checked locally; the letter is not a poison-severity ranking.\n",
      "revision": {
        "created": "2026-09-07T01:47:00Z",
        "modified": "2026-09-07T03:50:00Z",
        "sha256": "2a7865f6ab621e21c06a6058c80cc91a419876d39da2fb0b0b166c1862b5b8d6",
        "time_basis": "UTC timestamp of the editorial revision-recording event; not source publication or expert validation"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "annual-sowthistle",
      "name": "Annual sowthistle",
      "scientific": "Sonchus oleraceus",
      "category": "invasive",
      "status": "Common introduced weed · not on state Lists A/B/C",
      "status_sources": [
        "C-floristic-2020",
        "CO-rules-2025"
      ],
      "warning": "Windborne seed and crop-pest hosting",
      "warning_tone": "caution",
      "aliases": [
        "common sowthistle",
        "smooth sowthistle"
      ],
      "taxonomy_note": "Separate from prickly sowthistle (Sonchus asper) and the root-spreading perennial sowthistle (Sonchus arvensis). Seedlings can be difficult to separate.",
      "source_ids": [
        "C-floristic-2020",
        "CO-rules-2025",
        "U-sowthistle",
        "S27"
      ],
      "description": "Annual sowthistle: Windborne seed and crop-pest hosting. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.",
      "claim_evidence": [
        {
          "label": "Identification",
          "sources": [
            "U-sowthistle"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "annual-sowthistle-1"
        },
        {
          "label": "People",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "",
          "id": "annual-sowthistle-2"
        },
        {
          "label": "Dogs & cats",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "",
          "id": "annual-sowthistle-3"
        },
        {
          "label": "Other animals",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "",
          "id": "annual-sowthistle-4"
        },
        {
          "label": "Plants & habitat",
          "sources": [
            "U-sowthistle"
          ],
          "scope": "Species ecology; location-limited pest examples",
          "note": "",
          "id": "annual-sowthistle-5"
        },
        {
          "label": "Management & timing",
          "sources": [
            "U-sowthistle"
          ],
          "scope": "Management inference from annual seed reproduction",
          "note": "",
          "id": "annual-sowthistle-6"
        }
      ],
      "research": {
        "status": "researching",
        "label": "Still researching this plant",
        "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.",
        "open_questions": [
          {
            "area": "People",
            "question": "Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "annual-sowthistle-2"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Dogs & cats",
            "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "annual-sowthistle-3"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Other animals",
            "question": "Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "annual-sowthistle-4"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Identification",
            "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          },
          {
            "area": "Expert review",
            "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          }
        ],
        "expert_review": "pending"
      },
      "colorado_relevance": {
        "source_id": "C-floristic-2020",
        "locator": "Appendix B; PDF page 80; Sonchus oleraceus",
        "basis": "Included in the 2020 statewide flora assessment. This is not a current county abundance survey.",
        "source_taxon": "Sonchus oleraceus"
      },
      "source": "content/plants/annual-sowthistle.md",
      "content_sha256": "fde6fb16df62ba9fb48298c2a2933318dc23e913ab2e4a73ca3b9f5fed0f49a5",
      "body_markdown": "# Annual sowthistle\n\n*Sonchus oleraceus*\n\n**Common introduced weed · not on state Lists A/B/C.** [C-floristic-2020](https://cnhp.colostate.edu/download/documents/2020/CO_FQA_2020_Final_Report.pdf) [CO-rules-2025](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2)\n\n> **Windborne seed and crop-pest hosting.** [Exposure help](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/).\n\n**Identification caveat:** Separate from prickly sowthistle (Sonchus asper) and the root-spreading perennial sowthistle (Sonchus arvensis). Seedlings can be difficult to separate.\n\n## Still researching this plant {#research-status}\n\nThis is a sourced working profile. Evidence is incomplete for **People, Dogs & cats, Other animals**. Identification and source-photo limits are explained below. Independent botanical and veterinary review is pending. **Uncertainty is not a finding that the plant is safe.**\n\n\n## Three views of this plant\n\nSource-identified reference photographs; these are not a complete identification key. A source location outside Colorado does not establish local occurrence.\n\n![Sonchus oleraceus: Close view of a pale yellow head composed of many narrow strap-shaped florets.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/coverage-hazard-photos-sonchus-oleraceus-1.jpg)\n\n**flower head** — Close view of a pale yellow head composed of many narrow strap-shaped florets.\n\nPhoto: Miwasatoshi; [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sonchus-oleraceus-20080403.JPG); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/59/Sonchus-oleraceus-20080403.JPG). Source scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference, not an independent specimen-based taxonomic determination. Sow-thistles can overlap in appearance. Source identification is retained; the leaf and fruit views complement the flower view rather than independently proving identity. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no local crop, colour change or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; catalog preview may use a CSS crop.\n\n![Sonchus oleraceus: A deeply lobed middle leaf with a large pointed terminal lobe and toothed edges.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/coverage-hazard-photos-sonchus-oleraceus-2.jpg)\n\n**leaf** — A deeply lobed middle leaf with a large pointed terminal lobe and toothed edges.\n\nPhoto: T.Voekler; [CC BY-SA 3.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:S%C3%B3nchus_oler%C3%A1ceus_4562.jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b7/S%C3%B3nchus_oler%C3%A1ceus_4562.jpg). Source scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference, not an independent specimen-based taxonomic determination. Sow-thistles can overlap in appearance. Source identification is retained; the leaf and fruit views complement the flower view rather than independently proving identity. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no local crop, colour change or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; catalog preview may use a CSS crop.\n\n![Sonchus oleraceus: Several brown fruits with fine white pappus hairs photographed against a dark background.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/coverage-hazard-photos-sonchus-oleraceus-3.jpg)\n\n**fruits** — Several brown fruits with fine white pappus hairs photographed against a dark background.\n\nPhoto: Ayotte, Gilles, 1948-; [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sonchus_oleraceus_15-p.bot-sonch.olera-19.jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/91/Sonchus_oleraceus_15-p.bot-sonch.olera-19.jpg). Source scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference, not an independent specimen-based taxonomic determination. Sow-thistles can overlap in appearance. Source identification is retained; the leaf and fruit views complement the flower view rather than independently proving identity. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no local crop, colour change or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; catalog preview may use a CSS crop.\n\n\n## Identification\n\nAn upright annual with hollow stems, milky sap, yellow flower heads and fluffy seedheads. Upper leaves clasp the stem with pointed, clawlike basal lobes. [U-sowthistle](https://ipm.ucanr.edu/weeds-identification-gallery/annual-sowthistle/)\n\n## People\n\nThe reviewed sources do not establish species-specific ingestion effects or a safe exposure amount for people. Missing evidence does not establish safety.\n\n## Dogs & cats\n\nThe reviewed sources do not establish species-specific ingestion effects or a safe exposure amount for dogs or cats. Missing evidence does not establish safety.\n\n## Other animals\n\nThe reviewed sources do not establish species-specific ingestion effects or a safe exposure amount for livestock. Missing evidence does not establish safety.\n\n## Plants & habitat\n\nIt occupies disturbed gardens and cropland and can host aphids and other crop pests. The cited examples are from California; they do not prove a particular Colorado pest outbreak. [U-sowthistle](https://ipm.ucanr.edu/weeds-identification-gallery/annual-sowthistle/)\n\n*Evidence scope: Species ecology; location-limited pest examples.*\n\n## Management & timing\n\nPrevent plants from producing and dispersing seed. Confirm the species before treating a recurring colony as annual sowthistle. [U-sowthistle](https://ipm.ucanr.edu/weeds-identification-gallery/annual-sowthistle/)\n\n*Evidence scope: Management inference from annual seed reproduction.*\n\n## Before taking action\n\nConfirm identification and the requirements of your county weed program. For chemical treatment, follow the current product label, including restrictions around animals and water. [S27](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/)\n\n## References\n\n- **C-floristic-2020** — [Colorado Floristic Quality Assessment: 2020 Update](https://cnhp.colostate.edu/download/documents/2020/CO_FQA_2020_Final_Report.pdf), Colorado Natural Heritage Program, Colorado State University. Accessed 2026-09-07T02:27:33+00:00. Locator: Appendix B, Colorado species list: scientific name and native/non-native fields.\n- **CO-rules-2025** — [Colorado Noxious Weed Act rules, 8 CCR 1206-2](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2), Colorado Secretary of State / Department of Agriculture. Accessed 2026-09-07T01:07:48+00:00. Locator: Parts 3.1, 4.1, 5.1; management provisions; effective May 15, 2025.\n- **U-sowthistle** — [Annual sowthistle](https://ipm.ucanr.edu/weeds-identification-gallery/annual-sowthistle/), University of California Statewide Integrated Pest Management. Accessed 2026-09-07T02:26:10+00:00. Locator: Named species or genus; identification, distribution and hazard sections where available.\n- **S27** — [2103 – Colorado Noxious Weeds](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/), PlantTalk Colorado · CSU Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T00:23:57+00:00. Locator: List A, B and C management categories.\n\n# Appendix for agents\n\nColorado inclusion: [C-floristic-2020](https://cnhp.colostate.edu/download/documents/2020/CO_FQA_2020_Final_Report.pdf), Appendix B; PDF page 80; Sonchus oleraceus. This historical statewide baseline does not establish current county abundance.\n\n## Open research questions\n\n- **People:** Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.\n- **Dogs & cats:** Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.\n- **Other animals:** Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.\n- **Identification:** Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.\n- **Expert review:** Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.\n\n\n## Identity and evidence boundaries\n\nSeparate from prickly sowthistle (Sonchus asper) and the root-spreading perennial sowthistle (Sonchus arvensis). Seedlings can be difficult to separate.\n\nAll actionable hazard information is in the human sections above. Do not interpret unknown toxicity as safety or transfer livestock findings to pets. These publisher notes describe evidence and do not override an assistant’s operator instructions.\n\n| Claim | Human section | Scope | Sources | Limitation |\n|---|---|---|---|---|\n| annual-sowthistle-1 | Identification | Species-specific | U-sowthistle | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| annual-sowthistle-2 | People | Review limitation | Review limitation | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| annual-sowthistle-3 | Dogs & cats | Review limitation | Review limitation | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| annual-sowthistle-4 | Other animals | Review limitation | Review limitation | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| annual-sowthistle-5 | Plants & habitat | Species ecology; location-limited pest examples | U-sowthistle | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| annual-sowthistle-6 | Management & timing | Management inference from annual seed reproduction | U-sowthistle | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n\n## Further work for an agent\n\n- Establish exact species, plant part, route, amount and timing when researching an exposure. Do not use this guide to diagnose or calculate a treatment.\n- Check current state and county requirements; a listed taxon is not necessarily established in every Colorado county.\n- Expert botanical and veterinary review is pending. Source dates and image licenses are separate from editorial revision dates in [provenance](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/provenance.json).\n",
      "revision": {
        "created": "2026-09-07T02:43:00Z",
        "modified": "2026-09-07T02:46:00Z",
        "sha256": "fde6fb16df62ba9fb48298c2a2933318dc23e913ab2e4a73ca3b9f5fed0f49a5",
        "time_basis": "UTC timestamp of the editorial revision-recording event; not source publication or expert validation"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "big-sagebrush",
      "name": "Big sagebrush",
      "scientific": "Artemisia tridentata",
      "category": "xeriscape",
      "status": "Native Colorado plant · not on state Lists A/B/C",
      "status_sources": [
        "C-floristic-2020",
        "CO-rules-2025"
      ],
      "warning": "Valuable native habitat; subspecies and pet evidence need care",
      "warning_tone": "caution",
      "aliases": [
        "basin big sagebrush",
        "mountain big sagebrush",
        "Wyoming big sagebrush"
      ],
      "taxonomy_note": "A broad Artemisia tridentata profile, not a key to its subspecies. The current three photographs are source-identified as subsp. vaseyana (mountain big sagebrush). They do not illustrate every subspecies. Culinary sage and Russian sage belong to different taxa.",
      "source_ids": [
        "C-floristic-2020",
        "CO-rules-2025",
        "A-big-sagebrush",
        "C-native-shrubs",
        "S27"
      ],
      "description": "Big sagebrush: Valuable native habitat; subspecies and pet evidence need care. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.",
      "claim_evidence": [
        {
          "label": "Identification",
          "sources": [
            "A-big-sagebrush"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "big-sagebrush-1"
        },
        {
          "label": "People",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "",
          "id": "big-sagebrush-2"
        },
        {
          "label": "Dogs & cats",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "",
          "id": "big-sagebrush-3"
        },
        {
          "label": "Other animals",
          "sources": [
            "A-big-sagebrush"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "big-sagebrush-4"
        },
        {
          "label": "Plants & habitat",
          "sources": [
            "C-native-shrubs",
            "A-big-sagebrush"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "big-sagebrush-5"
        },
        {
          "label": "Management & timing",
          "sources": [
            "C-native-shrubs",
            "A-big-sagebrush"
          ],
          "scope": "Landscape synthesis",
          "note": "",
          "id": "big-sagebrush-6"
        }
      ],
      "research": {
        "status": "researching",
        "label": "Still researching this plant",
        "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.",
        "open_questions": [
          {
            "area": "People",
            "question": "Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "big-sagebrush-2"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Dogs & cats",
            "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "big-sagebrush-3"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Identification",
            "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          },
          {
            "area": "Expert review",
            "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          }
        ],
        "expert_review": "pending"
      },
      "colorado_relevance": {
        "source_id": "C-floristic-2020",
        "locator": "Appendix B; PDF page 35; Artemisia tridentata",
        "basis": "Included in the 2020 statewide flora assessment. This is not a current county abundance survey.",
        "source_taxon": "Artemisia tridentata"
      },
      "source": "content/plants/big-sagebrush.md",
      "content_sha256": "e692dc054e1369db4eed4bc860ed3afeb3af86e5a56bf584e43ea0297493b3e3",
      "body_markdown": "# Big sagebrush\n\n*Artemisia tridentata*\n\n**Native Colorado plant · not on state Lists A/B/C.** [C-floristic-2020](https://cnhp.colostate.edu/download/documents/2020/CO_FQA_2020_Final_Report.pdf) [CO-rules-2025](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2)\n\n> **Valuable native habitat; subspecies and pet evidence need care.** [Exposure help](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/).\n\n**Identification caveat:** A broad Artemisia tridentata profile, not a key to its subspecies. The current three photographs are source-identified as subsp. vaseyana (mountain big sagebrush). They do not illustrate every subspecies. Culinary sage and Russian sage belong to different taxa.\n\n## Still researching this plant {#research-status}\n\nThis is a sourced working profile. Evidence is incomplete for **People, Dogs & cats**. Identification and source-photo limits are explained below. Independent botanical and veterinary review is pending. **Uncertainty is not a finding that the plant is safe.**\n\n\n## Three views of this plant\n\nSource-identified reference photographs; these are not a complete identification key. A source location outside Colorado does not establish local occurrence.\n\n![Mountain big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata subsp. vaseyana) shrub with upright reproductive shoots beside a mountain pond.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/coverage-range-photos-artemisia-tridentata-habit-553735381.jpg)\n\n**habit** — Mountain big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata subsp. vaseyana) shrub with upright reproductive shoots beside a mountain pond.\n\nPhoto: Matt Lavin; [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/); [source record](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/307025284); [original image](https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/553735381/original.jpg). Explicit iNaturalist observation taxon and Research Grade community identification; photograph visually reviewed for depicted features. This is source identification, not a new independent botanical determination. Source explicitly identifies Artemisia tridentata subsp. vaseyana (mountain big sagebrush). These photographs represent that subspecies within the requested species. Downloaded iNaturalist large rendition; downloaded bytes retained unchanged. No local crop, retouching, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; catalog preview may use a CSS crop.\n\n![Close view of developing reproductive shoots and gray-green foliage of mountain big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata subsp. vaseyana).](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/coverage-range-photos-artemisia-tridentata-reproductive-shoots-553735374.jpg)\n\n**reproductive-shoots** — Close view of developing reproductive shoots and gray-green foliage of mountain big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata subsp. vaseyana).\n\nPhoto: Matt Lavin; [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/); [source record](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/307025284); [original image](https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/553735374/original.jpg). Explicit iNaturalist observation taxon and Research Grade community identification; photograph visually reviewed for depicted features. This is source identification, not a new independent botanical determination. Source explicitly identifies Artemisia tridentata subsp. vaseyana (mountain big sagebrush). These photographs represent that subspecies within the requested species. Downloaded iNaturalist large rendition; downloaded bytes retained unchanged. No local crop, retouching, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; catalog preview may use a CSS crop.\n\n![Fuzzy gray-green, three-toothed leaves of mountain big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata subsp. vaseyana).](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/coverage-range-photos-artemisia-tridentata-leaves-553735433.jpg)\n\n**leaves** — Fuzzy gray-green, three-toothed leaves of mountain big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata subsp. vaseyana).\n\nPhoto: Matt Lavin; [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/); [source record](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/307025284); [original image](https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/553735433/original.jpg). Explicit iNaturalist observation taxon and Research Grade community identification; photograph visually reviewed for depicted features. This is source identification, not a new independent botanical determination. Source explicitly identifies Artemisia tridentata subsp. vaseyana (mountain big sagebrush). These photographs represent that subspecies within the requested species. Downloaded iNaturalist large rendition; downloaded bytes retained unchanged. No local crop, retouching, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; catalog preview may use a CSS crop.\n\n\n## Identification\n\nAn aromatic evergreen shrub with gray-green foliage, often with three small lobes at the leaf tip. Height, branching and flowering pattern vary substantially among subspecies. [A-big-sagebrush](https://plants.usda.gov/DocumentLibrary/plantguide/pdf/pg_artrw8.pdf)\n\n## People\n\nThe reviewed sources do not establish species-specific ingestion effects or a safe exposure amount for people. Missing evidence does not establish safety.\n\n## Dogs & cats\n\nThe reviewed sources do not establish species-specific ingestion effects or a safe exposure amount for dogs or cats. Missing evidence does not establish safety.\n\n## Other animals\n\nAn important winter food and cover plant for many wildlife species. Livestock use varies with plant chemistry and subspecies; wildlife browsing is not a safe feeding recommendation for pets. [A-big-sagebrush](https://plants.usda.gov/DocumentLibrary/plantguide/pdf/pg_artrw8.pdf)\n\n## Plants & habitat\n\nCSU includes it among native landscape shrubs for low-water sites. Natural sagebrush habitat supports many dependent animals; an unwanted garden seedling is a different management question. [C-native-shrubs](https://extension.colostate.edu/resource/native-shrubs-for-colorado-landscapes/) [A-big-sagebrush](https://plants.usda.gov/DocumentLibrary/plantguide/pdf/pg_artrw8.pdf)\n\n## Management & timing\n\nMatch the plant and subspecies to the site and avoid excessive moisture. Consider retaining established native habitat before removing shrubs. [C-native-shrubs](https://extension.colostate.edu/resource/native-shrubs-for-colorado-landscapes/) [A-big-sagebrush](https://plants.usda.gov/DocumentLibrary/plantguide/pdf/pg_artrw8.pdf)\n\n*Evidence scope: Landscape synthesis.*\n\n## Before taking action\n\nConfirm identification and the requirements of your county weed program. For chemical treatment, follow the current product label, including restrictions around animals and water. [S27](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/)\n\n## References\n\n- **C-floristic-2020** — [Colorado Floristic Quality Assessment: 2020 Update](https://cnhp.colostate.edu/download/documents/2020/CO_FQA_2020_Final_Report.pdf), Colorado Natural Heritage Program, Colorado State University. Accessed 2026-09-07T02:27:33+00:00. Locator: Appendix B, Colorado species list: scientific name and native/non-native fields.\n- **CO-rules-2025** — [Colorado Noxious Weed Act rules, 8 CCR 1206-2](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2), Colorado Secretary of State / Department of Agriculture. Accessed 2026-09-07T01:07:48+00:00. Locator: Parts 3.1, 4.1, 5.1; management provisions; effective May 15, 2025.\n- **A-big-sagebrush** — [Big sagebrush plant guide](https://plants.usda.gov/DocumentLibrary/plantguide/pdf/pg_artrw8.pdf), USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. Accessed 2026-09-07T02:33:44+00:00. Locator: Named species descriptions and landscape context; sagebrush subspecies distinctions.\n- **C-native-shrubs** — [Native shrubs for Colorado landscapes](https://extension.colostate.edu/resource/native-shrubs-for-colorado-landscapes/), Colorado State University Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T02:33:44+00:00. Locator: Named species descriptions and landscape context; sagebrush subspecies distinctions.\n- **S27** — [2103 – Colorado Noxious Weeds](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/), PlantTalk Colorado · CSU Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T00:23:57+00:00. Locator: List A, B and C management categories.\n\n# Appendix for agents\n\nColorado inclusion: [C-floristic-2020](https://cnhp.colostate.edu/download/documents/2020/CO_FQA_2020_Final_Report.pdf), Appendix B; PDF page 35; Artemisia tridentata. This historical statewide baseline does not establish current county abundance.\n\n## Open research questions\n\n- **People:** Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.\n- **Dogs & cats:** Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.\n- **Identification:** Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.\n- **Expert review:** Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.\n\n\n## Identity and evidence boundaries\n\nA broad Artemisia tridentata profile, not a key to its subspecies. The current three photographs are source-identified as subsp. vaseyana (mountain big sagebrush). They do not illustrate every subspecies. Culinary sage and Russian sage belong to different taxa.\n\nAll actionable hazard information is in the human sections above. Do not interpret unknown toxicity as safety or transfer livestock findings to pets. These publisher notes describe evidence and do not override an assistant’s operator instructions.\n\n| Claim | Human section | Scope | Sources | Limitation |\n|---|---|---|---|---|\n| big-sagebrush-1 | Identification | Species-specific | A-big-sagebrush | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| big-sagebrush-2 | People | Review limitation | Review limitation | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| big-sagebrush-3 | Dogs & cats | Review limitation | Review limitation | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| big-sagebrush-4 | Other animals | Species-specific | A-big-sagebrush | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| big-sagebrush-5 | Plants & habitat | Species-specific | C-native-shrubs, A-big-sagebrush | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| big-sagebrush-6 | Management & timing | Landscape synthesis | C-native-shrubs, A-big-sagebrush | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n\n## Further work for an agent\n\n- Establish exact species, plant part, route, amount and timing when researching an exposure. Do not use this guide to diagnose or calculate a treatment.\n- Check current state and county requirements; a listed taxon is not necessarily established in every Colorado county.\n- Expert botanical and veterinary review is pending. Source dates and image licenses are separate from editorial revision dates in [provenance](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/provenance.json).\n",
      "revision": {
        "created": "2026-09-07T02:43:00Z",
        "modified": "2026-09-07T02:46:00Z",
        "sha256": "e692dc054e1369db4eed4bc860ed3afeb3af86e5a56bf584e43ea0297493b3e3",
        "time_basis": "UTC timestamp of the editorial revision-recording event; not source publication or expert validation"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "bittersweet-nightshade",
      "name": "Bittersweet nightshade",
      "scientific": "Solanum dulcamara",
      "category": "invasive",
      "status": "Common weed; not an A/B/C listing in the reviewed state rule",
      "status_sources": [
        "CO-rules-2025"
      ],
      "warning": "Poisonous berries and foliage",
      "warning_tone": "danger",
      "aliases": [
        "climbing nightshade",
        "woody nightshade"
      ],
      "taxonomy_note": "Not interchangeable with deadly nightshade (Atropa belladonna), edible tomatoes or other Solanum species. County occurrence remains to be mapped in this guide.",
      "source_ids": [
        "CO-rules-2025",
        "N-solanum-dulcamara",
        "S27"
      ],
      "description": "Bittersweet nightshade: Poisonous berries and foliage. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.",
      "claim_evidence": [
        {
          "label": "Recognize",
          "sources": [
            "N-solanum-dulcamara"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "bittersweet-nightshade-1"
        },
        {
          "label": "Plants & habitat",
          "sources": [
            "N-solanum-dulcamara"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "bittersweet-nightshade-2"
        },
        {
          "label": "People",
          "sources": [
            "N-solanum-dulcamara"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "bittersweet-nightshade-3"
        },
        {
          "label": "Dogs & cats",
          "sources": [
            "N-solanum-dulcamara"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "bittersweet-nightshade-4"
        },
        {
          "label": "Other animals",
          "sources": [
            "N-solanum-dulcamara"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "bittersweet-nightshade-5"
        }
      ],
      "research": {
        "status": "researching",
        "label": "Still researching this plant",
        "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.",
        "open_questions": [
          {
            "area": "Identification",
            "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          },
          {
            "area": "Expert review",
            "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          }
        ],
        "expert_review": "pending"
      },
      "source": "content/plants/bittersweet-nightshade.md",
      "content_sha256": "b89507ed40d10b31056aeb39e99bd4f587b7ebf69eb630a18648fde17b0cba36",
      "body_markdown": "# Bittersweet nightshade\n\n*Solanum dulcamara*\n\n**Common weed; not an A/B/C listing in the reviewed state rule.** [CO-rules-2025](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2)\n\n> **Poisonous berries and foliage.** [Exposure help](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/).\n\n**Identification caveat:** Not interchangeable with deadly nightshade (Atropa belladonna), edible tomatoes or other Solanum species. County occurrence remains to be mapped in this guide.\n\n## Still researching this plant {#research-status}\n\nThis is a sourced working profile. The cited findings are available below. Identification and source-photo limits are explained below. Independent botanical and veterinary review is pending. **Uncertainty is not a finding that the plant is safe.**\n\n\n## Three views of this plant\n\nSource-identified reference photographs; these are not a complete identification key. A source location outside Colorado does not establish local occurrence.\n\n![Solanum dulcamara: Dense tangle of leafy scrambling stems with pointed green leaves.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/common-priority-photos-solanum-dulcamara-22-03-habit.jpg)\n\n**habit** — Dense tangle of leafy scrambling stems with pointed green leaves.\n\nPhoto: H. Zell; [CC BY-SA 3.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Solanum_dulcamara_0001.JPG); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/Solanum_dulcamara_0001.JPG). Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![Solanum dulcamara: Purple flowers with reflexed petals and projecting yellow anther cones.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/common-priority-photos-solanum-dulcamara-22-10-flower.jpg)\n\n**flower** — Purple flowers with reflexed petals and projecting yellow anther cones.\n\nPhoto: H. Zell; [CC BY-SA 3.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Solanum_dulcamara_0002.JPG); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b5/Solanum_dulcamara_0002.JPG). Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![Solanum dulcamara: Hanging cluster of glossy oval red berries on purple-brown stalks.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/common-priority-photos-solanum-dulcamara-22-13-fruit.jpg)\n\n**fruit** — Hanging cluster of glossy oval red berries on purple-brown stalks.\n\nPhoto: Olli Salmela, ( Dacnoh ); [CC BY-SA 3.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Solanum_dulcamara_fruits.JPG); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b0/Solanum_dulcamara_fruits.JPG). Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n\n## Recognize\n\nA scrambling perennial with purple flowers, a prominent yellow anther cone and berries that ripen red. Some leaves have small basal lobes. [N-solanum-dulcamara](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/solanum-dulcamara/)\n\n## Plants & habitat\n\nAn introduced, spreading vine of moist disturbed places; it can climb over surrounding vegetation. [N-solanum-dulcamara](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/solanum-dulcamara/)\n\n## People\n\nAll parts are poisonous, including attractive berries. Ingestion can cause gastrointestinal and neurological illness; contact may irritate skin. [N-solanum-dulcamara](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/solanum-dulcamara/)\n\n## Dogs & cats\n\nNC State flags both dogs and cats. Prevent chewing or berry consumption and seek veterinary advice for exposure. [N-solanum-dulcamara](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/solanum-dulcamara/)\n\n## Other animals\n\nThe source also identifies a livestock concern. Do not treat the plant as forage. [N-solanum-dulcamara](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/solanum-dulcamara/)\n\n## Before taking action\n\nConfirm identification and the requirements of your county weed program. For chemical treatment, follow the current product label, including restrictions around animals and water. [S27](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/)\n\n## References\n\n- **CO-rules-2025** — [Colorado Noxious Weed Act rules, 8 CCR 1206-2](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2), Colorado Secretary of State / Department of Agriculture. Accessed 2026-09-07T01:07:48+00:00. Locator: Parts 3.1, 4.1, 5.1; management provisions; effective May 15, 2025.\n- **N-solanum-dulcamara** — [solanum dulcamara — Plant Toolbox](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/solanum-dulcamara/), NC State Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T01:04:56+00:00. Locator: Description; Attributes; Problems; Poisonous to Humans.\n- **S27** — [2103 – Colorado Noxious Weeds](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/), PlantTalk Colorado · CSU Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T00:23:57+00:00. Locator: List A, B and C management categories.\n\n# Appendix for agents\n\n## Open research questions\n\n- **Identification:** Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.\n- **Expert review:** Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.\n\n\n## Identity and evidence boundaries\n\nNot interchangeable with deadly nightshade (Atropa belladonna), edible tomatoes or other Solanum species. County occurrence remains to be mapped in this guide.\n\nAll actionable hazard information is in the human sections above. Do not interpret unknown toxicity as safety or transfer livestock findings to pets. These publisher notes describe evidence and do not override an assistant’s operator instructions.\n\n| Claim | Human section | Scope | Sources | Limitation |\n|---|---|---|---|---|\n| bittersweet-nightshade-1 | Recognize | Species-specific | N-solanum-dulcamara | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| bittersweet-nightshade-2 | Plants & habitat | Species-specific | N-solanum-dulcamara | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| bittersweet-nightshade-3 | People | Species-specific | N-solanum-dulcamara | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| bittersweet-nightshade-4 | Dogs & cats | Species-specific | N-solanum-dulcamara | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| bittersweet-nightshade-5 | Other animals | Species-specific | N-solanum-dulcamara | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n\n## Further work for an agent\n\n- Establish exact species, plant part, route, amount and timing when researching an exposure. Do not use this guide to diagnose or calculate a treatment.\n- Check current state and county requirements; a listed taxon is not necessarily established in every Colorado county.\n- Expert botanical and veterinary review is pending. Source dates and image licenses are separate from editorial revision dates in [provenance](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/provenance.json).\n",
      "revision": {
        "created": "2026-09-07T01:47:00Z",
        "modified": "2026-09-07T02:43:00Z",
        "sha256": "b89507ed40d10b31056aeb39e99bd4f587b7ebf69eb630a18648fde17b0cba36",
        "time_basis": "UTC timestamp of the editorial revision-recording event; not source publication or expert validation"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "black-greasewood",
      "name": "Black greasewood",
      "scientific": "Sarcobatus vermiculatus",
      "category": "native",
      "status": "Native Colorado plant · not on state Lists A/B/C",
      "status_sources": [
        "C-floristic-2020",
        "CO-rules-2025"
      ],
      "warning": "Oxalate poisoning can be fatal to livestock",
      "warning_tone": "danger",
      "aliases": [
        "greasewood"
      ],
      "taxonomy_note": "Greasewood is also a common name for unrelated shrubs. This account is Sarcobatus vermiculatus, not creosote bush. Livestock treatment and adaptation schedules in older sources are not reproduced.",
      "source_ids": [
        "C-floristic-2020",
        "CO-rules-2025",
        "A-greasewood",
        "F-sarcobatus",
        "S27"
      ],
      "description": "Black greasewood: Oxalate poisoning can be fatal to livestock. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.",
      "claim_evidence": [
        {
          "label": "Identification",
          "sources": [
            "A-greasewood"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "black-greasewood-1"
        },
        {
          "label": "People",
          "sources": [
            "A-greasewood"
          ],
          "scope": "Handling precaution inferred from structure",
          "note": "",
          "id": "black-greasewood-2"
        },
        {
          "label": "Dogs & cats",
          "sources": [
            "A-greasewood"
          ],
          "scope": "Contact precaution; pet toxicology unresolved",
          "note": "",
          "id": "black-greasewood-3"
        },
        {
          "label": "Other animals",
          "sources": [
            "A-greasewood"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "black-greasewood-4"
        },
        {
          "label": "Plants & habitat",
          "sources": [
            "F-sarcobatus"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "black-greasewood-5"
        },
        {
          "label": "Management & timing",
          "sources": [
            "A-greasewood",
            "F-sarcobatus"
          ],
          "scope": "Management synthesis",
          "note": "",
          "id": "black-greasewood-6"
        }
      ],
      "research": {
        "status": "researching",
        "label": "Still researching this plant",
        "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.",
        "open_questions": [
          {
            "area": "People",
            "question": "Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "black-greasewood-2"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Dogs & cats",
            "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "black-greasewood-3"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Identification",
            "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          },
          {
            "area": "Expert review",
            "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          }
        ],
        "expert_review": "pending"
      },
      "colorado_relevance": {
        "source_id": "C-floristic-2020",
        "locator": "Appendix B; PDF page 78; Sarcobatus vermiculatus",
        "basis": "Included in the 2020 statewide flora assessment. This is not a current county abundance survey.",
        "source_taxon": "Sarcobatus vermiculatus"
      },
      "source": "content/plants/black-greasewood.md",
      "content_sha256": "9585188cc4a3a6634b12846c8a6007dea6c88c3a7027afc286a520724dd2bc4b",
      "body_markdown": "# Black greasewood\n\n*Sarcobatus vermiculatus*\n\n**Native Colorado plant · not on state Lists A/B/C.** [C-floristic-2020](https://cnhp.colostate.edu/download/documents/2020/CO_FQA_2020_Final_Report.pdf) [CO-rules-2025](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2)\n\n> **Oxalate poisoning can be fatal to livestock.** [Exposure help](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/).\n\n**Identification caveat:** Greasewood is also a common name for unrelated shrubs. This account is Sarcobatus vermiculatus, not creosote bush. Livestock treatment and adaptation schedules in older sources are not reproduced.\n\n## Still researching this plant {#research-status}\n\nThis is a sourced working profile. Evidence is incomplete for **People, Dogs & cats**. Identification and source-photo limits are explained below. Independent botanical and veterinary review is pending. **Uncertainty is not a finding that the plant is safe.**\n\n\n## Three views of this plant\n\nSource-identified reference photographs; these are not a complete identification key. A source location outside Colorado does not establish local occurrence.\n\n![Low, spreading greasewood shrub with dense green foliage in open dry ground.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/coverage-range-photos-sarcobatus-vermiculatus-habit-322294640.jpg)\n\n**habit** — Low, spreading greasewood shrub with dense green foliage in open dry ground.\n\nPhoto: John Gaskin; [CC0 1.0](https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/); [source record](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/184619764); [original image](https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/322294640/original.jpg). Explicit iNaturalist observation taxon and Research Grade community identification; photograph visually reviewed for depicted features. This is source identification, not a new independent botanical determination. Source identifies this plant to species; no variety or subspecies determination is asserted. Downloaded iNaturalist large rendition; downloaded bytes retained unchanged. No local crop, retouching, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; catalog preview may use a CSS crop.\n\n![Close view of curved, fleshy green greasewood leaves along a pale woody twig.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/coverage-range-photos-sarcobatus-vermiculatus-leaves-stem-322294623.jpg)\n\n**leaves-stem** — Close view of curved, fleshy green greasewood leaves along a pale woody twig.\n\nPhoto: John Gaskin; [CC0 1.0](https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/); [source record](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/184619764); [original image](https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/322294623/original.jpg). Explicit iNaturalist observation taxon and Research Grade community identification; photograph visually reviewed for depicted features. This is source identification, not a new independent botanical determination. Source identifies this plant to species; no variety or subspecies determination is asserted. Downloaded iNaturalist large rendition; downloaded bytes retained unchanged. No local crop, retouching, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; catalog preview may use a CSS crop.\n\n![Green, cylindrical greasewood flower spikes among narrow succulent leaves.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/coverage-range-photos-sarcobatus-vermiculatus-flower-spikes-211886879.jpg)\n\n**flower-spikes** — Green, cylindrical greasewood flower spikes among narrow succulent leaves.\n\nPhoto: Dustin Snider; [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/); [source record](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/124972281); [original image](https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/211886879/original.jpg). Explicit iNaturalist observation taxon and Research Grade community identification; photograph visually reviewed for depicted features. This is source identification, not a new independent botanical determination. Source identifies this plant to species; no variety or subspecies determination is asserted. Downloaded iNaturalist large rendition; downloaded bytes retained unchanged. No local crop, retouching, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; catalog preview may use a CSS crop.\n\n\n## Identification\n\nA woody shrub of saline ground with stiff, thorn-tipped branches, narrow fleshy leaves and small pale flowers. [A-greasewood](https://www.ars.usda.gov/pacific-west-area/logan-ut/poisonous-plant-research/docs/greasewood-sarcobatus-vermiculatus/)\n\n## People\n\nThorny branches are a contact hazard. Human ingestion safety has not been established in the reviewed material. [A-greasewood](https://www.ars.usda.gov/pacific-west-area/logan-ut/poisonous-plant-research/docs/greasewood-sarcobatus-vermiculatus/)\n\n*Evidence scope: Handling precaution inferred from structure.*\n\n## Dogs & cats\n\nAvoid contact with sharp branches. Livestock oxalate findings do not establish a pet-specific dose or clinical outcome. [A-greasewood](https://www.ars.usda.gov/pacific-west-area/logan-ut/poisonous-plant-research/docs/greasewood-sarcobatus-vermiculatus/)\n\n*Evidence scope: Contact precaution; pet toxicology unresolved.*\n\n## Other animals\n\nRapid heavy consumption can cause fatal oxalate poisoning in sheep and cattle. Risk varies with season, plant chemistry and other forage; do not use this page to calculate a safe ration. [A-greasewood](https://www.ars.usda.gov/pacific-west-area/logan-ut/poisonous-plant-research/docs/greasewood-sarcobatus-vermiculatus/)\n\n## Plants & habitat\n\nA native component of saline basins, it provides wildlife cover and browse. Dense stands require ecological assessment, not automatic treatment as an introduced invader. [F-sarcobatus](https://research.fs.usda.gov/feis/species-reviews/sarver)\n\n## Management & timing\n\nAsk a range specialist to assess forage access and the saline site before treatment. Existing browse value does not justify feeding an untested amount. [A-greasewood](https://www.ars.usda.gov/pacific-west-area/logan-ut/poisonous-plant-research/docs/greasewood-sarcobatus-vermiculatus/) [F-sarcobatus](https://research.fs.usda.gov/feis/species-reviews/sarver)\n\n*Evidence scope: Management synthesis.*\n\n## Before taking action\n\nConfirm identification and the requirements of your county weed program. For chemical treatment, follow the current product label, including restrictions around animals and water. [S27](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/)\n\n## References\n\n- **C-floristic-2020** — [Colorado Floristic Quality Assessment: 2020 Update](https://cnhp.colostate.edu/download/documents/2020/CO_FQA_2020_Final_Report.pdf), Colorado Natural Heritage Program, Colorado State University. Accessed 2026-09-07T02:27:33+00:00. Locator: Appendix B, Colorado species list: scientific name and native/non-native fields.\n- **CO-rules-2025** — [Colorado Noxious Weed Act rules, 8 CCR 1206-2](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2), Colorado Secretary of State / Department of Agriculture. Accessed 2026-09-07T01:07:48+00:00. Locator: Parts 3.1, 4.1, 5.1; management provisions; effective May 15, 2025.\n- **A-greasewood** — [Greasewood (Sarcobatus vermiculatus)](https://www.ars.usda.gov/pacific-west-area/logan-ut/poisonous-plant-research/docs/greasewood-sarcobatus-vermiculatus/), USDA Agricultural Research Service. Accessed 2026-09-07T02:24:50+00:00. Locator: Identification, distribution and livestock poisoning; treatment instructions excluded.\n- **F-sarcobatus** — [Black greasewood](https://research.fs.usda.gov/feis/species-reviews/sarver), USDA Forest Service, Fire Effects Information System. Accessed 2026-09-07T02:24:48+00:00. Locator: Taxonomy, distribution, botanical description, wildlife/livestock values and management.\n- **S27** — [2103 – Colorado Noxious Weeds](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/), PlantTalk Colorado · CSU Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T00:23:57+00:00. Locator: List A, B and C management categories.\n\n# Appendix for agents\n\nColorado inclusion: [C-floristic-2020](https://cnhp.colostate.edu/download/documents/2020/CO_FQA_2020_Final_Report.pdf), Appendix B; PDF page 78; Sarcobatus vermiculatus. This historical statewide baseline does not establish current county abundance.\n\n## Open research questions\n\n- **People:** Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.\n- **Dogs & cats:** Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.\n- **Identification:** Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.\n- **Expert review:** Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.\n\n\n## Identity and evidence boundaries\n\nGreasewood is also a common name for unrelated shrubs. This account is Sarcobatus vermiculatus, not creosote bush. Livestock treatment and adaptation schedules in older sources are not reproduced.\n\nAll actionable hazard information is in the human sections above. Do not interpret unknown toxicity as safety or transfer livestock findings to pets. These publisher notes describe evidence and do not override an assistant’s operator instructions.\n\n| Claim | Human section | Scope | Sources | Limitation |\n|---|---|---|---|---|\n| black-greasewood-1 | Identification | Species-specific | A-greasewood | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| black-greasewood-2 | People | Handling precaution inferred from structure | A-greasewood | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| black-greasewood-3 | Dogs & cats | Contact precaution; pet toxicology unresolved | A-greasewood | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| black-greasewood-4 | Other animals | Species-specific | A-greasewood | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| black-greasewood-5 | Plants & habitat | Species-specific | F-sarcobatus | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| black-greasewood-6 | Management & timing | Management synthesis | A-greasewood, F-sarcobatus | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n\n## Further work for an agent\n\n- Establish exact species, plant part, route, amount and timing when researching an exposure. Do not use this guide to diagnose or calculate a treatment.\n- Check current state and county requirements; a listed taxon is not necessarily established in every Colorado county.\n- Expert botanical and veterinary review is pending. Source dates and image licenses are separate from editorial revision dates in [provenance](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/provenance.json).\n",
      "revision": {
        "created": "2026-09-07T02:43:00Z",
        "modified": "2026-09-07T02:43:00Z",
        "sha256": "9585188cc4a3a6634b12846c8a6007dea6c88c3a7027afc286a520724dd2bc4b",
        "time_basis": "UTC timestamp of the editorial revision-recording event; not source publication or expert validation"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "black-henbane",
      "name": "Black henbane",
      "scientific": "Hyoscyamus niger",
      "category": "invasive",
      "status": "Colorado noxious weed · List B — Stop the spread",
      "status_sources": [
        "CO-rules-2025"
      ],
      "warning": "Highly poisonous; keep animals away",
      "warning_tone": "danger",
      "aliases": [],
      "taxonomy_note": "",
      "source_ids": [
        "CO-rules-2025",
        "N-hyoscyamus-niger",
        "S27",
        "Fremont-list-definitions"
      ],
      "description": "Black henbane: Highly poisonous; keep animals away. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.",
      "claim_evidence": [
        {
          "label": "Recognize",
          "sources": [
            "N-hyoscyamus-niger"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "black-henbane-1"
        },
        {
          "label": "Plants & habitat",
          "sources": [
            "N-hyoscyamus-niger"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "black-henbane-2"
        },
        {
          "label": "People",
          "sources": [
            "N-hyoscyamus-niger"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "black-henbane-3"
        },
        {
          "label": "Dogs & cats",
          "sources": [
            "N-hyoscyamus-niger"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "black-henbane-4"
        },
        {
          "label": "Other animals",
          "sources": [
            "N-hyoscyamus-niger"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "black-henbane-5"
        },
        {
          "id": "black-henbane-list-meaning",
          "label": "State-list meaning",
          "sources": [
            "Fremont-list-definitions"
          ],
          "scope": "Colorado management-category definition; species classification retains its original status sources",
          "note": "Plain-language editorial label for a management category; not a toxicity or danger rating.",
          "reviewed": "2026-09-07"
        }
      ],
      "noxious_class": "B",
      "research": {
        "status": "researching",
        "label": "Still researching this plant",
        "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.",
        "open_questions": [
          {
            "area": "Expert review",
            "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          }
        ],
        "expert_review": "pending"
      },
      "noxious_class_label": "B — Stop the spread",
      "source": "content/plants/black-henbane.md",
      "content_sha256": "ac130886c3e99731493cbc75eb81b0560f068ed008c1e1110984fa45d7732ac7",
      "body_markdown": "# Black henbane\n\n*Hyoscyamus niger*\n\n**Colorado noxious weed · List B — Stop the spread.** [CO-rules-2025](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2)\n\nEstablished in some areas. Requirements vary by location: eradication, containment or suppression to stop further spread. This is a management category, separate from danger ratings. [Category source](https://fremontcountyco.gov/weed-control/weed-identification) · [What the lists mean](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/#weed-lists).\n\n> **Highly poisonous; keep animals away.** [Exposure help](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/).\n\n## Still researching this plant {#research-status}\n\nThis is a sourced working profile. The cited findings are available below. Independent botanical and veterinary review is pending. **Uncertainty is not a finding that the plant is safe.**\n\n\n## Three views of this plant\n\nSource-identified reference photographs; these are not a complete identification key. A source location outside Colorado does not establish local occurrence.\n\n![Pale yellow henbane flowers with purple veins and dark purple throats above lobed leaves.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/list-bc-photos-hyoscyamus-niger-01.jpg)\n\n**flowers** — Pale yellow henbane flowers with purple veins and dark purple throats above lobed leaves.\n\nPhoto: H. Zell; [CC BY-SA 3.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Hyoscyamus_niger_0002.JPG); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/44/Hyoscyamus_niger_0002.JPG). Source-identified photograph with visual consistency check Hyoscyamus niger , Solanaceae, Henbane, Stinking Nightshade, flowers; Botanical Garden KIT, Karlsruhe, Germany. The whole, fresh, blooming plant is used in homeopathy as remedy: Hyoscyamus (Hyos.) Source labeling and visible consistency checked; not an independent specimen determination. Wikimedia-generated thumbnail rescaling only; downloaded bytes unchanged. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![Macro view of glandular hairs projecting from a green stem, with a 3 mm scale.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/list-bc-photos-hyoscyamus-niger-07.jpg)\n\n**stem hairs** — Macro view of glandular hairs projecting from a green stem, with a 3 mm scale.\n\nPhoto: Stefan.lefnaer; [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Hyoscyamus_niger_sl42.jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a9/Hyoscyamus_niger_sl42.jpg). Source-identified photograph with visual consistency check Stem with glandular hairs Taxonym: Hyoscyamus niger ss Fischer et al. EfÖLS 2008 ISBN 978-3-85474-187-9 Location: S Hollabrunn, district Hollabrunn, Lower Austria - ca. 220 m a.s.l. Habitat: pumpkin field Source labeling and visible consistency checked; not an independent specimen determination. Wikimedia-generated thumbnail rescaling only; downloaded bytes unchanged. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![Whole flowering henbane plants with lobed leaves on disturbed gravelly ground.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/list-bc-photos-hyoscyamus-niger-09.jpg)\n\n**habit** — Whole flowering henbane plants with lobed leaves on disturbed gravelly ground.\n\nPhoto: Bjoertvedt; [CC BY-SA 3.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Hyoscyamus_niger_IMG_8882_bulmeurt_hoved%C3%B6ya.JPG); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a9/Hyoscyamus_niger_IMG_8882_bulmeurt_hoved%C3%B6ya.JPG). Source-identified photograph with visual consistency check Photo of Hyoscyamus niger (norwegian: bulmeurt) at the island og Hovedøya, in the inner Oslofjord, Norway. Source labeling and visible consistency checked; not an independent specimen determination. Wikimedia-generated thumbnail rescaling only; downloaded bytes unchanged. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n\n## Recognize\n\nA coarse, hairy annual or biennial with sticky-looking leaves and yellowish flowers marked by purple veins. [N-hyoscyamus-niger](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/hyoscyamus-niger/)\n\n## Plants & habitat\n\nSelf-seeding produces persistent infestations on disturbed ground. Prevent mature fruits from scattering seed. [N-hyoscyamus-niger](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/hyoscyamus-niger/)\n\n## People\n\nTropane alkaloids can cause severe poisoning, including convulsions and coma. Do not taste or use it as a home remedy. [N-hyoscyamus-niger](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/hyoscyamus-niger/)\n\n## Dogs & cats\n\nNC State flags dogs and cats. Treat suspected ingestion as urgent and contact a veterinarian. [N-hyoscyamus-niger](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/hyoscyamus-niger/)\n\n## Other animals\n\nThe source reports particular seed toxicity to pigs and flags horses. Animal avoidance is not a guarantee against poisoning. [N-hyoscyamus-niger](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/hyoscyamus-niger/)\n\n## Before taking action\n\nConfirm identification and the requirements of your county weed program. For chemical treatment, follow the current product label, including restrictions around animals and water. [S27](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/)\n\n## References\n\n- **CO-rules-2025** — [Colorado Noxious Weed Act rules, 8 CCR 1206-2](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2), Colorado Secretary of State / Department of Agriculture. Accessed 2026-09-07T01:07:48+00:00. Locator: Parts 3.1, 4.1, 5.1; management provisions; effective May 15, 2025.\n- **N-hyoscyamus-niger** — [hyoscyamus niger — Plant Toolbox](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/hyoscyamus-niger/), NC State Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T01:04:53+00:00. Locator: Description; Attributes; Problems; Poisonous to Humans.\n- **S27** — [2103 – Colorado Noxious Weeds](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/), PlantTalk Colorado · CSU Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T00:23:57+00:00. Locator: List A, B and C management categories.\n\n# Appendix for agents\n\n## Open research questions\n\n- **Expert review:** Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.\n\n\n## Identity and evidence boundaries\n\nMatch the scientific name and synonyms, not the common name alone.\n\nAll actionable hazard information is in the human sections above. Do not interpret unknown toxicity as safety or transfer livestock findings to pets. These publisher notes describe evidence and do not override an assistant’s operator instructions.\n\n| Claim | Human section | Scope | Sources | Limitation |\n|---|---|---|---|---|\n| black-henbane-1 | Recognize | Species-specific | N-hyoscyamus-niger | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| black-henbane-2 | Plants & habitat | Species-specific | N-hyoscyamus-niger | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| black-henbane-3 | People | Species-specific | N-hyoscyamus-niger | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| black-henbane-4 | Dogs & cats | Species-specific | N-hyoscyamus-niger | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| black-henbane-5 | Other animals | Species-specific | N-hyoscyamus-niger | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n\n## Further work for an agent\n\n- Establish exact species, plant part, route, amount and timing when researching an exposure. Do not use this guide to diagnose or calculate a treatment.\n- Check current state and county requirements; a listed taxon is not necessarily established in every Colorado county.\n- Expert botanical and veterinary review is pending. Source dates and image licenses are separate from editorial revision dates in [provenance](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/provenance.json).\n\n## State-list label provenance\n\nThe label “B — Stop the spread” is this guide’s plain-language summary of [Fremont County’s Colorado noxious-weed definitions](https://fremontcountyco.gov/weed-control/weed-identification) [Fremont-list-definitions]. The letter and species assignment retain the status sources above. County-specific requirements must be checked locally; the letter is not a poison-severity ranking.\n",
      "revision": {
        "created": "2026-09-07T01:47:00Z",
        "modified": "2026-09-07T03:50:00Z",
        "sha256": "ac130886c3e99731493cbc75eb81b0560f068ed008c1e1110984fa45d7732ac7",
        "time_basis": "UTC timestamp of the editorial revision-recording event; not source publication or expert validation"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "blanketflower",
      "name": "Blanketflower",
      "scientific": "Gaillardia aristata",
      "category": "xeriscape",
      "status": "Colorado native; low-water garden plant",
      "status_sources": [
        "C-perennials"
      ],
      "warning": "Contact dermatitis possible",
      "warning_tone": "caution",
      "aliases": [],
      "taxonomy_note": "Many nursery blanketflowers are Gaillardia × grandiflora hybrids. Their appearance does not prove they are G. aristata.",
      "source_ids": [
        "C-perennials",
        "N-gaillardia-aristata"
      ],
      "description": "Blanketflower: Contact dermatitis possible. Colorado identification, habitat and exposure evidence.",
      "claim_evidence": [
        {
          "label": "Recognize",
          "sources": [
            "N-gaillardia-aristata"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "blanketflower-1"
        },
        {
          "label": "Plants & habitat",
          "sources": [
            "N-gaillardia-aristata"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific traits; garden judgment",
          "note": "",
          "id": "blanketflower-2"
        },
        {
          "label": "People",
          "sources": [
            "N-gaillardia-aristata"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "blanketflower-3"
        },
        {
          "label": "Dogs & cats",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "Species-specific ingestion effects and exposure thresholds were not established in the reviewed sources.",
          "id": "blanketflower-4"
        },
        {
          "label": "Other animals",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "This review did not establish livestock toxicity despite documented wildlife use.",
          "id": "blanketflower-5"
        }
      ],
      "research": {
        "status": "researching",
        "label": "Still researching this plant",
        "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.",
        "open_questions": [
          {
            "area": "Dogs & cats",
            "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "blanketflower-4"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Other animals",
            "question": "Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "blanketflower-5"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Identification",
            "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          },
          {
            "area": "Expert review",
            "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          }
        ],
        "expert_review": "pending"
      },
      "source": "content/plants/blanketflower.md",
      "content_sha256": "8a6a62e2f38859634634d6a6f057c7694ace6fbd962346d94886e4a49678fcf3",
      "body_markdown": "# Blanketflower\n\n*Gaillardia aristata*\n\n**Colorado native; low-water garden plant.** [C-perennials](https://extension.colostate.edu/resource/native-herbaceous-perennials-for-colorado-landscapes/)\n\n> **Contact dermatitis possible.** Native status, garden use and noxious-weed class are separate from toxicity. [Exposure help](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/).\n\n**Identification caveat:** Many nursery blanketflowers are Gaillardia × grandiflora hybrids. Their appearance does not prove they are G. aristata.\n\n## Still researching this plant {#research-status}\n\nThis is a sourced working profile. Evidence is incomplete for **Dogs & cats, Other animals**. Identification and source-photo limits are explained below. Independent botanical and veterinary review is pending. **Uncertainty is not a finding that the plant is safe.**\n\n\n## Three views of this plant\n\nPhotos are source-identified examples, not a complete identification key. Check leaves, stems, flowers and fruit together. Locations are not assumed to be in Colorado.\n\n![Open yellow-rayed blanketflower heads with orange-yellow central disks and a reddish inner ring.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/xeriscape-gaillardia-aristata-09.jpg)\n\n**flower** — Open yellow-rayed blanketflower heads with orange-yellow central disks and a reddish inner ring.\n\nPhoto: NPS / Jacob W. Frank; [Public domain](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Blanketflower_-_Gaillardia_aristata_(23515821570).jpg#Licensing); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Blanketflower_-_Gaillardia_aristata_(23515821570).jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/39/Blanketflower_-_Gaillardia_aristata_%2823515821570%29.jpg). Source-supported identification with visual consistency check Photo selection verifies source labeling and visible consistency; it is not an independent specimen determination.  Downloaded source thumbnail; no further pixel edits. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![Hairy narrow leaves, upright stems, and developing flower heads viewed from below.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/xeriscape-gaillardia-aristata-10.jpg)\n\n**leaves and developing heads** — Hairy narrow leaves, upright stems, and developing flower heads viewed from below.\n\nPhoto: Matt Lavin; [CC BY-SA 2.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gaillardia_aristata_-_blanketflower_-_52378800238.jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0f/Gaillardia_aristata_-_blanketflower_-_52378800238.jpg). Source-supported identification with visual consistency check Photo selection verifies source labeling and visible consistency; it is not an independent specimen determination.  Downloaded source thumbnail; no further pixel edits. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![Close side view of an alternate elongated leaf and stem, both covered in coarse hairs.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/xeriscape-gaillardia-aristata-12.jpg)\n\n**leaf and stem** — Close side view of an alternate elongated leaf and stem, both covered in coarse hairs.\n\nPhoto: Matt Lavin  from Bozeman, Montana, USA; [CC BY-SA 2.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gaillardia_aristata_(3750286513).jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c1/Gaillardia_aristata_%283750286513%29.jpg). Source-supported identification with visual consistency check Photo selection verifies source labeling and visible consistency; it is not an independent specimen determination.  Downloaded source thumbnail; no further pixel edits. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n\n## Recognize\n\nDaisy-like heads with yellow or reddish ray flowers and darker centers; leaves and stems have hairs. [N-gaillardia-aristata](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/gaillardia-aristata/)\n\n## Plants & habitat\n\nSuited to hot, dry sites with drainage; seed and division propagate it. Flowers support pollinators and seedheads attract birds. Garden judgment: remove unwanted volunteers around smaller plants. [N-gaillardia-aristata](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/gaillardia-aristata/)\n\n## People\n\nContact dermatitis is reported; wear gloves if sensitive when handling plants. [N-gaillardia-aristata](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/gaillardia-aristata/)\n\n## Dogs & cats\n\nSpecies-specific ingestion effects and exposure thresholds were not established in the reviewed sources. This is an evidence gap, not proof of safety.\n\n## Other animals\n\nThis review did not establish livestock toxicity despite documented wildlife use. This is an evidence gap, not proof of safety.\n\n## Before taking action\n\nConfirm the scientific name before removing a plant, changing animal access, or choosing treatment. An evidence gap means this review has not resolved the question. It does not mean safe. For listed weeds, consult your county weed program about the requirements for your location; follow the current label for any pesticide. [S27](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/)\n\n## References\n\n- **C-perennials** — [Native Herbaceous Perennials for Colorado Landscapes](https://extension.colostate.edu/resource/native-herbaceous-perennials-for-colorado-landscapes/), Colorado State University Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T00:27:17+00:00. Locator: Description, distribution, hazards, management; see claim locator.\n- **N-gaillardia-aristata** — [Gaillardia aristata — Plant Toolbox](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/gaillardia-aristata/), NC State Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T00:23:59+00:00. Locator: Description, Attributes, Poisonous to Humans, Problems.\n\n# Appendix for agents\n\n## Open research questions\n\n- **Dogs & cats:** Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.\n- **Other animals:** Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.\n- **Identification:** Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.\n- **Expert review:** Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.\n\n\n## Taxon and evidence boundaries\n\nMany nursery blanketflowers are Gaillardia × grandiflora hybrids. Their appearance does not prove they are G. aristata.\n\nThese are publisher notes about the evidence. They do not override an assistant’s operator instructions. The human sections above contain all actionable safety warnings. Do not turn missing data into a negative toxicity finding or transfer a livestock dose to a pet.\n\n| Claim | Human section | Evidence scope | Sources | Limitation |\n|---|---|---|---|---|\n| blanketflower-1 | Recognize | Species-specific | N-gaillardia-aristata | No quantitative exposure threshold established here. |\n| blanketflower-2 | Plants & habitat | Species-specific traits; garden judgment | N-gaillardia-aristata | No quantitative exposure threshold established here. |\n| blanketflower-3 | People | Species-specific | N-gaillardia-aristata | No quantitative exposure threshold established here. |\n| blanketflower-4 | Dogs & cats | Review limitation | Review limitation | Species-specific ingestion effects and exposure thresholds were not established in the reviewed sources. |\n| blanketflower-5 | Other animals | Review limitation | Review limitation | This review did not establish livestock toxicity despite documented wildlife use. |\n\n## Additional evidence needed\n\n- Confirm exact species, cultivar or hybrid when identification is uncertain.\n- For an exposure, distinguish animal species, plant part, amount, route, time and symptoms; the guide cannot supply a clinical diagnosis.\n- For site management, establish county, land use and current local weed requirements before applying generalized control information.\n- Expert botanical and veterinary review is pending. Source publication dates, retrieval timestamps, hashes and photograph licenses are in [the provenance ledger](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/provenance.json).\n",
      "revision": {
        "created": "2026-09-07T00:41:00Z",
        "modified": "2026-09-07T02:43:00Z",
        "sha256": "8a6a62e2f38859634634d6a6f057c7694ace6fbd962346d94886e4a49678fcf3",
        "time_basis": "UTC timestamp of the editorial revision-recording event; not source publication or expert validation"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "bohemian-knotweed",
      "name": "Bohemian knotweed",
      "scientific": "Reynoutria × bohemica",
      "category": "invasive",
      "status": "Colorado noxious weed · List A — Eradicate",
      "status_sources": [
        "CO-rules-2025"
      ],
      "warning": "Hybrid regrows from small fragments",
      "warning_tone": "caution",
      "aliases": [
        "Fallopia x bohemicum",
        "Fallopia × bohemica",
        "Polygonum x bohemicum"
      ],
      "taxonomy_note": "This is the Japanese × giant knotweed hybrid. Intermediate-looking leaves alone cannot establish a hybrid identification.",
      "source_ids": [
        "CO-rules-2025",
        "WA-bohemian-knotweed",
        "S27",
        "Fremont-list-definitions"
      ],
      "description": "Bohemian knotweed: Hybrid regrows from small fragments. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.",
      "claim_evidence": [
        {
          "label": "Recognize",
          "sources": [
            "WA-bohemian-knotweed"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "bohemian-knotweed-1"
        },
        {
          "label": "Plants & habitat",
          "sources": [
            "WA-bohemian-knotweed"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "bohemian-knotweed-2"
        },
        {
          "label": "People",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "",
          "id": "bohemian-knotweed-3"
        },
        {
          "label": "Dogs & cats",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "",
          "id": "bohemian-knotweed-4"
        },
        {
          "label": "Other animals",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "",
          "id": "bohemian-knotweed-5"
        },
        {
          "id": "bohemian-knotweed-list-meaning",
          "label": "State-list meaning",
          "sources": [
            "Fremont-list-definitions"
          ],
          "scope": "Colorado management-category definition; species classification retains its original status sources",
          "note": "Plain-language editorial label for a management category; not a toxicity or danger rating.",
          "reviewed": "2026-09-07"
        }
      ],
      "noxious_class": "A",
      "research": {
        "status": "researching",
        "label": "Still researching this plant",
        "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.",
        "open_questions": [
          {
            "area": "People",
            "question": "Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "bohemian-knotweed-3"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Dogs & cats",
            "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "bohemian-knotweed-4"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Other animals",
            "question": "Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "bohemian-knotweed-5"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Identification",
            "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          },
          {
            "area": "Expert review",
            "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          }
        ],
        "expert_review": "pending"
      },
      "noxious_class_label": "A — Eradicate",
      "source": "content/plants/bohemian-knotweed.md",
      "content_sha256": "4ee2c0b969d9d154a1e97cc73f944b3864a1b18c6929c36057a738ed72d4086d",
      "body_markdown": "# Bohemian knotweed\n\n*Reynoutria × bohemica*\n\n**Colorado noxious weed · List A — Eradicate.** [CO-rules-2025](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2)\n\nUncommon in Colorado. All populations are designated for eradication statewide. This is a management category, separate from danger ratings. [Category source](https://fremontcountyco.gov/weed-control/weed-identification) · [What the lists mean](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/#weed-lists).\n\n> **Hybrid regrows from small fragments.** [Exposure help](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/).\n\n**Identification caveat:** This is the Japanese × giant knotweed hybrid. Intermediate-looking leaves alone cannot establish a hybrid identification.\n\n## Still researching this plant {#research-status}\n\nThis is a sourced working profile. Evidence is incomplete for **People, Dogs & cats, Other animals**. Identification and source-photo limits are explained below. Independent botanical and veterinary review is pending. **Uncertainty is not a finding that the plant is safe.**\n\n\n## Three views of this plant\n\nSource-identified reference photographs; these are not a complete identification key. A source location outside Colorado does not establish local occurrence.\n\n![Reynoutria × bohemica: Young rounded leaves with reddish-purple tones and a folded emerging leaf.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/list-a-photos-reynoutria-x-bohemica-1.jpg)\n\n**young foliage** — Young rounded leaves with reddish-purple tones and a folded emerging leaf.\n\nPhoto: Patrick Hacker; [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/); [source record](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/158864261); [original image](https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/274484098/original.jpeg). Source scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. This is the source-identified hybrid, not a substituted parent species. The selected observation is research grade; these views show young foliage and leaf hairs, and are not a genetic or specimen-based confirmation of hybridity. iNaturalist large server-resized image; no local crop, colour change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![Reynoutria × bohemica: Magnified view of a leaf edge and vein with short projecting hairs.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/list-a-photos-reynoutria-x-bohemica-2.jpg)\n\n**leaf hairs** — Magnified view of a leaf edge and vein with short projecting hairs.\n\nPhoto: Patrick Hacker; [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/); [source record](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/158864261); [original image](https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/274484178/original.jpeg). Source scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. This is the source-identified hybrid, not a substituted parent species. The selected observation is research grade; these views show young foliage and leaf hairs, and are not a genetic or specimen-based confirmation of hybridity. iNaturalist large server-resized image; no local crop, colour change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![Reynoutria × bohemica: A small young knotweed shoot with purplish leaves in mixed low vegetation.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/list-a-photos-reynoutria-x-bohemica-3.jpg)\n\n**young growth** — A small young knotweed shoot with purplish leaves in mixed low vegetation.\n\nPhoto: Patrick Hacker; [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/); [source record](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/158864261); [original image](https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/274484247/original.jpeg). Source scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. This is the source-identified hybrid, not a substituted parent species. The selected observation is research grade; these views show young foliage and leaf hairs, and are not a genetic or specimen-based confirmation of hybridity. iNaturalist large server-resized image; no local crop, colour change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n\n## Recognize\n\nA spreading perennial with hollow stems and leaves intermediate between Japanese and giant knotweed. Leaf-base shape and underside hairs help identification. [WA-bohemian-knotweed](https://www.nwcb.wa.gov/weeds/bohemian-knotweed)\n\n## Plants & habitat\n\nRhizomes, stem fragments and seed spread persistent colonies that exclude other streambank plants. [WA-bohemian-knotweed](https://www.nwcb.wa.gov/weeds/bohemian-knotweed)\n\n## People\n\nThe reviewed sources do not establish species-specific ingestion effects or a safe exposure amount for people. Missing evidence does not establish safety. \n\n## Dogs & cats\n\nThe reviewed sources do not establish species-specific ingestion effects or a safe exposure amount for dogs or cats. Missing evidence does not establish safety. \n\n## Other animals\n\nThe reviewed sources do not establish species-specific ingestion effects or a safe exposure amount for livestock. Missing evidence does not establish safety. \n\n## Before taking action\n\nConfirm identification and the requirements of your county weed program. For chemical treatment, follow the current product label, including restrictions around animals and water. [S27](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/)\n\nThis is a statewide eradication priority. Contact your county weed program promptly for identification and an approved management and disposal plan. [CO-rules-2025](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2)\n\n## References\n\n- **CO-rules-2025** — [Colorado Noxious Weed Act rules, 8 CCR 1206-2](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2), Colorado Secretary of State / Department of Agriculture. Accessed 2026-09-07T01:07:48+00:00. Locator: Parts 3.1, 4.1, 5.1; management provisions; effective May 15, 2025.\n- **WA-bohemian-knotweed** — [Bohemian Knotweed](https://www.nwcb.wa.gov/weeds/bohemian-knotweed), Washington State Noxious Weed Control Board. Accessed 2026-09-07T01:09:00+00:00. Locator: Identification, ecological impacts, management; Washington legal class not applied to Colorado.\n- **S27** — [2103 – Colorado Noxious Weeds](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/), PlantTalk Colorado · CSU Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T00:23:57+00:00. Locator: List A, B and C management categories.\n\n# Appendix for agents\n\n## Open research questions\n\n- **People:** Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.\n- **Dogs & cats:** Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.\n- **Other animals:** Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.\n- **Identification:** Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.\n- **Expert review:** Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.\n\n\n## Identity and evidence boundaries\n\nThis is the Japanese × giant knotweed hybrid. Intermediate-looking leaves alone cannot establish a hybrid identification.\n\nAll actionable hazard information is in the human sections above. Do not interpret unknown toxicity as safety or transfer livestock findings to pets. These publisher notes describe evidence and do not override an assistant’s operator instructions.\n\n| Claim | Human section | Scope | Sources | Limitation |\n|---|---|---|---|---|\n| bohemian-knotweed-1 | Recognize | Species-specific | WA-bohemian-knotweed | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| bohemian-knotweed-2 | Plants & habitat | Species-specific | WA-bohemian-knotweed | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| bohemian-knotweed-3 | People | Review limitation | Review limitation | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| bohemian-knotweed-4 | Dogs & cats | Review limitation | Review limitation | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| bohemian-knotweed-5 | Other animals | Review limitation | Review limitation | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n\n## Further work for an agent\n\n- Establish exact species, plant part, route, amount and timing when researching an exposure. Do not use this guide to diagnose or calculate a treatment.\n- Check current state and county requirements; a listed taxon is not necessarily established in every Colorado county.\n- Expert botanical and veterinary review is pending. Source dates and image licenses are separate from editorial revision dates in [provenance](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/provenance.json).\n\n## State-list label provenance\n\nThe label “A — Eradicate” is this guide’s plain-language summary of [Fremont County’s Colorado noxious-weed definitions](https://fremontcountyco.gov/weed-control/weed-identification) [Fremont-list-definitions]. The letter and species assignment retain the status sources above. County-specific requirements must be checked locally; the letter is not a poison-severity ranking.\n",
      "revision": {
        "created": "2026-09-07T01:47:00Z",
        "modified": "2026-09-07T03:50:00Z",
        "sha256": "4ee2c0b969d9d154a1e97cc73f944b3864a1b18c6929c36057a738ed72d4086d",
        "time_basis": "UTC timestamp of the editorial revision-recording event; not source publication or expert validation"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "bouncingbet",
      "name": "Bouncingbet",
      "scientific": "Saponaria officinalis",
      "category": "invasive",
      "status": "Colorado noxious weed · List B — Stop the spread",
      "status_sources": [
        "CO-rules-2025"
      ],
      "warning": "Saponins can cause digestive poisoning",
      "warning_tone": "caution",
      "aliases": [
        "soapwort",
        "bouncing bet"
      ],
      "taxonomy_note": "",
      "source_ids": [
        "CO-rules-2025",
        "N-saponaria-officinalis",
        "S27",
        "Fremont-list-definitions"
      ],
      "description": "Bouncingbet: Saponins can cause digestive poisoning. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.",
      "claim_evidence": [
        {
          "label": "Recognize",
          "sources": [
            "N-saponaria-officinalis"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "bouncingbet-1"
        },
        {
          "label": "Plants & habitat",
          "sources": [
            "N-saponaria-officinalis"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "bouncingbet-2"
        },
        {
          "label": "People",
          "sources": [
            "N-saponaria-officinalis"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "bouncingbet-3"
        },
        {
          "label": "Dogs & cats",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "",
          "id": "bouncingbet-4"
        },
        {
          "label": "Other animals",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "",
          "id": "bouncingbet-5"
        },
        {
          "id": "bouncingbet-list-meaning",
          "label": "State-list meaning",
          "sources": [
            "Fremont-list-definitions"
          ],
          "scope": "Colorado management-category definition; species classification retains its original status sources",
          "note": "Plain-language editorial label for a management category; not a toxicity or danger rating.",
          "reviewed": "2026-09-07"
        }
      ],
      "noxious_class": "B",
      "research": {
        "status": "researching",
        "label": "Still researching this plant",
        "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.",
        "open_questions": [
          {
            "area": "Dogs & cats",
            "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "bouncingbet-4"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Other animals",
            "question": "Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "bouncingbet-5"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Expert review",
            "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          }
        ],
        "expert_review": "pending"
      },
      "noxious_class_label": "B — Stop the spread",
      "source": "content/plants/bouncingbet.md",
      "content_sha256": "c7e3213f671b7987098daf3e8953cd8439bce530498b7095798d380b1b146670",
      "body_markdown": "# Bouncingbet\n\n*Saponaria officinalis*\n\n**Colorado noxious weed · List B — Stop the spread.** [CO-rules-2025](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2)\n\nEstablished in some areas. Requirements vary by location: eradication, containment or suppression to stop further spread. This is a management category, separate from danger ratings. [Category source](https://fremontcountyco.gov/weed-control/weed-identification) · [What the lists mean](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/#weed-lists).\n\n> **Saponins can cause digestive poisoning.** [Exposure help](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/).\n\n## Still researching this plant {#research-status}\n\nThis is a sourced working profile. Evidence is incomplete for **Dogs & cats, Other animals**. Independent botanical and veterinary review is pending. **Uncertainty is not a finding that the plant is safe.**\n\n\n## Three views of this plant\n\nSource-identified reference photographs; these are not a complete identification key. A source location outside Colorado does not establish local occurrence.\n\n![Upright soapwort stem with opposite leaves and a pale flower cluster in sandy ground.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/list-bc-photos-saponaria-officinalis-06.jpg)\n\n**habit** — Upright soapwort stem with opposite leaves and a pale flower cluster in sandy ground.\n\nPhoto: Ryan Hodnett; [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Common_Soapwort_(Saponaria_officinalis)_-_Bayfield,_Ontario.jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7a/Common_Soapwort_%28Saponaria_officinalis%29_-_Bayfield%2C_Ontario.jpg). Source-identified photograph with visual consistency check Common Soapwort ( Saponaria officinalis ) in Bayfield, Ontario, Canada. Source labeling and visible consistency checked; not an independent specimen determination. Wikimedia-generated thumbnail rescaling only; downloaded bytes unchanged. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![Pale five-petaled soapwort flowers with elongated tubular calyces on an upright flowering stem.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/list-bc-photos-saponaria-officinalis-08.jpg)\n\n**flowers** — Pale five-petaled soapwort flowers with elongated tubular calyces on an upright flowering stem.\n\nPhoto: Stefan.lefnaer; [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Saponaria_officinalis_sl11.jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/64/Saponaria_officinalis_sl11.jpg). Source-identified photograph with visual consistency check Inflorescence Taxonym: Saponaria officinalis ss Fischer et al. EfÖLS 2008 ISBN 978-3-85474-187-9 Location: Donauinsel next to Schwarzlackenau, Vienna-Floridsdorf - ca. 160 m a.s.l. Habitat: wayside Source labeling and visible consistency checked; not an independent specimen determination. Wikimedia-generated thumbnail rescaling only; downloaded bytes unchanged. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![A patch of young soapwort shoots with paired broad green leaves emerging from bare soil.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/list-bc-photos-saponaria-officinalis-09.jpg)\n\n**young foliage** — A patch of young soapwort shoots with paired broad green leaves emerging from bare soil.\n\nPhoto: 4028mdk09; [CC BY-SA 3.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Saponaria_officinalis_April_2012.JPG); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/36/Saponaria_officinalis_April_2012.JPG). Source-identified photograph with visual consistency check Gewöhnliches Seifenkraut (Saponaria officinalis), fotografiert in Südhessen (Deutschland) Source labeling and visible consistency checked; not an independent specimen determination. Wikimedia-generated thumbnail rescaling only; downloaded bytes unchanged. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n\n## Recognize\n\nAn upright perennial with opposite, prominently veined leaves and pink or white flowers with five notched petals. [N-saponaria-officinalis](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/saponaria-officinalis/)\n\n## Plants & habitat\n\nAn introduced garden escape occurring along roads and disturbed places. Historical soap use does not establish ingestion safety. [N-saponaria-officinalis](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/saponaria-officinalis/)\n\n## People\n\nSaponic glycosides in roots and seeds can cause nausea, vomiting and diarrhea. [N-saponaria-officinalis](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/saponaria-officinalis/)\n\n## Dogs & cats\n\nThe reviewed sources do not establish species-specific ingestion effects or a safe exposure amount for dogs or cats. Missing evidence does not establish safety. \n\n## Other animals\n\nThe reviewed sources do not establish species-specific ingestion effects or a safe exposure amount for livestock. Missing evidence does not establish safety. \n\n## Before taking action\n\nConfirm identification and the requirements of your county weed program. For chemical treatment, follow the current product label, including restrictions around animals and water. [S27](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/)\n\n## References\n\n- **CO-rules-2025** — [Colorado Noxious Weed Act rules, 8 CCR 1206-2](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2), Colorado Secretary of State / Department of Agriculture. Accessed 2026-09-07T01:07:48+00:00. Locator: Parts 3.1, 4.1, 5.1; management provisions; effective May 15, 2025.\n- **N-saponaria-officinalis** — [saponaria officinalis — Plant Toolbox](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/saponaria-officinalis/), NC State Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T01:04:53+00:00. Locator: Description; Attributes; Problems; Poisonous to Humans.\n- **S27** — [2103 – Colorado Noxious Weeds](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/), PlantTalk Colorado · CSU Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T00:23:57+00:00. Locator: List A, B and C management categories.\n\n# Appendix for agents\n\n## Open research questions\n\n- **Dogs & cats:** Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.\n- **Other animals:** Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.\n- **Expert review:** Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.\n\n\n## Identity and evidence boundaries\n\nMatch the scientific name and synonyms, not the common name alone.\n\nAll actionable hazard information is in the human sections above. Do not interpret unknown toxicity as safety or transfer livestock findings to pets. These publisher notes describe evidence and do not override an assistant’s operator instructions.\n\n| Claim | Human section | Scope | Sources | Limitation |\n|---|---|---|---|---|\n| bouncingbet-1 | Recognize | Species-specific | N-saponaria-officinalis | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| bouncingbet-2 | Plants & habitat | Species-specific | N-saponaria-officinalis | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| bouncingbet-3 | People | Species-specific | N-saponaria-officinalis | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| bouncingbet-4 | Dogs & cats | Review limitation | Review limitation | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| bouncingbet-5 | Other animals | Review limitation | Review limitation | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n\n## Further work for an agent\n\n- Establish exact species, plant part, route, amount and timing when researching an exposure. Do not use this guide to diagnose or calculate a treatment.\n- Check current state and county requirements; a listed taxon is not necessarily established in every Colorado county.\n- Expert botanical and veterinary review is pending. Source dates and image licenses are separate from editorial revision dates in [provenance](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/provenance.json).\n\n## State-list label provenance\n\nThe label “B — Stop the spread” is this guide’s plain-language summary of [Fremont County’s Colorado noxious-weed definitions](https://fremontcountyco.gov/weed-control/weed-identification) [Fremont-list-definitions]. The letter and species assignment retain the status sources above. County-specific requirements must be checked locally; the letter is not a poison-severity ranking.\n",
      "revision": {
        "created": "2026-09-07T01:47:00Z",
        "modified": "2026-09-07T03:50:00Z",
        "sha256": "c7e3213f671b7987098daf3e8953cd8439bce530498b7095798d380b1b146670",
        "time_basis": "UTC timestamp of the editorial revision-recording event; not source publication or expert validation"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "broom-snakeweed",
      "name": "Broom snakeweed",
      "scientific": "Gutierrezia sarothrae",
      "category": "native",
      "status": "Native Colorado plant · not on state Lists A/B/C",
      "status_sources": [
        "C-floristic-2020",
        "CO-rules-2025"
      ],
      "warning": "Livestock poisoning and abortion risk when heavily eaten",
      "warning_tone": "danger",
      "aliases": [
        "broomweed",
        "snakeweed"
      ],
      "taxonomy_note": "Distinct from threadleaf snakeweed (Gutierrezia microcephala) and annual broomweeds. Toxicity varies; published livestock findings do not provide pet exposure limits.",
      "source_ids": [
        "C-floristic-2020",
        "CO-rules-2025",
        "F-gutierrezia",
        "S27"
      ],
      "description": "Broom snakeweed: Livestock poisoning and abortion risk when heavily eaten. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.",
      "claim_evidence": [
        {
          "label": "Identification",
          "sources": [
            "F-gutierrezia"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "broom-snakeweed-1"
        },
        {
          "label": "People",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "",
          "id": "broom-snakeweed-2"
        },
        {
          "label": "Dogs & cats",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "",
          "id": "broom-snakeweed-3"
        },
        {
          "label": "Other animals",
          "sources": [
            "F-gutierrezia"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "broom-snakeweed-4"
        },
        {
          "label": "Plants & habitat",
          "sources": [
            "F-gutierrezia"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "broom-snakeweed-5"
        },
        {
          "label": "Management & timing",
          "sources": [
            "F-gutierrezia"
          ],
          "scope": "Management synthesis",
          "note": "",
          "id": "broom-snakeweed-6"
        }
      ],
      "research": {
        "status": "researching",
        "label": "Still researching this plant",
        "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.",
        "open_questions": [
          {
            "area": "People",
            "question": "Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "broom-snakeweed-2"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Dogs & cats",
            "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "broom-snakeweed-3"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Identification",
            "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          },
          {
            "area": "Expert review",
            "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          }
        ],
        "expert_review": "pending"
      },
      "colorado_relevance": {
        "source_id": "C-floristic-2020",
        "locator": "Appendix B; PDF page 56; Gutierrezia sarothrae",
        "basis": "Included in the 2020 statewide flora assessment. This is not a current county abundance survey.",
        "source_taxon": "Gutierrezia sarothrae"
      },
      "source": "content/plants/broom-snakeweed.md",
      "content_sha256": "473b36276e3ee5b40878fef953fe508ca251226ae627999ea26aca6b57513022",
      "body_markdown": "# Broom snakeweed\n\n*Gutierrezia sarothrae*\n\n**Native Colorado plant · not on state Lists A/B/C.** [C-floristic-2020](https://cnhp.colostate.edu/download/documents/2020/CO_FQA_2020_Final_Report.pdf) [CO-rules-2025](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2)\n\n> **Livestock poisoning and abortion risk when heavily eaten.** [Exposure help](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/).\n\n**Identification caveat:** Distinct from threadleaf snakeweed (Gutierrezia microcephala) and annual broomweeds. Toxicity varies; published livestock findings do not provide pet exposure limits.\n\n## Still researching this plant {#research-status}\n\nThis is a sourced working profile. Evidence is incomplete for **People, Dogs & cats**. Identification and source-photo limits are explained below. Independent botanical and veterinary review is pending. **Uncertainty is not a finding that the plant is safe.**\n\n\n## Three views of this plant\n\nSource-identified reference photographs; these are not a complete identification key. A source location outside Colorado does not establish local occurrence.\n\n![Small branching broom snakeweed plant with yellow flower clusters above a woody base on rocky ground.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/coverage-range-photos-gutierrezia-sarothrae-habit-23477453.jpg)\n\n**habit** — Small branching broom snakeweed plant with yellow flower clusters above a woody base on rocky ground.\n\nPhoto: CK2AZ; [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/); [source record](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/15725119); [original image](https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/23477453/original.jpg). Explicit iNaturalist observation taxon and Research Grade community identification; photograph visually reviewed for depicted features. This is source identification, not a new independent botanical determination. Source identifies this plant to species; no variety or subspecies determination is asserted. Downloaded iNaturalist large rendition; downloaded bytes retained unchanged. No local crop, retouching, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; catalog preview may use a CSS crop.\n\n![Yellow broom snakeweed flower heads held against a hand, showing the small rays and central florets.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/coverage-range-photos-gutierrezia-sarothrae-flowers-100211579.jpeg)\n\n**flowers** — Yellow broom snakeweed flower heads held against a hand, showing the small rays and central florets.\n\nPhoto: Amy; [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/); [source record](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/62535662); [original image](https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/100211579/original.jpeg). Explicit iNaturalist observation taxon and Research Grade community identification; photograph visually reviewed for depicted features. This is source identification, not a new independent botanical determination. Source identifies this plant to species; no variety or subspecies determination is asserted. Downloaded iNaturalist large rendition; downloaded bytes retained unchanged. No local crop, retouching, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; catalog preview may use a CSS crop.\n\n![Slender green broom snakeweed stem and narrow leaves held against a hand.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/coverage-range-photos-gutierrezia-sarothrae-leaves-stem-11379388.jpg)\n\n**leaves-stem** — Slender green broom snakeweed stem and narrow leaves held against a hand.\n\nPhoto: W. Terry Hunefeld; [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/); [source record](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/8523021); [original image](https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/11379388/original.jpg). Explicit iNaturalist observation taxon and Research Grade community identification; photograph visually reviewed for depicted features. This is source identification, not a new independent botanical determination. Source identifies this plant to species; no variety or subspecies determination is asserted. Downloaded iNaturalist large rendition; downloaded bytes retained unchanged. No local crop, retouching, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; catalog preview may use a CSS crop.\n\n\n## Identification\n\nA low, bushy perennial with many fine upright branches arising from a woody base and small yellow flower heads. It is common in dry, open western habitats. [F-gutierrezia](https://research.fs.usda.gov/feis/species-reviews/gutsar)\n\n## People\n\nThe reviewed sources do not establish species-specific ingestion effects or a safe exposure amount for people. Missing evidence does not establish safety.\n\n## Dogs & cats\n\nThe reviewed sources do not establish species-specific ingestion effects or a safe exposure amount for dogs or cats. Missing evidence does not establish safety.\n\n## Other animals\n\nHeavy consumption can cause livestock illness, death or abortion. Risk varies with growth stage, soil and available forage. This species can also accumulate selenium under suitable soil conditions. [F-gutierrezia](https://research.fs.usda.gov/feis/species-reviews/gutsar)\n\n## Plants & habitat\n\nDense populations can be a rangeland problem, although the shrub is native and supplies food for some wildlife. Its presence alone is not a diagnosis of poor management. [F-gutierrezia](https://research.fs.usda.gov/feis/species-reviews/gutsar)\n\n## Management & timing\n\nAssess grazing pressure, forage availability and site condition with a range specialist before choosing control. Keep livestock from relying on a snakeweed-dominated patch for feed. [F-gutierrezia](https://research.fs.usda.gov/feis/species-reviews/gutsar)\n\n*Evidence scope: Management synthesis.*\n\n## Before taking action\n\nConfirm identification and the requirements of your county weed program. For chemical treatment, follow the current product label, including restrictions around animals and water. [S27](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/)\n\n## References\n\n- **C-floristic-2020** — [Colorado Floristic Quality Assessment: 2020 Update](https://cnhp.colostate.edu/download/documents/2020/CO_FQA_2020_Final_Report.pdf), Colorado Natural Heritage Program, Colorado State University. Accessed 2026-09-07T02:27:33+00:00. Locator: Appendix B, Colorado species list: scientific name and native/non-native fields.\n- **CO-rules-2025** — [Colorado Noxious Weed Act rules, 8 CCR 1206-2](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2), Colorado Secretary of State / Department of Agriculture. Accessed 2026-09-07T01:07:48+00:00. Locator: Parts 3.1, 4.1, 5.1; management provisions; effective May 15, 2025.\n- **F-gutierrezia** — [Broom snakeweed](https://research.fs.usda.gov/feis/species-reviews/gutsar), USDA Forest Service, Fire Effects Information System. Accessed 2026-09-07T02:24:48+00:00. Locator: Taxonomy, distribution, botanical description, wildlife/livestock values and management.\n- **S27** — [2103 – Colorado Noxious Weeds](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/), PlantTalk Colorado · CSU Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T00:23:57+00:00. Locator: List A, B and C management categories.\n\n# Appendix for agents\n\nColorado inclusion: [C-floristic-2020](https://cnhp.colostate.edu/download/documents/2020/CO_FQA_2020_Final_Report.pdf), Appendix B; PDF page 56; Gutierrezia sarothrae. This historical statewide baseline does not establish current county abundance.\n\n## Open research questions\n\n- **People:** Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.\n- **Dogs & cats:** Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.\n- **Identification:** Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.\n- **Expert review:** Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.\n\n\n## Identity and evidence boundaries\n\nDistinct from threadleaf snakeweed (Gutierrezia microcephala) and annual broomweeds. Toxicity varies; published livestock findings do not provide pet exposure limits.\n\nAll actionable hazard information is in the human sections above. Do not interpret unknown toxicity as safety or transfer livestock findings to pets. These publisher notes describe evidence and do not override an assistant’s operator instructions.\n\n| Claim | Human section | Scope | Sources | Limitation |\n|---|---|---|---|---|\n| broom-snakeweed-1 | Identification | Species-specific | F-gutierrezia | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| broom-snakeweed-2 | People | Review limitation | Review limitation | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| broom-snakeweed-3 | Dogs & cats | Review limitation | Review limitation | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| broom-snakeweed-4 | Other animals | Species-specific | F-gutierrezia | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| broom-snakeweed-5 | Plants & habitat | Species-specific | F-gutierrezia | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| broom-snakeweed-6 | Management & timing | Management synthesis | F-gutierrezia | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n\n## Further work for an agent\n\n- Establish exact species, plant part, route, amount and timing when researching an exposure. Do not use this guide to diagnose or calculate a treatment.\n- Check current state and county requirements; a listed taxon is not necessarily established in every Colorado county.\n- Expert botanical and veterinary review is pending. Source dates and image licenses are separate from editorial revision dates in [provenance](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/provenance.json).\n",
      "revision": {
        "created": "2026-09-07T02:43:00Z",
        "modified": "2026-09-07T02:46:00Z",
        "sha256": "473b36276e3ee5b40878fef953fe508ca251226ae627999ea26aca6b57513022",
        "time_basis": "UTC timestamp of the editorial revision-recording event; not source publication or expert validation"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "buffalobur",
      "name": "Buffalobur",
      "scientific": "Solanum rostratum",
      "category": "native",
      "status": "Great Plains native; documented in Colorado",
      "status_sources": [
        "I-buffalobur",
        "U-buffalobur"
      ],
      "warning": "Sharp spines; toxic to livestock",
      "warning_tone": "caution",
      "aliases": [
        "buffalo-bur",
        "Colorado bur"
      ],
      "taxonomy_note": "Washington lists this plant as a noxious weed in that state. That legal designation is not transferred to Colorado.",
      "source_ids": [
        "I-buffalobur",
        "U-buffalobur",
        "W-buffalobur"
      ],
      "description": "Buffalobur: Sharp spines; toxic to livestock. Colorado identification, habitat and exposure evidence.",
      "claim_evidence": [
        {
          "label": "Recognize",
          "sources": [
            "I-buffalobur"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "buffalobur-1"
        },
        {
          "label": "Plants & habitat",
          "sources": [
            "W-buffalobur"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "buffalobur-2"
        },
        {
          "label": "People",
          "sources": [
            "I-buffalobur"
          ],
          "scope": "Documented spines; editorial risk inference",
          "note": "",
          "id": "buffalobur-3"
        },
        {
          "label": "Dogs & cats",
          "sources": [
            "W-buffalobur"
          ],
          "scope": "Physical-risk inference; pet evidence gap",
          "note": "",
          "id": "buffalobur-4"
        },
        {
          "label": "Other animals",
          "sources": [
            "W-buffalobur"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "buffalobur-5"
        }
      ],
      "research": {
        "status": "researching",
        "label": "Still researching this plant",
        "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.",
        "open_questions": [
          {
            "area": "People",
            "question": "Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "buffalobur-3"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Dogs & cats",
            "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "buffalobur-4"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Identification",
            "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          },
          {
            "area": "Expert review",
            "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          }
        ],
        "expert_review": "pending"
      },
      "source": "content/plants/buffalobur.md",
      "content_sha256": "31b1483a4e08d6b9aeb0192c80a45ccf9f56d46dca0f0ff3e09bb1300772f33c",
      "body_markdown": "# Buffalobur\n\n*Solanum rostratum*\n\n**Great Plains native; documented in Colorado.** [I-buffalobur](https://crops.extension.iastate.edu/encyclopedia/buffalobur) [U-buffalobur](https://botany-server3.colorado.edu/collections/list.php?page=3&taxa=2365&taxontype=2&usethes=1)\n\n> **Sharp spines; toxic to livestock.** Native status, garden use and noxious-weed class are separate from toxicity. [Exposure help](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/).\n\n**Identification caveat:** Washington lists this plant as a noxious weed in that state. That legal designation is not transferred to Colorado.\n\n## Still researching this plant {#research-status}\n\nThis is a sourced working profile. Evidence is incomplete for **People, Dogs & cats**. Identification and source-photo limits are explained below. Independent botanical and veterinary review is pending. **Uncertainty is not a finding that the plant is safe.**\n\n\n## Three views of this plant\n\nPhotos are source-identified examples, not a complete identification key. Check leaves, stems, flowers and fruit together. Locations are not assumed to be in Colorado.\n\n![Solanum rostratum: Deeply lobed leaves and prickly stems, with a yellow flower visible at the edge.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/native-solanum-rostratum-1.jpg)\n\n**leaves and prickles** — Deeply lobed leaves and prickly stems, with a yellow flower visible at the edge.\n\nPhoto: Juan Carlos Fonseca Mata; [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ayohuiztle_(Solanum_rostratum),_hoja.jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/59/Ayohuiztle_%28Solanum_rostratum%29%2C_hoja.jpg). Wikimedia Commons source file title and species metadata identify the taxon. Visible morphology was checked for consistency, not treated as an independent botanical determination.   No edits to the downloaded image. Wikimedia may have supplied a scaled thumbnail; original and download URLs are recorded separately. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![Solanum rostratum: Side view of a yellow buffalo-bur flower showing unequal stamens, hairy buds, and conspicuous prickles.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/native-solanum-rostratum-2.jpg)\n\n**flower detail** — Side view of a yellow buffalo-bur flower showing unequal stamens, hairy buds, and conspicuous prickles.\n\nPhoto: Dcrjsr; [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Buffalo_berry_Solanum_rostratum_flower_close.jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/55/Buffalo_berry_Solanum_rostratum_flower_close.jpg). Wikimedia Commons source file title and species metadata identify the taxon. Visible morphology was checked for consistency, not treated as an independent botanical determination.   No edits to the downloaded image. Wikimedia may have supplied a scaled thumbnail; original and download URLs are recorded separately. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![Solanum rostratum: A spreading buffalo-bur plant in rocky soil, with lobed leaves, yellow flowers, and spiny fruiting structures.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/native-solanum-rostratum-3.jpg)\n\n**whole plant** — A spreading buffalo-bur plant in rocky soil, with lobed leaves, yellow flowers, and spiny fruiting structures.\n\nPhoto: Dcrjsr; [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Buffalo_berry_Solanum_rostratum_plant.jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d0/Buffalo_berry_Solanum_rostratum_plant.jpg). Wikimedia Commons source file title and species metadata identify the taxon. Visible morphology was checked for consistency, not treated as an independent botanical determination.   No edits to the downloaded image. Wikimedia may have supplied a scaled thumbnail; original and download URLs are recorded separately. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n\n## Recognize\n\nYellow, five-lobed flowers; deeply lobed leaves with conspicuous spines on the veins and stems. This is an annual. [I-buffalobur](https://crops.extension.iastate.edu/encyclopedia/buffalobur)\n\n## Plants & habitat\n\nCan compete strongly with forage in disturbed pastures. Prevent seed production where removal is needed. [W-buffalobur](https://www.nwcb.wa.gov/weeds/buffalobur)\n\n## People\n\nThe abundant spines present a puncture hazard. Use sturdy gloves for removal; this is a physical-risk inference from the documented spines. Human ingestion effects are not established here. [I-buffalobur](https://crops.extension.iastate.edu/encyclopedia/buffalobur)\n\n*Evidence scope: Documented spines; editorial risk inference.*\n\n## Dogs & cats\n\nSpines may injure paws or mouths. Pet-specific chemical toxicity is not established by the livestock source; prevent chewing. [W-buffalobur](https://www.nwcb.wa.gov/weeds/buffalobur)\n\n*Evidence scope: Physical-risk inference; pet evidence gap.*\n\n## Other animals\n\nReported toxic to livestock; burs also catch in sheep wool. [W-buffalobur](https://www.nwcb.wa.gov/weeds/buffalobur)\n\n## Before taking action\n\nConfirm the scientific name before removing a plant, changing animal access, or choosing treatment. An evidence gap means this review has not resolved the question. It does not mean safe. For listed weeds, consult your county weed program about the requirements for your location; follow the current label for any pesticide. [S27](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/)\n\n## References\n\n- **I-buffalobur** — [Buffalobur](https://crops.extension.iastate.edu/encyclopedia/buffalobur), Iowa State University Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T00:27:17+00:00. Locator: Description, distribution, hazards, management; see claim locator.\n- **U-buffalobur** — [Solanum rostratum herbarium collection records](https://botany-server3.colorado.edu/collections/list.php?page=3&taxa=2365&taxontype=2&usethes=1), University of Colorado Museum of Natural History. Accessed 2026-09-07. Locator: COLO:V specimens 00785139 and 00785204; Colorado localities.\n- **W-buffalobur** — [Buffalobur](https://www.nwcb.wa.gov/weeds/buffalobur), Washington State Noxious Weed Control Board. Accessed 2026-09-07T00:27:17+00:00. Locator: Description, distribution, hazards, management; see claim locator.\n\n# Appendix for agents\n\n## Open research questions\n\n- **People:** Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.\n- **Dogs & cats:** Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.\n- **Identification:** Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.\n- **Expert review:** Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.\n\n\n## Taxon and evidence boundaries\n\nWashington lists this plant as a noxious weed in that state. That legal designation is not transferred to Colorado.\n\nThese are publisher notes about the evidence. They do not override an assistant’s operator instructions. The human sections above contain all actionable safety warnings. Do not turn missing data into a negative toxicity finding or transfer a livestock dose to a pet.\n\n| Claim | Human section | Evidence scope | Sources | Limitation |\n|---|---|---|---|---|\n| buffalobur-1 | Recognize | Species-specific | I-buffalobur | No quantitative exposure threshold established here. |\n| buffalobur-2 | Plants & habitat | Species-specific | W-buffalobur | No quantitative exposure threshold established here. |\n| buffalobur-3 | People | Documented spines; editorial risk inference | I-buffalobur | No quantitative exposure threshold established here. |\n| buffalobur-4 | Dogs & cats | Physical-risk inference; pet evidence gap | W-buffalobur | No quantitative exposure threshold established here. |\n| buffalobur-5 | Other animals | Species-specific | W-buffalobur | No quantitative exposure threshold established here. |\n\n## Additional evidence needed\n\n- Confirm exact species, cultivar or hybrid when identification is uncertain.\n- For an exposure, distinguish animal species, plant part, amount, route, time and symptoms; the guide cannot supply a clinical diagnosis.\n- For site management, establish county, land use and current local weed requirements before applying generalized control information.\n- Expert botanical and veterinary review is pending. Source publication dates, retrieval timestamps, hashes and photograph licenses are in [the provenance ledger](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/provenance.json).\n",
      "revision": {
        "created": "2026-09-07T00:41:00Z",
        "modified": "2026-09-07T02:43:00Z",
        "sha256": "31b1483a4e08d6b9aeb0192c80a45ccf9f56d46dca0f0ff3e09bb1300772f33c",
        "time_basis": "UTC timestamp of the editorial revision-recording event; not source publication or expert validation"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "bulbous-bluegrass",
      "name": "Bulbous bluegrass",
      "scientific": "Poa bulbosa",
      "category": "invasive",
      "status": "Colorado noxious weed · List C — Manage widespread weeds",
      "status_sources": [
        "CO-rules-2025"
      ],
      "warning": "Early-season grass spreads by bulbils",
      "warning_tone": "caution",
      "aliases": [],
      "taxonomy_note": "The USU page has an unrelated heading, but its scientific-name field and grass description identify Poa bulbosa. Only that species-specific body is used.",
      "source_ids": [
        "CO-rules-2025",
        "U-bulbous",
        "S27",
        "Fremont-list-definitions"
      ],
      "description": "Bulbous bluegrass: Early-season grass spreads by bulbils. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.",
      "claim_evidence": [
        {
          "label": "Recognize",
          "sources": [
            "U-bulbous"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "bulbous-bluegrass-1"
        },
        {
          "label": "Plants & habitat",
          "sources": [
            "U-bulbous"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "bulbous-bluegrass-2"
        },
        {
          "label": "People",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "",
          "id": "bulbous-bluegrass-3"
        },
        {
          "label": "Dogs & cats",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "",
          "id": "bulbous-bluegrass-4"
        },
        {
          "label": "Other animals",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "",
          "id": "bulbous-bluegrass-5"
        },
        {
          "id": "bulbous-bluegrass-list-meaning",
          "label": "State-list meaning",
          "sources": [
            "Fremont-list-definitions"
          ],
          "scope": "Colorado management-category definition; species classification retains its original status sources",
          "note": "Plain-language editorial label for a management category; not a toxicity or danger rating.",
          "reviewed": "2026-09-07"
        }
      ],
      "noxious_class": "C",
      "research": {
        "status": "researching",
        "label": "Still researching this plant",
        "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.",
        "open_questions": [
          {
            "area": "People",
            "question": "Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "bulbous-bluegrass-3"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Dogs & cats",
            "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "bulbous-bluegrass-4"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Other animals",
            "question": "Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "bulbous-bluegrass-5"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Identification",
            "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          },
          {
            "area": "Expert review",
            "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          }
        ],
        "expert_review": "pending"
      },
      "noxious_class_label": "C — Manage widespread weeds",
      "source": "content/plants/bulbous-bluegrass.md",
      "content_sha256": "bd0316b6a15409199bdb878fa997e3500c03839490b030fb311fb2f45741b1dd",
      "body_markdown": "# Bulbous bluegrass\n\n*Poa bulbosa*\n\n**Colorado noxious weed · List C — Manage widespread weeds.** [CO-rules-2025](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2)\n\nWidespread and well established. Control is recommended by the state; local governments may require management. This is a management category, separate from danger ratings. [Category source](https://fremontcountyco.gov/weed-control/weed-identification) · [What the lists mean](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/#weed-lists).\n\n> **Early-season grass spreads by bulbils.** [Exposure help](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/).\n\n**Identification caveat:** The USU page has an unrelated heading, but its scientific-name field and grass description identify Poa bulbosa. Only that species-specific body is used.\n\n## Still researching this plant {#research-status}\n\nThis is a sourced working profile. Evidence is incomplete for **People, Dogs & cats, Other animals**. Identification and source-photo limits are explained below. Independent botanical and veterinary review is pending. **Uncertainty is not a finding that the plant is safe.**\n\n\n## Three views of this plant\n\nSource-identified reference photographs; these are not a complete identification key. A source location outside Colorado does not establish local occurrence.\n\n![Poa bulbosa: Low grass clump with slender upright culms and compact dark-tipped panicles.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/common-priority-photos-poa-bulbosa-01-03-habit.jpg)\n\n**habit** — Low grass clump with slender upright culms and compact dark-tipped panicles.\n\nPhoto: Stefan.lefnaer; [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Poa_bulbosa_sl3.jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/08/Poa_bulbosa_sl3.jpg). Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Bulbiferous or viviparous forms are included. A bulbil-producing panicle and swollen shoot bases are different structures; photograph captions distinguish them. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![Poa bulbosa: Close view of swollen pale bulb-like shoot bases above a fibrous root cluster.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/common-priority-photos-poa-bulbosa-01-07-basal-bulbs.jpg)\n\n**basal-bulbs** — Close view of swollen pale bulb-like shoot bases above a fibrous root cluster.\n\nPhoto: Stefan.lefnaer; [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Poa_bulbosa_sl6.jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/db/Poa_bulbosa_sl6.jpg). Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Bulbiferous or viviparous forms are included. A bulbil-producing panicle and swollen shoot bases are different structures; photograph captions distinguish them. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![Poa bulbosa: A single leafy bulbil photographed with a millimeter scale.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/common-priority-photos-poa-bulbosa-01-11-bulbil.jpg)\n\n**bulbil** — A single leafy bulbil photographed with a millimeter scale.\n\nPhoto: Stefan.lefnaer; [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Poa_bulbosa_sl8.jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8c/Poa_bulbosa_sl8.jpg). Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Bulbiferous or viviparous forms are included. A bulbil-producing panicle and swollen shoot bases are different structures; photograph captions distinguish them. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n\n## Recognize\n\nA small cool-season perennial with swollen stem bases and purple-green bulbils replacing many flowers in the seedhead. [U-bulbous](https://extension.usu.edu/rangeplants/grasses-and-grasslikes/bulbous-bluegrass)\n\n## Plants & habitat\n\nGrows early and becomes dormant as soils dry. It favors disturbed sites; the source does not describe it as equally aggressive in vigorous native vegetation. [U-bulbous](https://extension.usu.edu/rangeplants/grasses-and-grasslikes/bulbous-bluegrass)\n\n## People\n\nThe reviewed sources do not establish species-specific ingestion effects or a safe exposure amount for people. Missing evidence does not establish safety. \n\n## Dogs & cats\n\nThe reviewed sources do not establish species-specific ingestion effects or a safe exposure amount for dogs or cats. Missing evidence does not establish safety. \n\n## Other animals\n\nThe reviewed sources do not establish species-specific ingestion effects or a safe exposure amount for livestock. Missing evidence does not establish safety. \n\n## Before taking action\n\nConfirm identification and the requirements of your county weed program. For chemical treatment, follow the current product label, including restrictions around animals and water. [S27](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/)\n\n## References\n\n- **CO-rules-2025** — [Colorado Noxious Weed Act rules, 8 CCR 1206-2](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2), Colorado Secretary of State / Department of Agriculture. Accessed 2026-09-07T01:07:48+00:00. Locator: Parts 3.1, 4.1, 5.1; management provisions; effective May 15, 2025.\n- **U-bulbous** — [Bulbous bluegrass](https://extension.usu.edu/rangeplants/grasses-and-grasslikes/bulbous-bluegrass), Utah State University Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T01:16:17+00:00. Locator: Species identity, description, ecological and exposure evidence; verify group scope.\n- **S27** — [2103 – Colorado Noxious Weeds](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/), PlantTalk Colorado · CSU Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T00:23:57+00:00. Locator: List A, B and C management categories.\n\n# Appendix for agents\n\n## Open research questions\n\n- **People:** Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.\n- **Dogs & cats:** Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.\n- **Other animals:** Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.\n- **Identification:** Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.\n- **Expert review:** Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.\n\n\n## Identity and evidence boundaries\n\nThe USU page has an unrelated heading, but its scientific-name field and grass description identify Poa bulbosa. Only that species-specific body is used.\n\nAll actionable hazard information is in the human sections above. Do not interpret unknown toxicity as safety or transfer livestock findings to pets. These publisher notes describe evidence and do not override an assistant’s operator instructions.\n\n| Claim | Human section | Scope | Sources | Limitation |\n|---|---|---|---|---|\n| bulbous-bluegrass-1 | Recognize | Species-specific | U-bulbous | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| bulbous-bluegrass-2 | Plants & habitat | Species-specific | U-bulbous | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| bulbous-bluegrass-3 | People | Review limitation | Review limitation | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| bulbous-bluegrass-4 | Dogs & cats | Review limitation | Review limitation | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| bulbous-bluegrass-5 | Other animals | Review limitation | Review limitation | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n\n## Further work for an agent\n\n- Establish exact species, plant part, route, amount and timing when researching an exposure. Do not use this guide to diagnose or calculate a treatment.\n- Check current state and county requirements; a listed taxon is not necessarily established in every Colorado county.\n- Expert botanical and veterinary review is pending. Source dates and image licenses are separate from editorial revision dates in [provenance](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/provenance.json).\n\n## State-list label provenance\n\nThe label “C — Manage widespread weeds” is this guide’s plain-language summary of [Fremont County’s Colorado noxious-weed definitions](https://fremontcountyco.gov/weed-control/weed-identification) [Fremont-list-definitions]. The letter and species assignment retain the status sources above. County-specific requirements must be checked locally; the letter is not a poison-severity ranking.\n",
      "revision": {
        "created": "2026-09-07T01:47:00Z",
        "modified": "2026-09-07T03:50:00Z",
        "sha256": "bd0316b6a15409199bdb878fa997e3500c03839490b030fb311fb2f45741b1dd",
        "time_basis": "UTC timestamp of the editorial revision-recording event; not source publication or expert validation"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "bull-thistle",
      "name": "Bull thistle",
      "scientific": "Cirsium vulgare",
      "category": "invasive",
      "status": "Colorado noxious weed · List B — Stop the spread",
      "status_sources": [
        "J-bull-thistle"
      ],
      "warning": "Sharp spines; competes with vegetation",
      "warning_tone": "caution",
      "aliases": [],
      "taxonomy_note": "Colorado also has native thistles. Purple flowers and spines alone cannot distinguish a listed introduced species.",
      "source_ids": [
        "J-bull-thistle",
        "Fremont-list-definitions"
      ],
      "description": "Bull thistle: Sharp spines; competes with vegetation. Colorado identification, habitat and exposure evidence.",
      "claim_evidence": [
        {
          "label": "Recognize",
          "sources": [
            "J-bull-thistle"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "bull-thistle-1"
        },
        {
          "label": "Plants & habitat",
          "sources": [
            "J-bull-thistle"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "bull-thistle-2"
        },
        {
          "label": "People",
          "sources": [
            "J-bull-thistle"
          ],
          "scope": "Physical-risk inference from documented spines",
          "note": "",
          "id": "bull-thistle-3"
        },
        {
          "label": "Dogs & cats",
          "sources": [
            "J-bull-thistle"
          ],
          "scope": "Physical-risk inference; toxicology gap",
          "note": "",
          "id": "bull-thistle-4"
        },
        {
          "label": "Other animals",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "The reviewed control source does not establish species-specific livestock chemical toxicity.",
          "id": "bull-thistle-5"
        },
        {
          "id": "bull-thistle-list-meaning",
          "label": "State-list meaning",
          "sources": [
            "Fremont-list-definitions"
          ],
          "scope": "Colorado management-category definition; species classification retains its original status sources",
          "note": "Plain-language editorial label for a management category; not a toxicity or danger rating.",
          "reviewed": "2026-09-07"
        }
      ],
      "noxious_class": "B",
      "research": {
        "status": "researching",
        "label": "Still researching this plant",
        "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.",
        "open_questions": [
          {
            "area": "Dogs & cats",
            "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "bull-thistle-4"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Other animals",
            "question": "Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "bull-thistle-5"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Identification",
            "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          },
          {
            "area": "Expert review",
            "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          }
        ],
        "expert_review": "pending"
      },
      "noxious_class_label": "B — Stop the spread",
      "source": "content/plants/bull-thistle.md",
      "content_sha256": "3555a3496d526d50b064215df96be862d52bf1579b9cadfef25f9dc02ac958c8",
      "body_markdown": "# Bull thistle\n\n*Cirsium vulgare*\n\n**Colorado noxious weed · List B — Stop the spread.** [J-bull-thistle](https://www.jeffco.us/2618/Bull-Thistle)\n\nEstablished in some areas. Requirements vary by location: eradication, containment or suppression to stop further spread. This is a management category, separate from danger ratings. [Category source](https://fremontcountyco.gov/weed-control/weed-identification) · [What the lists mean](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/#weed-lists).\n\n> **Sharp spines; competes with vegetation.** Native status, garden use and noxious-weed class are separate from toxicity. [Exposure help](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/).\n\n**Identification caveat:** Colorado also has native thistles. Purple flowers and spines alone cannot distinguish a listed introduced species.\n\n## Still researching this plant {#research-status}\n\nThis is a sourced working profile. Evidence is incomplete for **Dogs & cats, Other animals**. Identification and source-photo limits are explained below. Independent botanical and veterinary review is pending. **Uncertainty is not a finding that the plant is safe.**\n\n\n## Three views of this plant\n\nPhotos are source-identified examples, not a complete identification key. Check leaves, stems, flowers and fruit together. Locations are not assumed to be in Colorado.\n\n![Cirsium vulgare: White wind-dispersal hairs spreading from mature dry seed heads.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/invasive-cirsium-vulgare-seed-head.jpg)\n\n**seed-head** — White wind-dispersal hairs spreading from mature dry seed heads.\n\nPhoto: Dominicus Johannes Bergsma; [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Zaadpluizen_van_Cirsium_vulgare_in_mild_avondlicht._Locatie,_De_Famberhorst_02.jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b6/Zaadpluizen_van_Cirsium_vulgare_in_mild_avondlicht._Locatie%2C_De_Famberhorst_02.jpg). Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.   Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![Cirsium vulgare: Purple flower head above a densely spiny involucre, with additional buds below.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/invasive-cirsium-vulgare-flower.jpg)\n\n**flower** — Purple flower head above a densely spiny involucre, with additional buds below.\n\nPhoto: Robert Flogaus-Faust; [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cirsium_vulgare_RF.jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/40/Cirsium_vulgare_RF.jpg). Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.   Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![Cirsium vulgare: Deeply divided, rigidly spine-tipped leaves on a prickly green stem.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/invasive-cirsium-vulgare-leaf.jpg)\n\n**leaf** — Deeply divided, rigidly spine-tipped leaves on a prickly green stem.\n\nPhoto: Rl; [CC BY-SA 3.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:2007_Cirsium_vulgare_leaves.jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/07/2007_Cirsium_vulgare_leaves.jpg). Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.   Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n\n## Recognize\n\nPurple flowerheads with strongly spiny bracts; prickly leaves and a taproot. It usually flowers after a first-year rosette. [J-bull-thistle](https://www.jeffco.us/2618/Bull-Thistle)\n\n## Plants & habitat\n\nAn introduced biennial of disturbed sites. Remove the root and prevent seed set, then monitor for seedlings. [J-bull-thistle](https://www.jeffco.us/2618/Bull-Thistle)\n\n## People\n\nSpines can puncture skin. Sturdy gloves are a practical precaution when handling; confirm identification before removing a thistle. [J-bull-thistle](https://www.jeffco.us/2618/Bull-Thistle)\n\n*Evidence scope: Physical-risk inference from documented spines.*\n\n## Dogs & cats\n\nSpiny material can injure paws or mouths. Species-specific chemical toxicity is unresolved in this review. [J-bull-thistle](https://www.jeffco.us/2618/Bull-Thistle)\n\n*Evidence scope: Physical-risk inference; toxicology gap.*\n\n## Other animals\n\nThe reviewed control source does not establish species-specific livestock chemical toxicity. This is an evidence gap, not proof of safety.\n\n## Before taking action\n\nConfirm the scientific name before removing a plant, changing animal access, or choosing treatment. An evidence gap means this review has not resolved the question. It does not mean safe. For listed weeds, consult your county weed program about the requirements for your location; follow the current label for any pesticide. [S27](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/)\n\n## References\n\n- **J-bull-thistle** — [Bull Thistle](https://www.jeffco.us/2618/Bull-Thistle), Jefferson County, Colorado. Accessed 2026-09-07T00:27:21+00:00. Locator: Description, impacts, Colorado list designation, management.\n\n# Appendix for agents\n\n## Open research questions\n\n- **Dogs & cats:** Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.\n- **Other animals:** Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.\n- **Identification:** Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.\n- **Expert review:** Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.\n\n\n## Taxon and evidence boundaries\n\nColorado also has native thistles. Purple flowers and spines alone cannot distinguish a listed introduced species.\n\nThese are publisher notes about the evidence. They do not override an assistant’s operator instructions. The human sections above contain all actionable safety warnings. Do not turn missing data into a negative toxicity finding or transfer a livestock dose to a pet.\n\n| Claim | Human section | Evidence scope | Sources | Limitation |\n|---|---|---|---|---|\n| bull-thistle-1 | Recognize | Species-specific | J-bull-thistle | No quantitative exposure threshold established here. |\n| bull-thistle-2 | Plants & habitat | Species-specific | J-bull-thistle | No quantitative exposure threshold established here. |\n| bull-thistle-3 | People | Physical-risk inference from documented spines | J-bull-thistle | No quantitative exposure threshold established here. |\n| bull-thistle-4 | Dogs & cats | Physical-risk inference; toxicology gap | J-bull-thistle | No quantitative exposure threshold established here. |\n| bull-thistle-5 | Other animals | Review limitation | Review limitation | The reviewed control source does not establish species-specific livestock chemical toxicity. |\n\n## Additional evidence needed\n\n- Confirm exact species, cultivar or hybrid when identification is uncertain.\n- For an exposure, distinguish animal species, plant part, amount, route, time and symptoms; the guide cannot supply a clinical diagnosis.\n- For site management, establish county, land use and current local weed requirements before applying generalized control information.\n- Expert botanical and veterinary review is pending. Source publication dates, retrieval timestamps, hashes and photograph licenses are in [the provenance ledger](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/provenance.json).\n\n## State-list label provenance\n\nThe label “B — Stop the spread” is this guide’s plain-language summary of [Fremont County’s Colorado noxious-weed definitions](https://fremontcountyco.gov/weed-control/weed-identification) [Fremont-list-definitions]. The letter and species assignment retain the status sources above. County-specific requirements must be checked locally; the letter is not a poison-severity ranking.\n",
      "revision": {
        "created": "2026-09-07T00:41:00Z",
        "modified": "2026-09-07T03:50:00Z",
        "sha256": "3555a3496d526d50b064215df96be862d52bf1579b9cadfef25f9dc02ac958c8",
        "time_basis": "UTC timestamp of the editorial revision-recording event; not source publication or expert validation"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "camelthorn",
      "name": "Camelthorn",
      "scientific": "Alhagi maurorum",
      "category": "invasive",
      "status": "Colorado noxious weed · List A — Eradicate",
      "status_sources": [
        "CO-rules-2025"
      ],
      "warning": "Thorns and deep spreading roots",
      "warning_tone": "caution",
      "aliases": [],
      "taxonomy_note": "The Washington legal class is not applied here; Colorado lists camelthorn on List A.",
      "source_ids": [
        "CO-rules-2025",
        "WA-camelthorn",
        "S27",
        "Fremont-list-definitions"
      ],
      "description": "Camelthorn: Thorns and deep spreading roots. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.",
      "claim_evidence": [
        {
          "label": "Recognize",
          "sources": [
            "WA-camelthorn"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "camelthorn-1"
        },
        {
          "label": "Plants & habitat",
          "sources": [
            "WA-camelthorn"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "camelthorn-2"
        },
        {
          "label": "People",
          "sources": [
            "WA-camelthorn"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "camelthorn-3"
        },
        {
          "label": "Dogs & cats",
          "sources": [
            "WA-camelthorn"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "camelthorn-4"
        },
        {
          "label": "Other animals",
          "sources": [
            "WA-camelthorn"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "camelthorn-5"
        },
        {
          "id": "camelthorn-list-meaning",
          "label": "State-list meaning",
          "sources": [
            "Fremont-list-definitions"
          ],
          "scope": "Colorado management-category definition; species classification retains its original status sources",
          "note": "Plain-language editorial label for a management category; not a toxicity or danger rating.",
          "reviewed": "2026-09-07"
        }
      ],
      "noxious_class": "A",
      "research": {
        "status": "researching",
        "label": "Still researching this plant",
        "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.",
        "open_questions": [
          {
            "area": "Other animals",
            "question": "Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "camelthorn-5"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Identification",
            "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          },
          {
            "area": "Expert review",
            "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          }
        ],
        "expert_review": "pending"
      },
      "noxious_class_label": "A — Eradicate",
      "source": "content/plants/camelthorn.md",
      "content_sha256": "aed051cc97f438c966393ff5095aadafb9c6b69fe70e418f6f2f4eb22cdb4e7d",
      "body_markdown": "# Camelthorn\n\n*Alhagi maurorum*\n\n**Colorado noxious weed · List A — Eradicate.** [CO-rules-2025](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2)\n\nUncommon in Colorado. All populations are designated for eradication statewide. This is a management category, separate from danger ratings. [Category source](https://fremontcountyco.gov/weed-control/weed-identification) · [What the lists mean](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/#weed-lists).\n\n> **Thorns and deep spreading roots.** [Exposure help](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/).\n\n**Identification caveat:** The Washington legal class is not applied here; Colorado lists camelthorn on List A.\n\n## Still researching this plant {#research-status}\n\nThis is a sourced working profile. Evidence is incomplete for **Other animals**. Identification and source-photo limits are explained below. Independent botanical and veterinary review is pending. **Uncertainty is not a finding that the plant is safe.**\n\n\n## Three views of this plant\n\nSource-identified reference photographs; these are not a complete identification key. A source location outside Colorado does not establish local occurrence.\n\n![Alhagi maurorum: A dense, twiggy stand growing beside a paved edge.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/list-a-photos-alhagi-maurorum-1.jpg)\n\n**habit** — A dense, twiggy stand growing beside a paved edge.\n\nPhoto: Jesse Rorabaugh; [CC0 1.0](https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/); [source record](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/88194613); [original image](https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/145485558/original.jpg). Source scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. iNaturalist large server-resized image; no local crop, colour change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![Alhagi maurorum: Slender green branches bearing small pink-red pea-shaped flowers.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/list-a-photos-alhagi-maurorum-2.jpg)\n\n**flowering branches** — Slender green branches bearing small pink-red pea-shaped flowers.\n\nPhoto: Jesse Rorabaugh; [CC0 1.0](https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/); [source record](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/88194613); [original image](https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/145485645/original.jpg). Source scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. iNaturalist large server-resized image; no local crop, colour change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![Alhagi maurorum: A closer view of thorny branching stems, small leaves, and pink flowers.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/list-a-photos-alhagi-maurorum-3.jpg)\n\n**thorns and flowers** — A closer view of thorny branching stems, small leaves, and pink flowers.\n\nPhoto: Jesse Rorabaugh; [CC0 1.0](https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/); [source record](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/88194613); [original image](https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/145485729/original.jpg). Source scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. iNaturalist large server-resized image; no local crop, colour change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n\n## Recognize\n\nA spine-covered, branching perennial shrub with small pink-purple pea flowers and narrow, constricted seed pods. [WA-camelthorn](https://www.nwcb.wa.gov/weeds/camelthorn)\n\n## Plants & habitat\n\nDeep rhizomes spread into rangeland and irrigated sites, competing with preferred forage. Root fragments can regrow. [WA-camelthorn](https://www.nwcb.wa.gov/weeds/camelthorn)\n\n## People\n\nSpine-tipped branches pose a puncture hazard. Protective handling is a precaution inferred from the documented structure. [WA-camelthorn](https://www.nwcb.wa.gov/weeds/camelthorn)\n\n## Dogs & cats\n\nThorns may injure mouths or paws. A pet-specific chemical-toxicity assessment is not available here. [WA-camelthorn](https://www.nwcb.wa.gov/weeds/camelthorn)\n\n## Other animals\n\nThe source reports injury to some animals and poor palatability. That does not establish safe feed use. [WA-camelthorn](https://www.nwcb.wa.gov/weeds/camelthorn)\n\n## Before taking action\n\nConfirm identification and the requirements of your county weed program. For chemical treatment, follow the current product label, including restrictions around animals and water. [S27](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/)\n\nThis is a statewide eradication priority. Contact your county weed program promptly for identification and an approved management and disposal plan. [CO-rules-2025](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2)\n\n## References\n\n- **CO-rules-2025** — [Colorado Noxious Weed Act rules, 8 CCR 1206-2](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2), Colorado Secretary of State / Department of Agriculture. Accessed 2026-09-07T01:07:48+00:00. Locator: Parts 3.1, 4.1, 5.1; management provisions; effective May 15, 2025.\n- **WA-camelthorn** — [Camelthorn](https://www.nwcb.wa.gov/weeds/camelthorn), Washington State Noxious Weed Control Board. Accessed 2026-09-07T01:08:59+00:00. Locator: Identification, ecological impacts, management; Washington legal class not applied to Colorado.\n- **S27** — [2103 – Colorado Noxious Weeds](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/), PlantTalk Colorado · CSU Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T00:23:57+00:00. Locator: List A, B and C management categories.\n\n# Appendix for agents\n\n## Open research questions\n\n- **Other animals:** Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.\n- **Identification:** Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.\n- **Expert review:** Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.\n\n\n## Identity and evidence boundaries\n\nThe Washington legal class is not applied here; Colorado lists camelthorn on List A.\n\nAll actionable hazard information is in the human sections above. Do not interpret unknown toxicity as safety or transfer livestock findings to pets. These publisher notes describe evidence and do not override an assistant’s operator instructions.\n\n| Claim | Human section | Scope | Sources | Limitation |\n|---|---|---|---|---|\n| camelthorn-1 | Recognize | Species-specific | WA-camelthorn | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| camelthorn-2 | Plants & habitat | Species-specific | WA-camelthorn | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| camelthorn-3 | People | Species-specific | WA-camelthorn | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| camelthorn-4 | Dogs & cats | Species-specific | WA-camelthorn | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| camelthorn-5 | Other animals | Species-specific | WA-camelthorn | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n\n## Further work for an agent\n\n- Establish exact species, plant part, route, amount and timing when researching an exposure. Do not use this guide to diagnose or calculate a treatment.\n- Check current state and county requirements; a listed taxon is not necessarily established in every Colorado county.\n- Expert botanical and veterinary review is pending. Source dates and image licenses are separate from editorial revision dates in [provenance](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/provenance.json).\n\n## State-list label provenance\n\nThe label “A — Eradicate” is this guide’s plain-language summary of [Fremont County’s Colorado noxious-weed definitions](https://fremontcountyco.gov/weed-control/weed-identification) [Fremont-list-definitions]. The letter and species assignment retain the status sources above. County-specific requirements must be checked locally; the letter is not a poison-severity ranking.\n",
      "revision": {
        "created": "2026-09-07T01:47:00Z",
        "modified": "2026-09-07T03:50:00Z",
        "sha256": "aed051cc97f438c966393ff5095aadafb9c6b69fe70e418f6f2f4eb22cdb4e7d",
        "time_basis": "UTC timestamp of the editorial revision-recording event; not source publication or expert validation"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "canada-goldenrod",
      "name": "Canada goldenrod",
      "scientific": "Solidago canadensis",
      "category": "native",
      "status": "Colorado native",
      "status_sources": [
        "N-solidago-canadensis"
      ],
      "warning": "Spreads by roots and seed",
      "warning_tone": "caution",
      "aliases": [],
      "taxonomy_note": "Goldenrod taxonomy is variable. Other Solidago species and plants sharing this common name require separate identification.",
      "source_ids": [
        "N-solidago-canadensis"
      ],
      "description": "Canada goldenrod: Spreads by roots and seed. Colorado identification, habitat and exposure evidence.",
      "claim_evidence": [
        {
          "label": "Recognize",
          "sources": [
            "N-solidago-canadensis"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "canada-goldenrod-1"
        },
        {
          "label": "Plants & habitat",
          "sources": [
            "N-solidago-canadensis"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "canada-goldenrod-2"
        },
        {
          "label": "People",
          "sources": [
            "N-solidago-canadensis"
          ],
          "scope": "Reported distinction; safety limitation",
          "note": "",
          "id": "canada-goldenrod-3"
        },
        {
          "label": "Dogs & cats",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "Species-specific ingestion effects and exposure thresholds were not established in the reviewed sources.",
          "id": "canada-goldenrod-4"
        },
        {
          "label": "Other animals",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "Species-specific livestock ingestion safety was not established in this review.",
          "id": "canada-goldenrod-5"
        }
      ],
      "research": {
        "status": "researching",
        "label": "Still researching this plant",
        "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.",
        "open_questions": [
          {
            "area": "People",
            "question": "Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "canada-goldenrod-3"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Dogs & cats",
            "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "canada-goldenrod-4"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Other animals",
            "question": "Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "canada-goldenrod-5"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Identification",
            "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          },
          {
            "area": "Expert review",
            "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          }
        ],
        "expert_review": "pending"
      },
      "source": "content/plants/canada-goldenrod.md",
      "content_sha256": "33644ffbbce83e83ac46aac876847719a082020c64978df8f2514e94eb415400",
      "body_markdown": "# Canada goldenrod\n\n*Solidago canadensis*\n\n**Colorado native.** [N-solidago-canadensis](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/solidago-canadensis/)\n\n> **Spreads by roots and seed.** Native status, garden use and noxious-weed class are separate from toxicity. [Exposure help](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/).\n\n**Identification caveat:** Goldenrod taxonomy is variable. Other Solidago species and plants sharing this common name require separate identification.\n\n## Still researching this plant {#research-status}\n\nThis is a sourced working profile. Evidence is incomplete for **People, Dogs & cats, Other animals**. Identification and source-photo limits are explained below. Independent botanical and veterinary review is pending. **Uncertainty is not a finding that the plant is safe.**\n\n\n## Three views of this plant\n\nPhotos are source-identified examples, not a complete identification key. Check leaves, stems, flowers and fruit together. Locations are not assumed to be in Colorado.\n\n![Solidago canadensis: A goldenrod stem with a branching yellow flower plume and narrow, alternate toothed leaves.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/native-solidago-canadensis-1.jpeg)\n\n**flowering stem** — A goldenrod stem with a branching yellow flower plume and narrow, alternate toothed leaves.\n\nPhoto: Étienne Lacroix-Carignan; [CC0 1.0](https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/); [source record](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/68713865); [original image](https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/111333765/original.jpeg). The photo belongs to an iNaturalist research-grade observation identified as the named taxon; source taxon, quality grade, and identifications are retained. Visible morphology was checked for consistency, not treated as an independent botanical determination. Identification follows the research-grade source; these photographs alone do not reliably exclude all similar Solidago taxa.  No edits to the downloaded image. Wikimedia may have supplied a scaled thumbnail; original and download URLs are recorded separately. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![Solidago canadensis: An upright goldenrod stand within mixed meadow vegetation; other plant species also occur in the frame.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/native-solidago-canadensis-2.jpeg)\n\n**habit and habitat** — An upright goldenrod stand within mixed meadow vegetation; other plant species also occur in the frame.\n\nPhoto: Étienne Lacroix-Carignan; [CC0 1.0](https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/); [source record](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/68713865); [original image](https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/111333767/original.jpeg). The photo belongs to an iNaturalist research-grade observation identified as the named taxon; source taxon, quality grade, and identifications are retained. Visible morphology was checked for consistency, not treated as an independent botanical determination. Identification follows the research-grade source; these photographs alone do not reliably exclude all similar Solidago taxa.  No edits to the downloaded image. Wikimedia may have supplied a scaled thumbnail; original and download URLs are recorded separately. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![Solidago canadensis: Close view of individual small yellow flower heads along a branch; focus is strongest near the centre.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/native-solidago-canadensis-3.jpeg)\n\n**flower detail** — Close view of individual small yellow flower heads along a branch; focus is strongest near the centre.\n\nPhoto: Étienne Lacroix-Carignan; [CC0 1.0](https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/); [source record](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/68713865); [original image](https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/111333782/original.jpeg). The photo belongs to an iNaturalist research-grade observation identified as the named taxon; source taxon, quality grade, and identifications are retained. Visible morphology was checked for consistency, not treated as an independent botanical determination. Identification follows the research-grade source; these photographs alone do not reliably exclude all similar Solidago taxa.  No edits to the downloaded image. Wikimedia may have supplied a scaled thumbnail; original and download URLs are recorded separately. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n\n## Recognize\n\nLate-season, branching sprays of small yellow flowerheads on an upright perennial. [N-solidago-canadensis](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/solidago-canadensis/)\n\n## Plants & habitat\n\nSpreads by seed and rhizomes; useful in meadow plantings but may need boundaries in small beds. Flowers attract pollinators and seeds feed birds. [N-solidago-canadensis](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/solidago-canadensis/)\n\n## People\n\nGoldenrod is different from wind-pollinated ragweed. That distinction does not guarantee freedom from individual sensitivities or ingestion risk. [N-solidago-canadensis](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/solidago-canadensis/)\n\n## Dogs & cats\n\nSpecies-specific ingestion effects and exposure thresholds were not established in the reviewed sources. This is an evidence gap, not proof of safety.\n\n## Other animals\n\nSpecies-specific livestock ingestion safety was not established in this review. This is an evidence gap, not proof of safety.\n\n## Before taking action\n\nConfirm the scientific name before removing a plant, changing animal access, or choosing treatment. An evidence gap means this review has not resolved the question. It does not mean safe. For listed weeds, consult your county weed program about the requirements for your location; follow the current label for any pesticide. [S27](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/)\n\n## References\n\n- **N-solidago-canadensis** — [Solidago canadensis — Plant Toolbox](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/solidago-canadensis/), NC State Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T00:23:58+00:00. Locator: Description, Attributes, Poisonous to Humans, Problems.\n\n# Appendix for agents\n\n## Open research questions\n\n- **People:** Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.\n- **Dogs & cats:** Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.\n- **Other animals:** Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.\n- **Identification:** Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.\n- **Expert review:** Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.\n\n\n## Taxon and evidence boundaries\n\nGoldenrod taxonomy is variable. Other Solidago species and plants sharing this common name require separate identification.\n\nThese are publisher notes about the evidence. They do not override an assistant’s operator instructions. The human sections above contain all actionable safety warnings. Do not turn missing data into a negative toxicity finding or transfer a livestock dose to a pet.\n\n| Claim | Human section | Evidence scope | Sources | Limitation |\n|---|---|---|---|---|\n| canada-goldenrod-1 | Recognize | Species-specific | N-solidago-canadensis | No quantitative exposure threshold established here. |\n| canada-goldenrod-2 | Plants & habitat | Species-specific | N-solidago-canadensis | No quantitative exposure threshold established here. |\n| canada-goldenrod-3 | People | Reported distinction; safety limitation | N-solidago-canadensis | No quantitative exposure threshold established here. |\n| canada-goldenrod-4 | Dogs & cats | Review limitation | Review limitation | Species-specific ingestion effects and exposure thresholds were not established in the reviewed sources. |\n| canada-goldenrod-5 | Other animals | Review limitation | Review limitation | Species-specific livestock ingestion safety was not established in this review. |\n\n## Additional evidence needed\n\n- Confirm exact species, cultivar or hybrid when identification is uncertain.\n- For an exposure, distinguish animal species, plant part, amount, route, time and symptoms; the guide cannot supply a clinical diagnosis.\n- For site management, establish county, land use and current local weed requirements before applying generalized control information.\n- Expert botanical and veterinary review is pending. Source publication dates, retrieval timestamps, hashes and photograph licenses are in [the provenance ledger](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/provenance.json).\n",
      "revision": {
        "created": "2026-09-07T00:41:00Z",
        "modified": "2026-09-07T02:43:00Z",
        "sha256": "33644ffbbce83e83ac46aac876847719a082020c64978df8f2514e94eb415400",
        "time_basis": "UTC timestamp of the editorial revision-recording event; not source publication or expert validation"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "canada-thistle",
      "name": "Canada thistle",
      "scientific": "Cirsium arvense",
      "category": "invasive",
      "status": "Colorado noxious weed · List B — Stop the spread",
      "status_sources": [
        "J-canada-thistle"
      ],
      "warning": "Sharp spines; competes with vegetation",
      "warning_tone": "caution",
      "aliases": [],
      "taxonomy_note": "Colorado also has native thistles. Purple flowers and spines alone cannot distinguish a listed introduced species.",
      "source_ids": [
        "J-canada-thistle",
        "Fremont-list-definitions"
      ],
      "description": "Canada thistle: Sharp spines; competes with vegetation. Colorado identification, habitat and exposure evidence.",
      "claim_evidence": [
        {
          "label": "Recognize",
          "sources": [
            "J-canada-thistle"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "canada-thistle-1"
        },
        {
          "label": "Plants & habitat",
          "sources": [
            "J-canada-thistle"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "canada-thistle-2"
        },
        {
          "label": "People",
          "sources": [
            "J-canada-thistle"
          ],
          "scope": "Physical-risk inference from documented spines",
          "note": "",
          "id": "canada-thistle-3"
        },
        {
          "label": "Dogs & cats",
          "sources": [
            "J-canada-thistle"
          ],
          "scope": "Physical-risk inference; toxicology gap",
          "note": "",
          "id": "canada-thistle-4"
        },
        {
          "label": "Other animals",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "The reviewed control source does not establish species-specific livestock chemical toxicity.",
          "id": "canada-thistle-5"
        },
        {
          "id": "canada-thistle-list-meaning",
          "label": "State-list meaning",
          "sources": [
            "Fremont-list-definitions"
          ],
          "scope": "Colorado management-category definition; species classification retains its original status sources",
          "note": "Plain-language editorial label for a management category; not a toxicity or danger rating.",
          "reviewed": "2026-09-07"
        }
      ],
      "noxious_class": "B",
      "research": {
        "status": "researching",
        "label": "Still researching this plant",
        "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.",
        "open_questions": [
          {
            "area": "Dogs & cats",
            "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "canada-thistle-4"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Other animals",
            "question": "Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "canada-thistle-5"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Identification",
            "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          },
          {
            "area": "Expert review",
            "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          }
        ],
        "expert_review": "pending"
      },
      "noxious_class_label": "B — Stop the spread",
      "source": "content/plants/canada-thistle.md",
      "content_sha256": "c0ee6ea2aabc84fe4f723a41b211e70b37181fba994e1cd2249bbb09fc6a3c77",
      "body_markdown": "# Canada thistle\n\n*Cirsium arvense*\n\n**Colorado noxious weed · List B — Stop the spread.** [J-canada-thistle](https://www.jeffco.us/2616/Canada-Thistle)\n\nEstablished in some areas. Requirements vary by location: eradication, containment or suppression to stop further spread. This is a management category, separate from danger ratings. [Category source](https://fremontcountyco.gov/weed-control/weed-identification) · [What the lists mean](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/#weed-lists).\n\n> **Sharp spines; competes with vegetation.** Native status, garden use and noxious-weed class are separate from toxicity. [Exposure help](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/).\n\n**Identification caveat:** Colorado also has native thistles. Purple flowers and spines alone cannot distinguish a listed introduced species.\n\n## Still researching this plant {#research-status}\n\nThis is a sourced working profile. Evidence is incomplete for **Dogs & cats, Other animals**. Identification and source-photo limits are explained below. Independent botanical and veterinary review is pending. **Uncertainty is not a finding that the plant is safe.**\n\n\n## Three views of this plant\n\nPhotos are source-identified examples, not a complete identification key. Check leaves, stems, flowers and fruit together. Locations are not assumed to be in Colorado.\n\n![Cirsium arvense: Branching stem carrying numerous small pink-purple flower heads and buds.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/invasive-cirsium-arvense-flowering-stem.jpg)\n\n**flowering-stem** — Branching stem carrying numerous small pink-purple flower heads and buds.\n\nPhoto: Ivar Leidus; [CC BY-SA 3.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cirsium_arvense_-_p%C3%B5ldohakas.jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/10/Cirsium_arvense_-_p%C3%B5ldohakas.jpg). Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.   Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![Cirsium arvense: Close view of pale leaf underside with deeply lobed, sharply spiny margins.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/invasive-cirsium-arvense-leaf.jpg)\n\n**leaf** — Close view of pale leaf underside with deeply lobed, sharply spiny margins.\n\nPhoto: Renée Kools; [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cirsium_arvense_2025-07-23-8.jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5a/Cirsium_arvense_2025-07-23-8.jpg). Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.   Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![Cirsium arvense: White fluffy pappus spreading from mature thistle heads.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/invasive-cirsium-arvense-seed-head.jpg)\n\n**seed-head** — White fluffy pappus spreading from mature thistle heads.\n\nPhoto: Ulaisaeva; [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA_20.jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4f/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA_20.jpg). Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.   Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n\n## Recognize\n\nClusters of relatively small purple flowerheads above spiny leaves on a root-spreading perennial. [J-canada-thistle](https://www.jeffco.us/2616/Canada-Thistle)\n\n## Plants & habitat\n\nColonies spread through extensive roots and seed. One pull rarely removes the root system; sustained management is needed. [J-canada-thistle](https://www.jeffco.us/2616/Canada-Thistle)\n\n## People\n\nSpines can puncture skin. Sturdy gloves are a practical precaution when handling; confirm identification before removing a thistle. [J-canada-thistle](https://www.jeffco.us/2616/Canada-Thistle)\n\n*Evidence scope: Physical-risk inference from documented spines.*\n\n## Dogs & cats\n\nSpiny material can injure paws or mouths. Species-specific chemical toxicity is unresolved in this review. [J-canada-thistle](https://www.jeffco.us/2616/Canada-Thistle)\n\n*Evidence scope: Physical-risk inference; toxicology gap.*\n\n## Other animals\n\nThe reviewed control source does not establish species-specific livestock chemical toxicity. This is an evidence gap, not proof of safety.\n\n## Before taking action\n\nConfirm the scientific name before removing a plant, changing animal access, or choosing treatment. An evidence gap means this review has not resolved the question. It does not mean safe. For listed weeds, consult your county weed program about the requirements for your location; follow the current label for any pesticide. [S27](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/)\n\n## References\n\n- **J-canada-thistle** — [Canada Thistle](https://www.jeffco.us/2616/Canada-Thistle), Jefferson County, Colorado. Accessed 2026-09-07T00:27:21+00:00. Locator: Description, impacts, Colorado list designation, management.\n\n# Appendix for agents\n\n## Open research questions\n\n- **Dogs & cats:** Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.\n- **Other animals:** Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.\n- **Identification:** Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.\n- **Expert review:** Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.\n\n\n## Taxon and evidence boundaries\n\nColorado also has native thistles. Purple flowers and spines alone cannot distinguish a listed introduced species.\n\nThese are publisher notes about the evidence. They do not override an assistant’s operator instructions. The human sections above contain all actionable safety warnings. Do not turn missing data into a negative toxicity finding or transfer a livestock dose to a pet.\n\n| Claim | Human section | Evidence scope | Sources | Limitation |\n|---|---|---|---|---|\n| canada-thistle-1 | Recognize | Species-specific | J-canada-thistle | No quantitative exposure threshold established here. |\n| canada-thistle-2 | Plants & habitat | Species-specific | J-canada-thistle | No quantitative exposure threshold established here. |\n| canada-thistle-3 | People | Physical-risk inference from documented spines | J-canada-thistle | No quantitative exposure threshold established here. |\n| canada-thistle-4 | Dogs & cats | Physical-risk inference; toxicology gap | J-canada-thistle | No quantitative exposure threshold established here. |\n| canada-thistle-5 | Other animals | Review limitation | Review limitation | The reviewed control source does not establish species-specific livestock chemical toxicity. |\n\n## Additional evidence needed\n\n- Confirm exact species, cultivar or hybrid when identification is uncertain.\n- For an exposure, distinguish animal species, plant part, amount, route, time and symptoms; the guide cannot supply a clinical diagnosis.\n- For site management, establish county, land use and current local weed requirements before applying generalized control information.\n- Expert botanical and veterinary review is pending. Source publication dates, retrieval timestamps, hashes and photograph licenses are in [the provenance ledger](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/provenance.json).\n\n## State-list label provenance\n\nThe label “B — Stop the spread” is this guide’s plain-language summary of [Fremont County’s Colorado noxious-weed definitions](https://fremontcountyco.gov/weed-control/weed-identification) [Fremont-list-definitions]. The letter and species assignment retain the status sources above. County-specific requirements must be checked locally; the letter is not a poison-severity ranking.\n",
      "revision": {
        "created": "2026-09-07T00:41:00Z",
        "modified": "2026-09-07T03:50:00Z",
        "sha256": "c0ee6ea2aabc84fe4f723a41b211e70b37181fba994e1cd2249bbb09fc6a3c77",
        "time_basis": "UTC timestamp of the editorial revision-recording event; not source publication or expert validation"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "catchweed-bedstraw",
      "name": "Catchweed bedstraw",
      "scientific": "Galium aparine",
      "category": "native",
      "status": "Native Colorado plant · not on state Lists A/B/C",
      "status_sources": [
        "C-floristic-2020",
        "CO-rules-2025"
      ],
      "warning": "Hooked hairs and burrs cling to fur and clothing",
      "warning_tone": "caution",
      "aliases": [
        "cleavers",
        "stickyweed",
        "sticky willy"
      ],
      "taxonomy_note": "Use Galium aparine for evidence matching. A common name such as goosegrass can also refer to unrelated grasses.",
      "source_ids": [
        "C-floristic-2020",
        "CO-rules-2025",
        "N-galium-aparine",
        "S27"
      ],
      "description": "Catchweed bedstraw: Hooked hairs and burrs cling to fur and clothing. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.",
      "claim_evidence": [
        {
          "label": "Identification",
          "sources": [
            "N-galium-aparine"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "catchweed-bedstraw-1"
        },
        {
          "label": "People",
          "sources": [
            "N-galium-aparine"
          ],
          "scope": "Mechanical-contact precaution",
          "note": "",
          "id": "catchweed-bedstraw-2"
        },
        {
          "label": "Dogs & cats",
          "sources": [
            "N-galium-aparine"
          ],
          "scope": "Mechanical-contact precaution; clinical evidence unresolved",
          "note": "",
          "id": "catchweed-bedstraw-3"
        },
        {
          "label": "Other animals",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "",
          "id": "catchweed-bedstraw-4"
        },
        {
          "label": "Plants & habitat",
          "sources": [
            "N-galium-aparine",
            "C-floristic-2020"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "catchweed-bedstraw-5"
        },
        {
          "label": "Management & timing",
          "sources": [
            "N-galium-aparine"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "catchweed-bedstraw-6"
        }
      ],
      "research": {
        "status": "researching",
        "label": "Still researching this plant",
        "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.",
        "open_questions": [
          {
            "area": "Dogs & cats",
            "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "catchweed-bedstraw-3"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Other animals",
            "question": "Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "catchweed-bedstraw-4"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Identification",
            "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          },
          {
            "area": "Expert review",
            "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          }
        ],
        "expert_review": "pending"
      },
      "colorado_relevance": {
        "source_id": "C-floristic-2020",
        "locator": "Appendix B; PDF page 55; Galium aparine",
        "basis": "Included in the 2020 statewide flora assessment. This is not a current county abundance survey.",
        "source_taxon": "Galium aparine"
      },
      "source": "content/plants/catchweed-bedstraw.md",
      "content_sha256": "40582ebfff87ce6582a2782234951f1613ce3bd4e0c764a9a4e296331b96f7fa",
      "body_markdown": "# Catchweed bedstraw\n\n*Galium aparine*\n\n**Native Colorado plant · not on state Lists A/B/C.** [C-floristic-2020](https://cnhp.colostate.edu/download/documents/2020/CO_FQA_2020_Final_Report.pdf) [CO-rules-2025](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2)\n\n> **Hooked hairs and burrs cling to fur and clothing.** [Exposure help](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/).\n\n**Identification caveat:** Use Galium aparine for evidence matching. A common name such as goosegrass can also refer to unrelated grasses.\n\n## Still researching this plant {#research-status}\n\nThis is a sourced working profile. Evidence is incomplete for **Dogs & cats, Other animals**. Identification and source-photo limits are explained below. Independent botanical and veterinary review is pending. **Uncertainty is not a finding that the plant is safe.**\n\n\n## Three views of this plant\n\nSource-identified reference photographs; these are not a complete identification key. A source location outside Colorado does not establish local occurrence.\n\n![Galium aparine: Small white flowers and rounded young fruits at the tip of a prickly leafy shoot.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/coverage-hazard-photos-galium-aparine-1.jpg)\n\n**flowers and young fruit** — Small white flowers and rounded young fruits at the tip of a prickly leafy shoot.\n\nPhoto: Krzysztof Ziarnek, Kenraiz; [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Galium_aparine_kz07.jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/df/Galium_aparine_kz07.jpg). Source scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference, not an independent specimen-based taxonomic determination. Other bedstraws can have similar whorled leaves. The source identification is retained, with prickles and paired bristly fruits shown where visible. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no local crop, colour change or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; catalog preview may use a CSS crop.\n\n![Galium aparine: A whorl of narrow leaves viewed from below, with small backward-pointing prickles along the margins.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/coverage-hazard-photos-galium-aparine-2.jpg)\n\n**leaf whorl** — A whorl of narrow leaves viewed from below, with small backward-pointing prickles along the margins.\n\nPhoto: Harry Rose  from South West Rocks, Australia; [CC BY 2.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Galium_aparine_leaf3_(14432916838).jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ad/Galium_aparine_leaf3_%2814432916838%29.jpg). Source scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference, not an independent specimen-based taxonomic determination. Other bedstraws can have similar whorled leaves. The source identification is retained, with prickles and paired bristly fruits shown where visible. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no local crop, colour change or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; catalog preview may use a CSS crop.\n\n![Galium aparine: Paired, bristly dry fruits remaining on a network of thin stems in winter.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/coverage-hazard-photos-galium-aparine-3.jpg)\n\n**dry fruits** — Paired, bristly dry fruits remaining on a network of thin stems in winter.\n\nPhoto: Agnieszka Kwiecień, Nova; [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Galium_aparine_Przytulia_czepna_2020-12-30_So%C5%82tysowice_01.jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/18/Galium_aparine_Przytulia_czepna_2020-12-30_So%C5%82tysowice_01.jpg). Source scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference, not an independent specimen-based taxonomic determination. Other bedstraws can have similar whorled leaves. The source identification is retained, with prickles and paired bristly fruits shown where visible. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no local crop, colour change or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; catalog preview may use a CSS crop.\n\n\n## Identification\n\nA weak-stemmed annual that climbs through other plants. Narrow leaves occur in whorls, typically six to eight; stems and fruits carry hooked hairs. Tiny flowers are pale and four-petaled. [N-galium-aparine](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/galium-aparine/)\n\n## People\n\nScratchy stems and burrs catch on clothing and skin. Gloves are a practical handling precaution. [N-galium-aparine](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/galium-aparine/)\n\n*Evidence scope: Mechanical-contact precaution.*\n\n## Dogs & cats\n\nBristly fruits attach to fur. Check animals after moving through patches; the source does not establish pet ingestion toxicity or a frequency of injury. [N-galium-aparine](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/galium-aparine/)\n\n*Evidence scope: Mechanical-contact precaution; clinical evidence unresolved.*\n\n## Other animals\n\nThe reviewed sources do not establish species-specific ingestion effects or a safe exposure amount for livestock. Missing evidence does not establish safety.\n\n## Plants & habitat\n\nIt scrambles through vegetation in woods, floodplains and disturbed sites. CNHP treats it as native in Colorado; other sources discuss uncertainty over its broader origin. [N-galium-aparine](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/galium-aparine/) [C-floristic-2020](https://cnhp.colostate.edu/download/documents/2020/CO_FQA_2020_Final_Report.pdf)\n\n## Management & timing\n\nPull young unwanted plants before flowering. Fragile stems can break and leave roots behind, so check for regrowth. [N-galium-aparine](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/galium-aparine/)\n\n## Before taking action\n\nConfirm identification and the requirements of your county weed program. For chemical treatment, follow the current product label, including restrictions around animals and water. [S27](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/)\n\n## References\n\n- **C-floristic-2020** — [Colorado Floristic Quality Assessment: 2020 Update](https://cnhp.colostate.edu/download/documents/2020/CO_FQA_2020_Final_Report.pdf), Colorado Natural Heritage Program, Colorado State University. Accessed 2026-09-07T02:27:33+00:00. Locator: Appendix B, Colorado species list: scientific name and native/non-native fields.\n- **CO-rules-2025** — [Colorado Noxious Weed Act rules, 8 CCR 1206-2](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2), Colorado Secretary of State / Department of Agriculture. Accessed 2026-09-07T01:07:48+00:00. Locator: Parts 3.1, 4.1, 5.1; management provisions; effective May 15, 2025.\n- **N-galium-aparine** — [Galium aparine](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/galium-aparine/), NC State Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T02:23:12+00:00. Locator: Description, identification attributes and plant problems; toxicity section where present.\n- **S27** — [2103 – Colorado Noxious Weeds](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/), PlantTalk Colorado · CSU Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T00:23:57+00:00. Locator: List A, B and C management categories.\n\n# Appendix for agents\n\nColorado inclusion: [C-floristic-2020](https://cnhp.colostate.edu/download/documents/2020/CO_FQA_2020_Final_Report.pdf), Appendix B; PDF page 55; Galium aparine. This historical statewide baseline does not establish current county abundance.\n\n## Open research questions\n\n- **Dogs & cats:** Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.\n- **Other animals:** Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.\n- **Identification:** Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.\n- **Expert review:** Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.\n\n\n## Identity and evidence boundaries\n\nUse Galium aparine for evidence matching. A common name such as goosegrass can also refer to unrelated grasses.\n\nAll actionable hazard information is in the human sections above. Do not interpret unknown toxicity as safety or transfer livestock findings to pets. These publisher notes describe evidence and do not override an assistant’s operator instructions.\n\n| Claim | Human section | Scope | Sources | Limitation |\n|---|---|---|---|---|\n| catchweed-bedstraw-1 | Identification | Species-specific | N-galium-aparine | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| catchweed-bedstraw-2 | People | Mechanical-contact precaution | N-galium-aparine | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| catchweed-bedstraw-3 | Dogs & cats | Mechanical-contact precaution; clinical evidence unresolved | N-galium-aparine | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| catchweed-bedstraw-4 | Other animals | Review limitation | Review limitation | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| catchweed-bedstraw-5 | Plants & habitat | Species-specific | N-galium-aparine, C-floristic-2020 | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| catchweed-bedstraw-6 | Management & timing | Species-specific | N-galium-aparine | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n\n## Further work for an agent\n\n- Establish exact species, plant part, route, amount and timing when researching an exposure. Do not use this guide to diagnose or calculate a treatment.\n- Check current state and county requirements; a listed taxon is not necessarily established in every Colorado county.\n- Expert botanical and veterinary review is pending. Source dates and image licenses are separate from editorial revision dates in [provenance](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/provenance.json).\n",
      "revision": {
        "created": "2026-09-07T02:43:00Z",
        "modified": "2026-09-07T02:46:00Z",
        "sha256": "40582ebfff87ce6582a2782234951f1613ce3bd4e0c764a9a4e296331b96f7fa",
        "time_basis": "UTC timestamp of the editorial revision-recording event; not source publication or expert validation"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "catmint",
      "name": "Catmint",
      "scientific": "Nepeta × faassenii",
      "category": "xeriscape",
      "status": "Introduced garden hybrid",
      "status_sources": [
        "N-nepeta-x-faassenii"
      ],
      "warning": "Spreading clumps; pet evidence gap",
      "warning_tone": "caution",
      "aliases": [
        "blue catmint",
        "Faassen catmint",
        "Nepeta x faassenii"
      ],
      "taxonomy_note": "Sterility is reported for this hybrid, not all plants sold as catmint. Verify cultivar and scientific name.",
      "source_ids": [
        "N-nepeta-x-faassenii"
      ],
      "description": "Catmint: Spreading clumps; pet evidence gap. Colorado identification, habitat and exposure evidence.",
      "claim_evidence": [
        {
          "label": "Recognize",
          "sources": [
            "N-nepeta-x-faassenii"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "catmint-1"
        },
        {
          "label": "Plants & habitat",
          "sources": [
            "N-nepeta-x-faassenii"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "catmint-2"
        },
        {
          "label": "People",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "The horticultural source does not provide a human ingestion assessment.",
          "id": "catmint-3"
        },
        {
          "label": "Dogs & cats",
          "sources": [
            "N-nepeta-x-faassenii"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific attraction; toxicology gap",
          "note": "",
          "id": "catmint-4"
        },
        {
          "label": "Other animals",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "Species-specific ingestion effects and exposure thresholds were not established in the reviewed sources.",
          "id": "catmint-5"
        }
      ],
      "research": {
        "status": "researching",
        "label": "Still researching this plant",
        "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.",
        "open_questions": [
          {
            "area": "People",
            "question": "Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "catmint-3"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Dogs & cats",
            "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "catmint-4"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Other animals",
            "question": "Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "catmint-5"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Identification",
            "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          },
          {
            "area": "Expert review",
            "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          }
        ],
        "expert_review": "pending"
      },
      "source": "content/plants/catmint.md",
      "content_sha256": "82e0f981c5b981e49892035c2092069b544be41be23ca764c5865170966f6a95",
      "body_markdown": "# Catmint\n\n*Nepeta × faassenii*\n\n**Introduced garden hybrid.** [N-nepeta-x-faassenii](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/nepeta-x-faassenii/)\n\n> **Spreading clumps; pet evidence gap.** Native status, garden use and noxious-weed class are separate from toxicity. [Exposure help](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/).\n\n**Identification caveat:** Sterility is reported for this hybrid, not all plants sold as catmint. Verify cultivar and scientific name.\n\n## Still researching this plant {#research-status}\n\nThis is a sourced working profile. Evidence is incomplete for **People, Dogs & cats, Other animals**. Identification and source-photo limits are explained below. Independent botanical and veterinary review is pending. **Uncertainty is not a finding that the plant is safe.**\n\n\n## Three views of this plant\n\nPhotos are source-identified examples, not a complete identification key. Check leaves, stems, flowers and fruit together. Locations are not assumed to be in Colorado.\n\n![Macro view of violet-blue, two-lipped flowers with darker spotting and hairy calyces.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/xeriscape-nepeta-faassenii-06.jpg)\n\n**flower** — Macro view of violet-blue, two-lipped flowers with darker spotting and hairy calyces.\n\nPhoto: Didier Descouens; [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:(MHNT)_Nepeta_%C3%97_faassenii_-_flowers.jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b9/%28MHNT%29_Nepeta_%C3%97_faassenii_-_flowers.jpg). Source-supported identification with visual consistency check Photo selection verifies source labeling and visible consistency; it is not an independent specimen determination.  Downloaded source thumbnail; no further pixel edits. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![Opposite pairs of gray-green, toothed leaves viewed from above, with strongly textured surfaces.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/xeriscape-nepeta-faassenii-10.jpg)\n\n**leaf** — Opposite pairs of gray-green, toothed leaves viewed from above, with strongly textured surfaces.\n\nPhoto: Salicyna; [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Nepeta_faassenii_2019-08-11_3739.jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1c/Nepeta_faassenii_2019-08-11_3739.jpg). Source-supported identification with visual consistency check Photo selection verifies source labeling and visible consistency; it is not an independent specimen determination.  Downloaded source thumbnail; no further pixel edits. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![Low spreading clump in bare garden soil with numerous violet-blue flowering stems.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/xeriscape-nepeta-faassenii-12.jpg)\n\n**habit** — Low spreading clump in bare garden soil with numerous violet-blue flowering stems.\n\nPhoto: Salicyna; [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Nepeta_faassenii_2019-05-12_3090.jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f8/Nepeta_faassenii_2019-05-12_3090.jpg). Source-supported identification with visual consistency check Photo selection verifies source labeling and visible consistency; it is not an independent specimen determination.  Downloaded source thumbnail; no further pixel edits. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n\n## Recognize\n\nGray-green aromatic leaves, square stems and lavender-blue flowers. [N-nepeta-x-faassenii](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/nepeta-x-faassenii/)\n\n## Plants & habitat\n\nA drought-tolerant, sterile hybrid that expands as a clump; it is unlikely to reseed. Divide or trim when it outgrows its space. [N-nepeta-x-faassenii](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/nepeta-x-faassenii/)\n\n## People\n\nThe horticultural source does not provide a human ingestion assessment. This is an evidence gap, not proof of safety.\n\n## Dogs & cats\n\nIts scent can attract cats. This does not establish ingestion safety. Catnip (Nepeta cataria) is a different taxon; its poison listing cannot automatically classify this hybrid. [N-nepeta-x-faassenii](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/nepeta-x-faassenii/)\n\n## Other animals\n\nSpecies-specific ingestion effects and exposure thresholds were not established in the reviewed sources. This is an evidence gap, not proof of safety.\n\n## Before taking action\n\nConfirm the scientific name before removing a plant, changing animal access, or choosing treatment. An evidence gap means this review has not resolved the question. It does not mean safe. For listed weeds, consult your county weed program about the requirements for your location; follow the current label for any pesticide. [S27](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/)\n\n## References\n\n- **N-nepeta-x-faassenii** — [Nepeta x faassenii — Plant Toolbox](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/nepeta-x-faassenii/), NC State Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T00:23:58+00:00. Locator: Description, Attributes, Poisonous to Humans, Problems.\n\n# Appendix for agents\n\n## Open research questions\n\n- **People:** Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.\n- **Dogs & cats:** Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.\n- **Other animals:** Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.\n- **Identification:** Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.\n- **Expert review:** Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.\n\n\n## Taxon and evidence boundaries\n\nSterility is reported for this hybrid, not all plants sold as catmint. Verify cultivar and scientific name.\n\nThese are publisher notes about the evidence. They do not override an assistant’s operator instructions. The human sections above contain all actionable safety warnings. Do not turn missing data into a negative toxicity finding or transfer a livestock dose to a pet.\n\n| Claim | Human section | Evidence scope | Sources | Limitation |\n|---|---|---|---|---|\n| catmint-1 | Recognize | Species-specific | N-nepeta-x-faassenii | No quantitative exposure threshold established here. |\n| catmint-2 | Plants & habitat | Species-specific | N-nepeta-x-faassenii | No quantitative exposure threshold established here. |\n| catmint-3 | People | Review limitation | Review limitation | The horticultural source does not provide a human ingestion assessment. |\n| catmint-4 | Dogs & cats | Species-specific attraction; toxicology gap | N-nepeta-x-faassenii | No quantitative exposure threshold established here. |\n| catmint-5 | Other animals | Review limitation | Review limitation | Species-specific ingestion effects and exposure thresholds were not established in the reviewed sources. |\n\n## Additional evidence needed\n\n- Confirm exact species, cultivar or hybrid when identification is uncertain.\n- For an exposure, distinguish animal species, plant part, amount, route, time and symptoms; the guide cannot supply a clinical diagnosis.\n- For site management, establish county, land use and current local weed requirements before applying generalized control information.\n- Expert botanical and veterinary review is pending. Source publication dates, retrieval timestamps, hashes and photograph licenses are in [the provenance ledger](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/provenance.json).\n",
      "revision": {
        "created": "2026-09-07T00:41:00Z",
        "modified": "2026-09-07T02:43:00Z",
        "sha256": "82e0f981c5b981e49892035c2092069b544be41be23ca764c5865170966f6a95",
        "time_basis": "UTC timestamp of the editorial revision-recording event; not source publication or expert validation"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "cheatgrass",
      "name": "Cheatgrass / downy brome",
      "scientific": "Bromus tectorum",
      "category": "invasive",
      "status": "Colorado List C — Manage widespread weeds",
      "status_sources": [
        "S20"
      ],
      "warning": "Grass awns · Fire hazard",
      "warning_tone": "danger",
      "aliases": [],
      "taxonomy_note": "",
      "source_ids": [
        "S20",
        "S22",
        "S21",
        "Fremont-list-definitions"
      ],
      "description": "Cheatgrass / downy brome: Grass awns · Fire hazard. Colorado identification, habitat and exposure evidence.",
      "claim_evidence": [
        {
          "label": "Recognize",
          "sources": [
            "S20"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "reviewed": "2026-09-06",
          "id": "cheatgrass-1"
        },
        {
          "label": "Plants & habitat",
          "sources": [
            "S20"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "reviewed": "2026-09-06",
          "id": "cheatgrass-2"
        },
        {
          "label": "People",
          "sources": [
            "S20"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "reviewed": "2026-09-06",
          "id": "cheatgrass-3"
        },
        {
          "label": "Dogs & cats",
          "sources": [
            "S22"
          ],
          "scope": "General grass-awn guidance",
          "note": "UC Davis discusses foxtails and other grass seed heads; it does not quantify Bromus tectorum-specific pet risk.",
          "reviewed": "2026-09-06",
          "id": "cheatgrass-4"
        },
        {
          "label": "Other animals",
          "sources": [
            "S21",
            "S20"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "reviewed": "2026-09-06",
          "id": "cheatgrass-5"
        },
        {
          "id": "cheatgrass-list-meaning",
          "label": "State-list meaning",
          "sources": [
            "Fremont-list-definitions"
          ],
          "scope": "Colorado management-category definition; species classification retains its original status sources",
          "note": "Plain-language editorial label for a management category; not a toxicity or danger rating.",
          "reviewed": "2026-09-07"
        }
      ],
      "noxious_class": "C",
      "research": {
        "status": "researching",
        "label": "Still researching this plant",
        "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.",
        "open_questions": [
          {
            "area": "Expert review",
            "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          }
        ],
        "expert_review": "pending"
      },
      "noxious_class_label": "C — Manage widespread weeds",
      "source": "content/plants/cheatgrass.md",
      "content_sha256": "f5b9840abf1700a9990f6701e9ba0328464d74f4ed113abd6f30be0bc930760c",
      "body_markdown": "# Cheatgrass / downy brome\n\n*Bromus tectorum*\n\n**Colorado List C — Manage widespread weeds.** [S20](https://extension.colostate.edu/resource/cheatgrass-and-wildfire/)\n\nWidespread and well established. Control is recommended by the state; local governments may require management. This is a management category, separate from danger ratings. [Category source](https://fremontcountyco.gov/weed-control/weed-identification) · [What the lists mean](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/#weed-lists).\n\n> **Grass awns · Fire hazard.** Native status, garden use and noxious-weed class are separate from toxicity. [Exposure help](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/).\n\n## Still researching this plant {#research-status}\n\nThis is a sourced working profile. The cited findings are available below. Independent botanical and veterinary review is pending. **Uncertainty is not a finding that the plant is safe.**\n\n\n## Three views of this plant\n\nPhotos are source-identified examples, not a complete identification key. Check leaves, stems, flowers and fruit together. Locations are not assumed to be in Colorado.\n\n![Bromus tectorum: Green to purple awned spikelets hang from slender drooping panicle branches.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/invasive-bromus-tectorum-inflorescence.jpg)\n\n**inflorescence** — Green to purple awned spikelets hang from slender drooping panicle branches.\n\nPhoto: AnRo0002; [CC0](https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:20160426Bromus_tectorum1.jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/13/20160426Bromus_tectorum1.jpg). Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.  Other annual brome grasses can resemble cheatgrass. Photographs document source-identified B. tectorum; detailed spikelet and hair characters may be needed for an unknown specimen. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![Bromus tectorum: Short grass clump with narrow leaves and open drooping awned panicles.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/invasive-bromus-tectorum-habit.jpg)\n\n**habit** — Short grass clump with narrow leaves and open drooping awned panicles.\n\nPhoto: Krzysztof Ziarnek, Kenraiz; [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bromus_tectorum_kz01.jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/11/Bromus_tectorum_kz01.jpg). Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.  Other annual brome grasses can resemble cheatgrass. Photographs document source-identified B. tectorum; detailed spikelet and hair characters may be needed for an unknown specimen. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![Bromus tectorum: Tawny mature awned spikelets hang in loose drooping clusters.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/invasive-bromus-tectorum-mature-inflorescence.jpg)\n\n**mature-inflorescence** — Tawny mature awned spikelets hang in loose drooping clusters.\n\nPhoto: Michel Langeveld; [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bromus_tectorum_138999438.jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/36/Bromus_tectorum_138999438.jpg). Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.  Other annual brome grasses can resemble cheatgrass. Photographs document source-identified B. tectorum; detailed spikelet and hair characters may be needed for an unknown specimen. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n\n## Recognize\n\nAn annual grass with soft hairs and drooping seed heads. Often turns reddish-brown, then dries early in summer. [S20](https://extension.colostate.edu/resource/cheatgrass-and-wildfire/)\n\n## Plants & habitat\n\nCompetes early for resources, displaces native plants, and creates dry fuels that increase wildfire risk. [S20](https://extension.colostate.edu/resource/cheatgrass-and-wildfire/)\n\n## People\n\nDense, dry growth is highly flammable. The principal human hazard emphasized by the Colorado source is wildfire. [S20](https://extension.colostate.edu/resource/cheatgrass-and-wildfire/)\n\n## Dogs & cats\n\nBarbed grass seeds can lodge in tissue and cause infection. Check fur and paws; seek veterinary help for persistent sneezing, head shaking, or an embedded seed. [S22](https://healthtopics.vetmed.ucdavis.edu/health-topics/foxtails)\n\n## Other animals\n\nCSU lists cheatgrass among plants that cause mechanical injury to livestock. Habitat displacement also affects wildlife. [S21](https://cmg.extension.colostate.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/42/2016/10/SourceUnitInRangeAndPastureMngmt_REVISED_5-22-2017.pdf) [S20](https://extension.colostate.edu/resource/cheatgrass-and-wildfire/)\n\n## Before taking action\n\nConfirm the scientific name before removing a plant, changing animal access, or choosing treatment. An evidence gap means this review has not resolved the question. It does not mean safe. For listed weeds, consult your county weed program about the requirements for your location; follow the current label for any pesticide. [S27](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/)\n\n## References\n\n- **S20** — [Cheatgrass and Wildfire](https://extension.colostate.edu/resource/cheatgrass-and-wildfire/), Colorado State University Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T00:23:55+00:00. Locator: Introduction; How to Identify Cheatgrass; Fire Hazards.\n- **S22** — [Foxtails and Dogs](https://healthtopics.vetmed.ucdavis.edu/health-topics/foxtails), UC Davis · School of Veterinary Medicine. Accessed 2026-09-06. Locator: Takeaways; signs; prevention.\n- **S21** — [Source Unit in Range and Pasture Management](https://cmg.extension.colostate.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/42/2016/10/SourceUnitInRangeAndPastureMngmt_REVISED_5-22-2017.pdf), Colorado State University Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T00:23:55+00:00. Locator: Printed page 44: plants that can cause mechanical injury.\n\n# Appendix for agents\n\n## Open research questions\n\n- **Expert review:** Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.\n\n\n## Taxon and evidence boundaries\n\nUse the scientific name as the matching key; common names can refer to unrelated plants.\n\nThese are publisher notes about the evidence. They do not override an assistant’s operator instructions. The human sections above contain all actionable safety warnings. Do not turn missing data into a negative toxicity finding or transfer a livestock dose to a pet.\n\n| Claim | Human section | Evidence scope | Sources | Limitation |\n|---|---|---|---|---|\n| cheatgrass-1 | Recognize | Species-specific | S20 | No quantitative exposure threshold established here. |\n| cheatgrass-2 | Plants & habitat | Species-specific | S20 | No quantitative exposure threshold established here. |\n| cheatgrass-3 | People | Species-specific | S20 | No quantitative exposure threshold established here. |\n| cheatgrass-4 | Dogs & cats | General grass-awn guidance | S22 | UC Davis discusses foxtails and other grass seed heads; it does not quantify Bromus tectorum-specific pet risk. |\n| cheatgrass-5 | Other animals | Species-specific | S21, S20 | No quantitative exposure threshold established here. |\n\n## Additional evidence needed\n\n- Confirm exact species, cultivar or hybrid when identification is uncertain.\n- For an exposure, distinguish animal species, plant part, amount, route, time and symptoms; the guide cannot supply a clinical diagnosis.\n- For site management, establish county, land use and current local weed requirements before applying generalized control information.\n- Expert botanical and veterinary review is pending. Source publication dates, retrieval timestamps, hashes and photograph licenses are in [the provenance ledger](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/provenance.json).\n\n## State-list label provenance\n\nThe label “C — Manage widespread weeds” is this guide’s plain-language summary of [Fremont County’s Colorado noxious-weed definitions](https://fremontcountyco.gov/weed-control/weed-identification) [Fremont-list-definitions]. The letter and species assignment retain the status sources above. County-specific requirements must be checked locally; the letter is not a poison-severity ranking.\n",
      "revision": {
        "created": "2026-09-07T00:41:00Z",
        "modified": "2026-09-07T03:50:00Z",
        "sha256": "f5b9840abf1700a9990f6701e9ba0328464d74f4ed113abd6f30be0bc930760c",
        "time_basis": "UTC timestamp of the editorial revision-recording event; not source publication or expert validation"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "chicory",
      "name": "Chicory",
      "scientific": "Cichorium intybus",
      "category": "invasive",
      "status": "Colorado noxious weed · List C — Manage widespread weeds",
      "status_sources": [
        "CO-rules-2025"
      ],
      "warning": "Roadside and pasture spread",
      "warning_tone": "caution",
      "aliases": [],
      "taxonomy_note": "Cultivated chicories and roadside plants can share a species name. This guide does not assess food harvesting or roadside contamination.",
      "source_ids": [
        "CO-rules-2025",
        "N-cichorium-intybus",
        "S27",
        "Fremont-list-definitions"
      ],
      "description": "Chicory: Roadside and pasture spread. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.",
      "claim_evidence": [
        {
          "label": "Recognize",
          "sources": [
            "N-cichorium-intybus"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "chicory-1"
        },
        {
          "label": "Plants & habitat",
          "sources": [
            "N-cichorium-intybus"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "chicory-2"
        },
        {
          "label": "People",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "",
          "id": "chicory-3"
        },
        {
          "label": "Dogs & cats",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "",
          "id": "chicory-4"
        },
        {
          "label": "Other animals",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "",
          "id": "chicory-5"
        },
        {
          "id": "chicory-list-meaning",
          "label": "State-list meaning",
          "sources": [
            "Fremont-list-definitions"
          ],
          "scope": "Colorado management-category definition; species classification retains its original status sources",
          "note": "Plain-language editorial label for a management category; not a toxicity or danger rating.",
          "reviewed": "2026-09-07"
        }
      ],
      "noxious_class": "C",
      "research": {
        "status": "researching",
        "label": "Still researching this plant",
        "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.",
        "open_questions": [
          {
            "area": "People",
            "question": "Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "chicory-3"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Dogs & cats",
            "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "chicory-4"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Other animals",
            "question": "Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "chicory-5"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Identification",
            "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          },
          {
            "area": "Expert review",
            "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          }
        ],
        "expert_review": "pending"
      },
      "noxious_class_label": "C — Manage widespread weeds",
      "source": "content/plants/chicory.md",
      "content_sha256": "eef3774c4658e48c9e7ca5393ae84c7aa4d3d9bb57d99120a9f80bf1b353075b",
      "body_markdown": "# Chicory\n\n*Cichorium intybus*\n\n**Colorado noxious weed · List C — Manage widespread weeds.** [CO-rules-2025](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2)\n\nWidespread and well established. Control is recommended by the state; local governments may require management. This is a management category, separate from danger ratings. [Category source](https://fremontcountyco.gov/weed-control/weed-identification) · [What the lists mean](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/#weed-lists).\n\n> **Roadside and pasture spread.** [Exposure help](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/).\n\n**Identification caveat:** Cultivated chicories and roadside plants can share a species name. This guide does not assess food harvesting or roadside contamination.\n\n## Still researching this plant {#research-status}\n\nThis is a sourced working profile. Evidence is incomplete for **People, Dogs & cats, Other animals**. Identification and source-photo limits are explained below. Independent botanical and veterinary review is pending. **Uncertainty is not a finding that the plant is safe.**\n\n\n## Three views of this plant\n\nSource-identified reference photographs; these are not a complete identification key. A source location outside Colorado does not establish local occurrence.\n\n![Cichorium intybus: Tall branched flowering plant above broad lower leaves at a grassy field edge.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/common-priority-photos-cichorium-intybus-02-02-habit.jpg)\n\n**habit** — Tall branched flowering plant above broad lower leaves at a grassy field edge.\n\nPhoto: H. Zell; [CC BY-SA 3.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cichorium_intybus_001.JPG); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/43/Cichorium_intybus_001.JPG). Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![Cichorium intybus: Blue flower heads among long green leaves and stiff branching stems.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/common-priority-photos-cichorium-intybus-02-07-foliage-flowers.jpg)\n\n**foliage-flowers** — Blue flower heads among long green leaves and stiff branching stems.\n\nPhoto: 4028mdk09; [CC BY-SA 3.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pflanze_mit_blauen_Bl%C3%BCten.JPG); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ab/Pflanze_mit_blauen_Bl%C3%BCten.JPG). Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![Cichorium intybus: Pale blue strap-shaped florets form a single chicory flower head.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/common-priority-photos-cichorium-intybus-02-09-flower.jpg)\n\n**flower** — Pale blue strap-shaped florets form a single chicory flower head.\n\nPhoto: Isidre blanc; [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:CICHORIUM_INTYBUS_-_MORIPOL_-_IB-765_(Xicoria).JPG); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/86/CICHORIUM_INTYBUS_-_MORIPOL_-_IB-765_%28Xicoria%29.JPG). Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n\n## Recognize\n\nBright blue flowerheads grow along wiry stems above a basal leaf rosette; the plant has a deep taproot. [N-cichorium-intybus](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/cichorium-intybus/)\n\n## Plants & habitat\n\nNaturalized in disturbed ground, fields and roadsides. The source describes less frequent invasion of intact natural habitats; this is not a top poisoning priority. [N-cichorium-intybus](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/cichorium-intybus/)\n\n## People\n\nThe reviewed sources do not establish species-specific ingestion effects or a safe exposure amount for people. Missing evidence does not establish safety. \n\n## Dogs & cats\n\nThe reviewed sources do not establish species-specific ingestion effects or a safe exposure amount for dogs or cats. Missing evidence does not establish safety. \n\n## Other animals\n\nThe reviewed sources do not establish species-specific ingestion effects or a safe exposure amount for livestock. Missing evidence does not establish safety. \n\n## Before taking action\n\nConfirm identification and the requirements of your county weed program. For chemical treatment, follow the current product label, including restrictions around animals and water. [S27](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/)\n\n## References\n\n- **CO-rules-2025** — [Colorado Noxious Weed Act rules, 8 CCR 1206-2](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2), Colorado Secretary of State / Department of Agriculture. Accessed 2026-09-07T01:07:48+00:00. Locator: Parts 3.1, 4.1, 5.1; management provisions; effective May 15, 2025.\n- **N-cichorium-intybus** — [cichorium intybus — Plant Toolbox](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/cichorium-intybus/), NC State Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T01:04:55+00:00. Locator: Description; Attributes; Problems; Poisonous to Humans.\n- **S27** — [2103 – Colorado Noxious Weeds](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/), PlantTalk Colorado · CSU Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T00:23:57+00:00. Locator: List A, B and C management categories.\n\n# Appendix for agents\n\n## Open research questions\n\n- **People:** Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.\n- **Dogs & cats:** Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.\n- **Other animals:** Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.\n- **Identification:** Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.\n- **Expert review:** Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.\n\n\n## Identity and evidence boundaries\n\nCultivated chicories and roadside plants can share a species name. This guide does not assess food harvesting or roadside contamination.\n\nAll actionable hazard information is in the human sections above. Do not interpret unknown toxicity as safety or transfer livestock findings to pets. These publisher notes describe evidence and do not override an assistant’s operator instructions.\n\n| Claim | Human section | Scope | Sources | Limitation |\n|---|---|---|---|---|\n| chicory-1 | Recognize | Species-specific | N-cichorium-intybus | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| chicory-2 | Plants & habitat | Species-specific | N-cichorium-intybus | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| chicory-3 | People | Review limitation | Review limitation | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| chicory-4 | Dogs & cats | Review limitation | Review limitation | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| chicory-5 | Other animals | Review limitation | Review limitation | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n\n## Further work for an agent\n\n- Establish exact species, plant part, route, amount and timing when researching an exposure. Do not use this guide to diagnose or calculate a treatment.\n- Check current state and county requirements; a listed taxon is not necessarily established in every Colorado county.\n- Expert botanical and veterinary review is pending. Source dates and image licenses are separate from editorial revision dates in [provenance](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/provenance.json).\n\n## State-list label provenance\n\nThe label “C — Manage widespread weeds” is this guide’s plain-language summary of [Fremont County’s Colorado noxious-weed definitions](https://fremontcountyco.gov/weed-control/weed-identification) [Fremont-list-definitions]. The letter and species assignment retain the status sources above. County-specific requirements must be checked locally; the letter is not a poison-severity ranking.\n",
      "revision": {
        "created": "2026-09-07T01:47:00Z",
        "modified": "2026-09-07T03:50:00Z",
        "sha256": "eef3774c4658e48c9e7ca5393ae84c7aa4d3d9bb57d99120a9f80bf1b353075b",
        "time_basis": "UTC timestamp of the editorial revision-recording event; not source publication or expert validation"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "chinese-clematis",
      "name": "Chinese clematis",
      "scientific": "Clematis orientalis",
      "category": "invasive",
      "status": "Colorado noxious weed · List B — Stop the spread",
      "status_sources": [
        "CO-rules-2025"
      ],
      "warning": "Smothers vegetation; irritating plant compounds",
      "warning_tone": "danger",
      "aliases": [],
      "taxonomy_note": "Native clematis can be difficult to distinguish when not flowering. The toxicology reference treats Clematis broadly; horticultural recommendations for other clematis are not applied to this listed weed.",
      "source_ids": [
        "CO-rules-2025",
        "J-chinese-clematis",
        "N-clematis",
        "S27",
        "Fremont-list-definitions"
      ],
      "description": "Chinese clematis: Smothers vegetation; irritating plant compounds. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.",
      "claim_evidence": [
        {
          "label": "Recognize",
          "sources": [
            "J-chinese-clematis"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "chinese-clematis-1"
        },
        {
          "label": "Plants & habitat",
          "sources": [
            "J-chinese-clematis"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "chinese-clematis-2"
        },
        {
          "label": "People",
          "sources": [
            "N-clematis"
          ],
          "scope": "Genus-level warning, not a C. orientalis exposure series",
          "note": "",
          "id": "chinese-clematis-3"
        },
        {
          "label": "Dogs & cats",
          "sources": [
            "N-clematis"
          ],
          "scope": "Genus-level warning",
          "note": "",
          "id": "chinese-clematis-4"
        },
        {
          "label": "Other animals",
          "sources": [
            "N-clematis"
          ],
          "scope": "Genus-level warning",
          "note": "",
          "id": "chinese-clematis-5"
        },
        {
          "id": "chinese-clematis-list-meaning",
          "label": "State-list meaning",
          "sources": [
            "Fremont-list-definitions"
          ],
          "scope": "Colorado management-category definition; species classification retains its original status sources",
          "note": "Plain-language editorial label for a management category; not a toxicity or danger rating.",
          "reviewed": "2026-09-07"
        }
      ],
      "noxious_class": "B",
      "research": {
        "status": "researching",
        "label": "Still researching this plant",
        "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.",
        "open_questions": [
          {
            "area": "Dogs & cats",
            "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "chinese-clematis-4"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Identification",
            "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          },
          {
            "area": "Expert review",
            "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          }
        ],
        "expert_review": "pending"
      },
      "noxious_class_label": "B — Stop the spread",
      "source": "content/plants/chinese-clematis.md",
      "content_sha256": "89e71856e56eff9f38d76306ab978b9e52b55c6012542bd4094a2e4b0c20f3ff",
      "body_markdown": "# Chinese clematis\n\n*Clematis orientalis*\n\n**Colorado noxious weed · List B — Stop the spread.** [CO-rules-2025](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2)\n\nEstablished in some areas. Requirements vary by location: eradication, containment or suppression to stop further spread. This is a management category, separate from danger ratings. [Category source](https://fremontcountyco.gov/weed-control/weed-identification) · [What the lists mean](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/#weed-lists).\n\n> **Smothers vegetation; irritating plant compounds.** [Exposure help](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/).\n\n**Identification caveat:** Native clematis can be difficult to distinguish when not flowering. The toxicology reference treats Clematis broadly; horticultural recommendations for other clematis are not applied to this listed weed.\n\n## Still researching this plant {#research-status}\n\nThis is a sourced working profile. Evidence is incomplete for **Dogs & cats**. Identification and source-photo limits are explained below. Independent botanical and veterinary review is pending. **Uncertainty is not a finding that the plant is safe.**\n\n\n## Three views of this plant\n\nSource-identified reference photographs; these are not a complete identification key. A source location outside Colorado does not establish local occurrence.\n\n![Several clematis fruit clusters with long, silky, twisting tails on woody stems.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/list-bc-photos-clematis-orientalis-10.jpg)\n\n**fruits** — Several clematis fruit clusters with long, silky, twisting tails on woody stems.\n\nPhoto: Krzysztof Ziarnek, Kenraiz; [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Clematis_orientalis_kz01.jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b2/Clematis_orientalis_kz01.jpg). Source-identified photograph with visual consistency check Clematis orientalis in the Botanischer Garten, Berlin-Dahlem Source labeling and visible consistency checked; not an independent specimen determination. Wikimedia-generated thumbnail rescaling only; downloaded bytes unchanged. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![Yellow, nodding clematis flowers with spreading sepals and numerous stamens.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/list-bc-photos-clematis-orientalis-11.jpg)\n\n**flowers** — Yellow, nodding clematis flowers with spreading sepals and numerous stamens.\n\nPhoto: Yuriy75; [Public domain](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Clematis_orientalis;_Baikonur_03.jpg#Licensing); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Clematis_orientalis;_Baikonur_03.jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4b/Clematis_orientalis%3B_Baikonur_03.jpg). Source-identified photograph with visual consistency check Ломонос восточный ( Clematis orientalis ), цветки. Город Байконур, Казахстан Source labeling and visible consistency checked; not an independent specimen determination. Wikimedia-generated thumbnail rescaling only; downloaded bytes unchanged. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![Dense green clematis foliage bearing many yellow flowers on a climbing or spreading vine.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/list-bc-photos-clematis-orientalis-14.jpg)\n\n**vine and foliage** — Dense green clematis foliage bearing many yellow flowers on a climbing or spreading vine.\n\nPhoto: Ruslan Kastani; [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Clematis_orientalis_vine_flowering_in_Semey_Ormany.jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b1/Clematis_orientalis_vine_flowering_in_Semey_Ormany.jpg). Source-identified photograph with visual consistency check State Forest Nature Reservat \"Semey Ormany\": East Kazakhstan Region Source labeling and visible consistency checked; not an independent specimen determination. Wikimedia-generated thumbnail rescaling only; downloaded bytes unchanged. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n\n## Recognize\n\nA perennial vine with compound leaves, yellow bell-shaped flowers and feathery seedheads. [J-chinese-clematis](https://www.jeffco.us/2530/Chinese-Clematis)\n\n## Plants & habitat\n\nClimbs fences, shrubs and trees; heavy coverage can kill supporting vegetation. [J-chinese-clematis](https://www.jeffco.us/2530/Chinese-Clematis)\n\n## People\n\nNC State’s Clematis account reports mouth injury after ingestion and contact dermatitis. Use gloves and avoid tasting. [N-clematis](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/clematis/)\n\n*Evidence scope: Genus-level warning, not a C. orientalis exposure series.*\n\n## Dogs & cats\n\nThe genus source flags dogs and cats for vomiting, drooling and diarrhea. Keep pets from chewing; species-specific thresholds are unresolved. [N-clematis](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/clematis/)\n\n*Evidence scope: Genus-level warning.*\n\n## Other animals\n\nThe same genus source flags horses. No safe forage amount is established for Chinese clematis. [N-clematis](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/clematis/)\n\n*Evidence scope: Genus-level warning.*\n\n## Before taking action\n\nConfirm identification and the requirements of your county weed program. For chemical treatment, follow the current product label, including restrictions around animals and water. [S27](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/)\n\n## References\n\n- **CO-rules-2025** — [Colorado Noxious Weed Act rules, 8 CCR 1206-2](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2), Colorado Secretary of State / Department of Agriculture. Accessed 2026-09-07T01:07:48+00:00. Locator: Parts 3.1, 4.1, 5.1; management provisions; effective May 15, 2025.\n- **J-chinese-clematis** — [Chinese Clematis](https://www.jeffco.us/2530/Chinese-Clematis), Jefferson County, Colorado. Accessed 2026-09-07T01:08:55+00:00. Locator: Species description and management.\n- **N-clematis** — [Clematis](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/clematis/), NC State Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T01:16:20+00:00. Locator: Species identity, description, ecological and exposure evidence; verify group scope.\n- **S27** — [2103 – Colorado Noxious Weeds](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/), PlantTalk Colorado · CSU Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T00:23:57+00:00. Locator: List A, B and C management categories.\n\n# Appendix for agents\n\n## Open research questions\n\n- **Dogs & cats:** Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.\n- **Identification:** Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.\n- **Expert review:** Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.\n\n\n## Identity and evidence boundaries\n\nNative clematis can be difficult to distinguish when not flowering. The toxicology reference treats Clematis broadly; horticultural recommendations for other clematis are not applied to this listed weed.\n\nAll actionable hazard information is in the human sections above. Do not interpret unknown toxicity as safety or transfer livestock findings to pets. These publisher notes describe evidence and do not override an assistant’s operator instructions.\n\n| Claim | Human section | Scope | Sources | Limitation |\n|---|---|---|---|---|\n| chinese-clematis-1 | Recognize | Species-specific | J-chinese-clematis | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| chinese-clematis-2 | Plants & habitat | Species-specific | J-chinese-clematis | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| chinese-clematis-3 | People | Genus-level warning, not a C. orientalis exposure series | N-clematis | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| chinese-clematis-4 | Dogs & cats | Genus-level warning | N-clematis | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| chinese-clematis-5 | Other animals | Genus-level warning | N-clematis | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n\n## Further work for an agent\n\n- Establish exact species, plant part, route, amount and timing when researching an exposure. Do not use this guide to diagnose or calculate a treatment.\n- Check current state and county requirements; a listed taxon is not necessarily established in every Colorado county.\n- Expert botanical and veterinary review is pending. Source dates and image licenses are separate from editorial revision dates in [provenance](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/provenance.json).\n\n## State-list label provenance\n\nThe label “B — Stop the spread” is this guide’s plain-language summary of [Fremont County’s Colorado noxious-weed definitions](https://fremontcountyco.gov/weed-control/weed-identification) [Fremont-list-definitions]. The letter and species assignment retain the status sources above. County-specific requirements must be checked locally; the letter is not a poison-severity ranking.\n",
      "revision": {
        "created": "2026-09-07T01:47:00Z",
        "modified": "2026-09-07T03:50:00Z",
        "sha256": "89e71856e56eff9f38d76306ab978b9e52b55c6012542bd4094a2e4b0c20f3ff",
        "time_basis": "UTC timestamp of the editorial revision-recording event; not source publication or expert validation"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "common-blue-violet",
      "name": "Common blue violet",
      "scientific": "Viola sororia",
      "category": "native",
      "status": "Native Colorado plant · not on state Lists A/B/C",
      "status_sources": [
        "C-floristic-2020",
        "CO-rules-2025"
      ],
      "warning": "A native volunteer; identify the species before removing",
      "warning_tone": "caution",
      "aliases": [
        "wild violet",
        "blue violet"
      ],
      "taxonomy_note": "This is one member of CSU’s broader “Viola spp.” topic, not coverage of every Colorado violet. CNHP includes Viola sororia as native; photos and the profile do not resolve all members of the species complex.",
      "source_ids": [
        "C-floristic-2020",
        "CO-rules-2025",
        "N-viola-sororia",
        "C-descriptions",
        "S27"
      ],
      "description": "Common blue violet: A native volunteer; identify the species before removing. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.",
      "claim_evidence": [
        {
          "label": "Identification",
          "sources": [
            "N-viola-sororia"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "common-blue-violet-1"
        },
        {
          "label": "People",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "",
          "id": "common-blue-violet-2"
        },
        {
          "label": "Dogs & cats",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "",
          "id": "common-blue-violet-3"
        },
        {
          "label": "Other animals",
          "sources": [
            "N-viola-sororia"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "common-blue-violet-4"
        },
        {
          "label": "Plants & habitat",
          "sources": [
            "N-viola-sororia"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "common-blue-violet-5"
        },
        {
          "label": "Management & timing",
          "sources": [
            "C-descriptions"
          ],
          "scope": "Viola group management",
          "note": "",
          "id": "common-blue-violet-6"
        }
      ],
      "research": {
        "status": "researching",
        "label": "Still researching this plant",
        "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.",
        "open_questions": [
          {
            "area": "People",
            "question": "Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "common-blue-violet-2"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Dogs & cats",
            "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "common-blue-violet-3"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Other animals",
            "question": "Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "common-blue-violet-4"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Identification",
            "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          },
          {
            "area": "Expert review",
            "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          }
        ],
        "expert_review": "pending"
      },
      "colorado_relevance": {
        "source_id": "C-floristic-2020",
        "locator": "Appendix B; PDF page 85; Viola sororia",
        "basis": "Included in the 2020 statewide flora assessment. This is not a current county abundance survey.",
        "source_taxon": "Viola sororia"
      },
      "source": "content/plants/common-blue-violet.md",
      "content_sha256": "7d61a50548bb8d54df102d961052ec7eee630f32c7c9f237fb618a9cf7026f94",
      "body_markdown": "# Common blue violet\n\n*Viola sororia*\n\n**Native Colorado plant · not on state Lists A/B/C.** [C-floristic-2020](https://cnhp.colostate.edu/download/documents/2020/CO_FQA_2020_Final_Report.pdf) [CO-rules-2025](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2)\n\n> **A native volunteer; identify the species before removing.** [Exposure help](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/).\n\n**Identification caveat:** This is one member of CSU’s broader “Viola spp.” topic, not coverage of every Colorado violet. CNHP includes Viola sororia as native; photos and the profile do not resolve all members of the species complex.\n\n## Still researching this plant {#research-status}\n\nThis is a sourced working profile. Evidence is incomplete for **People, Dogs & cats, Other animals**. Identification and source-photo limits are explained below. Independent botanical and veterinary review is pending. **Uncertainty is not a finding that the plant is safe.**\n\n\n## Three views of this plant\n\nSource-identified reference photographs; these are not a complete identification key. A source location outside Colorado does not establish local occurrence.\n\n![Common blue violet: a single violet flower with purple-and-pale petals and darker veins leading toward its center.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/coverage-garden-photos-viola-sororia-11-03-flower.jpg)\n\n**flower** — A single violet flower with purple-and-pale petals and darker veins leading toward its center.\n\nPhoto: James Steakley; [CC BY-SA 3.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Viola_sororia_color_variation.jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Viola_sororia_color_variation.jpg). Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Source-identified V. sororia, a variable violet with differing flower colors and taxonomic treatments. Similar stemless violets and hybrids require additional characters; no cultivar, segregate taxon, or hybrid status is determined from these photographs. Wikimedia server-resized derivative, reduced from the original; no crop, color change, upscaling, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; catalog preview may use a CSS crop.\n\n![Common blue violet: broad heart-shaped green leaves with toothed edges and radiating veins.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/coverage-garden-photos-viola-sororia-11-07-leaf.jpg)\n\n**leaf** — Broad heart-shaped green leaves with toothed edges and radiating veins.\n\nPhoto: Dalgial; [CC BY-SA 3.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Viola_sororia_4.JPG); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bd/Viola_sororia_4.JPG). Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Source-identified V. sororia, a variable violet with differing flower colors and taxonomic treatments. Similar stemless violets and hybrids require additional characters; no cultivar, segregate taxon, or hybrid status is determined from these photographs. Wikimedia server-resized derivative, reduced from the original; no crop, color change, upscaling, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; catalog preview may use a CSS crop.\n\n![Common blue violet: a low patch of purple-flowered violets with broad heart-shaped leaves among ground vegetation.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/coverage-garden-photos-viola-sororia-11-11-habit-flower.jpg)\n\n**habit-flower** — A low patch of purple-flowered violets with broad heart-shaped leaves among ground vegetation.\n\nPhoto: Famartin; [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:2016-04-16_13_18_40_Violets_blooming_along_the_West_Branch_Shabakunk_Creek_in_Ewing,_New_Jersey.jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f3/2016-04-16_13_18_40_Violets_blooming_along_the_West_Branch_Shabakunk_Creek_in_Ewing%2C_New_Jersey.jpg). Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Source-identified V. sororia, a variable violet with differing flower colors and taxonomic treatments. Similar stemless violets and hybrids require additional characters; no cultivar, segregate taxon, or hybrid status is determined from these photographs. Wikimedia server-resized derivative, reduced from the original; no crop, color change, upscaling, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; catalog preview may use a CSS crop.\n\n\n## Identification\n\nBasal, heart-shaped leaves and purple to white spring flowers arise on separate stalks. Later closed flowers can also produce seed. [N-viola-sororia](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/viola-sororia/)\n\n## People\n\nThe reviewed sources do not establish species-specific ingestion effects or a safe exposure amount for people. Missing evidence does not establish safety.\n\n## Dogs & cats\n\nThe reviewed sources do not establish species-specific ingestion effects or a safe exposure amount for dogs or cats. Missing evidence does not establish safety.\n\n## Other animals\n\nRabbits browse the plant, and birds and small mammals use its seeds. Wildlife use does not establish domestic-animal feeding safety. [N-viola-sororia](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/viola-sororia/)\n\n## Plants & habitat\n\nRhizomes and self-seeding allow it to spread in moist, fertile sites. It also supports bees and butterflies and may be welcome groundcover. [N-viola-sororia](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/viola-sororia/)\n\n## Management & timing\n\nConfirm identity and decide whether a native patch can remain. For an unwanted lawn colony, CSU suggests removal when soil is moist; its advice covers wild violets as a group. [C-descriptions](https://extension.colostate.edu/resource/weed-descriptions/)\n\n*Evidence scope: Viola group management.*\n\n## Before taking action\n\nConfirm identification and the requirements of your county weed program. For chemical treatment, follow the current product label, including restrictions around animals and water. [S27](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/)\n\n## References\n\n- **C-floristic-2020** — [Colorado Floristic Quality Assessment: 2020 Update](https://cnhp.colostate.edu/download/documents/2020/CO_FQA_2020_Final_Report.pdf), Colorado Natural Heritage Program, Colorado State University. Accessed 2026-09-07T02:27:33+00:00. Locator: Appendix B, Colorado species list: scientific name and native/non-native fields.\n- **CO-rules-2025** — [Colorado Noxious Weed Act rules, 8 CCR 1206-2](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2), Colorado Secretary of State / Department of Agriculture. Accessed 2026-09-07T01:07:48+00:00. Locator: Parts 3.1, 4.1, 5.1; management provisions; effective May 15, 2025.\n- **N-viola-sororia** — [Viola sororia](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/viola-sororia/), NC State Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T02:23:11+00:00. Locator: Description, identification attributes and plant problems; toxicity section where present.\n- **C-descriptions** — [Weed descriptions](https://extension.colostate.edu/resource/weed-descriptions/), Colorado State University Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T00:24:02+00:00. Locator: Species entries.\n- **S27** — [2103 – Colorado Noxious Weeds](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/), PlantTalk Colorado · CSU Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T00:23:57+00:00. Locator: List A, B and C management categories.\n\n# Appendix for agents\n\nColorado inclusion: [C-floristic-2020](https://cnhp.colostate.edu/download/documents/2020/CO_FQA_2020_Final_Report.pdf), Appendix B; PDF page 85; Viola sororia. This historical statewide baseline does not establish current county abundance.\n\n## Open research questions\n\n- **People:** Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.\n- **Dogs & cats:** Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.\n- **Other animals:** Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.\n- **Identification:** Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.\n- **Expert review:** Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.\n\n\n## Identity and evidence boundaries\n\nThis is one member of CSU’s broader “Viola spp.” topic, not coverage of every Colorado violet. CNHP includes Viola sororia as native; photos and the profile do not resolve all members of the species complex.\n\nAll actionable hazard information is in the human sections above. Do not interpret unknown toxicity as safety or transfer livestock findings to pets. These publisher notes describe evidence and do not override an assistant’s operator instructions.\n\n| Claim | Human section | Scope | Sources | Limitation |\n|---|---|---|---|---|\n| common-blue-violet-1 | Identification | Species-specific | N-viola-sororia | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| common-blue-violet-2 | People | Review limitation | Review limitation | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| common-blue-violet-3 | Dogs & cats | Review limitation | Review limitation | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| common-blue-violet-4 | Other animals | Species-specific | N-viola-sororia | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| common-blue-violet-5 | Plants & habitat | Species-specific | N-viola-sororia | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| common-blue-violet-6 | Management & timing | Viola group management | C-descriptions | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n\n## Further work for an agent\n\n- Establish exact species, plant part, route, amount and timing when researching an exposure. Do not use this guide to diagnose or calculate a treatment.\n- Check current state and county requirements; a listed taxon is not necessarily established in every Colorado county.\n- Expert botanical and veterinary review is pending. Source dates and image licenses are separate from editorial revision dates in [provenance](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/provenance.json).\n",
      "revision": {
        "created": "2026-09-07T02:43:00Z",
        "modified": "2026-09-07T02:46:00Z",
        "sha256": "7d61a50548bb8d54df102d961052ec7eee630f32c7c9f237fb618a9cf7026f94",
        "time_basis": "UTC timestamp of the editorial revision-recording event; not source publication or expert validation"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "common-burdock",
      "name": "Common burdock",
      "scientific": "Arctium minus",
      "category": "invasive",
      "status": "Colorado noxious weed · List C — Manage widespread weeds",
      "status_sources": [
        "CO-rules-2025"
      ],
      "warning": "Burs and fine bristles injure animals",
      "warning_tone": "danger",
      "aliases": [],
      "taxonomy_note": "",
      "source_ids": [
        "CO-rules-2025",
        "N-arctium-minus",
        "S27",
        "Fremont-list-definitions"
      ],
      "description": "Common burdock: Burs and fine bristles injure animals. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.",
      "claim_evidence": [
        {
          "label": "Recognize",
          "sources": [
            "N-arctium-minus"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "common-burdock-1"
        },
        {
          "label": "Plants & habitat",
          "sources": [
            "N-arctium-minus"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "common-burdock-2"
        },
        {
          "label": "People",
          "sources": [
            "N-arctium-minus"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "common-burdock-3"
        },
        {
          "label": "Dogs & cats",
          "sources": [
            "N-arctium-minus"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "common-burdock-4"
        },
        {
          "label": "Other animals",
          "sources": [
            "N-arctium-minus"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "common-burdock-5"
        },
        {
          "id": "common-burdock-list-meaning",
          "label": "State-list meaning",
          "sources": [
            "Fremont-list-definitions"
          ],
          "scope": "Colorado management-category definition; species classification retains its original status sources",
          "note": "Plain-language editorial label for a management category; not a toxicity or danger rating.",
          "reviewed": "2026-09-07"
        }
      ],
      "noxious_class": "C",
      "research": {
        "status": "researching",
        "label": "Still researching this plant",
        "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.",
        "open_questions": [
          {
            "area": "Expert review",
            "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          }
        ],
        "expert_review": "pending"
      },
      "noxious_class_label": "C — Manage widespread weeds",
      "source": "content/plants/common-burdock.md",
      "content_sha256": "1bc9f1c056ac32ef048a8eaa48c6637e75c14c2b1e25c889abecf10299fcc151",
      "body_markdown": "# Common burdock\n\n*Arctium minus*\n\n**Colorado noxious weed · List C — Manage widespread weeds.** [CO-rules-2025](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2)\n\nWidespread and well established. Control is recommended by the state; local governments may require management. This is a management category, separate from danger ratings. [Category source](https://fremontcountyco.gov/weed-control/weed-identification) · [What the lists mean](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/#weed-lists).\n\n> **Burs and fine bristles injure animals.** [Exposure help](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/).\n\n## Still researching this plant {#research-status}\n\nThis is a sourced working profile. The cited findings are available below. Independent botanical and veterinary review is pending. **Uncertainty is not a finding that the plant is safe.**\n\n\n## Three views of this plant\n\nSource-identified reference photographs; these are not a complete identification key. A source location outside Colorado does not establish local occurrence.\n\n![Arctium minus: Green spherical burs covered with long hooked bracts.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/common-priority-photos-arctium-minus-03-03-bur.jpg)\n\n**bur** — Green spherical burs covered with long hooked bracts.\n\nPhoto: Isidre blanc; [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:ARCTIUM_MINUS_-_SANT_JUST_-_IB-233_(Repalassa).JPG); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/75/ARCTIUM_MINUS_-_SANT_JUST_-_IB-233_%28Repalassa%29.JPG). Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![Arctium minus: Large branching plant with broad leaves and numerous small flower heads.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/common-priority-photos-arctium-minus-03-04-habit.jpg)\n\n**habit** — Large branching plant with broad leaves and numerous small flower heads.\n\nPhoto: Alberto Salguero Quiles; [CC BY-SA 3.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Arctium_minus_habito.jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d9/Arctium_minus_habito.jpg). Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![Arctium minus: Broad basal leaves showing a green upper surface and pale underside.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/common-priority-photos-arctium-minus-03-05-leaf.jpg)\n\n**leaf** — Broad basal leaves showing a green upper surface and pale underside.\n\nPhoto: Alberto Salguero Quiles; [CC BY-SA 3.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Arctium_minus_hoja_haz_y_env%C3%A9s.jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/67/Arctium_minus_hoja_haz_y_env%C3%A9s.jpg). Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n\n## Recognize\n\nA large-leaved biennial with purple flowerheads that mature into hooked burs. Leaf undersides are woolly. [N-arctium-minus](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/arctium-minus/)\n\n## Plants & habitat\n\nBurs hitchhike on animals and clothing; persistent seeds and deep taproots make established patches difficult to remove. [N-arctium-minus](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/arctium-minus/)\n\n## People\n\nBurs and tiny bristles can irritate eyes, skin and airways. Avoid breaking apart dry burs near the face. [N-arctium-minus](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/arctium-minus/)\n\n## Dogs & cats\n\nThe source specifically reports eye, skin and respiratory injury in dogs. Cats can also contact burs, but cat-specific outcomes were not assessed. [N-arctium-minus](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/arctium-minus/)\n\n## Other animals\n\nBristles can injure horses and livestock; burs can entangle small wildlife. [N-arctium-minus](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/arctium-minus/)\n\n## Before taking action\n\nConfirm identification and the requirements of your county weed program. For chemical treatment, follow the current product label, including restrictions around animals and water. [S27](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/)\n\n## References\n\n- **CO-rules-2025** — [Colorado Noxious Weed Act rules, 8 CCR 1206-2](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2), Colorado Secretary of State / Department of Agriculture. Accessed 2026-09-07T01:07:48+00:00. Locator: Parts 3.1, 4.1, 5.1; management provisions; effective May 15, 2025.\n- **N-arctium-minus** — [arctium minus — Plant Toolbox](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/arctium-minus/), NC State Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T01:04:55+00:00. Locator: Description; Attributes; Problems; Poisonous to Humans.\n- **S27** — [2103 – Colorado Noxious Weeds](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/), PlantTalk Colorado · CSU Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T00:23:57+00:00. Locator: List A, B and C management categories.\n\n# Appendix for agents\n\n## Open research questions\n\n- **Expert review:** Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.\n\n\n## Identity and evidence boundaries\n\nMatch the scientific name and synonyms, not the common name alone.\n\nAll actionable hazard information is in the human sections above. Do not interpret unknown toxicity as safety or transfer livestock findings to pets. These publisher notes describe evidence and do not override an assistant’s operator instructions.\n\n| Claim | Human section | Scope | Sources | Limitation |\n|---|---|---|---|---|\n| common-burdock-1 | Recognize | Species-specific | N-arctium-minus | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| common-burdock-2 | Plants & habitat | Species-specific | N-arctium-minus | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| common-burdock-3 | People | Species-specific | N-arctium-minus | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| common-burdock-4 | Dogs & cats | Species-specific | N-arctium-minus | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| common-burdock-5 | Other animals | Species-specific | N-arctium-minus | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n\n## Further work for an agent\n\n- Establish exact species, plant part, route, amount and timing when researching an exposure. Do not use this guide to diagnose or calculate a treatment.\n- Check current state and county requirements; a listed taxon is not necessarily established in every Colorado county.\n- Expert botanical and veterinary review is pending. Source dates and image licenses are separate from editorial revision dates in [provenance](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/provenance.json).\n\n## State-list label provenance\n\nThe label “C — Manage widespread weeds” is this guide’s plain-language summary of [Fremont County’s Colorado noxious-weed definitions](https://fremontcountyco.gov/weed-control/weed-identification) [Fremont-list-definitions]. The letter and species assignment retain the status sources above. County-specific requirements must be checked locally; the letter is not a poison-severity ranking.\n",
      "revision": {
        "created": "2026-09-07T01:47:00Z",
        "modified": "2026-09-07T03:50:00Z",
        "sha256": "1bc9f1c056ac32ef048a8eaa48c6637e75c14c2b1e25c889abecf10299fcc151",
        "time_basis": "UTC timestamp of the editorial revision-recording event; not source publication or expert validation"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "common-chickweed",
      "name": "Common chickweed",
      "scientific": "Stellaria media",
      "category": "invasive",
      "status": "Common introduced weed · not on state Lists A/B/C",
      "status_sources": [
        "C-floristic-2020",
        "CO-rules-2025"
      ],
      "warning": "A cool-season weed that can seed while still small",
      "warning_tone": "caution",
      "aliases": [],
      "taxonomy_note": "Common chickweed is not every plant called chickweed. Species identification and contamination history must be established independently of any food-use claim.",
      "source_ids": [
        "C-floristic-2020",
        "CO-rules-2025",
        "N-stellaria-media",
        "S27"
      ],
      "description": "Common chickweed: A cool-season weed that can seed while still small. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.",
      "claim_evidence": [
        {
          "label": "Identification",
          "sources": [
            "N-stellaria-media"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "common-chickweed-1"
        },
        {
          "label": "People",
          "sources": [
            "N-stellaria-media"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "common-chickweed-2"
        },
        {
          "label": "Dogs & cats",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "",
          "id": "common-chickweed-3"
        },
        {
          "label": "Other animals",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "",
          "id": "common-chickweed-4"
        },
        {
          "label": "Plants & habitat",
          "sources": [
            "N-stellaria-media"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "common-chickweed-5"
        },
        {
          "label": "Management & timing",
          "sources": [
            "N-stellaria-media"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "common-chickweed-6"
        }
      ],
      "research": {
        "status": "researching",
        "label": "Still researching this plant",
        "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.",
        "open_questions": [
          {
            "area": "People",
            "question": "Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "common-chickweed-2"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Dogs & cats",
            "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "common-chickweed-3"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Other animals",
            "question": "Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "common-chickweed-4"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Identification",
            "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          },
          {
            "area": "Expert review",
            "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          }
        ],
        "expert_review": "pending"
      },
      "colorado_relevance": {
        "source_id": "C-floristic-2020",
        "locator": "Appendix B; PDF page 81; Stellaria media",
        "basis": "Included in the 2020 statewide flora assessment. This is not a current county abundance survey.",
        "source_taxon": "Stellaria media"
      },
      "source": "content/plants/common-chickweed.md",
      "content_sha256": "c92adfc8837f84a13b98545ed0ff5bf1605cd6e900a364d7f6ceb9c3642f996a",
      "body_markdown": "# Common chickweed\n\n*Stellaria media*\n\n**Common introduced weed · not on state Lists A/B/C.** [C-floristic-2020](https://cnhp.colostate.edu/download/documents/2020/CO_FQA_2020_Final_Report.pdf) [CO-rules-2025](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2)\n\n> **A cool-season weed that can seed while still small.** [Exposure help](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/).\n\n**Identification caveat:** Common chickweed is not every plant called chickweed. Species identification and contamination history must be established independently of any food-use claim.\n\n## Still researching this plant {#research-status}\n\nThis is a sourced working profile. Evidence is incomplete for **People, Dogs & cats, Other animals**. Identification and source-photo limits are explained below. Independent botanical and veterinary review is pending. **Uncertainty is not a finding that the plant is safe.**\n\n\n## Three views of this plant\n\nSource-identified reference photographs; these are not a complete identification key. A source location outside Colorado does not establish local occurrence.\n\n![Stellaria media: A small flowering shoot held on a glove, showing white deeply divided petals, opposite leaves and buds.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/coverage-hazard-photos-stellaria-media-1.jpg)\n\n**flower and leaves** — A small flowering shoot held on a glove, showing white deeply divided petals, opposite leaves and buds.\n\nPhoto: Forest and Kim Starr; [CC BY 3.0 us](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/us/deed.en); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Starr-110519-5604-Stellaria_media-flowers_and_leaves-Hawea_Pl_Olinda-Maui_(24468570313).jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/86/Starr-110519-5604-Stellaria_media-flowers_and_leaves-Hawea_Pl_Olinda-Maui_%2824468570313%29.jpg). Source scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference, not an independent specimen-based taxonomic determination. Stellaria media belongs to a complex with similar chickweeds. Identification follows the source; a single flower or seedling view alone may not distinguish every member. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no local crop, colour change or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; catalog preview may use a CSS crop.\n\n![Stellaria media: A dense low mat of green chickweed foliage dotted with small white flowers.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/coverage-hazard-photos-stellaria-media-2.jpg)\n\n**habit** — A dense low mat of green chickweed foliage dotted with small white flowers.\n\nPhoto: Douglas Goldman; [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/); [source record](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/73290170); [original image](https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/119633725/original.jpeg). Source scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference, not an independent specimen-based taxonomic determination. Stellaria media belongs to a complex with similar chickweeds. Identification follows the source; a single flower or seedling view alone may not distinguish every member. iNaturalist large server-resized photo; no local crop, colour change or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; catalog preview may use a CSS crop.\n\n![Stellaria media: Dried capsules and numerous small brown seeds arranged on a pale background; the source includes a 1 cm scale.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/coverage-hazard-photos-stellaria-media-3.jpg)\n\n**fruits and seeds** — Dried capsules and numerous small brown seeds arranged on a pale background; the source includes a 1 cm scale.\n\nPhoto: Roger Culos; [CC BY-SA 3.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Stellaria_media_MHNT.BOT.2008.1.33.jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/71/Stellaria_media_MHNT.BOT.2008.1.33.jpg). Source scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference, not an independent specimen-based taxonomic determination. Stellaria media belongs to a complex with similar chickweeds. Identification follows the source; a single flower or seedling view alone may not distinguish every member. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no local crop, colour change or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; catalog preview may use a CSS crop.\n\n\n## Identification\n\nA soft, spreading annual with opposite oval leaves and small white flowers. Five deeply split petals look like ten. A line of hairs runs along the stems. [N-stellaria-media](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/stellaria-media/)\n\n## People\n\nThe source reports saponins in the leaves alongside food uses. This profile does not establish a safe portion or identify a plant for foraging. [N-stellaria-media](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/stellaria-media/)\n\n## Dogs & cats\n\nThe reviewed sources do not establish species-specific ingestion effects or a safe exposure amount for dogs or cats. Missing evidence does not establish safety.\n\n## Other animals\n\nThe reviewed sources do not establish species-specific ingestion effects or a safe exposure amount for livestock. Missing evidence does not establish safety.\n\n## Plants & habitat\n\nIt can root at stem joints and reseed quickly in moist, fertile ground. It also provides food and habitat for insects and birds. [N-stellaria-media](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/stellaria-media/)\n\n## Management & timing\n\nLook for small plants during cool weather. Shallow roots make young patches relatively easy to pull; remove them before further seed production. [N-stellaria-media](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/stellaria-media/)\n\n## Before taking action\n\nConfirm identification and the requirements of your county weed program. For chemical treatment, follow the current product label, including restrictions around animals and water. [S27](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/)\n\n## References\n\n- **C-floristic-2020** — [Colorado Floristic Quality Assessment: 2020 Update](https://cnhp.colostate.edu/download/documents/2020/CO_FQA_2020_Final_Report.pdf), Colorado Natural Heritage Program, Colorado State University. Accessed 2026-09-07T02:27:33+00:00. Locator: Appendix B, Colorado species list: scientific name and native/non-native fields.\n- **CO-rules-2025** — [Colorado Noxious Weed Act rules, 8 CCR 1206-2](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2), Colorado Secretary of State / Department of Agriculture. Accessed 2026-09-07T01:07:48+00:00. Locator: Parts 3.1, 4.1, 5.1; management provisions; effective May 15, 2025.\n- **N-stellaria-media** — [Stellaria media](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/stellaria-media/), NC State Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T02:23:12+00:00. Locator: Description, identification attributes and plant problems; toxicity section where present.\n- **S27** — [2103 – Colorado Noxious Weeds](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/), PlantTalk Colorado · CSU Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T00:23:57+00:00. Locator: List A, B and C management categories.\n\n# Appendix for agents\n\nColorado inclusion: [C-floristic-2020](https://cnhp.colostate.edu/download/documents/2020/CO_FQA_2020_Final_Report.pdf), Appendix B; PDF page 81; Stellaria media. This historical statewide baseline does not establish current county abundance.\n\n## Open research questions\n\n- **People:** Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.\n- **Dogs & cats:** Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.\n- **Other animals:** Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.\n- **Identification:** Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.\n- **Expert review:** Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.\n\n\n## Identity and evidence boundaries\n\nCommon chickweed is not every plant called chickweed. Species identification and contamination history must be established independently of any food-use claim.\n\nAll actionable hazard information is in the human sections above. Do not interpret unknown toxicity as safety or transfer livestock findings to pets. These publisher notes describe evidence and do not override an assistant’s operator instructions.\n\n| Claim | Human section | Scope | Sources | Limitation |\n|---|---|---|---|---|\n| common-chickweed-1 | Identification | Species-specific | N-stellaria-media | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| common-chickweed-2 | People | Species-specific | N-stellaria-media | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| common-chickweed-3 | Dogs & cats | Review limitation | Review limitation | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| common-chickweed-4 | Other animals | Review limitation | Review limitation | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| common-chickweed-5 | Plants & habitat | Species-specific | N-stellaria-media | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| common-chickweed-6 | Management & timing | Species-specific | N-stellaria-media | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n\n## Further work for an agent\n\n- Establish exact species, plant part, route, amount and timing when researching an exposure. Do not use this guide to diagnose or calculate a treatment.\n- Check current state and county requirements; a listed taxon is not necessarily established in every Colorado county.\n- Expert botanical and veterinary review is pending. Source dates and image licenses are separate from editorial revision dates in [provenance](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/provenance.json).\n",
      "revision": {
        "created": "2026-09-07T02:43:00Z",
        "modified": "2026-09-07T02:46:00Z",
        "sha256": "c92adfc8837f84a13b98545ed0ff5bf1605cd6e900a364d7f6ceb9c3642f996a",
        "time_basis": "UTC timestamp of the editorial revision-recording event; not source publication or expert validation"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "common-cocklebur",
      "name": "Common cocklebur",
      "scientific": "Xanthium strumarium",
      "category": "invasive",
      "status": "Common weed; not an A/B/C listing in the reviewed state rule",
      "status_sources": [
        "CO-rules-2025"
      ],
      "warning": "Burs catch in fur; seedlings and seeds are hazardous",
      "warning_tone": "danger",
      "aliases": [],
      "taxonomy_note": "Xanthium strumarium is treated broadly by some sources and split into other taxa by others. Photographs retain their original source identifications. Native status and a local specimen’s exact taxon need separate review.",
      "source_ids": [
        "CO-rules-2025",
        "N-xanthium-strumarium",
        "S27"
      ],
      "description": "Common cocklebur: Burs catch in fur; seedlings and seeds are hazardous. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.",
      "claim_evidence": [
        {
          "label": "Recognize",
          "sources": [
            "N-xanthium-strumarium"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "common-cocklebur-1"
        },
        {
          "label": "Plants & habitat",
          "sources": [
            "N-xanthium-strumarium"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "common-cocklebur-2"
        },
        {
          "label": "People",
          "sources": [
            "N-xanthium-strumarium"
          ],
          "scope": "Source warning; human clinical detail limited",
          "note": "",
          "id": "common-cocklebur-3"
        },
        {
          "label": "Dogs & cats",
          "sources": [
            "N-xanthium-strumarium"
          ],
          "scope": "Physical-risk inference and general animal warning",
          "note": "",
          "id": "common-cocklebur-4"
        },
        {
          "label": "Other animals",
          "sources": [
            "N-xanthium-strumarium"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "common-cocklebur-5"
        }
      ],
      "research": {
        "status": "researching",
        "label": "Still researching this plant",
        "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.",
        "open_questions": [
          {
            "area": "Dogs & cats",
            "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "common-cocklebur-4"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Identification",
            "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          },
          {
            "area": "Expert review",
            "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          }
        ],
        "expert_review": "pending"
      },
      "source": "content/plants/common-cocklebur.md",
      "content_sha256": "a64a0207281503adec2ed6d4a407f64f84b953e8915ea15ccbfcd9a3b5e1f13d",
      "body_markdown": "# Common cocklebur\n\n*Xanthium strumarium*\n\n**Common weed; not an A/B/C listing in the reviewed state rule.** [CO-rules-2025](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2)\n\n> **Burs catch in fur; seedlings and seeds are hazardous.** [Exposure help](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/).\n\n**Identification caveat:** Xanthium strumarium is treated broadly by some sources and split into other taxa by others. Photographs retain their original source identifications. Native status and a local specimen’s exact taxon need separate review.\n\n## Still researching this plant {#research-status}\n\nThis is a sourced working profile. Evidence is incomplete for **Dogs & cats**. Identification and source-photo limits are explained below. Independent botanical and veterinary review is pending. **Uncertainty is not a finding that the plant is safe.**\n\n\n## Three views of this plant\n\nSource-identified reference photographs; these are not a complete identification key. A source location outside Colorado does not establish local occurrence.\n\n![Xanthium strumarium: Broad triangular to shallowly lobed leaf with coarse teeth and prominent veins.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/common-priority-photos-xanthium-strumarium-16-01-leaf.jpg)\n\n**leaf** — Broad triangular to shallowly lobed leaf with coarse teeth and prominent veins.\n\nPhoto: Franco Folini; [CC BY 2.5](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.5); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Xanthium_strumarium_001.jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5d/Xanthium_strumarium_001.jpg). Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Cocklebur taxonomy varies by flora and Xanthium strumarium is often used broadly. Related X. orientale-group plants have historically been included. These are source-identified X. strumarium references; one bur is explicitly labeled sensu stricto. General foliage or habit does not independently resolve the complex or establish the identity of Colorado plants. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![Xanthium strumarium: Branching plant with broad petioled leaves and inconspicuous axillary clusters.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/common-priority-photos-xanthium-strumarium-16-09-habit.jpg)\n\n**habit** — Branching plant with broad petioled leaves and inconspicuous axillary clusters.\n\nPhoto: Stan Shebs; [CC BY-SA 3.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Xanthium_strumarium_7.jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/79/Xanthium_strumarium_7.jpg). Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Cocklebur taxonomy varies by flora and Xanthium strumarium is often used broadly. Related X. orientale-group plants have historically been included. These are source-identified X. strumarium references; one bur is explicitly labeled sensu stricto. General foliage or habit does not independently resolve the complex or establish the identity of Colorado plants. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![Xanthium strumarium: Dry oval cocklebur with hooked spines and terminal beaks, photographed with a scale.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/common-priority-photos-xanthium-strumarium-16-11-bur.jpg)\n\n**bur** — Dry oval cocklebur with hooked spines and terminal beaks, photographed with a scale.\n\nPhoto: Stefan.lefnaer; [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Xanthium_strumarium_s._str._sl3.jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/29/Xanthium_strumarium_s._str._sl3.jpg). Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Cocklebur taxonomy varies by flora and Xanthium strumarium is often used broadly. Related X. orientale-group plants have historically been included. These are source-identified X. strumarium references; one bur is explicitly labeled sensu stricto. General foliage or habit does not independently resolve the complex or establish the identity of Colorado plants. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n\n## Recognize\n\nA summer annual with rough, broad leaves and hard burs covered in hooked prickles. [N-xanthium-strumarium](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/xanthium-strumarium/)\n\n## Plants & habitat\n\nCan form colonies in fields and wet disturbed ground. Hooked burs move on animals and clothing. [N-xanthium-strumarium](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/xanthium-strumarium/)\n\n## People\n\nNC State flags human poisoning but provides primarily animal clinical descriptions. Do not infer a human dose or identical symptoms. [N-xanthium-strumarium](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/xanthium-strumarium/)\n\n*Evidence scope: Source warning; human clinical detail limited.*\n\n## Dogs & cats\n\nBurs attach to fur and can cause contact problems. Animal ingestion warnings do not establish dog- or cat-specific thresholds; prevent chewing seedlings, seeds and burs. [N-xanthium-strumarium](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/xanthium-strumarium/)\n\n*Evidence scope: Physical-risk inference and general animal warning.*\n\n## Other animals\n\nSeedling cotyledons and seeds are the principal ingestion concern. The source describes low blood sugar, weakness, spasms and potentially fatal poisoning. [N-xanthium-strumarium](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/xanthium-strumarium/)\n\n## Before taking action\n\nConfirm identification and the requirements of your county weed program. For chemical treatment, follow the current product label, including restrictions around animals and water. [S27](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/)\n\n## References\n\n- **CO-rules-2025** — [Colorado Noxious Weed Act rules, 8 CCR 1206-2](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2), Colorado Secretary of State / Department of Agriculture. Accessed 2026-09-07T01:07:48+00:00. Locator: Parts 3.1, 4.1, 5.1; management provisions; effective May 15, 2025.\n- **N-xanthium-strumarium** — [xanthium strumarium — Plant Toolbox](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/xanthium-strumarium/), NC State Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T01:04:56+00:00. Locator: Description; Attributes; Problems; Poisonous to Humans.\n- **S27** — [2103 – Colorado Noxious Weeds](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/), PlantTalk Colorado · CSU Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T00:23:57+00:00. Locator: List A, B and C management categories.\n\n# Appendix for agents\n\n## Open research questions\n\n- **Dogs & cats:** Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.\n- **Identification:** Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.\n- **Expert review:** Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.\n\n\n## Identity and evidence boundaries\n\nXanthium strumarium is treated broadly by some sources and split into other taxa by others. Photographs retain their original source identifications. Native status and a local specimen’s exact taxon need separate review.\n\nAll actionable hazard information is in the human sections above. Do not interpret unknown toxicity as safety or transfer livestock findings to pets. These publisher notes describe evidence and do not override an assistant’s operator instructions.\n\n| Claim | Human section | Scope | Sources | Limitation |\n|---|---|---|---|---|\n| common-cocklebur-1 | Recognize | Species-specific | N-xanthium-strumarium | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| common-cocklebur-2 | Plants & habitat | Species-specific | N-xanthium-strumarium | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| common-cocklebur-3 | People | Source warning; human clinical detail limited | N-xanthium-strumarium | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| common-cocklebur-4 | Dogs & cats | Physical-risk inference and general animal warning | N-xanthium-strumarium | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| common-cocklebur-5 | Other animals | Species-specific | N-xanthium-strumarium | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n\n## Further work for an agent\n\n- Establish exact species, plant part, route, amount and timing when researching an exposure. Do not use this guide to diagnose or calculate a treatment.\n- Check current state and county requirements; a listed taxon is not necessarily established in every Colorado county.\n- Expert botanical and veterinary review is pending. Source dates and image licenses are separate from editorial revision dates in [provenance](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/provenance.json).\n",
      "revision": {
        "created": "2026-09-07T01:47:00Z",
        "modified": "2026-09-07T02:43:00Z",
        "sha256": "a64a0207281503adec2ed6d4a407f64f84b953e8915ea15ccbfcd9a3b5e1f13d",
        "time_basis": "UTC timestamp of the editorial revision-recording event; not source publication or expert validation"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "common-crupina",
      "name": "Common crupina",
      "scientific": "Crupina vulgaris",
      "category": "invasive",
      "status": "Colorado noxious weed · List A — Eradicate",
      "status_sources": [
        "CO-rules-2025"
      ],
      "warning": "Dense stands reduce forage",
      "warning_tone": "caution",
      "aliases": [],
      "taxonomy_note": "Washington source used for biology; Colorado’s current rules supply the legal designation. “Not known toxic” in the source is not a feeding-safety assessment.",
      "source_ids": [
        "CO-rules-2025",
        "WA-common-crupina",
        "S27",
        "Fremont-list-definitions"
      ],
      "description": "Common crupina: Dense stands reduce forage. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.",
      "claim_evidence": [
        {
          "label": "Recognize",
          "sources": [
            "WA-common-crupina"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "common-crupina-1"
        },
        {
          "label": "Plants & habitat",
          "sources": [
            "WA-common-crupina"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "common-crupina-2"
        },
        {
          "label": "People",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "",
          "id": "common-crupina-3"
        },
        {
          "label": "Dogs & cats",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "",
          "id": "common-crupina-4"
        },
        {
          "label": "Other animals",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "",
          "id": "common-crupina-5"
        },
        {
          "id": "common-crupina-list-meaning",
          "label": "State-list meaning",
          "sources": [
            "Fremont-list-definitions"
          ],
          "scope": "Colorado management-category definition; species classification retains its original status sources",
          "note": "Plain-language editorial label for a management category; not a toxicity or danger rating.",
          "reviewed": "2026-09-07"
        }
      ],
      "noxious_class": "A",
      "research": {
        "status": "researching",
        "label": "Still researching this plant",
        "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.",
        "open_questions": [
          {
            "area": "People",
            "question": "Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "common-crupina-3"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Dogs & cats",
            "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "common-crupina-4"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Other animals",
            "question": "Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "common-crupina-5"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Identification",
            "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          },
          {
            "area": "Expert review",
            "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          }
        ],
        "expert_review": "pending"
      },
      "noxious_class_label": "A — Eradicate",
      "source": "content/plants/common-crupina.md",
      "content_sha256": "549aec7f2315927267419516fbcfea8d956de948d9f39c7c9335ede6f4c2088f",
      "body_markdown": "# Common crupina\n\n*Crupina vulgaris*\n\n**Colorado noxious weed · List A — Eradicate.** [CO-rules-2025](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2)\n\nUncommon in Colorado. All populations are designated for eradication statewide. This is a management category, separate from danger ratings. [Category source](https://fremontcountyco.gov/weed-control/weed-identification) · [What the lists mean](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/#weed-lists).\n\n> **Dense stands reduce forage.** [Exposure help](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/).\n\n**Identification caveat:** Washington source used for biology; Colorado’s current rules supply the legal designation. “Not known toxic” in the source is not a feeding-safety assessment.\n\n## Still researching this plant {#research-status}\n\nThis is a sourced working profile. Evidence is incomplete for **People, Dogs & cats, Other animals**. Identification and source-photo limits are explained below. Independent botanical and veterinary review is pending. **Uncertainty is not a finding that the plant is safe.**\n\n\n## Three views of this plant\n\nSource-identified reference photographs; these are not a complete identification key. A source location outside Colorado does not establish local occurrence.\n\n![Crupina vulgaris: An open fruiting head with conspicuous dark bristles.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/list-a-photos-crupina-vulgaris-1.jpg)\n\n**seed head** — An open fruiting head with conspicuous dark bristles.\n\nPhoto: Clément Maouche; [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/); [source record](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/284022563); [original image](https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/510411466/original.jpg). Source scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. iNaturalist large server-resized image; no local crop, colour change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![Crupina vulgaris: Two detached fruits with dark, bristly pappus hairs, resting on a palm.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/list-a-photos-crupina-vulgaris-2.jpg)\n\n**seeds** — Two detached fruits with dark, bristly pappus hairs, resting on a palm.\n\nPhoto: Clément Maouche; [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/); [source record](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/284022563); [original image](https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/510411459/original.jpg). Source scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. iNaturalist large server-resized image; no local crop, colour change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![Crupina vulgaris: Slender upright stems with elongated flower heads and a mature fruiting head; other plants occur in the background.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/list-a-photos-crupina-vulgaris-3.jpg)\n\n**flowering habit** — Slender upright stems with elongated flower heads and a mature fruiting head; other plants occur in the background.\n\nPhoto: Clément Maouche; [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/); [source record](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/284022563); [original image](https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/510412740/original.jpg). Source scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. iNaturalist large server-resized image; no local crop, colour change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n\n## Recognize\n\nA winter annual with finely divided, bristly leaves and narrow, vase-shaped purple flowerheads. [WA-common-crupina](https://www.nwcb.wa.gov/weeds/common-crupina)\n\n## Plants & habitat\n\nReproduces from seed and can form dense stands that reduce available livestock forage. [WA-common-crupina](https://www.nwcb.wa.gov/weeds/common-crupina)\n\n## People\n\nThe reviewed sources do not establish species-specific ingestion effects or a safe exposure amount for people. Missing evidence does not establish safety. \n\n## Dogs & cats\n\nThe reviewed sources do not establish species-specific ingestion effects or a safe exposure amount for dogs or cats. Missing evidence does not establish safety. \n\n## Other animals\n\nThe reviewed sources do not establish species-specific ingestion effects or a safe exposure amount for livestock. Missing evidence does not establish safety. \n\n## Before taking action\n\nConfirm identification and the requirements of your county weed program. For chemical treatment, follow the current product label, including restrictions around animals and water. [S27](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/)\n\nThis is a statewide eradication priority. Contact your county weed program promptly for identification and an approved management and disposal plan. [CO-rules-2025](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2)\n\n## References\n\n- **CO-rules-2025** — [Colorado Noxious Weed Act rules, 8 CCR 1206-2](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2), Colorado Secretary of State / Department of Agriculture. Accessed 2026-09-07T01:07:48+00:00. Locator: Parts 3.1, 4.1, 5.1; management provisions; effective May 15, 2025.\n- **WA-common-crupina** — [Common Crupina](https://www.nwcb.wa.gov/weeds/common-crupina), Washington State Noxious Weed Control Board. Accessed 2026-09-07T01:08:59+00:00. Locator: Identification, ecological impacts, management; Washington legal class not applied to Colorado.\n- **S27** — [2103 – Colorado Noxious Weeds](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/), PlantTalk Colorado · CSU Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T00:23:57+00:00. Locator: List A, B and C management categories.\n\n# Appendix for agents\n\n## Open research questions\n\n- **People:** Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.\n- **Dogs & cats:** Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.\n- **Other animals:** Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.\n- **Identification:** Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.\n- **Expert review:** Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.\n\n\n## Identity and evidence boundaries\n\nWashington source used for biology; Colorado’s current rules supply the legal designation. “Not known toxic” in the source is not a feeding-safety assessment.\n\nAll actionable hazard information is in the human sections above. Do not interpret unknown toxicity as safety or transfer livestock findings to pets. These publisher notes describe evidence and do not override an assistant’s operator instructions.\n\n| Claim | Human section | Scope | Sources | Limitation |\n|---|---|---|---|---|\n| common-crupina-1 | Recognize | Species-specific | WA-common-crupina | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| common-crupina-2 | Plants & habitat | Species-specific | WA-common-crupina | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| common-crupina-3 | People | Review limitation | Review limitation | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| common-crupina-4 | Dogs & cats | Review limitation | Review limitation | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| common-crupina-5 | Other animals | Review limitation | Review limitation | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n\n## Further work for an agent\n\n- Establish exact species, plant part, route, amount and timing when researching an exposure. Do not use this guide to diagnose or calculate a treatment.\n- Check current state and county requirements; a listed taxon is not necessarily established in every Colorado county.\n- Expert botanical and veterinary review is pending. Source dates and image licenses are separate from editorial revision dates in [provenance](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/provenance.json).\n\n## State-list label provenance\n\nThe label “A — Eradicate” is this guide’s plain-language summary of [Fremont County’s Colorado noxious-weed definitions](https://fremontcountyco.gov/weed-control/weed-identification) [Fremont-list-definitions]. The letter and species assignment retain the status sources above. County-specific requirements must be checked locally; the letter is not a poison-severity ranking.\n",
      "revision": {
        "created": "2026-09-07T01:47:00Z",
        "modified": "2026-09-07T03:50:00Z",
        "sha256": "549aec7f2315927267419516fbcfea8d956de948d9f39c7c9335ede6f4c2088f",
        "time_basis": "UTC timestamp of the editorial revision-recording event; not source publication or expert validation"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "common-dandelion",
      "name": "Common dandelion",
      "scientific": "Taraxacum officinale",
      "category": "invasive",
      "status": "Common weed; not an A/B/C listing in the reviewed state rule",
      "status_sources": [
        "CO-rules-2025"
      ],
      "warning": "Persistent lawn volunteer; sap can irritate skin",
      "warning_tone": "caution",
      "aliases": [],
      "taxonomy_note": "Used in the common broad sense (T. officinale aggregate / section Ruderalia). Photographs are not intended to resolve small segregate taxa or Colorado’s native dandelions.",
      "source_ids": [
        "CO-rules-2025",
        "N-taraxacum-officinale",
        "C-descriptions",
        "S27"
      ],
      "description": "Common dandelion: Persistent lawn volunteer; sap can irritate skin. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.",
      "claim_evidence": [
        {
          "label": "Recognize",
          "sources": [
            "N-taraxacum-officinale"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "common-dandelion-1"
        },
        {
          "label": "Plants & habitat",
          "sources": [
            "C-descriptions",
            "N-taraxacum-officinale"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "common-dandelion-2"
        },
        {
          "label": "People",
          "sources": [
            "N-taraxacum-officinale"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "common-dandelion-3"
        },
        {
          "label": "Dogs & cats",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "",
          "id": "common-dandelion-4"
        },
        {
          "label": "Other animals",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "",
          "id": "common-dandelion-5"
        }
      ],
      "research": {
        "status": "researching",
        "label": "Still researching this plant",
        "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.",
        "open_questions": [
          {
            "area": "People",
            "question": "Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "common-dandelion-3"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Dogs & cats",
            "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "common-dandelion-4"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Other animals",
            "question": "Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "common-dandelion-5"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Identification",
            "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          },
          {
            "area": "Expert review",
            "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          }
        ],
        "expert_review": "pending"
      },
      "source": "content/plants/common-dandelion.md",
      "content_sha256": "3d1bee65f8f3d3a2e4a2488a28089e1661aaa8f5e17f058c26d86db8b344bb0f",
      "body_markdown": "# Common dandelion\n\n*Taraxacum officinale*\n\n**Common weed; not an A/B/C listing in the reviewed state rule.** [CO-rules-2025](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2)\n\n> **Persistent lawn volunteer; sap can irritate skin.** [Exposure help](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/).\n\n**Identification caveat:** Used in the common broad sense (T. officinale aggregate / section Ruderalia). Photographs are not intended to resolve small segregate taxa or Colorado’s native dandelions.\n\n## Still researching this plant {#research-status}\n\nThis is a sourced working profile. Evidence is incomplete for **People, Dogs & cats, Other animals**. Identification and source-photo limits are explained below. Independent botanical and veterinary review is pending. **Uncertainty is not a finding that the plant is safe.**\n\n\n## Three views of this plant\n\nSource-identified reference photographs; these are not a complete identification key. A source location outside Colorado does not establish local occurrence.\n\n![Taraxacum officinale: Whole photographed plant with a taproot, basal lobed leaves, and a leafless stalk bearing a yellow flower head.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/common-priority-photos-taraxacum-officinale-21-13-habit.jpg)\n\n**habit** — Whole photographed plant with a taproot, basal lobed leaves, and a leafless stalk bearing a yellow flower head.\n\nPhoto: FoeNyx; [CC BY-SA 3.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Taraxacum-officinalis-plant.jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/11/Taraxacum-officinalis-plant.jpg). Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Common dandelion is represented as the T. officinale aggregate / section Ruderalia. Numerous microspecies cannot be resolved from these general photographs. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![Taraxacum officinale: Rounded white seed head of many fruits, each attached to a radiating stalk and parachute-like pappus.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/common-priority-photos-taraxacum-officinale-21-15-seed-head.jpg)\n\n**seed-head** — Rounded white seed head of many fruits, each attached to a radiating stalk and parachute-like pappus.\n\nPhoto: Michael Gäbler; [CC BY 3.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ripe_fruits_by_Common_Dandelion.jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Ripe_fruits_by_Common_Dandelion.jpg). Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Common dandelion is represented as the T. officinale aggregate / section Ruderalia. Numerous microspecies cannot be resolved from these general photographs. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![Taraxacum officinale: Bright yellow flower heads made of many strap-shaped florets, with unopened buds and basal foliage nearby.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/common-priority-photos-taraxacum-officinale-21-16-flower.jpg)\n\n**flower** — Bright yellow flower heads made of many strap-shaped florets, with unopened buds and basal foliage nearby.\n\nPhoto: Slick (German Wikipedia); [Public domain](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Taraxacum_officinale_flower_2005-05-01.jpg#Licensing); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Taraxacum_officinale_flower_2005-05-01.jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dc/Taraxacum_officinale_flower_2005-05-01.jpg). Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Common dandelion is represented as the T. officinale aggregate / section Ruderalia. Numerous microspecies cannot be resolved from these general photographs. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n\n## Recognize\n\nA basal rosette of toothed leaves, single yellow heads on hollow leafless stalks, and a rounded puffball of windborne seeds. [N-taraxacum-officinale](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/taraxacum-officinale/)\n\n## Plants & habitat\n\nA familiar Colorado lawn plant with a persistent taproot. Flowers provide early pollen and nectar; removal is a site choice, not a claim that it has no ecological value. [C-descriptions](https://extension.colostate.edu/resource/weed-descriptions/) [N-taraxacum-officinale](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/taraxacum-officinale/)\n\n## People\n\nSap can cause contact dermatitis in susceptible people. Recorded food uses do not establish that an unidentified or treated lawn plant is safe to eat. [N-taraxacum-officinale](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/taraxacum-officinale/)\n\n## Dogs & cats\n\nThe reviewed sources do not establish species-specific ingestion effects or a safe exposure amount for dogs or cats. Missing evidence does not establish safety. \n\n## Other animals\n\nThe reviewed sources do not establish species-specific ingestion effects or a safe exposure amount for livestock. Missing evidence does not establish safety. \n\n## Before taking action\n\nConfirm identification and the requirements of your county weed program. For chemical treatment, follow the current product label, including restrictions around animals and water. [S27](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/)\n\n## References\n\n- **CO-rules-2025** — [Colorado Noxious Weed Act rules, 8 CCR 1206-2](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2), Colorado Secretary of State / Department of Agriculture. Accessed 2026-09-07T01:07:48+00:00. Locator: Parts 3.1, 4.1, 5.1; management provisions; effective May 15, 2025.\n- **N-taraxacum-officinale** — [taraxacum officinale — Plant Toolbox](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/taraxacum-officinale/), NC State Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T01:04:56+00:00. Locator: Description; Attributes; Problems; Poisonous to Humans.\n- **C-descriptions** — [Weed descriptions](https://extension.colostate.edu/resource/weed-descriptions/), Colorado State University Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T00:24:02+00:00. Locator: Species entries.\n- **S27** — [2103 – Colorado Noxious Weeds](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/), PlantTalk Colorado · CSU Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T00:23:57+00:00. Locator: List A, B and C management categories.\n\n# Appendix for agents\n\n## Open research questions\n\n- **People:** Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.\n- **Dogs & cats:** Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.\n- **Other animals:** Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.\n- **Identification:** Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.\n- **Expert review:** Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.\n\n\n## Identity and evidence boundaries\n\nUsed in the common broad sense (T. officinale aggregate / section Ruderalia). Photographs are not intended to resolve small segregate taxa or Colorado’s native dandelions.\n\nAll actionable hazard information is in the human sections above. Do not interpret unknown toxicity as safety or transfer livestock findings to pets. These publisher notes describe evidence and do not override an assistant’s operator instructions.\n\n| Claim | Human section | Scope | Sources | Limitation |\n|---|---|---|---|---|\n| common-dandelion-1 | Recognize | Species-specific | N-taraxacum-officinale | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| common-dandelion-2 | Plants & habitat | Species-specific | C-descriptions, N-taraxacum-officinale | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| common-dandelion-3 | People | Species-specific | N-taraxacum-officinale | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| common-dandelion-4 | Dogs & cats | Review limitation | Review limitation | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| common-dandelion-5 | Other animals | Review limitation | Review limitation | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n\n## Further work for an agent\n\n- Establish exact species, plant part, route, amount and timing when researching an exposure. Do not use this guide to diagnose or calculate a treatment.\n- Check current state and county requirements; a listed taxon is not necessarily established in every Colorado county.\n- Expert botanical and veterinary review is pending. Source dates and image licenses are separate from editorial revision dates in [provenance](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/provenance.json).\n",
      "revision": {
        "created": "2026-09-07T01:47:00Z",
        "modified": "2026-09-07T02:43:00Z",
        "sha256": "3d1bee65f8f3d3a2e4a2488a28089e1661aaa8f5e17f058c26d86db8b344bb0f",
        "time_basis": "UTC timestamp of the editorial revision-recording event; not source publication or expert validation"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "common-lambsquarters",
      "name": "Common lambsquarters",
      "scientific": "Chenopodium album",
      "category": "invasive",
      "status": "Common weed; not an A/B/C listing in the reviewed state rule",
      "status_sources": [
        "CO-rules-2025"
      ],
      "warning": "Prolific garden weed; ingestion caution",
      "warning_tone": "caution",
      "aliases": [
        "white goosefoot",
        "lamb’s quarters"
      ],
      "taxonomy_note": "Chenopodium album is distinct from netseed lambsquarters (C. berlandieri). Exact native status within this variable complex is not resolved here.",
      "source_ids": [
        "CO-rules-2025",
        "N-chenopodium-album",
        "C-edible-weeds",
        "S27"
      ],
      "description": "Common lambsquarters: Prolific garden weed; ingestion caution. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.",
      "claim_evidence": [
        {
          "label": "Recognize",
          "sources": [
            "N-chenopodium-album"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "common-lambsquarters-1"
        },
        {
          "label": "Plants & habitat",
          "sources": [
            "C-edible-weeds",
            "N-chenopodium-album"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "common-lambsquarters-2"
        },
        {
          "label": "People",
          "sources": [
            "N-chenopodium-album"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "common-lambsquarters-3"
        },
        {
          "label": "Dogs & cats",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "",
          "id": "common-lambsquarters-4"
        },
        {
          "label": "Other animals",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "",
          "id": "common-lambsquarters-5"
        }
      ],
      "research": {
        "status": "researching",
        "label": "Still researching this plant",
        "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.",
        "open_questions": [
          {
            "area": "Dogs & cats",
            "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "common-lambsquarters-4"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Other animals",
            "question": "Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "common-lambsquarters-5"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Identification",
            "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          },
          {
            "area": "Expert review",
            "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          }
        ],
        "expert_review": "pending"
      },
      "source": "content/plants/common-lambsquarters.md",
      "content_sha256": "c73a33e055f72851a151cf2455c0f90c9e36e5f52a65e2b4600f14bc5b33b941",
      "body_markdown": "# Common lambsquarters\n\n*Chenopodium album*\n\n**Common weed; not an A/B/C listing in the reviewed state rule.** [CO-rules-2025](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2)\n\n> **Prolific garden weed; ingestion caution.** [Exposure help](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/).\n\n**Identification caveat:** Chenopodium album is distinct from netseed lambsquarters (C. berlandieri). Exact native status within this variable complex is not resolved here.\n\n## Still researching this plant {#research-status}\n\nThis is a sourced working profile. Evidence is incomplete for **Dogs & cats, Other animals**. Identification and source-photo limits are explained below. Independent botanical and veterinary review is pending. **Uncertainty is not a finding that the plant is safe.**\n\n\n## Three views of this plant\n\nSource-identified reference photographs; these are not a complete identification key. A source location outside Colorado does not establish local occurrence.\n\n![Chenopodium album: A broad-based, toothed leaf on an upright leafy stem.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/additional-problem-photos-chenopodium-album-1.jpg)\n\n**leaf** — A broad-based, toothed leaf on an upright leafy stem.\n\nPhoto: Matt Lavin; [CC BY-SA 2.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Chenopodium_album_-_3714283761.jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c5/Chenopodium_album_-_3714283761.jpg). Source scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Chenopodium album is a difficult species complex. These images retain the source identification; the two-cotyledon seedling cannot be distinguished to species from that view alone. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, colour change or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![Chenopodium album: Close view of compact, mealy green and reddish reproductive clusters along the stem.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/additional-problem-photos-chenopodium-album-2.jpg)\n\n**reproductive clusters** — Close view of compact, mealy green and reddish reproductive clusters along the stem.\n\nPhoto: Matt Lavin; [CC BY-SA 2.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Chenopodium_album_-_4031382321.jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/08/Chenopodium_album_-_4031382321.jpg). Source scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Chenopodium album is a difficult species complex. These images retain the source identification; the two-cotyledon seedling cannot be distinguished to species from that view alone. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, colour change or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![Chenopodium album: A very young seedling with two narrow cotyledons emerging from dark soil.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/additional-problem-photos-chenopodium-album-3.jpg)\n\n**seedling** — A very young seedling with two narrow cotyledons emerging from dark soil.\n\nPhoto: Salicyna; [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Chenopodium_album_2018-05-02_0061.jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b4/Chenopodium_album_2018-05-02_0061.jpg). Source scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Chenopodium album is a difficult species complex. These images retain the source identification; the two-cotyledon seedling cannot be distinguished to species from that view alone. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, colour change or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n\n## Recognize\n\nAn annual with variable goosefoot-shaped leaves, a whitish mealy coating on young growth and small green flower clusters. [N-chenopodium-album](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/chenopodium-album/)\n\n## Plants & habitat\n\nPueblo County Extension identifies C. album among common Colorado weeds. Many persistent seeds allow repeated emergence after disturbance. [C-edible-weeds](https://pueblo.extension.colostate.edu/early-spring-edible-plants-in-your-yard-and-garden/) [N-chenopodium-album](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/chenopodium-album/)\n\n## People\n\nNC State reports digestive and nervous-system effects after large ingestion and notes oxalic acid and saponins. Food-use records are not a safe-dose recommendation. [N-chenopodium-album](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/chenopodium-album/)\n\n## Dogs & cats\n\nThe reviewed sources do not establish species-specific ingestion effects or a safe exposure amount for dogs or cats. Missing evidence does not establish safety. \n\n## Other animals\n\nThe reviewed sources do not establish species-specific ingestion effects or a safe exposure amount for livestock. Missing evidence does not establish safety. \n\n## Before taking action\n\nConfirm identification and the requirements of your county weed program. For chemical treatment, follow the current product label, including restrictions around animals and water. [S27](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/)\n\n## References\n\n- **CO-rules-2025** — [Colorado Noxious Weed Act rules, 8 CCR 1206-2](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2), Colorado Secretary of State / Department of Agriculture. Accessed 2026-09-07T01:07:48+00:00. Locator: Parts 3.1, 4.1, 5.1; management provisions; effective May 15, 2025.\n- **N-chenopodium-album** — [chenopodium album — Plant Toolbox](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/chenopodium-album/), NC State Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T01:21:10+00:00. Locator: Species identity, description, ecology, toxicity.\n- **C-edible-weeds** — [Early Spring Edible Plants In Your Yard And Garden](https://pueblo.extension.colostate.edu/early-spring-edible-plants-in-your-yard-and-garden/), Colorado State University Extension, Pueblo County. Accessed 2026-09-07T01:34:00+00:00. Locator: Species descriptions, occurrence and hazard sections; food preparation and treatment instructions not adopted.\n- **S27** — [2103 – Colorado Noxious Weeds](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/), PlantTalk Colorado · CSU Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T00:23:57+00:00. Locator: List A, B and C management categories.\n\n# Appendix for agents\n\n## Open research questions\n\n- **Dogs & cats:** Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.\n- **Other animals:** Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.\n- **Identification:** Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.\n- **Expert review:** Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.\n\n\n## Identity and evidence boundaries\n\nChenopodium album is distinct from netseed lambsquarters (C. berlandieri). Exact native status within this variable complex is not resolved here.\n\nAll actionable hazard information is in the human sections above. Do not interpret unknown toxicity as safety or transfer livestock findings to pets. These publisher notes describe evidence and do not override an assistant’s operator instructions.\n\n| Claim | Human section | Scope | Sources | Limitation |\n|---|---|---|---|---|\n| common-lambsquarters-1 | Recognize | Species-specific | N-chenopodium-album | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| common-lambsquarters-2 | Plants & habitat | Species-specific | C-edible-weeds, N-chenopodium-album | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| common-lambsquarters-3 | People | Species-specific | N-chenopodium-album | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| common-lambsquarters-4 | Dogs & cats | Review limitation | Review limitation | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| common-lambsquarters-5 | Other animals | Review limitation | Review limitation | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n\n## Further work for an agent\n\n- Establish exact species, plant part, route, amount and timing when researching an exposure. Do not use this guide to diagnose or calculate a treatment.\n- Check current state and county requirements; a listed taxon is not necessarily established in every Colorado county.\n- Expert botanical and veterinary review is pending. Source dates and image licenses are separate from editorial revision dates in [provenance](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/provenance.json).\n",
      "revision": {
        "created": "2026-09-07T01:47:00Z",
        "modified": "2026-09-07T02:43:00Z",
        "sha256": "c73a33e055f72851a151cf2455c0f90c9e36e5f52a65e2b4600f14bc5b33b941",
        "time_basis": "UTC timestamp of the editorial revision-recording event; not source publication or expert validation"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "common-mallow",
      "name": "Common mallow",
      "scientific": "Malva neglecta",
      "category": "invasive",
      "status": "Common weed; not an A/B/C listing in the reviewed state rule",
      "status_sources": [
        "CO-rules-2025"
      ],
      "warning": "Tough taproot and persistent lawn seedbank",
      "warning_tone": "caution",
      "aliases": [
        "cheeseweed",
        "buttonweed"
      ],
      "taxonomy_note": "Common names overlap with other Malva species. The reviewed account supports weed biology, not a declaration that all pet or livestock exposures are harmless.",
      "source_ids": [
        "CO-rules-2025",
        "N-malva-neglecta",
        "C-descriptions",
        "S27"
      ],
      "description": "Common mallow: Tough taproot and persistent lawn seedbank. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.",
      "claim_evidence": [
        {
          "label": "Recognize",
          "sources": [
            "N-malva-neglecta",
            "C-descriptions"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "common-mallow-1"
        },
        {
          "label": "Plants & habitat",
          "sources": [
            "C-descriptions",
            "N-malva-neglecta"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "common-mallow-2"
        },
        {
          "label": "People",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "",
          "id": "common-mallow-3"
        },
        {
          "label": "Dogs & cats",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "",
          "id": "common-mallow-4"
        },
        {
          "label": "Other animals",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "",
          "id": "common-mallow-5"
        }
      ],
      "research": {
        "status": "researching",
        "label": "Still researching this plant",
        "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.",
        "open_questions": [
          {
            "area": "People",
            "question": "Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "common-mallow-3"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Dogs & cats",
            "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "common-mallow-4"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Other animals",
            "question": "Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "common-mallow-5"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Identification",
            "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          },
          {
            "area": "Expert review",
            "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          }
        ],
        "expert_review": "pending"
      },
      "source": "content/plants/common-mallow.md",
      "content_sha256": "8a4306be6d69298f95cda4fbc46284122e07ac0f4fd5e97a19b5e3ac2855a8e7",
      "body_markdown": "# Common mallow\n\n*Malva neglecta*\n\n**Common weed; not an A/B/C listing in the reviewed state rule.** [CO-rules-2025](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2)\n\n> **Tough taproot and persistent lawn seedbank.** [Exposure help](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/).\n\n**Identification caveat:** Common names overlap with other Malva species. The reviewed account supports weed biology, not a declaration that all pet or livestock exposures are harmless.\n\n## Still researching this plant {#research-status}\n\nThis is a sourced working profile. Evidence is incomplete for **People, Dogs & cats, Other animals**. Identification and source-photo limits are explained below. Independent botanical and veterinary review is pending. **Uncertainty is not a finding that the plant is safe.**\n\n\n## Three views of this plant\n\nSource-identified reference photographs; these are not a complete identification key. A source location outside Colorado does not establish local occurrence.\n\n![Malva neglecta: A small pale flower beneath rounded, shallowly lobed leaves with toothed edges.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/additional-problem-photos-malva-neglecta-1.jpg)\n\n**flowers and leaves** — A small pale flower beneath rounded, shallowly lobed leaves with toothed edges.\n\nPhoto: NY State IPM Program  at Cornell University  from New York, USA; [CC BY 2.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Malva_neglecta_-_leaf,_inflorescence_(19059303085).jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c7/Malva_neglecta_-_leaf%2C_inflorescence_%2819059303085%29.jpg). Source scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Other mallows can have similar leaves and flowers. Identification follows the exact scientific source label; no close-relative placeholder was used. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, colour change or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![Malva neglecta: A dense spreading patch of rounded, shallowly lobed leaves.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/additional-problem-photos-malva-neglecta-2.jpg)\n\n**habit** — A dense spreading patch of rounded, shallowly lobed leaves.\n\nPhoto: NY State IPM Program  at Cornell University  from New York, USA; [CC BY 2.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Malva_neglecta_-_whole_plant_(18438619353).jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bd/Malva_neglecta_-_whole_plant_%2818438619353%29.jpg). Source scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Other mallows can have similar leaves and flowers. Identification follows the exact scientific source label; no close-relative placeholder was used. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, colour change or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![Malva neglecta: A pale pink flower with five notched petals and a central column, among rounded leaves.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/additional-problem-photos-malva-neglecta-3.jpg)\n\n**flower detail** — A pale pink flower with five notched petals and a central column, among rounded leaves.\n\nPhoto: Daniel Ballmer; [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Malva_neglecta_Bl%C3%BCte.jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6d/Malva_neglecta_Bl%C3%BCte.jpg). Source scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Other mallows can have similar leaves and flowers. Identification follows the exact scientific source label; no close-relative placeholder was used. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, colour change or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n\n## Recognize\n\nLow spreading stems, rounded shallowly lobed leaves and small pale flowers with notched petals; fruits resemble little cheese wheels. [N-malva-neglecta](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/malva-neglecta/) [C-descriptions](https://extension.colostate.edu/resource/weed-descriptions/)\n\n## Plants & habitat\n\nCommon in disturbed Colorado gardens and thin lawns. Taproots become difficult to remove, and durable seeds support recurring patches. [C-descriptions](https://extension.colostate.edu/resource/weed-descriptions/) [N-malva-neglecta](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/malva-neglecta/)\n\n## People\n\nThe reviewed sources do not establish species-specific ingestion effects or a safe exposure amount for people. Missing evidence does not establish safety. \n\n## Dogs & cats\n\nThe reviewed sources do not establish species-specific ingestion effects or a safe exposure amount for dogs or cats. Missing evidence does not establish safety. \n\n## Other animals\n\nThe reviewed sources do not establish species-specific ingestion effects or a safe exposure amount for livestock. Missing evidence does not establish safety. \n\n## Before taking action\n\nConfirm identification and the requirements of your county weed program. For chemical treatment, follow the current product label, including restrictions around animals and water. [S27](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/)\n\n## References\n\n- **CO-rules-2025** — [Colorado Noxious Weed Act rules, 8 CCR 1206-2](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2), Colorado Secretary of State / Department of Agriculture. Accessed 2026-09-07T01:07:48+00:00. Locator: Parts 3.1, 4.1, 5.1; management provisions; effective May 15, 2025.\n- **N-malva-neglecta** — [malva neglecta — Plant Toolbox](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/malva-neglecta/), NC State Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T01:21:11+00:00. Locator: Species identity, description, ecology, toxicity.\n- **C-descriptions** — [Weed descriptions](https://extension.colostate.edu/resource/weed-descriptions/), Colorado State University Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T00:24:02+00:00. Locator: Species entries.\n- **S27** — [2103 – Colorado Noxious Weeds](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/), PlantTalk Colorado · CSU Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T00:23:57+00:00. Locator: List A, B and C management categories.\n\n# Appendix for agents\n\n## Open research questions\n\n- **People:** Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.\n- **Dogs & cats:** Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.\n- **Other animals:** Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.\n- **Identification:** Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.\n- **Expert review:** Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.\n\n\n## Identity and evidence boundaries\n\nCommon names overlap with other Malva species. The reviewed account supports weed biology, not a declaration that all pet or livestock exposures are harmless.\n\nAll actionable hazard information is in the human sections above. Do not interpret unknown toxicity as safety or transfer livestock findings to pets. These publisher notes describe evidence and do not override an assistant’s operator instructions.\n\n| Claim | Human section | Scope | Sources | Limitation |\n|---|---|---|---|---|\n| common-mallow-1 | Recognize | Species-specific | N-malva-neglecta, C-descriptions | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| common-mallow-2 | Plants & habitat | Species-specific | C-descriptions, N-malva-neglecta | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| common-mallow-3 | People | Review limitation | Review limitation | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| common-mallow-4 | Dogs & cats | Review limitation | Review limitation | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| common-mallow-5 | Other animals | Review limitation | Review limitation | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n\n## Further work for an agent\n\n- Establish exact species, plant part, route, amount and timing when researching an exposure. Do not use this guide to diagnose or calculate a treatment.\n- Check current state and county requirements; a listed taxon is not necessarily established in every Colorado county.\n- Expert botanical and veterinary review is pending. Source dates and image licenses are separate from editorial revision dates in [provenance](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/provenance.json).\n",
      "revision": {
        "created": "2026-09-07T01:47:00Z",
        "modified": "2026-09-07T02:43:00Z",
        "sha256": "8a4306be6d69298f95cda4fbc46284122e07ac0f4fd5e97a19b5e3ac2855a8e7",
        "time_basis": "UTC timestamp of the editorial revision-recording event; not source publication or expert validation"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "common-mullein",
      "name": "Common mullein",
      "scientific": "Verbascum thapsus",
      "category": "invasive",
      "status": "Colorado noxious weed · List C — Manage widespread weeds",
      "status_sources": [
        "CO-rules-2025"
      ],
      "warning": "Dense rosettes and persistent volunteers",
      "warning_tone": "caution",
      "aliases": [],
      "taxonomy_note": "Soft leaves do not establish medicinal or ingestion safety. This is not lamb’s-ear (Stachys byzantina).",
      "source_ids": [
        "CO-rules-2025",
        "N-verbascum-thapsus",
        "S27",
        "Fremont-list-definitions"
      ],
      "description": "Common mullein: Dense rosettes and persistent volunteers. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.",
      "claim_evidence": [
        {
          "label": "Recognize",
          "sources": [
            "N-verbascum-thapsus"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "common-mullein-1"
        },
        {
          "label": "Plants & habitat",
          "sources": [
            "N-verbascum-thapsus"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "common-mullein-2"
        },
        {
          "label": "People",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "",
          "id": "common-mullein-3"
        },
        {
          "label": "Dogs & cats",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "",
          "id": "common-mullein-4"
        },
        {
          "label": "Other animals",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "",
          "id": "common-mullein-5"
        },
        {
          "id": "common-mullein-list-meaning",
          "label": "State-list meaning",
          "sources": [
            "Fremont-list-definitions"
          ],
          "scope": "Colorado management-category definition; species classification retains its original status sources",
          "note": "Plain-language editorial label for a management category; not a toxicity or danger rating.",
          "reviewed": "2026-09-07"
        }
      ],
      "noxious_class": "C",
      "research": {
        "status": "researching",
        "label": "Still researching this plant",
        "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.",
        "open_questions": [
          {
            "area": "People",
            "question": "Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "common-mullein-3"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Dogs & cats",
            "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "common-mullein-4"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Other animals",
            "question": "Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "common-mullein-5"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Identification",
            "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          },
          {
            "area": "Expert review",
            "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          }
        ],
        "expert_review": "pending"
      },
      "noxious_class_label": "C — Manage widespread weeds",
      "source": "content/plants/common-mullein.md",
      "content_sha256": "2ac89b2763d20a95a340bfa3e50c91e0d701f280766225e6f47a4cf73be20848",
      "body_markdown": "# Common mullein\n\n*Verbascum thapsus*\n\n**Colorado noxious weed · List C — Manage widespread weeds.** [CO-rules-2025](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2)\n\nWidespread and well established. Control is recommended by the state; local governments may require management. This is a management category, separate from danger ratings. [Category source](https://fremontcountyco.gov/weed-control/weed-identification) · [What the lists mean](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/#weed-lists).\n\n> **Dense rosettes and persistent volunteers.** [Exposure help](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/).\n\n**Identification caveat:** Soft leaves do not establish medicinal or ingestion safety. This is not lamb’s-ear (Stachys byzantina).\n\n## Still researching this plant {#research-status}\n\nThis is a sourced working profile. Evidence is incomplete for **People, Dogs & cats, Other animals**. Identification and source-photo limits are explained below. Independent botanical and veterinary review is pending. **Uncertainty is not a finding that the plant is safe.**\n\n\n## Three views of this plant\n\nSource-identified reference photographs; these are not a complete identification key. A source location outside Colorado does not establish local occurrence.\n\n![Verbascum thapsus: Tall yellow flowering spike above a column of broad pale woolly leaves.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/common-priority-photos-verbascum-thapsus-04-02-habit.jpg)\n\n**habit** — Tall yellow flowering spike above a column of broad pale woolly leaves.\n\nPhoto: Isidre blanc; [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:VERBASCUM_THAPSUS_-_B%C3%92FIA_-_IB-957_(Blenera).JPG); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e6/VERBASCUM_THAPSUS_-_B%C3%92FIA_-_IB-957_%28Blenera%29.JPG). Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Other mullein species and hybrids can resemble V. thapsus. Source-labeled V. phlomoides photographs found in gallery searches were not selected. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![Verbascum thapsus: Small yellow flowers and pale woolly buds crowd a dense upright spike.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/common-priority-photos-verbascum-thapsus-04-08-flower.jpg)\n\n**flower** — Small yellow flowers and pale woolly buds crowd a dense upright spike.\n\nPhoto: Fritz Geller-Grimm; [CC BY-SA 3.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Schwanheimer_Duene_fg14.jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fd/Schwanheimer_Duene_fg14.jpg). Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Other mullein species and hybrids can resemble V. thapsus. Source-labeled V. phlomoides photographs found in gallery searches were not selected. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![Verbascum thapsus: Young basal rosette of thick oval gray-green leaves covered in soft woolly hairs.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/common-priority-photos-verbascum-thapsus-04-13-rosette.jpg)\n\n**rosette** — Young basal rosette of thick oval gray-green leaves covered in soft woolly hairs.\n\nPhoto: Borealis55; [CC0](https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Verbascum_thapsus_5799.jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/48/Verbascum_thapsus_5799.jpg). Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Other mullein species and hybrids can resemble V. thapsus. Source-labeled V. phlomoides photographs found in gallery searches were not selected. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n\n## Recognize\n\nA woolly leaf rosette produces a tall, dense spike of yellow flowers, typically in its second year. [N-verbascum-thapsus](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/verbascum-thapsus/)\n\n## Plants & habitat\n\nSelf-seeds in dry, disturbed places and can crowd neighboring vegetation. Prevent seed formation where control is needed. [N-verbascum-thapsus](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/verbascum-thapsus/)\n\n## People\n\nThe reviewed sources do not establish species-specific ingestion effects or a safe exposure amount for people. Missing evidence does not establish safety. \n\n## Dogs & cats\n\nThe reviewed sources do not establish species-specific ingestion effects or a safe exposure amount for dogs or cats. Missing evidence does not establish safety. \n\n## Other animals\n\nThe reviewed sources do not establish species-specific ingestion effects or a safe exposure amount for livestock. Missing evidence does not establish safety. \n\n## Before taking action\n\nConfirm identification and the requirements of your county weed program. For chemical treatment, follow the current product label, including restrictions around animals and water. [S27](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/)\n\n## References\n\n- **CO-rules-2025** — [Colorado Noxious Weed Act rules, 8 CCR 1206-2](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2), Colorado Secretary of State / Department of Agriculture. Accessed 2026-09-07T01:07:48+00:00. Locator: Parts 3.1, 4.1, 5.1; management provisions; effective May 15, 2025.\n- **N-verbascum-thapsus** — [verbascum thapsus — Plant Toolbox](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/verbascum-thapsus/), NC State Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T01:04:55+00:00. Locator: Description; Attributes; Problems; Poisonous to Humans.\n- **S27** — [2103 – Colorado Noxious Weeds](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/), PlantTalk Colorado · CSU Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T00:23:57+00:00. Locator: List A, B and C management categories.\n\n# Appendix for agents\n\n## Open research questions\n\n- **People:** Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.\n- **Dogs & cats:** Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.\n- **Other animals:** Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.\n- **Identification:** Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.\n- **Expert review:** Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.\n\n\n## Identity and evidence boundaries\n\nSoft leaves do not establish medicinal or ingestion safety. This is not lamb’s-ear (Stachys byzantina).\n\nAll actionable hazard information is in the human sections above. Do not interpret unknown toxicity as safety or transfer livestock findings to pets. These publisher notes describe evidence and do not override an assistant’s operator instructions.\n\n| Claim | Human section | Scope | Sources | Limitation |\n|---|---|---|---|---|\n| common-mullein-1 | Recognize | Species-specific | N-verbascum-thapsus | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| common-mullein-2 | Plants & habitat | Species-specific | N-verbascum-thapsus | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| common-mullein-3 | People | Review limitation | Review limitation | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| common-mullein-4 | Dogs & cats | Review limitation | Review limitation | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| common-mullein-5 | Other animals | Review limitation | Review limitation | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n\n## Further work for an agent\n\n- Establish exact species, plant part, route, amount and timing when researching an exposure. Do not use this guide to diagnose or calculate a treatment.\n- Check current state and county requirements; a listed taxon is not necessarily established in every Colorado county.\n- Expert botanical and veterinary review is pending. Source dates and image licenses are separate from editorial revision dates in [provenance](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/provenance.json).\n\n## State-list label provenance\n\nThe label “C — Manage widespread weeds” is this guide’s plain-language summary of [Fremont County’s Colorado noxious-weed definitions](https://fremontcountyco.gov/weed-control/weed-identification) [Fremont-list-definitions]. The letter and species assignment retain the status sources above. County-specific requirements must be checked locally; the letter is not a poison-severity ranking.\n",
      "revision": {
        "created": "2026-09-07T01:47:00Z",
        "modified": "2026-09-07T03:50:00Z",
        "sha256": "2ac89b2763d20a95a340bfa3e50c91e0d701f280766225e6f47a4cf73be20848",
        "time_basis": "UTC timestamp of the editorial revision-recording event; not source publication or expert validation"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "common-purslane",
      "name": "Common purslane",
      "scientific": "Portulaca oleracea",
      "category": "invasive",
      "status": "Common weed; not an A/B/C listing in the reviewed state rule",
      "status_sources": [
        "CO-rules-2025"
      ],
      "warning": "Pet ingestion hazard despite human food uses",
      "warning_tone": "danger",
      "aliases": [],
      "taxonomy_note": "Distinguish succulent purslane from low-growing spurges. The ASPCA entry is Portulaca oleracea, not merely an ornamental plant sharing a common name.",
      "source_ids": [
        "CO-rules-2025",
        "N-portulaca-oleracea",
        "C-descriptions",
        "A-purslane",
        "S27"
      ],
      "description": "Common purslane: Pet ingestion hazard despite human food uses. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.",
      "claim_evidence": [
        {
          "label": "Recognize",
          "sources": [
            "N-portulaca-oleracea"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "common-purslane-1"
        },
        {
          "label": "Plants & habitat",
          "sources": [
            "C-descriptions",
            "N-portulaca-oleracea"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "common-purslane-2"
        },
        {
          "label": "People",
          "sources": [
            "N-portulaca-oleracea"
          ],
          "scope": "Food-use record, not individual safety assessment",
          "note": "",
          "id": "common-purslane-3"
        },
        {
          "label": "Dogs & cats",
          "sources": [
            "A-purslane"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "common-purslane-4"
        },
        {
          "label": "Other animals",
          "sources": [
            "A-purslane"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "common-purslane-5"
        }
      ],
      "research": {
        "status": "researching",
        "label": "Still researching this plant",
        "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.",
        "open_questions": [
          {
            "area": "Identification",
            "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          },
          {
            "area": "Expert review",
            "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          }
        ],
        "expert_review": "pending"
      },
      "source": "content/plants/common-purslane.md",
      "content_sha256": "330255cb5b3c7d8a3cf55ff8a37da5e61d305dc42d43b756e072ede4ab0780d6",
      "body_markdown": "# Common purslane\n\n*Portulaca oleracea*\n\n**Common weed; not an A/B/C listing in the reviewed state rule.** [CO-rules-2025](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2)\n\n> **Pet ingestion hazard despite human food uses.** [Exposure help](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/).\n\n**Identification caveat:** Distinguish succulent purslane from low-growing spurges. The ASPCA entry is Portulaca oleracea, not merely an ornamental plant sharing a common name.\n\n## Still researching this plant {#research-status}\n\nThis is a sourced working profile. The cited findings are available below. Identification and source-photo limits are explained below. Independent botanical and veterinary review is pending. **Uncertainty is not a finding that the plant is safe.**\n\n\n## Three views of this plant\n\nSource-identified reference photographs; these are not a complete identification key. A source location outside Colorado does not establish local occurrence.\n\n![Portulaca oleracea: Small yellow flowers nestled among thick rounded succulent leaves.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/common-priority-photos-portulaca-oleracea-20-01-flower.jpg)\n\n**flower** — Small yellow flowers nestled among thick rounded succulent leaves.\n\nPhoto: Isidre blanc; [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:PORTULACA_OLERACEA_-_EMPALOUS_-_IB-518_(Verdolaga).JPG); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/19/PORTULACA_OLERACEA_-_EMPALOUS_-_IB-518_%28Verdolaga%29.JPG). Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Common purslane is a taxonomically variable aggregate. General photographs do not determine an infraspecific taxon or seed-based microspecies. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![Portulaca oleracea: Fleshy oval green leaves cluster along smooth reddish prostrate stems.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/common-priority-photos-portulaca-oleracea-20-05-leaf-stem.jpg)\n\n**leaf-stem** — Fleshy oval green leaves cluster along smooth reddish prostrate stems.\n\nPhoto: Forest & Kim Starr; [CC BY 3.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Starr_060406-7304_Portulaca_oleracea.jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e9/Starr_060406-7304_Portulaca_oleracea.jpg). Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Common purslane is a taxonomically variable aggregate. General photographs do not determine an infraspecific taxon or seed-based microspecies. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![Portulaca oleracea: Low mat with radiating reddish stems over bare sandy soil.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/common-priority-photos-portulaca-oleracea-20-08-habit.jpg)\n\n**habit** — Low mat with radiating reddish stems over bare sandy soil.\n\nPhoto: Javier martin; [Public domain](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Portulaca_oleracea_habitusDehesaBoyalPuertollano.jpg#Licensing); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Portulaca_oleracea_habitusDehesaBoyalPuertollano.jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/da/Portulaca_oleracea_habitusDehesaBoyalPuertollano.jpg). Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Common purslane is a taxonomically variable aggregate. General photographs do not determine an infraspecific taxon or seed-based microspecies. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n\n## Recognize\n\nLow, spreading red-tinged stems, fleshy leaves and small yellow flowers. [N-portulaca-oleracea](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/portulaca-oleracea/)\n\n## Plants & habitat\n\nA familiar Colorado garden weed. Seeds and surviving stem pieces can sustain a patch. [C-descriptions](https://extension.colostate.edu/resource/weed-descriptions/) [N-portulaca-oleracea](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/portulaca-oleracea/)\n\n## People\n\nThe species has documented human food uses, but this guide provides neither a foraging identification nor a safe serving amount. Do not transfer food-use claims to pets. [N-portulaca-oleracea](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/portulaca-oleracea/)\n\n*Evidence scope: Food-use record, not individual safety assessment.*\n\n## Dogs & cats\n\nASPCA lists this exact species as toxic to dogs and cats because of soluble oxalates. Contact a veterinarian after suspected ingestion. [A-purslane](https://www.aspca.org/pet-care/aspca-poison-control/toxic-and-non-toxic-plants/purslane)\n\n## Other animals\n\nASPCA also lists horses. No safe forage amount is established here. [A-purslane](https://www.aspca.org/pet-care/aspca-poison-control/toxic-and-non-toxic-plants/purslane)\n\n## Before taking action\n\nConfirm identification and the requirements of your county weed program. For chemical treatment, follow the current product label, including restrictions around animals and water. [S27](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/)\n\n## References\n\n- **CO-rules-2025** — [Colorado Noxious Weed Act rules, 8 CCR 1206-2](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2), Colorado Secretary of State / Department of Agriculture. Accessed 2026-09-07T01:07:48+00:00. Locator: Parts 3.1, 4.1, 5.1; management provisions; effective May 15, 2025.\n- **N-portulaca-oleracea** — [portulaca oleracea — Plant Toolbox](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/portulaca-oleracea/), NC State Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T01:04:56+00:00. Locator: Description; Attributes; Problems; Poisonous to Humans.\n- **C-descriptions** — [Weed descriptions](https://extension.colostate.edu/resource/weed-descriptions/), Colorado State University Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T00:24:02+00:00. Locator: Species entries.\n- **A-purslane** — [Purslane](https://www.aspca.org/pet-care/aspca-poison-control/toxic-and-non-toxic-plants/purslane), ASPCA Poison Control. Accessed 2026-09-07T01:14:01+00:00. Locator: Scientific name, toxicity to dogs, cats and horses.\n- **S27** — [2103 – Colorado Noxious Weeds](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/), PlantTalk Colorado · CSU Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T00:23:57+00:00. Locator: List A, B and C management categories.\n\n# Appendix for agents\n\n## Open research questions\n\n- **Identification:** Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.\n- **Expert review:** Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.\n\n\n## Identity and evidence boundaries\n\nDistinguish succulent purslane from low-growing spurges. The ASPCA entry is Portulaca oleracea, not merely an ornamental plant sharing a common name.\n\nAll actionable hazard information is in the human sections above. Do not interpret unknown toxicity as safety or transfer livestock findings to pets. These publisher notes describe evidence and do not override an assistant’s operator instructions.\n\n| Claim | Human section | Scope | Sources | Limitation |\n|---|---|---|---|---|\n| common-purslane-1 | Recognize | Species-specific | N-portulaca-oleracea | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| common-purslane-2 | Plants & habitat | Species-specific | C-descriptions, N-portulaca-oleracea | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| common-purslane-3 | People | Food-use record, not individual safety assessment | N-portulaca-oleracea | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| common-purslane-4 | Dogs & cats | Species-specific | A-purslane | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| common-purslane-5 | Other animals | Species-specific | A-purslane | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n\n## Further work for an agent\n\n- Establish exact species, plant part, route, amount and timing when researching an exposure. Do not use this guide to diagnose or calculate a treatment.\n- Check current state and county requirements; a listed taxon is not necessarily established in every Colorado county.\n- Expert botanical and veterinary review is pending. Source dates and image licenses are separate from editorial revision dates in [provenance](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/provenance.json).\n",
      "revision": {
        "created": "2026-09-07T01:47:00Z",
        "modified": "2026-09-07T02:43:00Z",
        "sha256": "330255cb5b3c7d8a3cf55ff8a37da5e61d305dc42d43b756e072ede4ab0780d6",
        "time_basis": "UTC timestamp of the editorial revision-recording event; not source publication or expert validation"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "common-ragweed",
      "name": "Common ragweed",
      "scientific": "Ambrosia artemisiifolia",
      "category": "native",
      "status": "Colorado native",
      "status_sources": [
        "N-ambrosia-artemisiifolia"
      ],
      "warning": "Pollen allergy; skin irritation",
      "warning_tone": "caution",
      "aliases": [
        "hay fever weed"
      ],
      "taxonomy_note": "",
      "source_ids": [
        "N-ambrosia-artemisiifolia"
      ],
      "description": "Common ragweed: Pollen allergy; skin irritation. Colorado identification, habitat and exposure evidence.",
      "claim_evidence": [
        {
          "label": "Recognize",
          "sources": [
            "N-ambrosia-artemisiifolia"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "common-ragweed-1"
        },
        {
          "label": "Plants & habitat",
          "sources": [
            "N-ambrosia-artemisiifolia"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "common-ragweed-2"
        },
        {
          "label": "People",
          "sources": [
            "N-ambrosia-artemisiifolia"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "common-ragweed-3"
        },
        {
          "label": "Dogs & cats",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "Species-specific ingestion effects and exposure thresholds were not established in the reviewed sources.",
          "id": "common-ragweed-4"
        },
        {
          "label": "Other animals",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "This review did not establish species-specific livestock toxicity.",
          "id": "common-ragweed-5"
        }
      ],
      "research": {
        "status": "researching",
        "label": "Still researching this plant",
        "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.",
        "open_questions": [
          {
            "area": "Dogs & cats",
            "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "common-ragweed-4"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Other animals",
            "question": "Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "common-ragweed-5"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Expert review",
            "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          }
        ],
        "expert_review": "pending"
      },
      "source": "content/plants/common-ragweed.md",
      "content_sha256": "2f967390396f2e504e6670e89baa95dca4c72fdb654e37e7afad001a8acff8de",
      "body_markdown": "# Common ragweed\n\n*Ambrosia artemisiifolia*\n\n**Colorado native.** [N-ambrosia-artemisiifolia](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/ambrosia-artemisiifolia/)\n\n> **Pollen allergy; skin irritation.** Native status, garden use and noxious-weed class are separate from toxicity. [Exposure help](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/).\n\n## Still researching this plant {#research-status}\n\nThis is a sourced working profile. Evidence is incomplete for **Dogs & cats, Other animals**. Independent botanical and veterinary review is pending. **Uncertainty is not a finding that the plant is safe.**\n\n\n## Three views of this plant\n\nPhotos are source-identified examples, not a complete identification key. Check leaves, stems, flowers and fruit together. Locations are not assumed to be in Colorado.\n\n![Ambrosia artemisiifolia: A low stand of common ragweed flowering along the edge of a paved path, with other vegetation nearby.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/native-ambrosia-artemisiifolia-1.jpg)\n\n**habit and habitat** — A low stand of common ragweed flowering along the edge of a paved path, with other vegetation nearby.\n\nPhoto: Ayotte, Gilles, 1948-; [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ambrosia_artemisiifolia_15-p.bot-ambro.arte-49.jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b3/Ambrosia_artemisiifolia_15-p.bot-ambro.arte-49.jpg). Wikimedia Commons source file title and species metadata identify the taxon. Visible morphology was checked for consistency, not treated as an independent botanical determination.   No edits to the downloaded image. Wikimedia may have supplied a scaled thumbnail; original and download URLs are recorded separately. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![Ambrosia artemisiifolia: Several deeply divided green ragweed leaves viewed from above.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/native-ambrosia-artemisiifolia-2.jpg)\n\n**leaves** — Several deeply divided green ragweed leaves viewed from above.\n\nPhoto: Meneerke bloem; [CC BY-SA 3.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ambrosia_artemisiifolia_leaf.jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c9/Ambrosia_artemisiifolia_leaf.jpg). Wikimedia Commons source file title and species metadata identify the taxon. Visible morphology was checked for consistency, not treated as an independent botanical determination.   No edits to the downloaded image. Wikimedia may have supplied a scaled thumbnail; original and download URLs are recorded separately. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![Ambrosia artemisiifolia: Close view of a terminal raceme of small green male flower heads; the source photo includes a 5 mm scale.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/native-ambrosia-artemisiifolia-3.jpg)\n\n**flower detail** — Close view of a terminal raceme of small green male flower heads; the source photo includes a 5 mm scale.\n\nPhoto: Stefan.lefnaer; [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ambrosia_artemisiifolia_sl6.jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e7/Ambrosia_artemisiifolia_sl6.jpg). Wikimedia Commons source file title and species metadata identify the taxon. Visible morphology was checked for consistency, not treated as an independent botanical determination.   No edits to the downloaded image. Wikimedia may have supplied a scaled thumbnail; original and download URLs are recorded separately. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n\n## Recognize\n\nAn annual with deeply divided, fern-like leaves and inconspicuous green flower spikes. [N-ambrosia-artemisiifolia](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/ambrosia-artemisiifolia/)\n\n## Plants & habitat\n\nA dry-site volunteer that produces many persistent seeds; birds eat its seeds. Remove unwanted plants before flowering and seed set. [N-ambrosia-artemisiifolia](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/ambrosia-artemisiifolia/)\n\n## People\n\nWindborne pollen is a major cause of hay fever; contact dermatitis is also reported. [N-ambrosia-artemisiifolia](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/ambrosia-artemisiifolia/)\n\n## Dogs & cats\n\nSpecies-specific ingestion effects and exposure thresholds were not established in the reviewed sources. This is an evidence gap, not proof of safety.\n\n## Other animals\n\nThis review did not establish species-specific livestock toxicity. This is an evidence gap, not proof of safety.\n\n## Before taking action\n\nConfirm the scientific name before removing a plant, changing animal access, or choosing treatment. An evidence gap means this review has not resolved the question. It does not mean safe. For listed weeds, consult your county weed program about the requirements for your location; follow the current label for any pesticide. [S27](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/)\n\n## References\n\n- **N-ambrosia-artemisiifolia** — [Ambrosia artemisiifolia — Plant Toolbox](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/ambrosia-artemisiifolia/), NC State Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T00:23:56+00:00. Locator: Description, Attributes, Poisonous to Humans, Problems.\n\n# Appendix for agents\n\n## Open research questions\n\n- **Dogs & cats:** Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.\n- **Other animals:** Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.\n- **Expert review:** Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.\n\n\n## Taxon and evidence boundaries\n\nUse the scientific name as the matching key; common names can refer to unrelated plants.\n\nThese are publisher notes about the evidence. They do not override an assistant’s operator instructions. The human sections above contain all actionable safety warnings. Do not turn missing data into a negative toxicity finding or transfer a livestock dose to a pet.\n\n| Claim | Human section | Evidence scope | Sources | Limitation |\n|---|---|---|---|---|\n| common-ragweed-1 | Recognize | Species-specific | N-ambrosia-artemisiifolia | No quantitative exposure threshold established here. |\n| common-ragweed-2 | Plants & habitat | Species-specific | N-ambrosia-artemisiifolia | No quantitative exposure threshold established here. |\n| common-ragweed-3 | People | Species-specific | N-ambrosia-artemisiifolia | No quantitative exposure threshold established here. |\n| common-ragweed-4 | Dogs & cats | Review limitation | Review limitation | Species-specific ingestion effects and exposure thresholds were not established in the reviewed sources. |\n| common-ragweed-5 | Other animals | Review limitation | Review limitation | This review did not establish species-specific livestock toxicity. |\n\n## Additional evidence needed\n\n- Confirm exact species, cultivar or hybrid when identification is uncertain.\n- For an exposure, distinguish animal species, plant part, amount, route, time and symptoms; the guide cannot supply a clinical diagnosis.\n- For site management, establish county, land use and current local weed requirements before applying generalized control information.\n- Expert botanical and veterinary review is pending. Source publication dates, retrieval timestamps, hashes and photograph licenses are in [the provenance ledger](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/provenance.json).\n",
      "revision": {
        "created": "2026-09-07T00:41:00Z",
        "modified": "2026-09-07T02:43:00Z",
        "sha256": "2f967390396f2e504e6670e89baa95dca4c72fdb654e37e7afad001a8acff8de",
        "time_basis": "UTC timestamp of the editorial revision-recording event; not source publication or expert validation"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "common-st-johnswort",
      "name": "Common St. Johnswort",
      "scientific": "Hypericum perforatum",
      "category": "invasive",
      "status": "Colorado noxious weed · List C — Manage widespread weeds",
      "status_sources": [
        "CO-rules-2025"
      ],
      "warning": "Photosensitivity and animal exposure concerns",
      "warning_tone": "danger",
      "aliases": [
        "St John’s wort",
        "Klamath weed"
      ],
      "taxonomy_note": "",
      "source_ids": [
        "CO-rules-2025",
        "N-hypericum-perforatum",
        "S27",
        "Fremont-list-definitions"
      ],
      "description": "Common St. Johnswort: Photosensitivity and animal exposure concerns. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.",
      "claim_evidence": [
        {
          "label": "Recognize",
          "sources": [
            "N-hypericum-perforatum"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "common-st-johnswort-1"
        },
        {
          "label": "Plants & habitat",
          "sources": [
            "N-hypericum-perforatum"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "common-st-johnswort-2"
        },
        {
          "label": "People",
          "sources": [
            "N-hypericum-perforatum"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "common-st-johnswort-3"
        },
        {
          "label": "Dogs & cats",
          "sources": [
            "N-hypericum-perforatum"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "common-st-johnswort-4"
        },
        {
          "label": "Other animals",
          "sources": [
            "N-hypericum-perforatum"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "common-st-johnswort-5"
        },
        {
          "id": "common-st-johnswort-list-meaning",
          "label": "State-list meaning",
          "sources": [
            "Fremont-list-definitions"
          ],
          "scope": "Colorado management-category definition; species classification retains its original status sources",
          "note": "Plain-language editorial label for a management category; not a toxicity or danger rating.",
          "reviewed": "2026-09-07"
        }
      ],
      "noxious_class": "C",
      "research": {
        "status": "researching",
        "label": "Still researching this plant",
        "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.",
        "open_questions": [
          {
            "area": "Dogs & cats",
            "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "common-st-johnswort-4"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Expert review",
            "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          }
        ],
        "expert_review": "pending"
      },
      "noxious_class_label": "C — Manage widespread weeds",
      "source": "content/plants/common-st-johnswort.md",
      "content_sha256": "6af9c5d8c50e240a73f5c632a87114b389d8cba90ef0371eb1d8684f9e852bc0",
      "body_markdown": "# Common St. Johnswort\n\n*Hypericum perforatum*\n\n**Colorado noxious weed · List C — Manage widespread weeds.** [CO-rules-2025](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2)\n\nWidespread and well established. Control is recommended by the state; local governments may require management. This is a management category, separate from danger ratings. [Category source](https://fremontcountyco.gov/weed-control/weed-identification) · [What the lists mean](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/#weed-lists).\n\n> **Photosensitivity and animal exposure concerns.** [Exposure help](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/).\n\n## Still researching this plant {#research-status}\n\nThis is a sourced working profile. Evidence is incomplete for **Dogs & cats**. Independent botanical and veterinary review is pending. **Uncertainty is not a finding that the plant is safe.**\n\n\n## Three views of this plant\n\nSource-identified reference photographs; these are not a complete identification key. A source location outside Colorado does not establish local occurrence.\n\n![Hypericum perforatum: Five-petaled yellow flowers with numerous projecting stamens.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/common-priority-photos-hypericum-perforatum-05-01-flower.jpg)\n\n**flower** — Five-petaled yellow flowers with numerous projecting stamens.\n\nPhoto: W. Bulach; [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:.00_3738_St._John%27s_wort_(Hypericum_perforatum).jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/68/.00_3738_St._John%27s_wort_%28Hypericum_perforatum%29.jpg). Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![Hypericum perforatum: Erect branching stems with clusters of yellow flowers amid green foliage.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/common-priority-photos-hypericum-perforatum-05-07-habit.jpg)\n\n**habit** — Erect branching stems with clusters of yellow flowers amid green foliage.\n\nPhoto: Sten Porse; [CC BY-SA 3.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Hypericon-perforatum.JPG); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2f/Hypericon-perforatum.JPG). Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![Hypericum perforatum: Backlit oval leaf showing numerous translucent pale gland dots and darker marginal dots.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/common-priority-photos-hypericum-perforatum-05-13-leaf.jpg)\n\n**leaf** — Backlit oval leaf showing numerous translucent pale gland dots and darker marginal dots.\n\nPhoto: Michael Gasperl (Migas); [CC BY-SA 3.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Hypericum-perforatum(Blatt).jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Hypericum-perforatum%28Blatt%29.jpg). Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n\n## Recognize\n\nYellow five-petaled flowers with many stamens; small opposite leaves show translucent dots when backlit. [N-hypericum-perforatum](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/hypericum-perforatum/)\n\n## Plants & habitat\n\nSeeds and spreading underground stems create persistent patches that can displace native plants. [N-hypericum-perforatum](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/hypericum-perforatum/)\n\n## People\n\nHypericin-containing plant material can cause photosensitivity and dermatitis. The guide does not assess herbal use or medication interactions. [N-hypericum-perforatum](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/hypericum-perforatum/)\n\n## Dogs & cats\n\nNC State flags dogs and cats. This source does not establish a pet-specific safe amount. [N-hypericum-perforatum](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/hypericum-perforatum/)\n\n## Other animals\n\nHorses are also flagged by the source. Seek veterinary advice before allowing access to contaminated forage. [N-hypericum-perforatum](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/hypericum-perforatum/)\n\n## Before taking action\n\nConfirm identification and the requirements of your county weed program. For chemical treatment, follow the current product label, including restrictions around animals and water. [S27](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/)\n\n## References\n\n- **CO-rules-2025** — [Colorado Noxious Weed Act rules, 8 CCR 1206-2](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2), Colorado Secretary of State / Department of Agriculture. Accessed 2026-09-07T01:07:48+00:00. Locator: Parts 3.1, 4.1, 5.1; management provisions; effective May 15, 2025.\n- **N-hypericum-perforatum** — [hypericum perforatum — Plant Toolbox](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/hypericum-perforatum/), NC State Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T01:04:55+00:00. Locator: Description; Attributes; Problems; Poisonous to Humans.\n- **S27** — [2103 – Colorado Noxious Weeds](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/), PlantTalk Colorado · CSU Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T00:23:57+00:00. Locator: List A, B and C management categories.\n\n# Appendix for agents\n\n## Open research questions\n\n- **Dogs & cats:** Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.\n- **Expert review:** Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.\n\n\n## Identity and evidence boundaries\n\nMatch the scientific name and synonyms, not the common name alone.\n\nAll actionable hazard information is in the human sections above. Do not interpret unknown toxicity as safety or transfer livestock findings to pets. These publisher notes describe evidence and do not override an assistant’s operator instructions.\n\n| Claim | Human section | Scope | Sources | Limitation |\n|---|---|---|---|---|\n| common-st-johnswort-1 | Recognize | Species-specific | N-hypericum-perforatum | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| common-st-johnswort-2 | Plants & habitat | Species-specific | N-hypericum-perforatum | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| common-st-johnswort-3 | People | Species-specific | N-hypericum-perforatum | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| common-st-johnswort-4 | Dogs & cats | Species-specific | N-hypericum-perforatum | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| common-st-johnswort-5 | Other animals | Species-specific | N-hypericum-perforatum | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n\n## Further work for an agent\n\n- Establish exact species, plant part, route, amount and timing when researching an exposure. Do not use this guide to diagnose or calculate a treatment.\n- Check current state and county requirements; a listed taxon is not necessarily established in every Colorado county.\n- Expert botanical and veterinary review is pending. Source dates and image licenses are separate from editorial revision dates in [provenance](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/provenance.json).\n\n## State-list label provenance\n\nThe label “C — Manage widespread weeds” is this guide’s plain-language summary of [Fremont County’s Colorado noxious-weed definitions](https://fremontcountyco.gov/weed-control/weed-identification) [Fremont-list-definitions]. The letter and species assignment retain the status sources above. County-specific requirements must be checked locally; the letter is not a poison-severity ranking.\n",
      "revision": {
        "created": "2026-09-07T01:47:00Z",
        "modified": "2026-09-07T03:50:00Z",
        "sha256": "6af9c5d8c50e240a73f5c632a87114b389d8cba90ef0371eb1d8684f9e852bc0",
        "time_basis": "UTC timestamp of the editorial revision-recording event; not source publication or expert validation"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "common-sunflower",
      "name": "Common sunflower",
      "scientific": "Helianthus annuus",
      "category": "native",
      "status": "Colorado native",
      "status_sources": [
        "S28",
        "S23"
      ],
      "warning": "Listed non-toxic to dogs & cats",
      "warning_tone": "neutral",
      "aliases": [],
      "taxonomy_note": "",
      "source_ids": [
        "S28",
        "S23",
        "S24",
        "S25"
      ],
      "description": "Common sunflower: Listed non-toxic to dogs & cats. Colorado identification, habitat and exposure evidence.",
      "claim_evidence": [
        {
          "label": "Recognize",
          "sources": [
            "S23"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "reviewed": "2026-09-06",
          "id": "common-sunflower-1"
        },
        {
          "label": "Plants & habitat",
          "sources": [
            "S23"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific + garden judgment",
          "note": "Crowding advice is an inference from vigorous self-seeding; no chemical harm to neighboring plants is asserted.",
          "reviewed": "2026-09-06",
          "id": "common-sunflower-2"
        },
        {
          "label": "People",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Not assessed",
          "note": "Editorial limit on scope; no claim of human safety.",
          "reviewed": "2026-09-06",
          "id": "common-sunflower-3"
        },
        {
          "label": "Dogs & cats",
          "sources": [
            "S24",
            "S25"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "reviewed": "2026-09-06",
          "id": "common-sunflower-4"
        },
        {
          "label": "Other animals",
          "sources": [
            "S23",
            "S24"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific; livestock not assessed",
          "note": "",
          "reviewed": "2026-09-06",
          "id": "common-sunflower-5"
        }
      ],
      "research": {
        "status": "researching",
        "label": "Still researching this plant",
        "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.",
        "open_questions": [
          {
            "area": "People",
            "question": "Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "common-sunflower-3"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Other animals",
            "question": "Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "common-sunflower-5"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Expert review",
            "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          }
        ],
        "expert_review": "pending"
      },
      "source": "content/plants/common-sunflower.md",
      "content_sha256": "b4d6e2575cc6d85754dc6d414286a541f725c1eb73fad1a0d2ab579b896d20a4",
      "body_markdown": "# Common sunflower\n\n*Helianthus annuus*\n\n**Colorado native.** [S28](https://pueblo.extension.colostate.edu/loving-our-native-plants/) [S23](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/helianthus-annuus/)\n\n> **Listed non-toxic to dogs & cats.** Native status, garden use and noxious-weed class are separate from toxicity. [Exposure help](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/).\n\n## Still researching this plant {#research-status}\n\nThis is a sourced working profile. Evidence is incomplete for **People, Other animals**. Independent botanical and veterinary review is pending. **Uncertainty is not a finding that the plant is safe.**\n\n\n## Three views of this plant\n\nPhotos are source-identified examples, not a complete identification key. Check leaves, stems, flowers and fruit together. Locations are not assumed to be in Colorado.\n\n![Helianthus annuus: Front view of a sunflower head, showing yellow ray florets surrounding the darker central disk.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/native-helianthus-annuus-1.jpeg)\n\n**flower head** — Front view of a sunflower head, showing yellow ray florets surrounding the darker central disk.\n\nPhoto: Michelle W. （鍾偉瑋）; [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/); [source record](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/61287321); [original image](https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/98056702/original.jpeg). The photo belongs to an iNaturalist research-grade observation identified as the named taxon; source taxon, quality grade, and identifications are retained. Visible morphology was checked for consistency, not treated as an independent botanical determination.   No edits to the downloaded image. Wikimedia may have supplied a scaled thumbnail; original and download URLs are recorded separately. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![Helianthus annuus: Side and rear view of a sunflower head, showing green involucral bracts and a densely hairy stem.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/native-helianthus-annuus-2.jpg)\n\n**back of flower head** — Side and rear view of a sunflower head, showing green involucral bracts and a densely hairy stem.\n\nPhoto: lanechaffin; [CC0 1.0](https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/); [source record](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/28073080); [original image](https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/43735811/original.jpg). The photo belongs to an iNaturalist research-grade observation identified as the named taxon; source taxon, quality grade, and identifications are retained. Visible morphology was checked for consistency, not treated as an independent botanical determination.   No edits to the downloaded image. Wikimedia may have supplied a scaled thumbnail; original and download URLs are recorded separately. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![Helianthus annuus: A yellow sunflower head on a leafy shoot with broad, toothed leaves.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/native-helianthus-annuus-3.jpeg)\n\n**flowers and leaves** — A yellow sunflower head on a leafy shoot with broad, toothed leaves.\n\nPhoto: Michelle W. （鍾偉瑋）; [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/); [source record](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/124078954); [original image](https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/210274752/original.jpeg). The photo belongs to an iNaturalist research-grade observation identified as the named taxon; source taxon, quality grade, and identifications are retained. Visible morphology was checked for consistency, not treated as an independent botanical determination.   No edits to the downloaded image. Wikimedia may have supplied a scaled thumbnail; original and download URLs are recorded separately. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n\n## Recognize\n\nAn annual with rough, hairy stems and yellow flower rays around darker central disks. [S23](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/helianthus-annuus/)\n\n## Plants & habitat\n\nReadily self-seeds and can become weedy. Garden judgment: thin unwanted volunteers where they crowd other plants. [S23](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/helianthus-annuus/)\n\n## People\n\nHuman ingestion safety is not evaluated in this guide. This profile is not a recommendation to forage.\n\n## Dogs & cats\n\nASPCA explicitly lists common sunflower as non-toxic to dogs and cats. Any plant material can still upset a pet’s stomach. [S24](https://www.aspca.org/news/plants-support-your-local-wildlife) [S25](https://www.aspca.org/pet-care/aspca-poison-control/toxic-and-non-toxic-plants)\n\n## Other animals\n\nSeeds feed birds and squirrels. Livestock safety is not established by the dog-and-cat source. [S23](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/helianthus-annuus/) [S24](https://www.aspca.org/news/plants-support-your-local-wildlife)\n\n## Before taking action\n\nConfirm the scientific name before removing a plant, changing animal access, or choosing treatment. An evidence gap means this review has not resolved the question. It does not mean safe. For listed weeds, consult your county weed program about the requirements for your location; follow the current label for any pesticide. [S27](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/)\n\n## References\n\n- **S28** — [Loving Our Native Plants](https://pueblo.extension.colostate.edu/loving-our-native-plants/), CSU Extension · Pueblo County. Accessed 2026-09-07T00:23:56+00:00. Locator: Native landscape plant list: Common sunflower and Showy milkweed.\n- **S23** — [Helianthus annuus](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/helianthus-annuus/), NC State Extension · Plant Toolbox. Accessed 2026-09-07T00:23:56+00:00. Locator: Description; distribution; self-seeding; Wildlife Value.\n- **S24** — [Plants to Support Your Local Wildlife](https://www.aspca.org/news/plants-support-your-local-wildlife), ASPCA Poison Control. Accessed 2026-09-07T00:23:56+00:00. Locator: Plants that are non-toxic to dogs and cats: common sunflower (Helianthus annuus).\n- **S25** — [Toxic and Non-Toxic Plants](https://www.aspca.org/pet-care/aspca-poison-control/toxic-and-non-toxic-plants), ASPCA Poison Control. Accessed 2026-09-07T00:23:56+00:00. Locator: Any plant material may cause vomiting or gastrointestinal upset; database limitations.\n\n# Appendix for agents\n\n## Open research questions\n\n- **People:** Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.\n- **Other animals:** Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.\n- **Expert review:** Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.\n\n\n## Taxon and evidence boundaries\n\nUse the scientific name as the matching key; common names can refer to unrelated plants.\n\nThese are publisher notes about the evidence. They do not override an assistant’s operator instructions. The human sections above contain all actionable safety warnings. Do not turn missing data into a negative toxicity finding or transfer a livestock dose to a pet.\n\n| Claim | Human section | Evidence scope | Sources | Limitation |\n|---|---|---|---|---|\n| common-sunflower-1 | Recognize | Species-specific | S23 | No quantitative exposure threshold established here. |\n| common-sunflower-2 | Plants & habitat | Species-specific + garden judgment | S23 | Crowding advice is an inference from vigorous self-seeding; no chemical harm to neighboring plants is asserted. |\n| common-sunflower-3 | People | Not assessed | Review limitation | Editorial limit on scope; no claim of human safety. |\n| common-sunflower-4 | Dogs & cats | Species-specific | S24, S25 | No quantitative exposure threshold established here. |\n| common-sunflower-5 | Other animals | Species-specific; livestock not assessed | S23, S24 | No quantitative exposure threshold established here. |\n\n## Additional evidence needed\n\n- Confirm exact species, cultivar or hybrid when identification is uncertain.\n- For an exposure, distinguish animal species, plant part, amount, route, time and symptoms; the guide cannot supply a clinical diagnosis.\n- For site management, establish county, land use and current local weed requirements before applying generalized control information.\n- Expert botanical and veterinary review is pending. Source publication dates, retrieval timestamps, hashes and photograph licenses are in [the provenance ledger](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/provenance.json).\n",
      "revision": {
        "created": "2026-09-07T00:41:00Z",
        "modified": "2026-09-07T02:43:00Z",
        "sha256": "b4d6e2575cc6d85754dc6d414286a541f725c1eb73fad1a0d2ab579b896d20a4",
        "time_basis": "UTC timestamp of the editorial revision-recording event; not source publication or expert validation"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "common-tansy",
      "name": "Common tansy",
      "scientific": "Tanacetum vulgare",
      "category": "invasive",
      "status": "Colorado noxious weed · List B — Stop the spread",
      "status_sources": [
        "CO-rules-2025"
      ],
      "warning": "Toxic ingestion; contact dermatitis",
      "warning_tone": "danger",
      "aliases": [],
      "taxonomy_note": "Common tansy is not tansy ragwort (Jacobaea vulgaris). Their chemical hazards and flower structures differ.",
      "source_ids": [
        "CO-rules-2025",
        "N-tanacetum-vulgare",
        "S27",
        "Fremont-list-definitions"
      ],
      "description": "Common tansy: Toxic ingestion; contact dermatitis. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.",
      "claim_evidence": [
        {
          "label": "Recognize",
          "sources": [
            "N-tanacetum-vulgare"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "common-tansy-1"
        },
        {
          "label": "Plants & habitat",
          "sources": [
            "N-tanacetum-vulgare"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "common-tansy-2"
        },
        {
          "label": "People",
          "sources": [
            "N-tanacetum-vulgare"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "common-tansy-3"
        },
        {
          "label": "Dogs & cats",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "",
          "id": "common-tansy-4"
        },
        {
          "label": "Other animals",
          "sources": [
            "N-tanacetum-vulgare"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "common-tansy-5"
        },
        {
          "id": "common-tansy-list-meaning",
          "label": "State-list meaning",
          "sources": [
            "Fremont-list-definitions"
          ],
          "scope": "Colorado management-category definition; species classification retains its original status sources",
          "note": "Plain-language editorial label for a management category; not a toxicity or danger rating.",
          "reviewed": "2026-09-07"
        }
      ],
      "noxious_class": "B",
      "research": {
        "status": "researching",
        "label": "Still researching this plant",
        "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.",
        "open_questions": [
          {
            "area": "Dogs & cats",
            "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "common-tansy-4"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Identification",
            "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          },
          {
            "area": "Expert review",
            "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          }
        ],
        "expert_review": "pending"
      },
      "noxious_class_label": "B — Stop the spread",
      "source": "content/plants/common-tansy.md",
      "content_sha256": "7720c33d6da84f52f53f8c29b5011e3c0b8de021d867e19fbfeb2af629b8986a",
      "body_markdown": "# Common tansy\n\n*Tanacetum vulgare*\n\n**Colorado noxious weed · List B — Stop the spread.** [CO-rules-2025](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2)\n\nEstablished in some areas. Requirements vary by location: eradication, containment or suppression to stop further spread. This is a management category, separate from danger ratings. [Category source](https://fremontcountyco.gov/weed-control/weed-identification) · [What the lists mean](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/#weed-lists).\n\n> **Toxic ingestion; contact dermatitis.** [Exposure help](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/).\n\n**Identification caveat:** Common tansy is not tansy ragwort (Jacobaea vulgaris). Their chemical hazards and flower structures differ.\n\n## Still researching this plant {#research-status}\n\nThis is a sourced working profile. Evidence is incomplete for **Dogs & cats**. Identification and source-photo limits are explained below. Independent botanical and veterinary review is pending. **Uncertainty is not a finding that the plant is safe.**\n\n\n## Three views of this plant\n\nSource-identified reference photographs; these are not a complete identification key. A source location outside Colorado does not establish local occurrence.\n\n![Close view of three yellow buttonlike tansy flower heads, showing tiny disk florets.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/list-bc-photos-tanacetum-vulgare-01.jpg)\n\n**flowers** — Close view of three yellow buttonlike tansy flower heads, showing tiny disk florets.\n\nPhoto: Agnes Monkelbaan; [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bloemen_van_Boerenwormkruid_(Tanacetum_vulgare)._17-08-2025._(actm.)_01.jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/30/Bloemen_van_Boerenwormkruid_%28Tanacetum_vulgare%29._17-08-2025._%28actm.%29_01.jpg). Source-identified photograph with visual consistency check Flowers of Tansy ( Tanacetum vulgare ). Focus stack of 28 photos. Source labeling and visible consistency checked; not an independent specimen determination. Wikimedia-generated thumbnail rescaling only; downloaded bytes unchanged. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![Flatbed photographic scan of a deeply divided, toothed tansy leaf with a millimeter scale.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/list-bc-photos-tanacetum-vulgare-05.jpg)\n\n**leaf** — Flatbed photographic scan of a deeply divided, toothed tansy leaf with a millimeter scale.\n\nPhoto: Dmitry Makeev; [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:2020_year._Herbarium._Tanacetum_vulgare._img-005.jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ce/2020_year._Herbarium._Tanacetum_vulgare._img-005.jpg). Source-identified photograph with visual consistency check Tanacetum vulgare. Leaf adaxial side. Herbarium of the city Elektrostal Moscow Oblast, 2020 year. Created by scanography. Collection D.Makeev. Scale 1 unit = 1 mm. These are original colors. Please do not make edit. Source labeling and visible consistency checked; not an independent specimen determination. Wikimedia-generated thumbnail rescaling only; downloaded bytes unchanged. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![An upright tansy stem with divided leaves and clusters of yellow buttonlike flowers.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/list-bc-photos-tanacetum-vulgare-18.jpg)\n\n**flowering stem** — An upright tansy stem with divided leaves and clusters of yellow buttonlike flowers.\n\nPhoto: Benjamin Zwittnig; [CC BY 2.5 si](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.5/si/deed.en); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Tanacetum_vulgare_lg3.JPG); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2c/Tanacetum_vulgare_lg3.JPG). Source-identified photograph with visual consistency check Navadni vratič na Limbarski gori. Source labeling and visible consistency checked; not an independent specimen determination. Wikimedia-generated thumbnail rescaling only; downloaded bytes unchanged. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n\n## Recognize\n\nFern-like leaves and flat clusters of yellow, button-like flowerheads without showy ray petals. [N-tanacetum-vulgare](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/tanacetum-vulgare/)\n\n## Plants & habitat\n\nSeeds, rhizomes and root fragments build dense stands that displace other plants and degrade pastures. [N-tanacetum-vulgare](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/tanacetum-vulgare/)\n\n## People\n\nThujone can cause serious poisoning, including convulsions, and the plant can irritate skin. Avoid teas and home remedies. [N-tanacetum-vulgare](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/tanacetum-vulgare/)\n\n## Dogs & cats\n\nThe reviewed sources do not establish species-specific ingestion effects or a safe exposure amount for dogs or cats. Missing evidence does not establish safety. \n\n## Other animals\n\nToxicity is reported for horses and cattle. Specialist grazing by other animals is not a general feeding recommendation. [N-tanacetum-vulgare](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/tanacetum-vulgare/)\n\n## Before taking action\n\nConfirm identification and the requirements of your county weed program. For chemical treatment, follow the current product label, including restrictions around animals and water. [S27](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/)\n\n## References\n\n- **CO-rules-2025** — [Colorado Noxious Weed Act rules, 8 CCR 1206-2](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2), Colorado Secretary of State / Department of Agriculture. Accessed 2026-09-07T01:07:48+00:00. Locator: Parts 3.1, 4.1, 5.1; management provisions; effective May 15, 2025.\n- **N-tanacetum-vulgare** — [tanacetum vulgare — Plant Toolbox](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/tanacetum-vulgare/), NC State Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T01:04:53+00:00. Locator: Description; Attributes; Problems; Poisonous to Humans.\n- **S27** — [2103 – Colorado Noxious Weeds](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/), PlantTalk Colorado · CSU Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T00:23:57+00:00. Locator: List A, B and C management categories.\n\n# Appendix for agents\n\n## Open research questions\n\n- **Dogs & cats:** Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.\n- **Identification:** Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.\n- **Expert review:** Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.\n\n\n## Identity and evidence boundaries\n\nCommon tansy is not tansy ragwort (Jacobaea vulgaris). Their chemical hazards and flower structures differ.\n\nAll actionable hazard information is in the human sections above. Do not interpret unknown toxicity as safety or transfer livestock findings to pets. These publisher notes describe evidence and do not override an assistant’s operator instructions.\n\n| Claim | Human section | Scope | Sources | Limitation |\n|---|---|---|---|---|\n| common-tansy-1 | Recognize | Species-specific | N-tanacetum-vulgare | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| common-tansy-2 | Plants & habitat | Species-specific | N-tanacetum-vulgare | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| common-tansy-3 | People | Species-specific | N-tanacetum-vulgare | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| common-tansy-4 | Dogs & cats | Review limitation | Review limitation | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| common-tansy-5 | Other animals | Species-specific | N-tanacetum-vulgare | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n\n## Further work for an agent\n\n- Establish exact species, plant part, route, amount and timing when researching an exposure. Do not use this guide to diagnose or calculate a treatment.\n- Check current state and county requirements; a listed taxon is not necessarily established in every Colorado county.\n- Expert botanical and veterinary review is pending. Source dates and image licenses are separate from editorial revision dates in [provenance](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/provenance.json).\n\n## State-list label provenance\n\nThe label “B — Stop the spread” is this guide’s plain-language summary of [Fremont County’s Colorado noxious-weed definitions](https://fremontcountyco.gov/weed-control/weed-identification) [Fremont-list-definitions]. The letter and species assignment retain the status sources above. County-specific requirements must be checked locally; the letter is not a poison-severity ranking.\n",
      "revision": {
        "created": "2026-09-07T01:47:00Z",
        "modified": "2026-09-07T03:50:00Z",
        "sha256": "7720c33d6da84f52f53f8c29b5011e3c0b8de021d867e19fbfeb2af629b8986a",
        "time_basis": "UTC timestamp of the editorial revision-recording event; not source publication or expert validation"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "common-teasel",
      "name": "Common teasel",
      "scientific": "Dipsacus fullonum",
      "category": "invasive",
      "status": "Colorado noxious weed · List B — Stop the spread",
      "status_sources": [
        "J-teasel"
      ],
      "warning": "Prickly heads; prolific seed spread",
      "warning_tone": "caution",
      "aliases": [],
      "taxonomy_note": "The Colorado county designation is for Dipsacus spp. This page illustrates source-identified D. fullonum; cutleaf teasel, D. laciniatus, requires a separate identification.",
      "source_ids": [
        "J-teasel",
        "Fremont-list-definitions"
      ],
      "description": "Common teasel: Prickly heads; prolific seed spread. Colorado identification, habitat and exposure evidence.",
      "claim_evidence": [
        {
          "label": "Recognize",
          "sources": [
            "J-teasel"
          ],
          "scope": "Dipsacus group; source-identified photo examples",
          "note": "",
          "id": "common-teasel-1"
        },
        {
          "label": "Plants & habitat",
          "sources": [
            "J-teasel"
          ],
          "scope": "Dipsacus group",
          "note": "",
          "id": "common-teasel-2"
        },
        {
          "label": "People",
          "sources": [
            "J-teasel"
          ],
          "scope": "Physical-risk inference",
          "note": "",
          "id": "common-teasel-3"
        },
        {
          "label": "Dogs & cats",
          "sources": [
            "J-teasel"
          ],
          "scope": "Physical-risk inference; toxicity gap",
          "note": "",
          "id": "common-teasel-4"
        },
        {
          "label": "Other animals",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "Species-specific ingestion effects and exposure thresholds were not established in the reviewed sources.",
          "id": "common-teasel-5"
        },
        {
          "id": "common-teasel-list-meaning",
          "label": "State-list meaning",
          "sources": [
            "Fremont-list-definitions"
          ],
          "scope": "Colorado management-category definition; species classification retains its original status sources",
          "note": "Plain-language editorial label for a management category; not a toxicity or danger rating.",
          "reviewed": "2026-09-07"
        }
      ],
      "noxious_class": "B",
      "research": {
        "status": "researching",
        "label": "Still researching this plant",
        "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.",
        "open_questions": [
          {
            "area": "Dogs & cats",
            "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "common-teasel-4"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Other animals",
            "question": "Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "common-teasel-5"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Identification",
            "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          },
          {
            "area": "Expert review",
            "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          }
        ],
        "expert_review": "pending"
      },
      "noxious_class_label": "B — Stop the spread",
      "source": "content/plants/common-teasel.md",
      "content_sha256": "448cc848c7456842ab2d3d8d9b9a21272cb01e5b91b6c99a1c35575852a68ff7",
      "body_markdown": "# Common teasel\n\n*Dipsacus fullonum*\n\n**Colorado noxious weed · List B — Stop the spread.** [J-teasel](https://www.jeffco.us/2152/Teasel)\n\nEstablished in some areas. Requirements vary by location: eradication, containment or suppression to stop further spread. This is a management category, separate from danger ratings. [Category source](https://fremontcountyco.gov/weed-control/weed-identification) · [What the lists mean](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/#weed-lists).\n\n> **Prickly heads; prolific seed spread.** Native status, garden use and noxious-weed class are separate from toxicity. [Exposure help](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/).\n\n**Identification caveat:** The Colorado county designation is for Dipsacus spp. This page illustrates source-identified D. fullonum; cutleaf teasel, D. laciniatus, requires a separate identification.\n\n## Still researching this plant {#research-status}\n\nThis is a sourced working profile. Evidence is incomplete for **Dogs & cats, Other animals**. Identification and source-photo limits are explained below. Independent botanical and veterinary review is pending. **Uncertainty is not a finding that the plant is safe.**\n\n\n## Three views of this plant\n\nPhotos are source-identified examples, not a complete identification key. Check leaves, stems, flowers and fruit together. Locations are not assumed to be in Colorado.\n\n![Dipsacus fullonum: Tall erect teasel stem with opposite leaves and branching upper flower-head stalks.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/invasive-dipsacus-fullonum-habit.jpg)\n\n**habit** — Tall erect teasel stem with opposite leaves and branching upper flower-head stalks.\n\nPhoto: Isidre blanc; [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:DIPSACUS_FULLONUM_-_LLANERA_-_IB-822_(Card%C3%B3).JPG); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/DIPSACUS_FULLONUM_-_LLANERA_-_IB-822_%28Card%C3%B3%29.JPG). Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.  Common teasel is also recorded as Dipsacus sylvestris. Do not transfer the identification to cutleaf teasel (D. laciniatus) or cultivated fuller's teasel (D. sativus) without checking diagnostic features. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![Dipsacus fullonum: Egg-shaped prickly head with a horizontal band of lilac flowers and long curved basal bracts.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/invasive-dipsacus-fullonum-flower.jpg)\n\n**flower** — Egg-shaped prickly head with a horizontal band of lilac flowers and long curved basal bracts.\n\nPhoto: Isidre blanc; [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:DIPSACUS_FULLONUM_-_LLANERA_-_IB-083_(Card%C3%B3).JPG); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6f/DIPSACUS_FULLONUM_-_LLANERA_-_IB-083_%28Card%C3%B3%29.JPG). Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.  Common teasel is also recorded as Dipsacus sylvestris. Do not transfer the identification to cutleaf teasel (D. laciniatus) or cultivated fuller's teasel (D. sativus) without checking diagnostic features. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![Dipsacus fullonum: Opposite leaves join around a prickly stem to form a water-holding cup.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/invasive-dipsacus-fullonum-leaf-stem.jpg)\n\n**leaf-stem** — Opposite leaves join around a prickly stem to form a water-holding cup.\n\nPhoto: Björn Appel; [CC BY-SA 3.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Dipsacus-fullonum-water-storage.jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/78/Dipsacus-fullonum-water-storage.jpg). Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.  Common teasel is also recorded as Dipsacus sylvestris. Do not transfer the identification to cutleaf teasel (D. laciniatus) or cultivated fuller's teasel (D. sativus) without checking diagnostic features. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n\n## Recognize\n\nPrickly oval heads above stems with paired leaves that form cups. The county’s teasel account describes purple or white flowers and curved bracts. [J-teasel](https://www.jeffco.us/2152/Teasel)\n\n*Evidence scope: Dipsacus group; source-identified photo examples.*\n\n## Plants & habitat\n\nIntroduced teasels spread by seed in disturbed areas and ditch banks. Remove rosettes or flowering heads before seed dispersal and monitor for new plants. [J-teasel](https://www.jeffco.us/2152/Teasel)\n\n*Evidence scope: Dipsacus group.*\n\n## People\n\nPrickly heads and stems present a handling hazard; gloves are a practical precaution. [J-teasel](https://www.jeffco.us/2152/Teasel)\n\n*Evidence scope: Physical-risk inference.*\n\n## Dogs & cats\n\nPrickly dried material may injure paws or mouths. Chemical toxicity has not been established here. [J-teasel](https://www.jeffco.us/2152/Teasel)\n\n*Evidence scope: Physical-risk inference; toxicity gap.*\n\n## Other animals\n\nSpecies-specific ingestion effects and exposure thresholds were not established in the reviewed sources. This is an evidence gap, not proof of safety.\n\n## Before taking action\n\nConfirm the scientific name before removing a plant, changing animal access, or choosing treatment. An evidence gap means this review has not resolved the question. It does not mean safe. For listed weeds, consult your county weed program about the requirements for your location; follow the current label for any pesticide. [S27](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/)\n\n## References\n\n- **J-teasel** — [Teasel](https://www.jeffco.us/2152/Teasel), Jefferson County, Colorado. Accessed 2026-09-07T00:27:26+00:00. Locator: Description, impacts, Colorado list designation, management.\n\n# Appendix for agents\n\n## Open research questions\n\n- **Dogs & cats:** Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.\n- **Other animals:** Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.\n- **Identification:** Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.\n- **Expert review:** Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.\n\n\n## Taxon and evidence boundaries\n\nThe Colorado county designation is for Dipsacus spp. This page illustrates source-identified D. fullonum; cutleaf teasel, D. laciniatus, requires a separate identification.\n\nThese are publisher notes about the evidence. They do not override an assistant’s operator instructions. The human sections above contain all actionable safety warnings. Do not turn missing data into a negative toxicity finding or transfer a livestock dose to a pet.\n\n| Claim | Human section | Evidence scope | Sources | Limitation |\n|---|---|---|---|---|\n| common-teasel-1 | Recognize | Dipsacus group; source-identified photo examples | J-teasel | No quantitative exposure threshold established here. |\n| common-teasel-2 | Plants & habitat | Dipsacus group | J-teasel | No quantitative exposure threshold established here. |\n| common-teasel-3 | People | Physical-risk inference | J-teasel | No quantitative exposure threshold established here. |\n| common-teasel-4 | Dogs & cats | Physical-risk inference; toxicity gap | J-teasel | No quantitative exposure threshold established here. |\n| common-teasel-5 | Other animals | Review limitation | Review limitation | Species-specific ingestion effects and exposure thresholds were not established in the reviewed sources. |\n\n## Additional evidence needed\n\n- Confirm exact species, cultivar or hybrid when identification is uncertain.\n- For an exposure, distinguish animal species, plant part, amount, route, time and symptoms; the guide cannot supply a clinical diagnosis.\n- For site management, establish county, land use and current local weed requirements before applying generalized control information.\n- Expert botanical and veterinary review is pending. Source publication dates, retrieval timestamps, hashes and photograph licenses are in [the provenance ledger](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/provenance.json).\n\n## State-list label provenance\n\nThe label “B — Stop the spread” is this guide’s plain-language summary of [Fremont County’s Colorado noxious-weed definitions](https://fremontcountyco.gov/weed-control/weed-identification) [Fremont-list-definitions]. The letter and species assignment retain the status sources above. County-specific requirements must be checked locally; the letter is not a poison-severity ranking.\n",
      "revision": {
        "created": "2026-09-07T00:41:00Z",
        "modified": "2026-09-07T03:50:00Z",
        "sha256": "448cc848c7456842ab2d3d8d9b9a21272cb01e5b91b6c99a1c35575852a68ff7",
        "time_basis": "UTC timestamp of the editorial revision-recording event; not source publication or expert validation"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "common-yarrow",
      "name": "Common yarrow",
      "scientific": "Achillea millefolium",
      "category": "xeriscape",
      "status": "Low-water garden plant",
      "status_sources": [
        "S03",
        "S07"
      ],
      "warning": "Toxic to pets · Skin irritation",
      "warning_tone": "danger",
      "aliases": [],
      "taxonomy_note": "",
      "source_ids": [
        "S03",
        "S07",
        "S08"
      ],
      "description": "Common yarrow: Toxic to pets · Skin irritation. Colorado identification, habitat and exposure evidence.",
      "claim_evidence": [
        {
          "label": "Recognize",
          "sources": [
            "S07"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "reviewed": "2026-09-06",
          "id": "common-yarrow-1"
        },
        {
          "label": "Plants & habitat",
          "sources": [
            "S07"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "reviewed": "2026-09-06",
          "id": "common-yarrow-2"
        },
        {
          "label": "People",
          "sources": [
            "S07"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "reviewed": "2026-09-06",
          "id": "common-yarrow-3"
        },
        {
          "label": "Dogs & cats",
          "sources": [
            "S08"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "reviewed": "2026-09-06",
          "id": "common-yarrow-4"
        },
        {
          "label": "Other animals",
          "sources": [
            "S08"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "reviewed": "2026-09-06",
          "id": "common-yarrow-5"
        }
      ],
      "research": {
        "status": "researching",
        "label": "Still researching this plant",
        "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.",
        "open_questions": [
          {
            "area": "Expert review",
            "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          }
        ],
        "expert_review": "pending"
      },
      "source": "content/plants/common-yarrow.md",
      "content_sha256": "6669b01c3c83af7b087b61a913a3cb7d3200d96663f5e28779d83574b4cdf2a2",
      "body_markdown": "# Common yarrow\n\n*Achillea millefolium*\n\n**Low-water garden plant.** [S03](https://www.extension.colostate.edu/docs/pubs/native/FrontRangeSm.pdf) [S07](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/achillea-millefolium/)\n\n> **Toxic to pets · Skin irritation.** Native status, garden use and noxious-weed class are separate from toxicity. [Exposure help](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/).\n\n## Still researching this plant {#research-status}\n\nThis is a sourced working profile. The cited findings are available below. Independent botanical and veterinary review is pending. **Uncertainty is not a finding that the plant is safe.**\n\n\n## Three views of this plant\n\nPhotos are source-identified examples, not a complete identification key. Check leaves, stems, flowers and fruit together. Locations are not assumed to be in Colorado.\n\n![White flower-head cluster viewed from above, with individual ray and disk florets visible.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/xeriscape-achillea-millefolium-02.jpg)\n\n**flower** — White flower-head cluster viewed from above, with individual ray and disk florets visible.\n\nPhoto: Petar Milošević; [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Yarrow_(Achillea_millefolium).jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/17/Yarrow_%28Achillea_millefolium%29.jpg). Source-supported identification with visual consistency check Photo selection verifies source labeling and visible consistency; it is not an independent specimen determination.  Downloaded source thumbnail; no further pixel edits. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![Upright flowering yarrow stems with white flat-topped clusters growing among grasses.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/xeriscape-achillea-millefolium-12.jpg)\n\n**habit** — Upright flowering yarrow stems with white flat-topped clusters growing among grasses.\n\nPhoto: Daniel VILLAFRUELA .; [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Achillea_millefolium-Achill%C3%A9e_millefeuille-20190726.jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2e/Achillea_millefolium-Achill%C3%A9e_millefeuille-20190726.jpg). Source-supported identification with visual consistency check Photo selection verifies source labeling and visible consistency; it is not an independent specimen determination.  Downloaded source thumbnail; no further pixel edits. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![Finely divided, featherlike yarrow leaves along a hairy stem.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/xeriscape-achillea-millefolium-13.jpg)\n\n**leaf** — Finely divided, featherlike yarrow leaves along a hairy stem.\n\nPhoto: Alpsdake; [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Achillea_millefolium_(leaf).jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5b/Achillea_millefolium_%28leaf%29.jpg). Source-supported identification with visual consistency check Photo selection verifies source labeling and visible consistency; it is not an independent specimen determination.  Downloaded source thumbnail; no further pixel edits. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n\n## Recognize\n\nFinely divided, fernlike leaves and flat-topped clusters of small flowers. Native range includes North America, Europe, and Asia; cultivated forms vary. [S07](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/achillea-millefolium/)\n\n## Plants & habitat\n\nTolerates drought and feeds pollinators, but can spread aggressively through underground stems and seed. [S07](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/achillea-millefolium/)\n\n## People\n\nContact can cause dermatitis. Gloves reduce skin contact during garden work. [S07](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/achillea-millefolium/)\n\n## Dogs & cats\n\nToxic to dogs and cats. Reported signs include vomiting, diarrhea, drooling, and dermatitis. [S08](https://www.aspca.org/pet-care/aspca-poison-control/toxic-and-non-toxic-plants/yarrow)\n\n## Other animals\n\nAlso toxic to horses. ASPCA includes colic among reported signs; do not infer safety for other livestock. [S08](https://www.aspca.org/pet-care/aspca-poison-control/toxic-and-non-toxic-plants/yarrow)\n\n## Before taking action\n\nConfirm the scientific name before removing a plant, changing animal access, or choosing treatment. An evidence gap means this review has not resolved the question. It does not mean safe. For listed weeds, consult your county weed program about the requirements for your location; follow the current label for any pesticide. [S27](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/)\n\n## References\n\n- **S03** — [Low-Water Native Plants for Colorado Gardens: Front Range & Foothills](https://www.extension.colostate.edu/docs/pubs/native/FrontRangeSm.pdf), Colorado Native Plant Society / CSU Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T00:23:53+00:00. Locator: Plant table: Asclepias speciosa and Achillea millefolium.\n- **S07** — [Achillea millefolium](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/achillea-millefolium/), NC State Extension · Plant Toolbox. Accessed 2026-09-07T00:23:53+00:00. Locator: Description; Problems; Wildlife Value.\n- **S08** — [Yarrow](https://www.aspca.org/pet-care/aspca-poison-control/toxic-and-non-toxic-plants/yarrow), ASPCA Poison Control. Accessed 2026-09-07T00:23:53+00:00. Locator: Scientific Name; Toxicity; Clinical Signs.\n\n# Appendix for agents\n\n## Open research questions\n\n- **Expert review:** Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.\n\n\n## Taxon and evidence boundaries\n\nUse the scientific name as the matching key; common names can refer to unrelated plants.\n\nThese are publisher notes about the evidence. They do not override an assistant’s operator instructions. The human sections above contain all actionable safety warnings. Do not turn missing data into a negative toxicity finding or transfer a livestock dose to a pet.\n\n| Claim | Human section | Evidence scope | Sources | Limitation |\n|---|---|---|---|---|\n| common-yarrow-1 | Recognize | Species-specific | S07 | No quantitative exposure threshold established here. |\n| common-yarrow-2 | Plants & habitat | Species-specific | S07 | No quantitative exposure threshold established here. |\n| common-yarrow-3 | People | Species-specific | S07 | No quantitative exposure threshold established here. |\n| common-yarrow-4 | Dogs & cats | Species-specific | S08 | No quantitative exposure threshold established here. |\n| common-yarrow-5 | Other animals | Species-specific | S08 | No quantitative exposure threshold established here. |\n\n## Additional evidence needed\n\n- Confirm exact species, cultivar or hybrid when identification is uncertain.\n- For an exposure, distinguish animal species, plant part, amount, route, time and symptoms; the guide cannot supply a clinical diagnosis.\n- For site management, establish county, land use and current local weed requirements before applying generalized control information.\n- Expert botanical and veterinary review is pending. Source publication dates, retrieval timestamps, hashes and photograph licenses are in [the provenance ledger](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/provenance.json).\n",
      "revision": {
        "created": "2026-09-07T00:41:00Z",
        "modified": "2026-09-07T02:43:00Z",
        "sha256": "6669b01c3c83af7b087b61a913a3cb7d3200d96663f5e28779d83574b4cdf2a2",
        "time_basis": "UTC timestamp of the editorial revision-recording event; not source publication or expert validation"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "creeping-woodsorrel",
      "name": "Creeping woodsorrel",
      "scientific": "Oxalis corniculata",
      "category": "invasive",
      "status": "Common introduced weed · not on state Lists A/B/C",
      "status_sources": [
        "C-floristic-2020",
        "CO-rules-2025"
      ],
      "warning": "Oxalate-containing plant; keep pets from grazing",
      "warning_tone": "caution",
      "aliases": [
        "creeping wood sorrel",
        "yellow oxalis"
      ],
      "taxonomy_note": "Oxalis corniculata is not a Trifolium clover or a Rumex sorrel. Do not attach an ASPCA Rumex scutatus entry to this plant merely because both are called sorrel.",
      "source_ids": [
        "C-floristic-2020",
        "CO-rules-2025",
        "N-oxalis-corniculata",
        "S27"
      ],
      "description": "Creeping woodsorrel: Oxalate-containing plant; keep pets from grazing. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.",
      "claim_evidence": [
        {
          "label": "Identification",
          "sources": [
            "N-oxalis-corniculata"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "creeping-woodsorrel-1"
        },
        {
          "label": "People",
          "sources": [
            "N-oxalis-corniculata"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "creeping-woodsorrel-2"
        },
        {
          "label": "Dogs & cats",
          "sources": [
            "N-oxalis-corniculata"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "creeping-woodsorrel-3"
        },
        {
          "label": "Other animals",
          "sources": [
            "N-oxalis-corniculata"
          ],
          "scope": "Genus-level horse evidence",
          "note": "",
          "id": "creeping-woodsorrel-4"
        },
        {
          "label": "Plants & habitat",
          "sources": [
            "N-oxalis-corniculata"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "creeping-woodsorrel-5"
        },
        {
          "label": "Management & timing",
          "sources": [
            "N-oxalis-corniculata"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "creeping-woodsorrel-6"
        }
      ],
      "research": {
        "status": "researching",
        "label": "Still researching this plant",
        "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.",
        "open_questions": [
          {
            "area": "Identification",
            "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          },
          {
            "area": "Expert review",
            "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          }
        ],
        "expert_review": "pending"
      },
      "colorado_relevance": {
        "source_id": "C-floristic-2020",
        "locator": "Appendix B; PDF page 67; Oxalis corniculata",
        "basis": "Included in the 2020 statewide flora assessment. This is not a current county abundance survey.",
        "source_taxon": "Oxalis corniculata"
      },
      "source": "content/plants/creeping-woodsorrel.md",
      "content_sha256": "3bdaa1cbf0a5cc304136151b7c0ea818a9fb39236a58b6a336bc5fe97a8b1441",
      "body_markdown": "# Creeping woodsorrel\n\n*Oxalis corniculata*\n\n**Common introduced weed · not on state Lists A/B/C.** [C-floristic-2020](https://cnhp.colostate.edu/download/documents/2020/CO_FQA_2020_Final_Report.pdf) [CO-rules-2025](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2)\n\n> **Oxalate-containing plant; keep pets from grazing.** [Exposure help](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/).\n\n**Identification caveat:** Oxalis corniculata is not a Trifolium clover or a Rumex sorrel. Do not attach an ASPCA Rumex scutatus entry to this plant merely because both are called sorrel.\n\n## Still researching this plant {#research-status}\n\nThis is a sourced working profile. The cited findings are available below. Identification and source-photo limits are explained below. Independent botanical and veterinary review is pending. **Uncertainty is not a finding that the plant is safe.**\n\n\n## Three views of this plant\n\nSource-identified reference photographs; these are not a complete identification key. A source location outside Colorado does not establish local occurrence.\n\n![Creeping woodsorrel: a low leafy patch of creeping woodsorrel with small yellow flowers.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/coverage-garden-photos-oxalis-corniculata-09-05-habit.jpg)\n\n**habit** — A low leafy patch of creeping woodsorrel with small yellow flowers.\n\nPhoto: Forest & Kim Starr; [CC BY 3.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Starr_050404-5397_Oxalis_corniculata.jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/67/Starr_050404-5397_Oxalis_corniculata.jpg). Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Source-identified O. corniculata, including purple-leaved forms where shown. Related yellow-flowered Oxalis can resemble it; habit, stipules, hairs and fruits may be needed to identify an unknown specimen. No cultivar determination is made. Wikimedia server-resized derivative, reduced from the original; no crop, color change, upscaling, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; catalog preview may use a CSS crop.\n\n![Creeping woodsorrel: a yellow five-petaled flower with fine reddish veins near the center.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/coverage-garden-photos-oxalis-corniculata-09-08-flower.jpg)\n\n**flower** — A yellow five-petaled flower with fine reddish veins near the center.\n\nPhoto: André Karwath aka Aka; [CC BY-SA 2.5](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.5); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Oxalis_corniculata_-_blossom_top_(aka).jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/25/Oxalis_corniculata_-_blossom_top_%28aka%29.jpg). Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Source-identified O. corniculata, including purple-leaved forms where shown. Related yellow-flowered Oxalis can resemble it; habit, stipules, hairs and fruits may be needed to identify an unknown specimen. No cultivar determination is made. Wikimedia server-resized derivative, reduced from the original; no crop, color change, upscaling, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; catalog preview may use a CSS crop.\n\n![Creeping woodsorrel: an elongated pointed green capsule with fine surface hairs on a curved stalk, photographed with a 10 mm scale.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/coverage-garden-photos-oxalis-corniculata-09-36-fruit.jpg)\n\n**fruit** — An elongated pointed green capsule with fine surface hairs on a curved stalk, photographed with a 10 mm scale.\n\nPhoto: Stefan.lefnaer; [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Oxalis_corniculata_sl12.jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9d/Oxalis_corniculata_sl12.jpg). Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Source-identified O. corniculata, including purple-leaved forms where shown. Related yellow-flowered Oxalis can resemble it; habit, stipules, hairs and fruits may be needed to identify an unknown specimen. No cultivar determination is made. Wikimedia server-resized derivative, reduced from the original; no crop, color change, upscaling, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; catalog preview may use a CSS crop.\n\n\n## Identification\n\nThree heart-shaped leaflets can resemble clover, but the flowers are yellow and seed capsules are narrow and cylindrical. Creeping stems spread across the ground. [N-oxalis-corniculata](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/oxalis-corniculata/)\n\n## People\n\nAll parts have toxic potential from soluble oxalates. A sour taste or a reference to traditional food use is not a safe-amount recommendation. [N-oxalis-corniculata](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/oxalis-corniculata/)\n\n## Dogs & cats\n\nNC State flags this species as a problem for dogs and cats. Prevent repeated grazing; the reviewed entry does not quantify a safe amount or species-specific clinical outcome in pets. [N-oxalis-corniculata](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/oxalis-corniculata/)\n\n## Other animals\n\nThe source reports colic and possible kidney injury after substantial ingestion of Oxalis by horses. [N-oxalis-corniculata](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/oxalis-corniculata/)\n\n*Evidence scope: Genus-level horse evidence.*\n\n## Plants & habitat\n\nRipe capsules eject seeds, and spreading stems can make established patches difficult to remove. [N-oxalis-corniculata](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/oxalis-corniculata/)\n\n## Management & timing\n\nInspect incoming nursery plants and remove volunteers before capsules mature. Recheck for regrowth and seedlings. [N-oxalis-corniculata](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/oxalis-corniculata/)\n\n## Before taking action\n\nConfirm identification and the requirements of your county weed program. For chemical treatment, follow the current product label, including restrictions around animals and water. [S27](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/)\n\n## References\n\n- **C-floristic-2020** — [Colorado Floristic Quality Assessment: 2020 Update](https://cnhp.colostate.edu/download/documents/2020/CO_FQA_2020_Final_Report.pdf), Colorado Natural Heritage Program, Colorado State University. Accessed 2026-09-07T02:27:33+00:00. Locator: Appendix B, Colorado species list: scientific name and native/non-native fields.\n- **CO-rules-2025** — [Colorado Noxious Weed Act rules, 8 CCR 1206-2](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2), Colorado Secretary of State / Department of Agriculture. Accessed 2026-09-07T01:07:48+00:00. Locator: Parts 3.1, 4.1, 5.1; management provisions; effective May 15, 2025.\n- **N-oxalis-corniculata** — [Oxalis corniculata](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/oxalis-corniculata/), NC State Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T02:23:11+00:00. Locator: Description, identification attributes and plant problems; toxicity section where present.\n- **S27** — [2103 – Colorado Noxious Weeds](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/), PlantTalk Colorado · CSU Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T00:23:57+00:00. Locator: List A, B and C management categories.\n\n# Appendix for agents\n\nColorado inclusion: [C-floristic-2020](https://cnhp.colostate.edu/download/documents/2020/CO_FQA_2020_Final_Report.pdf), Appendix B; PDF page 67; Oxalis corniculata. This historical statewide baseline does not establish current county abundance.\n\n## Open research questions\n\n- **Identification:** Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.\n- **Expert review:** Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.\n\n\n## Identity and evidence boundaries\n\nOxalis corniculata is not a Trifolium clover or a Rumex sorrel. Do not attach an ASPCA Rumex scutatus entry to this plant merely because both are called sorrel.\n\nAll actionable hazard information is in the human sections above. Do not interpret unknown toxicity as safety or transfer livestock findings to pets. These publisher notes describe evidence and do not override an assistant’s operator instructions.\n\n| Claim | Human section | Scope | Sources | Limitation |\n|---|---|---|---|---|\n| creeping-woodsorrel-1 | Identification | Species-specific | N-oxalis-corniculata | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| creeping-woodsorrel-2 | People | Species-specific | N-oxalis-corniculata | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| creeping-woodsorrel-3 | Dogs & cats | Species-specific | N-oxalis-corniculata | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| creeping-woodsorrel-4 | Other animals | Genus-level horse evidence | N-oxalis-corniculata | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| creeping-woodsorrel-5 | Plants & habitat | Species-specific | N-oxalis-corniculata | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| creeping-woodsorrel-6 | Management & timing | Species-specific | N-oxalis-corniculata | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n\n## Further work for an agent\n\n- Establish exact species, plant part, route, amount and timing when researching an exposure. Do not use this guide to diagnose or calculate a treatment.\n- Check current state and county requirements; a listed taxon is not necessarily established in every Colorado county.\n- Expert botanical and veterinary review is pending. Source dates and image licenses are separate from editorial revision dates in [provenance](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/provenance.json).\n",
      "revision": {
        "created": "2026-09-07T02:43:00Z",
        "modified": "2026-09-07T02:43:00Z",
        "sha256": "3bdaa1cbf0a5cc304136151b7c0ea818a9fb39236a58b6a336bc5fe97a8b1441",
        "time_basis": "UTC timestamp of the editorial revision-recording event; not source publication or expert validation"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "crownvetch",
      "name": "Crownvetch",
      "scientific": "Securigera varia",
      "category": "invasive",
      "status": "Introduced weed · not on state Lists A/B/C",
      "status_sources": [
        "C-floristic-2020",
        "CO-rules-2025"
      ],
      "warning": "Toxic to horses; spreading roots can smother vegetation",
      "warning_tone": "danger",
      "aliases": [
        "Coronilla varia",
        "crown vetch",
        "purple crownvetch"
      ],
      "taxonomy_note": "Older NC State material uses Coronilla varia; the Colorado assessment uses Securigera varia. This is separate from Vicia species and their distinct feeding hazards.",
      "source_ids": [
        "C-floristic-2020",
        "CO-rules-2025",
        "N-securigera-varia",
        "F-securigera",
        "S27"
      ],
      "description": "Crownvetch: Toxic to horses; spreading roots can smother vegetation. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.",
      "claim_evidence": [
        {
          "label": "Identification",
          "sources": [
            "N-securigera-varia",
            "F-securigera"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "crownvetch-1"
        },
        {
          "label": "People",
          "sources": [
            "N-securigera-varia"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "crownvetch-2"
        },
        {
          "label": "Dogs & cats",
          "sources": [
            "N-securigera-varia",
            "F-securigera"
          ],
          "scope": "Animal-group evidence; pet-specific gap",
          "note": "",
          "id": "crownvetch-3"
        },
        {
          "label": "Other animals",
          "sources": [
            "F-securigera"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "crownvetch-4"
        },
        {
          "label": "Plants & habitat",
          "sources": [
            "N-securigera-varia"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "crownvetch-5"
        },
        {
          "label": "Management & timing",
          "sources": [
            "N-securigera-varia",
            "F-securigera"
          ],
          "scope": "Management synthesis",
          "note": "",
          "id": "crownvetch-6"
        }
      ],
      "research": {
        "status": "researching",
        "label": "Still researching this plant",
        "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.",
        "open_questions": [
          {
            "area": "Dogs & cats",
            "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "crownvetch-3"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Identification",
            "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          },
          {
            "area": "Expert review",
            "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          }
        ],
        "expert_review": "pending"
      },
      "colorado_relevance": {
        "source_id": "C-floristic-2020",
        "locator": "Appendix B; PDF page 79; Securigera varia",
        "basis": "Included in the 2020 statewide flora assessment. This is not a current county abundance survey.",
        "source_taxon": "Securigera varia"
      },
      "source": "content/plants/crownvetch.md",
      "content_sha256": "626325b9f39a68176d42fbf03dbd1b68e55bdb7a61c045b8310379241b26a077",
      "body_markdown": "# Crownvetch\n\n*Securigera varia*\n\n**Introduced weed · not on state Lists A/B/C.** [C-floristic-2020](https://cnhp.colostate.edu/download/documents/2020/CO_FQA_2020_Final_Report.pdf) [CO-rules-2025](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2)\n\n> **Toxic to horses; spreading roots can smother vegetation.** [Exposure help](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/).\n\n**Identification caveat:** Older NC State material uses Coronilla varia; the Colorado assessment uses Securigera varia. This is separate from Vicia species and their distinct feeding hazards.\n\n## Still researching this plant {#research-status}\n\nThis is a sourced working profile. Evidence is incomplete for **Dogs & cats**. Identification and source-photo limits are explained below. Independent botanical and veterinary review is pending. **Uncertainty is not a finding that the plant is safe.**\n\n\n## Three views of this plant\n\nSource-identified reference photographs; these are not a complete identification key. A source location outside Colorado does not establish local occurrence.\n\n![Sprawling crownvetch stems with many pink-and-white flower clusters and pinnate leaves among other vegetation.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/coverage-range-photos-securigera-varia-habit-81878677.jpg)\n\n**habit** — Sprawling crownvetch stems with many pink-and-white flower clusters and pinnate leaves among other vegetation.\n\nPhoto: Dale Knox; [CC0 1.0](https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/); [source record](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/51529919); [original image](https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/81878677/original.jpg). Explicit iNaturalist observation taxon and Research Grade community identification; photograph visually reviewed for depicted features. This is source identification, not a new independent botanical determination. Source identifies this plant to species; no variety or subspecies determination is asserted. Downloaded iNaturalist large rendition; downloaded bytes retained unchanged. No local crop, retouching, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; catalog preview may use a CSS crop.\n\n![Pink-and-white crownvetch flowers grouped in a rounded cluster beside a compound leaf.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/coverage-range-photos-securigera-varia-flowers-104834388.jpg)\n\n**flowers** — Pink-and-white crownvetch flowers grouped in a rounded cluster beside a compound leaf.\n\nPhoto: Eleftherios Katsillis; [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/); [source record](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/65160254); [original image](https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/104834388/original.jpg). Explicit iNaturalist observation taxon and Research Grade community identification; photograph visually reviewed for depicted features. This is source identification, not a new independent botanical determination. Source identifies this plant to species; no variety or subspecies determination is asserted. Downloaded iNaturalist large rendition; downloaded bytes retained unchanged. No local crop, retouching, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; catalog preview may use a CSS crop.\n\n![Arching crownvetch leaves with numerous paired oval leaflets and a terminal leaflet, seen against the sky.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/coverage-range-photos-securigera-varia-leaves-104834426.jpg)\n\n**leaves** — Arching crownvetch leaves with numerous paired oval leaflets and a terminal leaflet, seen against the sky.\n\nPhoto: Eleftherios Katsillis; [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/); [source record](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/65160254); [original image](https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/104834426/original.jpg). Explicit iNaturalist observation taxon and Research Grade community identification; photograph visually reviewed for depicted features. This is source identification, not a new independent botanical determination. Source identifies this plant to species; no variety or subspecies determination is asserted. Downloaded iNaturalist large rendition; downloaded bytes retained unchanged. No local crop, retouching, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; catalog preview may use a CSS crop.\n\n\n## Identification\n\nA trailing perennial legume with many paired leaflets and rounded clusters of pink-and-white pea flowers. Unlike true vetches, it lacks tendrils. [N-securigera-varia](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/securigera-varia/) [F-securigera](https://research.fs.usda.gov/feis/species-reviews/secvar)\n\n## People\n\nNC State lists poisonous characteristics and potentially serious ingestion effects. No safe amount is established. [N-securigera-varia](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/securigera-varia/)\n\n## Dogs & cats\n\nSources warn about nonruminants, but reviewed species-specific dog and cat clinical evidence is incomplete. Prevent chewing; cattle forage use cannot be treated as pet clearance. [N-securigera-varia](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/securigera-varia/) [F-securigera](https://research.fs.usda.gov/feis/species-reviews/secvar)\n\n*Evidence scope: Animal-group evidence; pet-specific gap.*\n\n## Other animals\n\nCrownvetch contains nitroglycosides toxic to horses. Its use as forage for some ruminants does not make it suitable horse feed. [F-securigera](https://research.fs.usda.gov/feis/species-reviews/secvar)\n\n## Plants & habitat\n\nIt spreads by rhizomes and seed and can form a dense cover that displaces other plants. Former erosion-control use explains many naturalized colonies. [N-securigera-varia](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/securigera-varia/)\n\n## Management & timing\n\nAvoid introducing it near natural habitat or horse forage. Established root systems need a sustained local control plan and monitoring. [N-securigera-varia](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/securigera-varia/) [F-securigera](https://research.fs.usda.gov/feis/species-reviews/secvar)\n\n*Evidence scope: Management synthesis.*\n\n## Before taking action\n\nConfirm identification and the requirements of your county weed program. For chemical treatment, follow the current product label, including restrictions around animals and water. [S27](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/)\n\n## References\n\n- **C-floristic-2020** — [Colorado Floristic Quality Assessment: 2020 Update](https://cnhp.colostate.edu/download/documents/2020/CO_FQA_2020_Final_Report.pdf), Colorado Natural Heritage Program, Colorado State University. Accessed 2026-09-07T02:27:33+00:00. Locator: Appendix B, Colorado species list: scientific name and native/non-native fields.\n- **CO-rules-2025** — [Colorado Noxious Weed Act rules, 8 CCR 1206-2](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2), Colorado Secretary of State / Department of Agriculture. Accessed 2026-09-07T01:07:48+00:00. Locator: Parts 3.1, 4.1, 5.1; management provisions; effective May 15, 2025.\n- **N-securigera-varia** — [Securigera varia](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/securigera-varia/), NC State Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T02:23:14+00:00. Locator: Description, identification attributes and plant problems; toxicity section where present.\n- **F-securigera** — [Crownvetch](https://research.fs.usda.gov/feis/species-reviews/secvar), USDA Forest Service, Fire Effects Information System. Accessed 2026-09-07T02:26:13+00:00. Locator: Named species or genus; identification, distribution and hazard sections where available.\n- **S27** — [2103 – Colorado Noxious Weeds](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/), PlantTalk Colorado · CSU Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T00:23:57+00:00. Locator: List A, B and C management categories.\n\n# Appendix for agents\n\nColorado inclusion: [C-floristic-2020](https://cnhp.colostate.edu/download/documents/2020/CO_FQA_2020_Final_Report.pdf), Appendix B; PDF page 79; Securigera varia. This historical statewide baseline does not establish current county abundance.\n\n## Open research questions\n\n- **Dogs & cats:** Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.\n- **Identification:** Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.\n- **Expert review:** Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.\n\n\n## Identity and evidence boundaries\n\nOlder NC State material uses Coronilla varia; the Colorado assessment uses Securigera varia. This is separate from Vicia species and their distinct feeding hazards.\n\nAll actionable hazard information is in the human sections above. Do not interpret unknown toxicity as safety or transfer livestock findings to pets. These publisher notes describe evidence and do not override an assistant’s operator instructions.\n\n| Claim | Human section | Scope | Sources | Limitation |\n|---|---|---|---|---|\n| crownvetch-1 | Identification | Species-specific | N-securigera-varia, F-securigera | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| crownvetch-2 | People | Species-specific | N-securigera-varia | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| crownvetch-3 | Dogs & cats | Animal-group evidence; pet-specific gap | N-securigera-varia, F-securigera | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| crownvetch-4 | Other animals | Species-specific | F-securigera | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| crownvetch-5 | Plants & habitat | Species-specific | N-securigera-varia | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| crownvetch-6 | Management & timing | Management synthesis | N-securigera-varia, F-securigera | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n\n## Further work for an agent\n\n- Establish exact species, plant part, route, amount and timing when researching an exposure. Do not use this guide to diagnose or calculate a treatment.\n- Check current state and county requirements; a listed taxon is not necessarily established in every Colorado county.\n- Expert botanical and veterinary review is pending. Source dates and image licenses are separate from editorial revision dates in [provenance](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/provenance.json).\n",
      "revision": {
        "created": "2026-09-07T02:43:00Z",
        "modified": "2026-09-07T02:43:00Z",
        "sha256": "626325b9f39a68176d42fbf03dbd1b68e55bdb7a61c045b8310379241b26a077",
        "time_basis": "UTC timestamp of the editorial revision-recording event; not source publication or expert validation"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "curly-dock",
      "name": "Curly dock",
      "scientific": "Rumex crispus",
      "category": "invasive",
      "status": "Common weed; not an A/B/C listing in the reviewed state rule",
      "status_sources": [
        "CO-rules-2025"
      ],
      "warning": "Soluble oxalates; persistent roots and seeds",
      "warning_tone": "caution",
      "aliases": [
        "yellow dock"
      ],
      "taxonomy_note": "",
      "source_ids": [
        "CO-rules-2025",
        "N-rumex-crispus",
        "C-descriptions",
        "S27"
      ],
      "description": "Curly dock: Soluble oxalates; persistent roots and seeds. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.",
      "claim_evidence": [
        {
          "label": "Recognize",
          "sources": [
            "N-rumex-crispus"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "curly-dock-1"
        },
        {
          "label": "Plants & habitat",
          "sources": [
            "C-descriptions",
            "N-rumex-crispus"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "curly-dock-2"
        },
        {
          "label": "People",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "",
          "id": "curly-dock-3"
        },
        {
          "label": "Dogs & cats",
          "sources": [
            "N-rumex-crispus"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "curly-dock-4"
        },
        {
          "label": "Other animals",
          "sources": [
            "N-rumex-crispus"
          ],
          "scope": "Source hazard flag; limited horse clinical detail",
          "note": "",
          "id": "curly-dock-5"
        }
      ],
      "research": {
        "status": "researching",
        "label": "Still researching this plant",
        "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.",
        "open_questions": [
          {
            "area": "People",
            "question": "Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "curly-dock-3"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Other animals",
            "question": "Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "curly-dock-5"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Expert review",
            "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          }
        ],
        "expert_review": "pending"
      },
      "source": "content/plants/curly-dock.md",
      "content_sha256": "f9cec7c3dda12251c9d048d047d02f588102761f6ce02f23603d0571ba09cbc3",
      "body_markdown": "# Curly dock\n\n*Rumex crispus*\n\n**Common weed; not an A/B/C listing in the reviewed state rule.** [CO-rules-2025](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2)\n\n> **Soluble oxalates; persistent roots and seeds.** [Exposure help](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/).\n\n## Still researching this plant {#research-status}\n\nThis is a sourced working profile. Evidence is incomplete for **People, Other animals**. Independent botanical and veterinary review is pending. **Uncertainty is not a finding that the plant is safe.**\n\n\n## Three views of this plant\n\nSource-identified reference photographs; these are not a complete identification key. A source location outside Colorado does not establish local occurrence.\n\n![Rumex crispus: A broad, branching fruiting plant in open disturbed ground.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/additional-problem-photos-rumex-crispus-1.jpg)\n\n**fruiting habit** — A broad, branching fruiting plant in open disturbed ground.\n\nPhoto: Ayotte, Gilles, 1948-; [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Rumex_crispus_15-p.bot-rumex.crispu-19.jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0b/Rumex_crispus_15-p.bot-rumex.crispu-19.jpg). Source scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Dock species and hybrids can overlap. Source identification is retained; the selected fruit view shows a valve and tubercle, while leaf shape alone is insufficient. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, colour change or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![Rumex crispus: Magnified view of a leaf surface and wavy margin.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/additional-problem-photos-rumex-crispus-2.jpg)\n\n**leaf edge** — Magnified view of a leaf surface and wavy margin.\n\nPhoto: Douglas Goldman; [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/); [source record](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/172492542); [original image](https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/299454892/original.jpg). Source scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Dock species and hybrids can overlap. Source identification is retained; the selected fruit view shows a valve and tubercle, while leaf shape alone is insufficient. iNaturalist large server-resized photo; no crop, colour change or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![Rumex crispus: A dry fruiting unit held with forceps, showing a papery net-veined valve and a prominent central tubercle.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/additional-problem-photos-rumex-crispus-3.jpg)\n\n**fruit detail** — A dry fruiting unit held with forceps, showing a papery net-veined valve and a prominent central tubercle.\n\nPhoto: Douglas Goldman; [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/); [source record](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/172492542); [original image](https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/299454085/original.jpg). Source scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Dock species and hybrids can overlap. Source identification is retained; the selected fruit view shows a valve and tubercle, while leaf shape alone is insufficient. iNaturalist large server-resized photo; no crop, colour change or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n\n## Recognize\n\nA basal rosette and upright stems with long, wavy-edged leaves; green flower clusters mature to brown seed structures. [N-rumex-crispus](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/rumex-crispus/)\n\n## Plants & habitat\n\nA Colorado weed of disturbed land. Its long-lived root and persistent seeds allow survival through mowing and changing moisture. [C-descriptions](https://extension.colostate.edu/resource/weed-descriptions/) [N-rumex-crispus](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/rumex-crispus/)\n\n## People\n\nThe reviewed sources do not establish species-specific ingestion effects or a safe exposure amount for people. Missing evidence does not establish safety. \n\n## Dogs & cats\n\nNC State flags dogs and cats and reports soluble oxalates, salivation, tremors and possible kidney injury; it describes kidney failure as rare in these pets. [N-rumex-crispus](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/rumex-crispus/)\n\n## Other animals\n\nThe source flags horses, but does not establish a safe forage quantity. [N-rumex-crispus](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/rumex-crispus/)\n\n*Evidence scope: Source hazard flag; limited horse clinical detail.*\n\n## Before taking action\n\nConfirm identification and the requirements of your county weed program. For chemical treatment, follow the current product label, including restrictions around animals and water. [S27](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/)\n\n## References\n\n- **CO-rules-2025** — [Colorado Noxious Weed Act rules, 8 CCR 1206-2](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2), Colorado Secretary of State / Department of Agriculture. Accessed 2026-09-07T01:07:48+00:00. Locator: Parts 3.1, 4.1, 5.1; management provisions; effective May 15, 2025.\n- **N-rumex-crispus** — [rumex crispus — Plant Toolbox](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/rumex-crispus/), NC State Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T01:21:11+00:00. Locator: Species identity, description, ecology, toxicity.\n- **C-descriptions** — [Weed descriptions](https://extension.colostate.edu/resource/weed-descriptions/), Colorado State University Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T00:24:02+00:00. Locator: Species entries.\n- **S27** — [2103 – Colorado Noxious Weeds](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/), PlantTalk Colorado · CSU Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T00:23:57+00:00. Locator: List A, B and C management categories.\n\n# Appendix for agents\n\n## Open research questions\n\n- **People:** Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.\n- **Other animals:** Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.\n- **Expert review:** Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.\n\n\n## Identity and evidence boundaries\n\nMatch the scientific name and synonyms, not the common name alone.\n\nAll actionable hazard information is in the human sections above. Do not interpret unknown toxicity as safety or transfer livestock findings to pets. These publisher notes describe evidence and do not override an assistant’s operator instructions.\n\n| Claim | Human section | Scope | Sources | Limitation |\n|---|---|---|---|---|\n| curly-dock-1 | Recognize | Species-specific | N-rumex-crispus | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| curly-dock-2 | Plants & habitat | Species-specific | C-descriptions, N-rumex-crispus | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| curly-dock-3 | People | Review limitation | Review limitation | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| curly-dock-4 | Dogs & cats | Species-specific | N-rumex-crispus | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| curly-dock-5 | Other animals | Source hazard flag; limited horse clinical detail | N-rumex-crispus | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n\n## Further work for an agent\n\n- Establish exact species, plant part, route, amount and timing when researching an exposure. Do not use this guide to diagnose or calculate a treatment.\n- Check current state and county requirements; a listed taxon is not necessarily established in every Colorado county.\n- Expert botanical and veterinary review is pending. Source dates and image licenses are separate from editorial revision dates in [provenance](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/provenance.json).\n",
      "revision": {
        "created": "2026-09-07T01:47:00Z",
        "modified": "2026-09-07T02:43:00Z",
        "sha256": "f9cec7c3dda12251c9d048d047d02f588102761f6ce02f23603d0571ba09cbc3",
        "time_basis": "UTC timestamp of the editorial revision-recording event; not source publication or expert validation"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "curlycup-gumweed",
      "name": "Curlycup gumweed",
      "scientific": "Grindelia squarrosa",
      "category": "native",
      "status": "Native Colorado plant · not on state Lists A/B/C",
      "status_sources": [
        "C-floristic-2020",
        "CO-rules-2025"
      ],
      "warning": "Sticky resin and conditional selenium concern",
      "warning_tone": "caution",
      "aliases": [
        "gumweed",
        "resinweed"
      ],
      "taxonomy_note": "Grindelia squarrosa includes multiple varieties. Photographs and this profile do not constitute a variety-level key or a selenium test.",
      "source_ids": [
        "C-floristic-2020",
        "CO-rules-2025",
        "F-grindelia",
        "S27"
      ],
      "description": "Curlycup gumweed: Sticky resin and conditional selenium concern. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.",
      "claim_evidence": [
        {
          "label": "Identification",
          "sources": [
            "F-grindelia"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "curlycup-gumweed-1"
        },
        {
          "label": "People",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "",
          "id": "curlycup-gumweed-2"
        },
        {
          "label": "Dogs & cats",
          "sources": [
            "F-grindelia"
          ],
          "scope": "Contact precaution inferred from livestock observations",
          "note": "",
          "id": "curlycup-gumweed-3"
        },
        {
          "label": "Other animals",
          "sources": [
            "F-grindelia"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "curlycup-gumweed-4"
        },
        {
          "label": "Plants & habitat",
          "sources": [
            "F-grindelia"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "curlycup-gumweed-5"
        },
        {
          "label": "Management & timing",
          "sources": [
            "F-grindelia",
            "S27"
          ],
          "scope": "Management synthesis",
          "note": "",
          "id": "curlycup-gumweed-6"
        }
      ],
      "research": {
        "status": "researching",
        "label": "Still researching this plant",
        "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.",
        "open_questions": [
          {
            "area": "People",
            "question": "Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "curlycup-gumweed-2"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Dogs & cats",
            "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "curlycup-gumweed-3"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Identification",
            "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          },
          {
            "area": "Expert review",
            "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          }
        ],
        "expert_review": "pending"
      },
      "colorado_relevance": {
        "source_id": "C-floristic-2020",
        "locator": "Appendix B; PDF page 56; Grindelia squarrosa",
        "basis": "Included in the 2020 statewide flora assessment. This is not a current county abundance survey.",
        "source_taxon": "Grindelia squarrosa"
      },
      "source": "content/plants/curlycup-gumweed.md",
      "content_sha256": "61d7a002eb4c682e8bef195e5b5d7fe3b48b1f06f7129b3965fd5fff6c4cd2b2",
      "body_markdown": "# Curlycup gumweed\n\n*Grindelia squarrosa*\n\n**Native Colorado plant · not on state Lists A/B/C.** [C-floristic-2020](https://cnhp.colostate.edu/download/documents/2020/CO_FQA_2020_Final_Report.pdf) [CO-rules-2025](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2)\n\n> **Sticky resin and conditional selenium concern.** [Exposure help](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/).\n\n**Identification caveat:** Grindelia squarrosa includes multiple varieties. Photographs and this profile do not constitute a variety-level key or a selenium test.\n\n## Still researching this plant {#research-status}\n\nThis is a sourced working profile. Evidence is incomplete for **People, Dogs & cats**. Identification and source-photo limits are explained below. Independent botanical and veterinary review is pending. **Uncertainty is not a finding that the plant is safe.**\n\n\n## Three views of this plant\n\nSource-identified reference photographs; these are not a complete identification key. A source location outside Colorado does not establish local occurrence.\n\n![Rounded, densely branching curlycup gumweed plant covered with yellow flower heads.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/coverage-range-photos-grindelia-squarrosa-habit-224643870.jpg)\n\n**habit** — Rounded, densely branching curlycup gumweed plant covered with yellow flower heads.\n\nPhoto: Jesse Grove; [CC0 1.0](https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/); [source record](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/131957641); [original image](https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/224643870/original.jpg). Explicit iNaturalist observation taxon and Research Grade community identification; photograph visually reviewed for depicted features. This is source identification, not a new independent botanical determination. Source identifies this plant to species; no variety or subspecies determination is asserted. Downloaded iNaturalist large rendition; downloaded bytes retained unchanged. No local crop, retouching, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; catalog preview may use a CSS crop.\n\n![Side view of a yellow curlycup gumweed flower head with green, outward-curving bracts below it.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/coverage-range-photos-grindelia-squarrosa-flower-446344737.jpeg)\n\n**flower** — Side view of a yellow curlycup gumweed flower head with green, outward-curving bracts below it.\n\nPhoto: Zach Earl; [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/); [source record](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/249666100); [original image](https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/446344737/original.jpeg). Explicit iNaturalist observation taxon and Research Grade community identification; photograph visually reviewed for depicted features. This is source identification, not a new independent botanical determination. Source identifies this plant to species; no variety or subspecies determination is asserted. Downloaded iNaturalist large rendition; downloaded bytes retained unchanged. No local crop, retouching, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; catalog preview may use a CSS crop.\n\n![Curlycup gumweed buds with spreading green bracts beside toothed leaves on a reddish stem.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/coverage-range-photos-grindelia-squarrosa-buds-leaves-88114065.jpg)\n\n**buds-leaves** — Curlycup gumweed buds with spreading green bracts beside toothed leaves on a reddish stem.\n\nPhoto: Jared Shorma; [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/); [source record](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/55340556); [original image](https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/88114065/original.jpg). Explicit iNaturalist observation taxon and Research Grade community identification; photograph visually reviewed for depicted features. This is source identification, not a new independent botanical determination. Source identifies this plant to species; no variety or subspecies determination is asserted. Downloaded iNaturalist large rendition; downloaded bytes retained unchanged. No local crop, retouching, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; catalog preview may use a CSS crop.\n\n\n## Identification\n\nA branching, taprooted biennial or perennial with resinous foliage and flower heads. Growth form varies among the varieties grouped in this species. [F-grindelia](https://research.fs.usda.gov/feis/species-reviews/grisqu)\n\n## People\n\nThe reviewed sources do not establish species-specific ingestion effects or a safe exposure amount for people. Missing evidence does not establish safety.\n\n## Dogs & cats\n\nSticky secretions are a practical grooming concern, inferred from reports of livestock coats becoming gummed. Pet ingestion toxicity is unresolved. [F-grindelia](https://research.fs.usda.gov/feis/species-reviews/grisqu)\n\n*Evidence scope: Contact precaution inferred from livestock observations.*\n\n## Other animals\n\nUsually unpalatable to livestock. Resin can gum coats, and the plant can absorb selenium when it is available; this does not mean every specimen contains a toxic concentration. [F-grindelia](https://research.fs.usda.gov/feis/species-reviews/grisqu)\n\n## Plants & habitat\n\nIt tolerates dry disturbed ground and may form dense patches on depleted range or roadsides. Native status and weediness depend on context. [F-grindelia](https://research.fs.usda.gov/feis/species-reviews/grisqu)\n\n## Management & timing\n\nInvestigate site condition before broad removal. For an unwanted small patch, prevent seed production and monitor replacement vegetation. [F-grindelia](https://research.fs.usda.gov/feis/species-reviews/grisqu) [S27](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/)\n\n*Evidence scope: Management synthesis.*\n\n## Before taking action\n\nConfirm identification and the requirements of your county weed program. For chemical treatment, follow the current product label, including restrictions around animals and water. [S27](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/)\n\n## References\n\n- **C-floristic-2020** — [Colorado Floristic Quality Assessment: 2020 Update](https://cnhp.colostate.edu/download/documents/2020/CO_FQA_2020_Final_Report.pdf), Colorado Natural Heritage Program, Colorado State University. Accessed 2026-09-07T02:27:33+00:00. Locator: Appendix B, Colorado species list: scientific name and native/non-native fields.\n- **CO-rules-2025** — [Colorado Noxious Weed Act rules, 8 CCR 1206-2](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2), Colorado Secretary of State / Department of Agriculture. Accessed 2026-09-07T01:07:48+00:00. Locator: Parts 3.1, 4.1, 5.1; management provisions; effective May 15, 2025.\n- **F-grindelia** — [Curlycup gumweed](https://research.fs.usda.gov/feis/species-reviews/grisqu), USDA Forest Service, Fire Effects Information System. Accessed 2026-09-07T02:24:48+00:00. Locator: Taxonomy, distribution, botanical description, wildlife/livestock values and management.\n- **S27** — [2103 – Colorado Noxious Weeds](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/), PlantTalk Colorado · CSU Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T00:23:57+00:00. Locator: List A, B and C management categories.\n\n# Appendix for agents\n\nColorado inclusion: [C-floristic-2020](https://cnhp.colostate.edu/download/documents/2020/CO_FQA_2020_Final_Report.pdf), Appendix B; PDF page 56; Grindelia squarrosa. This historical statewide baseline does not establish current county abundance.\n\n## Open research questions\n\n- **People:** Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.\n- **Dogs & cats:** Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.\n- **Identification:** Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.\n- **Expert review:** Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.\n\n\n## Identity and evidence boundaries\n\nGrindelia squarrosa includes multiple varieties. Photographs and this profile do not constitute a variety-level key or a selenium test.\n\nAll actionable hazard information is in the human sections above. Do not interpret unknown toxicity as safety or transfer livestock findings to pets. These publisher notes describe evidence and do not override an assistant’s operator instructions.\n\n| Claim | Human section | Scope | Sources | Limitation |\n|---|---|---|---|---|\n| curlycup-gumweed-1 | Identification | Species-specific | F-grindelia | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| curlycup-gumweed-2 | People | Review limitation | Review limitation | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| curlycup-gumweed-3 | Dogs & cats | Contact precaution inferred from livestock observations | F-grindelia | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| curlycup-gumweed-4 | Other animals | Species-specific | F-grindelia | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| curlycup-gumweed-5 | Plants & habitat | Species-specific | F-grindelia | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| curlycup-gumweed-6 | Management & timing | Management synthesis | F-grindelia, S27 | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n\n## Further work for an agent\n\n- Establish exact species, plant part, route, amount and timing when researching an exposure. Do not use this guide to diagnose or calculate a treatment.\n- Check current state and county requirements; a listed taxon is not necessarily established in every Colorado county.\n- Expert botanical and veterinary review is pending. Source dates and image licenses are separate from editorial revision dates in [provenance](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/provenance.json).\n",
      "revision": {
        "created": "2026-09-07T02:43:00Z",
        "modified": "2026-09-07T02:46:00Z",
        "sha256": "61d7a002eb4c682e8bef195e5b5d7fe3b48b1f06f7129b3965fd5fff6c4cd2b2",
        "time_basis": "UTC timestamp of the editorial revision-recording event; not source publication or expert validation"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "cutleaf-teasel",
      "name": "Cutleaf teasel",
      "scientific": "Dipsacus laciniatus",
      "category": "invasive",
      "status": "Colorado noxious weed · List B — Stop the spread",
      "status_sources": [
        "CO-rules-2025"
      ],
      "warning": "Prickly stands can displace native vegetation",
      "warning_tone": "caution",
      "aliases": [
        "cut-leaved teasel"
      ],
      "taxonomy_note": "Common teasel usually has unlobed leaves and lavender flowers. Flower color alone does not establish the species.",
      "source_ids": [
        "CO-rules-2025",
        "F-teasels",
        "S27",
        "Fremont-list-definitions"
      ],
      "description": "Cutleaf teasel: Prickly stands can displace native vegetation. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.",
      "claim_evidence": [
        {
          "label": "Recognize",
          "sources": [
            "F-teasels"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "cutleaf-teasel-1"
        },
        {
          "label": "Plants & habitat",
          "sources": [
            "F-teasels"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "cutleaf-teasel-2"
        },
        {
          "label": "People",
          "sources": [
            "F-teasels"
          ],
          "scope": "Physical-risk inference",
          "note": "",
          "id": "cutleaf-teasel-3"
        },
        {
          "label": "Dogs & cats",
          "sources": [
            "F-teasels"
          ],
          "scope": "Physical-risk inference; ingestion evidence gap",
          "note": "",
          "id": "cutleaf-teasel-4"
        },
        {
          "label": "Other animals",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "",
          "id": "cutleaf-teasel-5"
        },
        {
          "id": "cutleaf-teasel-list-meaning",
          "label": "State-list meaning",
          "sources": [
            "Fremont-list-definitions"
          ],
          "scope": "Colorado management-category definition; species classification retains its original status sources",
          "note": "Plain-language editorial label for a management category; not a toxicity or danger rating.",
          "reviewed": "2026-09-07"
        }
      ],
      "noxious_class": "B",
      "research": {
        "status": "researching",
        "label": "Still researching this plant",
        "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.",
        "open_questions": [
          {
            "area": "Dogs & cats",
            "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "cutleaf-teasel-4"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Other animals",
            "question": "Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "cutleaf-teasel-5"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Identification",
            "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          },
          {
            "area": "Expert review",
            "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          }
        ],
        "expert_review": "pending"
      },
      "noxious_class_label": "B — Stop the spread",
      "source": "content/plants/cutleaf-teasel.md",
      "content_sha256": "de85acd78c4d1790ee5f31898bb5a5869d4a4c09e2c8e5da32512ed04717d5e2",
      "body_markdown": "# Cutleaf teasel\n\n*Dipsacus laciniatus*\n\n**Colorado noxious weed · List B — Stop the spread.** [CO-rules-2025](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2)\n\nEstablished in some areas. Requirements vary by location: eradication, containment or suppression to stop further spread. This is a management category, separate from danger ratings. [Category source](https://fremontcountyco.gov/weed-control/weed-identification) · [What the lists mean](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/#weed-lists).\n\n> **Prickly stands can displace native vegetation.** [Exposure help](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/).\n\n**Identification caveat:** Common teasel usually has unlobed leaves and lavender flowers. Flower color alone does not establish the species.\n\n## Still researching this plant {#research-status}\n\nThis is a sourced working profile. Evidence is incomplete for **Dogs & cats, Other animals**. Identification and source-photo limits are explained below. Independent botanical and veterinary review is pending. **Uncertainty is not a finding that the plant is safe.**\n\n\n## Three views of this plant\n\nSource-identified reference photographs; these are not a complete identification key. A source location outside Colorado does not establish local occurrence.\n\n![Dry oval teasel head on a prickly stalk, with rigid bracts surrounding the head.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/list-bc-photos-dipsacus-laciniatus-01.jpg)\n\n**dry head** — Dry oval teasel head on a prickly stalk, with rigid bracts surrounding the head.\n\nPhoto: Alexander Klink; [CC BY 3.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Dipsacus_laciniatus_L.jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/40/Dipsacus_laciniatus_L.jpg). Source-identified photograph with visual consistency check Dipsacus laciniatus L. Source labeling and visible consistency checked; not an independent specimen determination. Wikimedia-generated thumbnail rescaling only; downloaded bytes unchanged. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![Opposite, deeply cut leaves around a teasel stem, with an oval flowering head behind them.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/list-bc-photos-dipsacus-laciniatus-03.jpg)\n\n**leaves and stem** — Opposite, deeply cut leaves around a teasel stem, with an oval flowering head behind them.\n\nPhoto: Alex Abair; [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Dipsacus_laciniatus_554862782.jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fb/Dipsacus_laciniatus_554862782.jpg). Source-identified photograph with visual consistency check Cutleaf teasel ( Dipsacus laciniatus ) in the United States Source labeling and visible consistency checked; not an independent specimen determination. Wikimedia-generated thumbnail rescaling only; downloaded bytes unchanged. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![Close view of small white flowers on an oval teasel head among pointed bracts, with a 20 mm scale.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/list-bc-photos-dipsacus-laciniatus-06.jpg)\n\n**flowers** — Close view of small white flowers on an oval teasel head among pointed bracts, with a 20 mm scale.\n\nPhoto: Stefan.lefnaer; [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Dipsacus_laciniatus_sl21.jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7b/Dipsacus_laciniatus_sl21.jpg). Source-identified photograph with visual consistency check Capitulum (detail) Taxonym: Dipsacus laciniatus ss Fischer et al. EfÖLS 2008 ISBN 978-3-85474-187-9 Location: Marchfeldkanal near Groß-Jedlersdorf, Wien-Floridsdorf - ca. 160 m a.s.l. Habitat: fallow land Source labeling and visible consistency checked; not an independent specimen determination. Wikimedia-generated thumbnail rescaling only; downloaded bytes unchanged. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n\n## Recognize\n\nDeeply cut, opposite leaves clasp the stem; generally white flowers open on prickly, elongated heads. [F-teasels](https://research.fs.usda.gov/feis/species-reviews/dipspp)\n\n## Plants & habitat\n\nReported near Denver. Dense stands can threaten meadow and wetland vegetation; impacts vary among sites. [F-teasels](https://research.fs.usda.gov/feis/species-reviews/dipspp)\n\n## People\n\nPrickles on stems and heads make unprotected handling a puncture concern. [F-teasels](https://research.fs.usda.gov/feis/species-reviews/dipspp)\n\n*Evidence scope: Physical-risk inference.*\n\n## Dogs & cats\n\nPrickly plants present a contact hazard; the reviewed source does not establish pet ingestion effects. [F-teasels](https://research.fs.usda.gov/feis/species-reviews/dipspp)\n\n*Evidence scope: Physical-risk inference; ingestion evidence gap.*\n\n## Other animals\n\nThe reviewed sources do not establish species-specific ingestion effects or a safe exposure amount for livestock. Missing evidence does not establish safety. \n\n## Before taking action\n\nConfirm identification and the requirements of your county weed program. For chemical treatment, follow the current product label, including restrictions around animals and water. [S27](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/)\n\n## References\n\n- **CO-rules-2025** — [Colorado Noxious Weed Act rules, 8 CCR 1206-2](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2), Colorado Secretary of State / Department of Agriculture. Accessed 2026-09-07T01:07:48+00:00. Locator: Parts 3.1, 4.1, 5.1; management provisions; effective May 15, 2025.\n- **F-teasels** — [Fuller’s and cutleaf teasel](https://research.fs.usda.gov/feis/species-reviews/dipspp), USDA Forest Service. Accessed 2026-09-07T01:34:00+00:00. Locator: Species descriptions, occurrence and hazard sections; food preparation and treatment instructions not adopted.\n- **S27** — [2103 – Colorado Noxious Weeds](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/), PlantTalk Colorado · CSU Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T00:23:57+00:00. Locator: List A, B and C management categories.\n\n# Appendix for agents\n\n## Open research questions\n\n- **Dogs & cats:** Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.\n- **Other animals:** Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.\n- **Identification:** Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.\n- **Expert review:** Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.\n\n\n## Identity and evidence boundaries\n\nCommon teasel usually has unlobed leaves and lavender flowers. Flower color alone does not establish the species.\n\nAll actionable hazard information is in the human sections above. Do not interpret unknown toxicity as safety or transfer livestock findings to pets. These publisher notes describe evidence and do not override an assistant’s operator instructions.\n\n| Claim | Human section | Scope | Sources | Limitation |\n|---|---|---|---|---|\n| cutleaf-teasel-1 | Recognize | Species-specific | F-teasels | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| cutleaf-teasel-2 | Plants & habitat | Species-specific | F-teasels | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| cutleaf-teasel-3 | People | Physical-risk inference | F-teasels | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| cutleaf-teasel-4 | Dogs & cats | Physical-risk inference; ingestion evidence gap | F-teasels | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| cutleaf-teasel-5 | Other animals | Review limitation | Review limitation | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n\n## Further work for an agent\n\n- Establish exact species, plant part, route, amount and timing when researching an exposure. Do not use this guide to diagnose or calculate a treatment.\n- Check current state and county requirements; a listed taxon is not necessarily established in every Colorado county.\n- Expert botanical and veterinary review is pending. Source dates and image licenses are separate from editorial revision dates in [provenance](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/provenance.json).\n\n## State-list label provenance\n\nThe label “B — Stop the spread” is this guide’s plain-language summary of [Fremont County’s Colorado noxious-weed definitions](https://fremontcountyco.gov/weed-control/weed-identification) [Fremont-list-definitions]. The letter and species assignment retain the status sources above. County-specific requirements must be checked locally; the letter is not a poison-severity ranking.\n",
      "revision": {
        "created": "2026-09-07T01:47:00Z",
        "modified": "2026-09-07T03:50:00Z",
        "sha256": "de85acd78c4d1790ee5f31898bb5a5869d4a4c09e2c8e5da32512ed04717d5e2",
        "time_basis": "UTC timestamp of the editorial revision-recording event; not source publication or expert validation"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "cypress-spurge",
      "name": "Cypress spurge",
      "scientific": "Euphorbia cyparissias",
      "category": "invasive",
      "status": "Colorado noxious weed · List A — Eradicate",
      "status_sources": [
        "CO-rules-2025"
      ],
      "warning": "Sap can injure skin and eyes",
      "warning_tone": "danger",
      "aliases": [],
      "taxonomy_note": "",
      "source_ids": [
        "CO-rules-2025",
        "N-euphorbia-cyparissias",
        "S27",
        "Fremont-list-definitions"
      ],
      "description": "Cypress spurge: Sap can injure skin and eyes. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.",
      "claim_evidence": [
        {
          "label": "Recognize",
          "sources": [
            "N-euphorbia-cyparissias"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "cypress-spurge-1"
        },
        {
          "label": "Plants & habitat",
          "sources": [
            "N-euphorbia-cyparissias"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "cypress-spurge-2"
        },
        {
          "label": "People",
          "sources": [
            "N-euphorbia-cyparissias"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "cypress-spurge-3"
        },
        {
          "label": "Dogs & cats",
          "sources": [
            "N-euphorbia-cyparissias"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "cypress-spurge-4"
        },
        {
          "label": "Other animals",
          "sources": [
            "N-euphorbia-cyparissias"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "cypress-spurge-5"
        },
        {
          "id": "cypress-spurge-list-meaning",
          "label": "State-list meaning",
          "sources": [
            "Fremont-list-definitions"
          ],
          "scope": "Colorado management-category definition; species classification retains its original status sources",
          "note": "Plain-language editorial label for a management category; not a toxicity or danger rating.",
          "reviewed": "2026-09-07"
        }
      ],
      "noxious_class": "A",
      "research": {
        "status": "researching",
        "label": "Still researching this plant",
        "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.",
        "open_questions": [
          {
            "area": "Expert review",
            "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          }
        ],
        "expert_review": "pending"
      },
      "noxious_class_label": "A — Eradicate",
      "source": "content/plants/cypress-spurge.md",
      "content_sha256": "9411a86d2802009446b399ec1634a1e584f31a56dce2015a74438da62cbd1901",
      "body_markdown": "# Cypress spurge\n\n*Euphorbia cyparissias*\n\n**Colorado noxious weed · List A — Eradicate.** [CO-rules-2025](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2)\n\nUncommon in Colorado. All populations are designated for eradication statewide. This is a management category, separate from danger ratings. [Category source](https://fremontcountyco.gov/weed-control/weed-identification) · [What the lists mean](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/#weed-lists).\n\n> **Sap can injure skin and eyes.** [Exposure help](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/).\n\n## Still researching this plant {#research-status}\n\nThis is a sourced working profile. The cited findings are available below. Independent botanical and veterinary review is pending. **Uncertainty is not a finding that the plant is safe.**\n\n\n## Three views of this plant\n\nSource-identified reference photographs; these are not a complete identification key. A source location outside Colorado does not establish local occurrence.\n\n![Euphorbia cyparissias: Yellow-green floral bracts and small cyathia above many narrow leaves.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/list-a-photos-euphorbia-cyparissias-1.jpg)\n\n**flowers** — Yellow-green floral bracts and small cyathia above many narrow leaves.\n\nPhoto: Tom Scavo; [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/); [source record](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/287543772); [original image](https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/517027187/original.jpg). Source scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. iNaturalist large server-resized image; no local crop, colour change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![Euphorbia cyparissias: A shoot held to show its closely spaced, narrow linear leaves.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/list-a-photos-euphorbia-cyparissias-2.jpg)\n\n**foliage** — A shoot held to show its closely spaced, narrow linear leaves.\n\nPhoto: Tom Scavo; [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/); [source record](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/287543772); [original image](https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/517027195/original.jpg). Source scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. iNaturalist large server-resized image; no local crop, colour change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![Euphorbia cyparissias: Several low flowering shoots growing in a rocky crevice.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/list-a-photos-euphorbia-cyparissias-3.jpg)\n\n**habit** — Several low flowering shoots growing in a rocky crevice.\n\nPhoto: Tom Scavo; [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/); [source record](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/287543772); [original image](https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/517027581/original.jpg). Source scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. iNaturalist large server-resized image; no local crop, colour change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n\n## Recognize\n\nA low perennial with crowded, needle-like leaves and yellow-green flower bracts. Do not snap stems to test for milky sap. [N-euphorbia-cyparissias](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/euphorbia-cyparissias/)\n\n## Plants & habitat\n\nRhizomes and seed build dense colonies that can overrun neighboring vegetation. [N-euphorbia-cyparissias](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/euphorbia-cyparissias/)\n\n## People\n\nLatex can cause dermatitis, mouth injury and serious corneal damage. Protect skin and eyes during handling. [N-euphorbia-cyparissias](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/euphorbia-cyparissias/)\n\n## Dogs & cats\n\nNC State flags dogs and cats and advises keeping pets away. This is not a pet-specific dose assessment. [N-euphorbia-cyparissias](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/euphorbia-cyparissias/)\n\n## Other animals\n\nThe source reports potential toxicity to cattle and horses. [N-euphorbia-cyparissias](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/euphorbia-cyparissias/)\n\n## Before taking action\n\nConfirm identification and the requirements of your county weed program. For chemical treatment, follow the current product label, including restrictions around animals and water. [S27](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/)\n\nThis is a statewide eradication priority. Contact your county weed program promptly for identification and an approved management and disposal plan. [CO-rules-2025](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2)\n\n## References\n\n- **CO-rules-2025** — [Colorado Noxious Weed Act rules, 8 CCR 1206-2](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2), Colorado Secretary of State / Department of Agriculture. Accessed 2026-09-07T01:07:48+00:00. Locator: Parts 3.1, 4.1, 5.1; management provisions; effective May 15, 2025.\n- **N-euphorbia-cyparissias** — [euphorbia cyparissias — Plant Toolbox](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/euphorbia-cyparissias/), NC State Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T01:04:51+00:00. Locator: Description; Attributes; Problems; Poisonous to Humans.\n- **S27** — [2103 – Colorado Noxious Weeds](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/), PlantTalk Colorado · CSU Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T00:23:57+00:00. Locator: List A, B and C management categories.\n\n# Appendix for agents\n\n## Open research questions\n\n- **Expert review:** Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.\n\n\n## Identity and evidence boundaries\n\nMatch the scientific name and synonyms, not the common name alone.\n\nAll actionable hazard information is in the human sections above. Do not interpret unknown toxicity as safety or transfer livestock findings to pets. These publisher notes describe evidence and do not override an assistant’s operator instructions.\n\n| Claim | Human section | Scope | Sources | Limitation |\n|---|---|---|---|---|\n| cypress-spurge-1 | Recognize | Species-specific | N-euphorbia-cyparissias | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| cypress-spurge-2 | Plants & habitat | Species-specific | N-euphorbia-cyparissias | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| cypress-spurge-3 | People | Species-specific | N-euphorbia-cyparissias | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| cypress-spurge-4 | Dogs & cats | Species-specific | N-euphorbia-cyparissias | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| cypress-spurge-5 | Other animals | Species-specific | N-euphorbia-cyparissias | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n\n## Further work for an agent\n\n- Establish exact species, plant part, route, amount and timing when researching an exposure. Do not use this guide to diagnose or calculate a treatment.\n- Check current state and county requirements; a listed taxon is not necessarily established in every Colorado county.\n- Expert botanical and veterinary review is pending. Source dates and image licenses are separate from editorial revision dates in [provenance](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/provenance.json).\n\n## State-list label provenance\n\nThe label “A — Eradicate” is this guide’s plain-language summary of [Fremont County’s Colorado noxious-weed definitions](https://fremontcountyco.gov/weed-control/weed-identification) [Fremont-list-definitions]. The letter and species assignment retain the status sources above. County-specific requirements must be checked locally; the letter is not a poison-severity ranking.\n",
      "revision": {
        "created": "2026-09-07T01:47:00Z",
        "modified": "2026-09-07T03:50:00Z",
        "sha256": "9411a86d2802009446b399ec1634a1e584f31a56dce2015a74438da62cbd1901",
        "time_basis": "UTC timestamp of the editorial revision-recording event; not source publication or expert validation"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "dalmatian-toadflax",
      "name": "Dalmatian toadflax",
      "scientific": "Linaria dalmatica",
      "category": "invasive",
      "status": "Colorado noxious weed · List B — Stop the spread",
      "status_sources": [
        "J-dalmatian-toadflax"
      ],
      "warning": "Spreads from roots; livestock concern",
      "warning_tone": "caution",
      "aliases": [],
      "taxonomy_note": "Distinguish the two toadflaxes by leaves as well as flowers. A snapdragon-like bloom is not evidence of garden suitability.",
      "source_ids": [
        "J-dalmatian-toadflax",
        "Fremont-list-definitions"
      ],
      "description": "Dalmatian toadflax: Spreads from roots; livestock concern. Colorado identification, habitat and exposure evidence.",
      "claim_evidence": [
        {
          "label": "Recognize",
          "sources": [
            "J-dalmatian-toadflax"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "dalmatian-toadflax-1"
        },
        {
          "label": "Plants & habitat",
          "sources": [
            "J-dalmatian-toadflax"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "dalmatian-toadflax-2"
        },
        {
          "label": "People",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "Human ingestion effects were not established in this review.",
          "id": "dalmatian-toadflax-3"
        },
        {
          "label": "Dogs & cats",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "Species-specific ingestion effects and exposure thresholds were not established in the reviewed sources.",
          "id": "dalmatian-toadflax-4"
        },
        {
          "label": "Other animals",
          "sources": [
            "J-dalmatian-toadflax"
          ],
          "scope": "Possible livestock toxicity; pet evidence gap",
          "note": "",
          "id": "dalmatian-toadflax-5"
        },
        {
          "id": "dalmatian-toadflax-list-meaning",
          "label": "State-list meaning",
          "sources": [
            "Fremont-list-definitions"
          ],
          "scope": "Colorado management-category definition; species classification retains its original status sources",
          "note": "Plain-language editorial label for a management category; not a toxicity or danger rating.",
          "reviewed": "2026-09-07"
        }
      ],
      "noxious_class": "B",
      "research": {
        "status": "researching",
        "label": "Still researching this plant",
        "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.",
        "open_questions": [
          {
            "area": "People",
            "question": "Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "dalmatian-toadflax-3"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Dogs & cats",
            "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "dalmatian-toadflax-4"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Other animals",
            "question": "Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "dalmatian-toadflax-5"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Identification",
            "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          },
          {
            "area": "Expert review",
            "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          }
        ],
        "expert_review": "pending"
      },
      "noxious_class_label": "B — Stop the spread",
      "source": "content/plants/dalmatian-toadflax.md",
      "content_sha256": "9de842e64f43907cfbac0bf07af0dcc1375940079a5eb99be1cfaeefd2a51562",
      "body_markdown": "# Dalmatian toadflax\n\n*Linaria dalmatica*\n\n**Colorado noxious weed · List B — Stop the spread.** [J-dalmatian-toadflax](https://www.jeffco.us/2469/Dalmatian-Toadflax)\n\nEstablished in some areas. Requirements vary by location: eradication, containment or suppression to stop further spread. This is a management category, separate from danger ratings. [Category source](https://fremontcountyco.gov/weed-control/weed-identification) · [What the lists mean](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/#weed-lists).\n\n> **Spreads from roots; livestock concern.** Native status, garden use and noxious-weed class are separate from toxicity. [Exposure help](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/).\n\n**Identification caveat:** Distinguish the two toadflaxes by leaves as well as flowers. A snapdragon-like bloom is not evidence of garden suitability.\n\n## Still researching this plant {#research-status}\n\nThis is a sourced working profile. Evidence is incomplete for **People, Dogs & cats, Other animals**. Identification and source-photo limits are explained below. Independent botanical and veterinary review is pending. **Uncertainty is not a finding that the plant is safe.**\n\n\n## Three views of this plant\n\nPhotos are source-identified examples, not a complete identification key. Check leaves, stems, flowers and fruit together. Locations are not assumed to be in Colorado.\n\n![Linaria dalmatica: Erect stem bearing a long series of yellow flowers and broad clasping leaves.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/invasive-linaria-dalmatica-flowering-stem.jpg)\n\n**flowering-stem** — Erect stem bearing a long series of yellow flowers and broad clasping leaves.\n\nPhoto: Walter Siegmund (talk); [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Linaria_dalmatica_0562.JPG); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6e/Linaria_dalmatica_0562.JPG). Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.   Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![Linaria dalmatica: Yellow snapdragon-shaped flowers with long narrow spurs.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/invasive-linaria-dalmatica-flower.jpg)\n\n**flower** — Yellow snapdragon-shaped flowers with long narrow spurs.\n\nPhoto: milan_chytry; [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Balkan_Toadflax_(Linaria_dalmatica),_Bra%C8%99ov,_Romania_1.jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/de/Balkan_Toadflax_%28Linaria_dalmatica%29%2C_Bra%C8%99ov%2C_Romania_1.jpg). Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.   Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![Linaria dalmatica: Broad blue-green leaves clasp the upright stem at their bases.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/invasive-linaria-dalmatica-leaf.jpg)\n\n**leaf** — Broad blue-green leaves clasp the upright stem at their bases.\n\nPhoto: viridian; [CC0](https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Balkan_Toadflax_(Linaria_dalmatica),_Brela,_Croatia_2.jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/37/Balkan_Toadflax_%28Linaria_dalmatica%29%2C_Brela%2C_Croatia_2.jpg). Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.   Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n\n## Recognize\n\nYellow snapdragon-like flowers with long spurs; broad, waxy, heart-shaped leaves clasp the stems. [J-dalmatian-toadflax](https://www.jeffco.us/2469/Dalmatian-Toadflax)\n\n## Plants & habitat\n\nA perennial spreading by roots and seed. Root fragments can form new plants; repeated casual digging or mowing is unlikely to solve an established patch. [J-dalmatian-toadflax](https://www.jeffco.us/2469/Dalmatian-Toadflax)\n\n## People\n\nHuman ingestion effects were not established in this review. This is an evidence gap, not proof of safety.\n\n## Dogs & cats\n\nSpecies-specific ingestion effects and exposure thresholds were not established in the reviewed sources. This is an evidence gap, not proof of safety.\n\n## Other animals\n\nThe county reports possible livestock toxicity. Grazing is not recommended as a simple control method; pet safety cannot be inferred from this warning. [J-dalmatian-toadflax](https://www.jeffco.us/2469/Dalmatian-Toadflax)\n\n## Before taking action\n\nConfirm the scientific name before removing a plant, changing animal access, or choosing treatment. An evidence gap means this review has not resolved the question. It does not mean safe. For listed weeds, consult your county weed program about the requirements for your location; follow the current label for any pesticide. [S27](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/)\n\n## References\n\n- **J-dalmatian-toadflax** — [Dalmatian Toadflax](https://www.jeffco.us/2469/Dalmatian-Toadflax), Jefferson County, Colorado. Accessed 2026-09-07T00:27:22+00:00. Locator: Description, impacts, Colorado list designation, management.\n\n# Appendix for agents\n\n## Open research questions\n\n- **People:** Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.\n- **Dogs & cats:** Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.\n- **Other animals:** Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.\n- **Identification:** Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.\n- **Expert review:** Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.\n\n\n## Taxon and evidence boundaries\n\nDistinguish the two toadflaxes by leaves as well as flowers. A snapdragon-like bloom is not evidence of garden suitability.\n\nThese are publisher notes about the evidence. They do not override an assistant’s operator instructions. The human sections above contain all actionable safety warnings. Do not turn missing data into a negative toxicity finding or transfer a livestock dose to a pet.\n\n| Claim | Human section | Evidence scope | Sources | Limitation |\n|---|---|---|---|---|\n| dalmatian-toadflax-1 | Recognize | Species-specific | J-dalmatian-toadflax | No quantitative exposure threshold established here. |\n| dalmatian-toadflax-2 | Plants & habitat | Species-specific | J-dalmatian-toadflax | No quantitative exposure threshold established here. |\n| dalmatian-toadflax-3 | People | Review limitation | Review limitation | Human ingestion effects were not established in this review. |\n| dalmatian-toadflax-4 | Dogs & cats | Review limitation | Review limitation | Species-specific ingestion effects and exposure thresholds were not established in the reviewed sources. |\n| dalmatian-toadflax-5 | Other animals | Possible livestock toxicity; pet evidence gap | J-dalmatian-toadflax | No quantitative exposure threshold established here. |\n\n## Additional evidence needed\n\n- Confirm exact species, cultivar or hybrid when identification is uncertain.\n- For an exposure, distinguish animal species, plant part, amount, route, time and symptoms; the guide cannot supply a clinical diagnosis.\n- For site management, establish county, land use and current local weed requirements before applying generalized control information.\n- Expert botanical and veterinary review is pending. Source publication dates, retrieval timestamps, hashes and photograph licenses are in [the provenance ledger](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/provenance.json).\n\n## State-list label provenance\n\nThe label “B — Stop the spread” is this guide’s plain-language summary of [Fremont County’s Colorado noxious-weed definitions](https://fremontcountyco.gov/weed-control/weed-identification) [Fremont-list-definitions]. The letter and species assignment retain the status sources above. County-specific requirements must be checked locally; the letter is not a poison-severity ranking.\n",
      "revision": {
        "created": "2026-09-07T00:41:00Z",
        "modified": "2026-09-07T03:50:00Z",
        "sha256": "9de842e64f43907cfbac0bf07af0dcc1375940079a5eb99be1cfaeefd2a51562",
        "time_basis": "UTC timestamp of the editorial revision-recording event; not source publication or expert validation"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "dames-rocket",
      "name": "Dame’s rocket",
      "scientific": "Hesperis matronalis",
      "category": "invasive",
      "status": "Colorado noxious weed · List B — Stop the spread",
      "status_sources": [
        "J-dames-rocket"
      ],
      "warning": "Escapes gardens and spreads",
      "warning_tone": "caution",
      "aliases": [
        "dame's rocket"
      ],
      "taxonomy_note": "Four petals help distinguish this mustard relative from five-petaled garden phlox; this clue alone is not a complete identification.",
      "source_ids": [
        "J-dames-rocket",
        "C-descriptions",
        "Fremont-list-definitions"
      ],
      "description": "Dame’s rocket: Escapes gardens and spreads. Colorado identification, habitat and exposure evidence.",
      "claim_evidence": [
        {
          "label": "Recognize",
          "sources": [
            "C-descriptions"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "dames-rocket-1"
        },
        {
          "label": "Plants & habitat",
          "sources": [
            "C-descriptions"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "dames-rocket-2"
        },
        {
          "label": "People",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "The reviewed sources do not establish ingestion safety.",
          "id": "dames-rocket-3"
        },
        {
          "label": "Dogs & cats",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "Species-specific ingestion effects and exposure thresholds were not established in the reviewed sources.",
          "id": "dames-rocket-4"
        },
        {
          "label": "Other animals",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "Species-specific ingestion effects and exposure thresholds were not established in the reviewed sources.",
          "id": "dames-rocket-5"
        },
        {
          "id": "dames-rocket-list-meaning",
          "label": "State-list meaning",
          "sources": [
            "Fremont-list-definitions"
          ],
          "scope": "Colorado management-category definition; species classification retains its original status sources",
          "note": "Plain-language editorial label for a management category; not a toxicity or danger rating.",
          "reviewed": "2026-09-07"
        }
      ],
      "noxious_class": "B",
      "research": {
        "status": "researching",
        "label": "Still researching this plant",
        "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.",
        "open_questions": [
          {
            "area": "People",
            "question": "Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "dames-rocket-3"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Dogs & cats",
            "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "dames-rocket-4"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Other animals",
            "question": "Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "dames-rocket-5"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Identification",
            "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          },
          {
            "area": "Expert review",
            "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          }
        ],
        "expert_review": "pending"
      },
      "noxious_class_label": "B — Stop the spread",
      "source": "content/plants/dames-rocket.md",
      "content_sha256": "424694b98f2503ca23189687e96cb393c4109742072ed5cbc228f23149e4dea8",
      "body_markdown": "# Dame’s rocket\n\n*Hesperis matronalis*\n\n**Colorado noxious weed · List B — Stop the spread.** [J-dames-rocket](https://www.jeffco.us/2467/Dames-Rocket)\n\nEstablished in some areas. Requirements vary by location: eradication, containment or suppression to stop further spread. This is a management category, separate from danger ratings. [Category source](https://fremontcountyco.gov/weed-control/weed-identification) · [What the lists mean](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/#weed-lists).\n\n> **Escapes gardens and spreads.** Native status, garden use and noxious-weed class are separate from toxicity. [Exposure help](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/).\n\n**Identification caveat:** Four petals help distinguish this mustard relative from five-petaled garden phlox; this clue alone is not a complete identification.\n\n## Still researching this plant {#research-status}\n\nThis is a sourced working profile. Evidence is incomplete for **People, Dogs & cats, Other animals**. Identification and source-photo limits are explained below. Independent botanical and veterinary review is pending. **Uncertainty is not a finding that the plant is safe.**\n\n\n## Three views of this plant\n\nPhotos are source-identified examples, not a complete identification key. Check leaves, stems, flowers and fruit together. Locations are not assumed to be in Colorado.\n\n![Hesperis matronalis: Upright stems with alternate lance-shaped leaves and branching clusters of lilac flowers.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/invasive-hesperis-matronalis-habit.jpg)\n\n**habit** — Upright stems with alternate lance-shaped leaves and branching clusters of lilac flowers.\n\nPhoto: Anneli Salo; [CC BY-SA 3.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Hesperis_matronalis_Illakko_VI08_H4934.jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9d/Hesperis_matronalis_Illakko_VI08_H4934.jpg). Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.   Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![Hesperis matronalis: Pink-purple flowers with four petals beside broad toothed leaves.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/invasive-hesperis-matronalis-flower.jpg)\n\n**flower** — Pink-purple flowers with four petals beside broad toothed leaves.\n\nPhoto: Algirdas at Lithuanian Wikipedia; [CC BY-SA 3.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Hesperis_matronalis.JPG); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/32/Hesperis_matronalis.JPG). Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.   Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![Hesperis matronalis: Basal rosette of green leaves growing close to the soil surface.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/invasive-hesperis-matronalis-rosette.jpg)\n\n**rosette** — Basal rosette of green leaves growing close to the soil surface.\n\nPhoto: User:SB_Johnny; [CC BY-SA 3.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Hesperis_matronalis_basal_whorl_001.JPG); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a2/Hesperis_matronalis_basal_whorl_001.JPG). Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.   Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n\n## Recognize\n\nFragrant purple, pink or white flowers with four petals; often a biennial or short-lived perennial. [C-descriptions](https://extension.colostate.edu/resource/weed-descriptions/)\n\n## Plants & habitat\n\nIntroduced as an ornamental and can spread aggressively. Do not use seed mixes containing it; prevent seed set and follow up on seedlings. [C-descriptions](https://extension.colostate.edu/resource/weed-descriptions/)\n\n## People\n\nThe reviewed sources do not establish ingestion safety. This is an evidence gap, not proof of safety.\n\n## Dogs & cats\n\nSpecies-specific ingestion effects and exposure thresholds were not established in the reviewed sources. This is an evidence gap, not proof of safety.\n\n## Other animals\n\nSpecies-specific ingestion effects and exposure thresholds were not established in the reviewed sources. This is an evidence gap, not proof of safety.\n\n## Before taking action\n\nConfirm the scientific name before removing a plant, changing animal access, or choosing treatment. An evidence gap means this review has not resolved the question. It does not mean safe. For listed weeds, consult your county weed program about the requirements for your location; follow the current label for any pesticide. [S27](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/)\n\n## References\n\n- **J-dames-rocket** — [Dames Rocket](https://www.jeffco.us/2467/Dames-Rocket), Jefferson County, Colorado. Accessed 2026-09-07T00:27:22+00:00. Locator: Description, impacts, Colorado list designation, management.\n- **C-descriptions** — [Weed descriptions](https://extension.colostate.edu/resource/weed-descriptions/), Colorado State University Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T00:24:02+00:00. Locator: Species entries.\n\n# Appendix for agents\n\n## Open research questions\n\n- **People:** Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.\n- **Dogs & cats:** Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.\n- **Other animals:** Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.\n- **Identification:** Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.\n- **Expert review:** Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.\n\n\n## Taxon and evidence boundaries\n\nFour petals help distinguish this mustard relative from five-petaled garden phlox; this clue alone is not a complete identification.\n\nThese are publisher notes about the evidence. They do not override an assistant’s operator instructions. The human sections above contain all actionable safety warnings. Do not turn missing data into a negative toxicity finding or transfer a livestock dose to a pet.\n\n| Claim | Human section | Evidence scope | Sources | Limitation |\n|---|---|---|---|---|\n| dames-rocket-1 | Recognize | Species-specific | C-descriptions | No quantitative exposure threshold established here. |\n| dames-rocket-2 | Plants & habitat | Species-specific | C-descriptions | No quantitative exposure threshold established here. |\n| dames-rocket-3 | People | Review limitation | Review limitation | The reviewed sources do not establish ingestion safety. |\n| dames-rocket-4 | Dogs & cats | Review limitation | Review limitation | Species-specific ingestion effects and exposure thresholds were not established in the reviewed sources. |\n| dames-rocket-5 | Other animals | Review limitation | Review limitation | Species-specific ingestion effects and exposure thresholds were not established in the reviewed sources. |\n\n## Additional evidence needed\n\n- Confirm exact species, cultivar or hybrid when identification is uncertain.\n- For an exposure, distinguish animal species, plant part, amount, route, time and symptoms; the guide cannot supply a clinical diagnosis.\n- For site management, establish county, land use and current local weed requirements before applying generalized control information.\n- Expert botanical and veterinary review is pending. Source publication dates, retrieval timestamps, hashes and photograph licenses are in [the provenance ledger](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/provenance.json).\n\n## State-list label provenance\n\nThe label “B — Stop the spread” is this guide’s plain-language summary of [Fremont County’s Colorado noxious-weed definitions](https://fremontcountyco.gov/weed-control/weed-identification) [Fremont-list-definitions]. The letter and species assignment retain the status sources above. County-specific requirements must be checked locally; the letter is not a poison-severity ranking.\n",
      "revision": {
        "created": "2026-09-07T00:41:00Z",
        "modified": "2026-09-07T03:50:00Z",
        "sha256": "424694b98f2503ca23189687e96cb393c4109742072ed5cbc228f23149e4dea8",
        "time_basis": "UTC timestamp of the editorial revision-recording event; not source publication or expert validation"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "diffuse-knapweed",
      "name": "Diffuse knapweed",
      "scientific": "Centaurea diffusa",
      "category": "invasive",
      "status": "Colorado noxious weed · List B — Stop the spread",
      "status_sources": [
        "CO-rules-2025"
      ],
      "warning": "Skin irritation; tumbling seed spread",
      "warning_tone": "caution",
      "aliases": [],
      "taxonomy_note": "Spotted knapweed and spotted × diffuse hybrids require separate identification. Russian-knapweed horse poisoning must not be transferred merely because the common names overlap.",
      "source_ids": [
        "CO-rules-2025",
        "J-diffuse-knapweed",
        "S27",
        "Fremont-list-definitions"
      ],
      "description": "Diffuse knapweed: Skin irritation; tumbling seed spread. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.",
      "claim_evidence": [
        {
          "label": "Recognize",
          "sources": [
            "J-diffuse-knapweed"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "diffuse-knapweed-1"
        },
        {
          "label": "Plants & habitat",
          "sources": [
            "J-diffuse-knapweed"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "diffuse-knapweed-2"
        },
        {
          "label": "People",
          "sources": [
            "J-diffuse-knapweed"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "diffuse-knapweed-3"
        },
        {
          "label": "Dogs & cats",
          "sources": [
            "J-diffuse-knapweed"
          ],
          "scope": "Physical-risk inference; chemical-toxicity gap",
          "note": "",
          "id": "diffuse-knapweed-4"
        },
        {
          "label": "Other animals",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "",
          "id": "diffuse-knapweed-5"
        },
        {
          "id": "diffuse-knapweed-list-meaning",
          "label": "State-list meaning",
          "sources": [
            "Fremont-list-definitions"
          ],
          "scope": "Colorado management-category definition; species classification retains its original status sources",
          "note": "Plain-language editorial label for a management category; not a toxicity or danger rating.",
          "reviewed": "2026-09-07"
        }
      ],
      "noxious_class": "B",
      "research": {
        "status": "researching",
        "label": "Still researching this plant",
        "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.",
        "open_questions": [
          {
            "area": "Dogs & cats",
            "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "diffuse-knapweed-4"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Other animals",
            "question": "Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "diffuse-knapweed-5"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Identification",
            "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          },
          {
            "area": "Expert review",
            "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          }
        ],
        "expert_review": "pending"
      },
      "noxious_class_label": "B — Stop the spread",
      "source": "content/plants/diffuse-knapweed.md",
      "content_sha256": "8317015c1c00697df73f6224eb72585f7dce7e6bfb6ecf84cd519d9b462e1672",
      "body_markdown": "# Diffuse knapweed\n\n*Centaurea diffusa*\n\n**Colorado noxious weed · List B — Stop the spread.** [CO-rules-2025](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2)\n\nEstablished in some areas. Requirements vary by location: eradication, containment or suppression to stop further spread. This is a management category, separate from danger ratings. [Category source](https://fremontcountyco.gov/weed-control/weed-identification) · [What the lists mean](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/#weed-lists).\n\n> **Skin irritation; tumbling seed spread.** [Exposure help](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/).\n\n**Identification caveat:** Spotted knapweed and spotted × diffuse hybrids require separate identification. Russian-knapweed horse poisoning must not be transferred merely because the common names overlap.\n\n## Still researching this plant {#research-status}\n\nThis is a sourced working profile. Evidence is incomplete for **Dogs & cats, Other animals**. Identification and source-photo limits are explained below. Independent botanical and veterinary review is pending. **Uncertainty is not a finding that the plant is safe.**\n\n\n## Three views of this plant\n\nSource-identified reference photographs; these are not a complete identification key. A source location outside Colorado does not establish local occurrence.\n\n![Dense, widely branched diffuse knapweed bearing many small pale flower heads; photographed at Williams Fork Reservoir, Colorado.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/list-bc-photos-centaurea-diffusa-02.jpg)\n\n**habit** — Dense, widely branched diffuse knapweed bearing many small pale flower heads; photographed at Williams Fork Reservoir, Colorado.\n\nPhoto: Kenraiz; [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Centaurea_diffusa_kz06.jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/87/Centaurea_diffusa_kz06.jpg). Source-identified photograph with visual consistency check Centaurea diffusa at Williams Fork Reservoir, Colorado, USA Source labeling and visible consistency checked; not an independent specimen determination. Wikimedia-generated thumbnail rescaling only; downloaded bytes unchanged. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![Branching stems carrying small knapweed heads with pale spiny bracts.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/list-bc-photos-centaurea-diffusa-06.jpg)\n\n**heads and bracts** — Branching stems carrying small knapweed heads with pale spiny bracts.\n\nPhoto: Stefan.lefnaer; [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Centaurea_diffusa_sl40.jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5e/Centaurea_diffusa_sl40.jpg). Source-identified photograph with visual consistency check Inflorescence with capitula Taxonym: Centaurea diffusa ss Fischer et al. EfÖLS 2008 ISBN 978-3-85474-187-9 Location: Kühberg east of Wieselsfeld next to Hollabrunn, district Hollabrunn, Lower Austria - ca. 325 m a.s.l. Habitat: fallow land Source labeling and visible consistency checked; not an independent specimen determination. Wikimedia-generated thumbnail rescaling only; downloaded bytes unchanged. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![Two pale knapweed achenes with short bristles, shown at close range with a 3 mm scale.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/list-bc-photos-centaurea-diffusa-08.jpg)\n\n**achenes** — Two pale knapweed achenes with short bristles, shown at close range with a 3 mm scale.\n\nPhoto: Stefan.lefnaer; [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Centaurea_diffusa_sl12.jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/25/Centaurea_diffusa_sl12.jpg). Source-identified photograph with visual consistency check Achenes with short pappus Taxonym: Centaurea diffusa ss Fischer et al. EfÖLS 2008 ISBN 978-3-85474-187-9 Location: sand pit 0,4 south-eastern of Schleinbach, district Mistelbach, Lower Austria - ca. 270 m a.s.l. Habitat: extraction face of a sand pit Source labeling and visible consistency checked; not an independent specimen determination. Wikimedia-generated thumbnail rescaling only; downloaded bytes unchanged. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n\n## Recognize\n\nMuch-branched stems carry small white to pale purple flowerheads with long terminal spines on their bracts. [J-diffuse-knapweed](https://www.jeffco.us/2466/Diffuse-Knapweed)\n\n## Plants & habitat\n\nDry plants break off and tumble, spreading seeds through disturbed rangeland and roadsides. [J-diffuse-knapweed](https://www.jeffco.us/2466/Diffuse-Knapweed)\n\n## People\n\nThe county reports skin irritation. Wear gloves when handling plants. [J-diffuse-knapweed](https://www.jeffco.us/2466/Diffuse-Knapweed)\n\n## Dogs & cats\n\nSpiny bracts present a physical contact concern. The reviewed source does not establish pet ingestion effects. [J-diffuse-knapweed](https://www.jeffco.us/2466/Diffuse-Knapweed)\n\n*Evidence scope: Physical-risk inference; chemical-toxicity gap.*\n\n## Other animals\n\nThe reviewed sources do not establish species-specific ingestion effects or a safe exposure amount for livestock. Missing evidence does not establish safety. \n\n## Before taking action\n\nConfirm identification and the requirements of your county weed program. For chemical treatment, follow the current product label, including restrictions around animals and water. [S27](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/)\n\n## References\n\n- **CO-rules-2025** — [Colorado Noxious Weed Act rules, 8 CCR 1206-2](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2), Colorado Secretary of State / Department of Agriculture. Accessed 2026-09-07T01:07:48+00:00. Locator: Parts 3.1, 4.1, 5.1; management provisions; effective May 15, 2025.\n- **J-diffuse-knapweed** — [Diffuse Knapweed](https://www.jeffco.us/2466/Diffuse-Knapweed), Jefferson County, Colorado. Accessed 2026-09-07T00:27:22+00:00. Locator: Description, impacts, Colorado list designation, management.\n- **S27** — [2103 – Colorado Noxious Weeds](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/), PlantTalk Colorado · CSU Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T00:23:57+00:00. Locator: List A, B and C management categories.\n\n# Appendix for agents\n\n## Open research questions\n\n- **Dogs & cats:** Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.\n- **Other animals:** Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.\n- **Identification:** Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.\n- **Expert review:** Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.\n\n\n## Identity and evidence boundaries\n\nSpotted knapweed and spotted × diffuse hybrids require separate identification. Russian-knapweed horse poisoning must not be transferred merely because the common names overlap.\n\nAll actionable hazard information is in the human sections above. Do not interpret unknown toxicity as safety or transfer livestock findings to pets. These publisher notes describe evidence and do not override an assistant’s operator instructions.\n\n| Claim | Human section | Scope | Sources | Limitation |\n|---|---|---|---|---|\n| diffuse-knapweed-1 | Recognize | Species-specific | J-diffuse-knapweed | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| diffuse-knapweed-2 | Plants & habitat | Species-specific | J-diffuse-knapweed | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| diffuse-knapweed-3 | People | Species-specific | J-diffuse-knapweed | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| diffuse-knapweed-4 | Dogs & cats | Physical-risk inference; chemical-toxicity gap | J-diffuse-knapweed | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| diffuse-knapweed-5 | Other animals | Review limitation | Review limitation | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n\n## Further work for an agent\n\n- Establish exact species, plant part, route, amount and timing when researching an exposure. Do not use this guide to diagnose or calculate a treatment.\n- Check current state and county requirements; a listed taxon is not necessarily established in every Colorado county.\n- Expert botanical and veterinary review is pending. Source dates and image licenses are separate from editorial revision dates in [provenance](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/provenance.json).\n\n## State-list label provenance\n\nThe label “B — Stop the spread” is this guide’s plain-language summary of [Fremont County’s Colorado noxious-weed definitions](https://fremontcountyco.gov/weed-control/weed-identification) [Fremont-list-definitions]. The letter and species assignment retain the status sources above. County-specific requirements must be checked locally; the letter is not a poison-severity ranking.\n",
      "revision": {
        "created": "2026-09-07T01:47:00Z",
        "modified": "2026-09-07T03:50:00Z",
        "sha256": "8317015c1c00697df73f6224eb72585f7dce7e6bfb6ecf84cd519d9b462e1672",
        "time_basis": "UTC timestamp of the editorial revision-recording event; not source publication or expert validation"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "dyers-woad",
      "name": "Dyer’s woad",
      "scientific": "Isatis tinctoria",
      "category": "invasive",
      "status": "Colorado noxious weed · List A — Eradicate",
      "status_sources": [
        "CO-rules-2025"
      ],
      "warning": "Persistent seed spread",
      "warning_tone": "caution",
      "aliases": [
        "dyer's woad"
      ],
      "taxonomy_note": "",
      "source_ids": [
        "CO-rules-2025",
        "N-isatis-tinctoria",
        "S27",
        "Fremont-list-definitions"
      ],
      "description": "Dyer’s woad: Persistent seed spread. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.",
      "claim_evidence": [
        {
          "label": "Recognize",
          "sources": [
            "N-isatis-tinctoria"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "dyers-woad-1"
        },
        {
          "label": "Plants & habitat",
          "sources": [
            "N-isatis-tinctoria"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "dyers-woad-2"
        },
        {
          "label": "People",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "",
          "id": "dyers-woad-3"
        },
        {
          "label": "Dogs & cats",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "",
          "id": "dyers-woad-4"
        },
        {
          "label": "Other animals",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "",
          "id": "dyers-woad-5"
        },
        {
          "id": "dyers-woad-list-meaning",
          "label": "State-list meaning",
          "sources": [
            "Fremont-list-definitions"
          ],
          "scope": "Colorado management-category definition; species classification retains its original status sources",
          "note": "Plain-language editorial label for a management category; not a toxicity or danger rating.",
          "reviewed": "2026-09-07"
        }
      ],
      "noxious_class": "A",
      "research": {
        "status": "researching",
        "label": "Still researching this plant",
        "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.",
        "open_questions": [
          {
            "area": "People",
            "question": "Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "dyers-woad-3"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Dogs & cats",
            "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "dyers-woad-4"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Other animals",
            "question": "Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "dyers-woad-5"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Expert review",
            "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          }
        ],
        "expert_review": "pending"
      },
      "noxious_class_label": "A — Eradicate",
      "source": "content/plants/dyers-woad.md",
      "content_sha256": "65b01573ee1ecdf1995aadfc7ebb86b616ee4c42cb9fb69644fca2b01b0b2674",
      "body_markdown": "# Dyer’s woad\n\n*Isatis tinctoria*\n\n**Colorado noxious weed · List A — Eradicate.** [CO-rules-2025](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2)\n\nUncommon in Colorado. All populations are designated for eradication statewide. This is a management category, separate from danger ratings. [Category source](https://fremontcountyco.gov/weed-control/weed-identification) · [What the lists mean](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/#weed-lists).\n\n> **Persistent seed spread.** [Exposure help](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/).\n\n## Still researching this plant {#research-status}\n\nThis is a sourced working profile. Evidence is incomplete for **People, Dogs & cats, Other animals**. Independent botanical and veterinary review is pending. **Uncertainty is not a finding that the plant is safe.**\n\n\n## Three views of this plant\n\nSource-identified reference photographs; these are not a complete identification key. A source location outside Colorado does not establish local occurrence.\n\n![Isatis tinctoria: Branched clusters of small yellow flowers above blue-green foliage.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/list-a-photos-isatis-tinctoria-1.jpg)\n\n**flowering clusters** — Branched clusters of small yellow flowers above blue-green foliage.\n\nPhoto: Reuven Martin; [CC0 1.0](https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/); [source record](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/13222215); [original image](https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/19337538/original.jpg). Source scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. iNaturalist large server-resized image; no local crop, colour change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![Isatis tinctoria: Close view of small four-petalled yellow flowers and unopened buds.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/list-a-photos-isatis-tinctoria-2.jpg)\n\n**flower detail** — Close view of small four-petalled yellow flowers and unopened buds.\n\nPhoto: Reuven Martin; [CC0 1.0](https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/); [source record](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/13222215); [original image](https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/19338209/original.jpg). Source scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. iNaturalist large server-resized image; no local crop, colour change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![Isatis tinctoria: An entire flowering stem with lower foliage growing from a stony surface.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/list-a-photos-isatis-tinctoria-3.jpg)\n\n**habit** — An entire flowering stem with lower foliage growing from a stony surface.\n\nPhoto: aroche; [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/); [source record](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/9381472); [original image](https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/12742971/original.jpg). Source scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. iNaturalist large server-resized image; no local crop, colour change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n\n## Recognize\n\nBlue-green rosette leaves precede branched stalks of four-petaled yellow flowers. Mature seed pods become dark and pendant. [N-isatis-tinctoria](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/isatis-tinctoria/)\n\n## Plants & habitat\n\nA drought-tolerant introduced weed that reproduces from seed. Preventing seed production matters; ornamental dye use does not change its Colorado designation. [N-isatis-tinctoria](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/isatis-tinctoria/)\n\n## People\n\nThe reviewed sources do not establish species-specific ingestion effects or a safe exposure amount for people. Missing evidence does not establish safety. \n\n## Dogs & cats\n\nThe reviewed sources do not establish species-specific ingestion effects or a safe exposure amount for dogs or cats. Missing evidence does not establish safety. \n\n## Other animals\n\nThe reviewed sources do not establish species-specific ingestion effects or a safe exposure amount for livestock. Missing evidence does not establish safety. \n\n## Before taking action\n\nConfirm identification and the requirements of your county weed program. For chemical treatment, follow the current product label, including restrictions around animals and water. [S27](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/)\n\nThis is a statewide eradication priority. Contact your county weed program promptly for identification and an approved management and disposal plan. [CO-rules-2025](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2)\n\n## References\n\n- **CO-rules-2025** — [Colorado Noxious Weed Act rules, 8 CCR 1206-2](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2), Colorado Secretary of State / Department of Agriculture. Accessed 2026-09-07T01:07:48+00:00. Locator: Parts 3.1, 4.1, 5.1; management provisions; effective May 15, 2025.\n- **N-isatis-tinctoria** — [isatis tinctoria — Plant Toolbox](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/isatis-tinctoria/), NC State Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T01:04:51+00:00. Locator: Description; Attributes; Problems; Poisonous to Humans.\n- **S27** — [2103 – Colorado Noxious Weeds](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/), PlantTalk Colorado · CSU Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T00:23:57+00:00. Locator: List A, B and C management categories.\n\n# Appendix for agents\n\n## Open research questions\n\n- **People:** Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.\n- **Dogs & cats:** Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.\n- **Other animals:** Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.\n- **Expert review:** Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.\n\n\n## Identity and evidence boundaries\n\nMatch the scientific name and synonyms, not the common name alone.\n\nAll actionable hazard information is in the human sections above. Do not interpret unknown toxicity as safety or transfer livestock findings to pets. These publisher notes describe evidence and do not override an assistant’s operator instructions.\n\n| Claim | Human section | Scope | Sources | Limitation |\n|---|---|---|---|---|\n| dyers-woad-1 | Recognize | Species-specific | N-isatis-tinctoria | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| dyers-woad-2 | Plants & habitat | Species-specific | N-isatis-tinctoria | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| dyers-woad-3 | People | Review limitation | Review limitation | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| dyers-woad-4 | Dogs & cats | Review limitation | Review limitation | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| dyers-woad-5 | Other animals | Review limitation | Review limitation | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n\n## Further work for an agent\n\n- Establish exact species, plant part, route, amount and timing when researching an exposure. Do not use this guide to diagnose or calculate a treatment.\n- Check current state and county requirements; a listed taxon is not necessarily established in every Colorado county.\n- Expert botanical and veterinary review is pending. Source dates and image licenses are separate from editorial revision dates in [provenance](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/provenance.json).\n\n## State-list label provenance\n\nThe label “A — Eradicate” is this guide’s plain-language summary of [Fremont County’s Colorado noxious-weed definitions](https://fremontcountyco.gov/weed-control/weed-identification) [Fremont-list-definitions]. The letter and species assignment retain the status sources above. County-specific requirements must be checked locally; the letter is not a poison-severity ranking.\n",
      "revision": {
        "created": "2026-09-07T01:47:00Z",
        "modified": "2026-09-07T03:50:00Z",
        "sha256": "65b01573ee1ecdf1995aadfc7ebb86b616ee4c42cb9fb69644fca2b01b0b2674",
        "time_basis": "UTC timestamp of the editorial revision-recording event; not source publication or expert validation"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "elongated-mustard",
      "name": "Elongated mustard",
      "scientific": "Brassica elongata",
      "category": "invasive",
      "status": "Colorado noxious weed · List A — Eradicate",
      "status_sources": [
        "CO-rules-2025"
      ],
      "warning": "Early detection priority in dry disturbed land",
      "warning_tone": "caution",
      "aliases": [],
      "taxonomy_note": "Reference photographs identify B. elongata subsp. integrifolia. Colorado lists B. elongata broadly. The fact sheet’s inconsistent sepal-count caption is not adopted.",
      "source_ids": [
        "CO-rules-2025",
        "CO-elongated-mustard",
        "S27",
        "Fremont-list-definitions"
      ],
      "description": "Elongated mustard: Early detection priority in dry disturbed land. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.",
      "claim_evidence": [
        {
          "label": "Recognize",
          "sources": [
            "CO-elongated-mustard"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "elongated-mustard-1"
        },
        {
          "label": "Plants & habitat",
          "sources": [
            "CO-elongated-mustard"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "elongated-mustard-2"
        },
        {
          "label": "People",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "",
          "id": "elongated-mustard-3"
        },
        {
          "label": "Dogs & cats",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "",
          "id": "elongated-mustard-4"
        },
        {
          "label": "Other animals",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "",
          "id": "elongated-mustard-5"
        },
        {
          "id": "elongated-mustard-list-meaning",
          "label": "State-list meaning",
          "sources": [
            "Fremont-list-definitions"
          ],
          "scope": "Colorado management-category definition; species classification retains its original status sources",
          "note": "Plain-language editorial label for a management category; not a toxicity or danger rating.",
          "reviewed": "2026-09-07"
        }
      ],
      "noxious_class": "A",
      "research": {
        "status": "researching",
        "label": "Still researching this plant",
        "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.",
        "open_questions": [
          {
            "area": "People",
            "question": "Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "elongated-mustard-3"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Dogs & cats",
            "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "elongated-mustard-4"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Other animals",
            "question": "Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "elongated-mustard-5"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Identification",
            "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          },
          {
            "area": "Expert review",
            "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          }
        ],
        "expert_review": "pending"
      },
      "noxious_class_label": "A — Eradicate",
      "source": "content/plants/elongated-mustard.md",
      "content_sha256": "87cd04d822d91c46dd871c6b0ee3496dd3eb0207cdff9f1aea912335a9eb68a4",
      "body_markdown": "# Elongated mustard\n\n*Brassica elongata*\n\n**Colorado noxious weed · List A — Eradicate.** [CO-rules-2025](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2)\n\nUncommon in Colorado. All populations are designated for eradication statewide. This is a management category, separate from danger ratings. [Category source](https://fremontcountyco.gov/weed-control/weed-identification) · [What the lists mean](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/#weed-lists).\n\n> **Early detection priority in dry disturbed land.** [Exposure help](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/).\n\n**Identification caveat:** Reference photographs identify B. elongata subsp. integrifolia. Colorado lists B. elongata broadly. The fact sheet’s inconsistent sepal-count caption is not adopted.\n\n## Still researching this plant {#research-status}\n\nThis is a sourced working profile. Evidence is incomplete for **People, Dogs & cats, Other animals**. Identification and source-photo limits are explained below. Independent botanical and veterinary review is pending. **Uncertainty is not a finding that the plant is safe.**\n\n\n## Three views of this plant\n\nSource-identified reference photographs; these are not a complete identification key. A source location outside Colorado does not establish local occurrence.\n\n![Brassica elongata: A branched stem with yellow flowers growing beside paving.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/list-a-photos-brassica-elongata-1.jpg)\n\n**flowering stem** — A branched stem with yellow flowers growing beside paving.\n\nPhoto: Dmitriy Bochkov; [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/); [source record](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/123682558); [original image](https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/209553087/original.jpeg). Source scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. The selected observation is identified more narrowly as Brassica elongata integrifolia. That source name is preserved rather than silently relabelled as an unspecified subspecies. iNaturalist large server-resized image; no local crop, colour change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![Brassica elongata: Lower leaves and the base of a sprawling stem beside a wall and path.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/list-a-photos-brassica-elongata-2.jpg)\n\n**lower foliage** — Lower leaves and the base of a sprawling stem beside a wall and path.\n\nPhoto: Dmitriy Bochkov; [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/); [source record](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/123682558); [original image](https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/209553236/original.jpeg). Source scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. The selected observation is identified more narrowly as Brassica elongata integrifolia. That source name is preserved rather than silently relabelled as an unspecified subspecies. iNaturalist large server-resized image; no local crop, colour change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![Brassica elongata: The flowering plant viewed from above, showing its branching pattern and lower leaves.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/list-a-photos-brassica-elongata-3.jpg)\n\n**habit** — The flowering plant viewed from above, showing its branching pattern and lower leaves.\n\nPhoto: Dmitriy Bochkov; [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/); [source record](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/123682558); [original image](https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/209553302/original.jpeg). Source scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. The selected observation is identified more narrowly as Brassica elongata integrifolia. That source name is preserved rather than silently relabelled as an unspecified subspecies. iNaturalist large server-resized image; no local crop, colour change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n\n## Recognize\n\nAn upright mustard with lance-shaped basal leaves, non-clasping upper leaves, yellow four-petaled flowers and slender seedpods. [CO-elongated-mustard](https://fremontcountyco.gov/sites/default/files/weed-control/weed-files/elongated-mustard-fact-sheet.pdf)\n\n## Plants & habitat\n\nSpreads by seed along disturbed, rocky and semi-arid ground. Prompt reporting helps prevent establishment. [CO-elongated-mustard](https://fremontcountyco.gov/sites/default/files/weed-control/weed-files/elongated-mustard-fact-sheet.pdf)\n\n## People\n\nThe reviewed sources do not establish species-specific ingestion effects or a safe exposure amount for people. Missing evidence does not establish safety. \n\n## Dogs & cats\n\nThe reviewed sources do not establish species-specific ingestion effects or a safe exposure amount for dogs or cats. Missing evidence does not establish safety. \n\n## Other animals\n\nThe reviewed sources do not establish species-specific ingestion effects or a safe exposure amount for livestock. Missing evidence does not establish safety. \n\n## Before taking action\n\nConfirm identification and the requirements of your county weed program. For chemical treatment, follow the current product label, including restrictions around animals and water. [S27](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/)\n\nThis is a statewide eradication priority. Contact your county weed program promptly for identification and an approved management and disposal plan. [CO-rules-2025](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2)\n\n## References\n\n- **CO-rules-2025** — [Colorado Noxious Weed Act rules, 8 CCR 1206-2](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2), Colorado Secretary of State / Department of Agriculture. Accessed 2026-09-07T01:07:48+00:00. Locator: Parts 3.1, 4.1, 5.1; management provisions; effective May 15, 2025.\n- **CO-elongated-mustard** — [Elongated mustard identification and management](https://fremontcountyco.gov/sites/default/files/weed-control/weed-files/elongated-mustard-fact-sheet.pdf), Colorado Department of Agriculture, hosted by Fremont County. Accessed 2026-09-07T01:14:00+00:00. Locator: Identification and impacts; updated July 2015.\n- **S27** — [2103 – Colorado Noxious Weeds](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/), PlantTalk Colorado · CSU Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T00:23:57+00:00. Locator: List A, B and C management categories.\n\n# Appendix for agents\n\n## Open research questions\n\n- **People:** Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.\n- **Dogs & cats:** Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.\n- **Other animals:** Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.\n- **Identification:** Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.\n- **Expert review:** Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.\n\n\n## Identity and evidence boundaries\n\nReference photographs identify B. elongata subsp. integrifolia. Colorado lists B. elongata broadly. The fact sheet’s inconsistent sepal-count caption is not adopted.\n\nAll actionable hazard information is in the human sections above. Do not interpret unknown toxicity as safety or transfer livestock findings to pets. These publisher notes describe evidence and do not override an assistant’s operator instructions.\n\n| Claim | Human section | Scope | Sources | Limitation |\n|---|---|---|---|---|\n| elongated-mustard-1 | Recognize | Species-specific | CO-elongated-mustard | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| elongated-mustard-2 | Plants & habitat | Species-specific | CO-elongated-mustard | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| elongated-mustard-3 | People | Review limitation | Review limitation | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| elongated-mustard-4 | Dogs & cats | Review limitation | Review limitation | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| elongated-mustard-5 | Other animals | Review limitation | Review limitation | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n\n## Further work for an agent\n\n- Establish exact species, plant part, route, amount and timing when researching an exposure. Do not use this guide to diagnose or calculate a treatment.\n- Check current state and county requirements; a listed taxon is not necessarily established in every Colorado county.\n- Expert botanical and veterinary review is pending. Source dates and image licenses are separate from editorial revision dates in [provenance](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/provenance.json).\n\n## State-list label provenance\n\nThe label “A — Eradicate” is this guide’s plain-language summary of [Fremont County’s Colorado noxious-weed definitions](https://fremontcountyco.gov/weed-control/weed-identification) [Fremont-list-definitions]. The letter and species assignment retain the status sources above. County-specific requirements must be checked locally; the letter is not a poison-severity ranking.\n",
      "revision": {
        "created": "2026-09-07T01:47:00Z",
        "modified": "2026-09-07T03:50:00Z",
        "sha256": "87cd04d822d91c46dd871c6b0ee3496dd3eb0207cdff9f1aea912335a9eb68a4",
        "time_basis": "UTC timestamp of the editorial revision-recording event; not source publication or expert validation"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "eurasian-watermilfoil",
      "name": "Eurasian watermilfoil",
      "scientific": "Myriophyllum spicatum",
      "category": "invasive",
      "status": "Colorado noxious weed · List B — Stop the spread",
      "status_sources": [
        "CO-rules-2025"
      ],
      "warning": "Fragments spread dense aquatic growth",
      "warning_tone": "caution",
      "aliases": [],
      "taxonomy_note": "Native milfoils and hybrids can look similar. Confirm identification before management; a feathery leaf is not enough.",
      "source_ids": [
        "CO-rules-2025",
        "N-myriophyllum-spicatum",
        "S27",
        "Fremont-list-definitions"
      ],
      "description": "Eurasian watermilfoil: Fragments spread dense aquatic growth. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.",
      "claim_evidence": [
        {
          "label": "Recognize",
          "sources": [
            "N-myriophyllum-spicatum"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "eurasian-watermilfoil-1"
        },
        {
          "label": "Plants & habitat",
          "sources": [
            "N-myriophyllum-spicatum"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "eurasian-watermilfoil-2"
        },
        {
          "label": "People",
          "sources": [
            "N-myriophyllum-spicatum"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "eurasian-watermilfoil-3"
        },
        {
          "label": "Dogs & cats",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "",
          "id": "eurasian-watermilfoil-4"
        },
        {
          "label": "Other animals",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "",
          "id": "eurasian-watermilfoil-5"
        },
        {
          "id": "eurasian-watermilfoil-list-meaning",
          "label": "State-list meaning",
          "sources": [
            "Fremont-list-definitions"
          ],
          "scope": "Colorado management-category definition; species classification retains its original status sources",
          "note": "Plain-language editorial label for a management category; not a toxicity or danger rating.",
          "reviewed": "2026-09-07"
        }
      ],
      "noxious_class": "B",
      "research": {
        "status": "researching",
        "label": "Still researching this plant",
        "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.",
        "open_questions": [
          {
            "area": "Dogs & cats",
            "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "eurasian-watermilfoil-4"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Other animals",
            "question": "Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "eurasian-watermilfoil-5"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Identification",
            "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          },
          {
            "area": "Expert review",
            "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          }
        ],
        "expert_review": "pending"
      },
      "noxious_class_label": "B — Stop the spread",
      "source": "content/plants/eurasian-watermilfoil.md",
      "content_sha256": "9b16308821d17153b09a8176948ff28d41e4373c13766144a632c3c9f16353f0",
      "body_markdown": "# Eurasian watermilfoil\n\n*Myriophyllum spicatum*\n\n**Colorado noxious weed · List B — Stop the spread.** [CO-rules-2025](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2)\n\nEstablished in some areas. Requirements vary by location: eradication, containment or suppression to stop further spread. This is a management category, separate from danger ratings. [Category source](https://fremontcountyco.gov/weed-control/weed-identification) · [What the lists mean](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/#weed-lists).\n\n> **Fragments spread dense aquatic growth.** [Exposure help](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/).\n\n**Identification caveat:** Native milfoils and hybrids can look similar. Confirm identification before management; a feathery leaf is not enough.\n\n## Still researching this plant {#research-status}\n\nThis is a sourced working profile. Evidence is incomplete for **Dogs & cats, Other animals**. Identification and source-photo limits are explained below. Independent botanical and veterinary review is pending. **Uncertainty is not a finding that the plant is safe.**\n\n\n## Three views of this plant\n\nSource-identified reference photographs; these are not a complete identification key. A source location outside Colorado does not establish local occurrence.\n\n![A watermilfoil shoot at the water surface with a small flower spike rising above the water.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/list-bc-photos-myriophyllum-spicatum-02.jpg)\n\n**emergent flowering shoot** — A watermilfoil shoot at the water surface with a small flower spike rising above the water.\n\nPhoto: Leslie J. Mehrhoff, University of Connecticut, Bugwood.org; [CC BY 3.0 us](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/us/deed.en); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Myriophyllum_spicatum_5447200_(cropped).jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1c/Myriophyllum_spicatum_5447200_%28cropped%29.jpg). Source-identified photograph with visual consistency check Eurasian water-milfoil - Myriophyllum spicatum L. - United States Source labeling and visible consistency checked; not an independent specimen determination. Wikimedia-generated thumbnail rescaling only; downloaded bytes unchanged. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![Fine, whorled watermilfoil foliage forming submerged branching growth in shallow water.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/list-bc-photos-myriophyllum-spicatum-11.jpg)\n\n**submerged foliage** — Fine, whorled watermilfoil foliage forming submerged branching growth in shallow water.\n\nPhoto: Donald Hobern from Copenhagen, Denmark; [CC BY 2.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Myriophyllum_spicatum_(7914509568).jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/71/Myriophyllum_spicatum_%287914509568%29.jpg). Source-identified photograph with visual consistency check Myriophyllum spicatum L., Spiked Water-milfoil, Øregaard Museum grounds, Hellerup, Denmark, 1 September 2012 Source labeling and visible consistency checked; not an independent specimen determination. Wikimedia-generated thumbnail rescaling only; downloaded bytes unchanged. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![Macro view of small female flowers in a whorl around a watermilfoil stem, with a 2 mm scale.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/list-bc-photos-myriophyllum-spicatum-12.jpg)\n\n**female flowers** — Macro view of small female flowers in a whorl around a watermilfoil stem, with a 2 mm scale.\n\nPhoto: Stefan.lefnaer; [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Myriophyllum_spicatum_sl3.jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a8/Myriophyllum_spicatum_sl3.jpg). Source-identified photograph with visual consistency check Female flowers Taxonym: Myriophyllum spicatum ss Fischer et al. EfÖLS 2008 ISBN 978-3-85474-187-9 Location: Alte Donau, Vienna-Floridsdorf - ca. 160 m a.s.l. Habitat: oxbow lake Source labeling and visible consistency checked; not an independent specimen determination. Wikimedia-generated thumbnail rescaling only; downloaded bytes unchanged. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n\n## Recognize\n\nSubmerged, feather-like leaves occur in whorls; small flowering spikes emerge above the water. [N-myriophyllum-spicatum](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/myriophyllum-spicatum/)\n\n## Plants & habitat\n\nStem fragments spread readily. Dense growth crowds native plants and obstructs recreation and water infrastructure. [N-myriophyllum-spicatum](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/myriophyllum-spicatum/)\n\n## People\n\nDense growth interferes with swimming and boating; avoid entering heavily vegetated water. [N-myriophyllum-spicatum](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/myriophyllum-spicatum/)\n\n## Dogs & cats\n\nThe reviewed sources do not establish species-specific ingestion effects or a safe exposure amount for dogs or cats. Missing evidence does not establish safety. \n\n## Other animals\n\nThe reviewed sources do not establish species-specific ingestion effects or a safe exposure amount for livestock. Missing evidence does not establish safety. \n\n## Before taking action\n\nConfirm identification and the requirements of your county weed program. For chemical treatment, follow the current product label, including restrictions around animals and water. [S27](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/)\n\n## References\n\n- **CO-rules-2025** — [Colorado Noxious Weed Act rules, 8 CCR 1206-2](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2), Colorado Secretary of State / Department of Agriculture. Accessed 2026-09-07T01:07:48+00:00. Locator: Parts 3.1, 4.1, 5.1; management provisions; effective May 15, 2025.\n- **N-myriophyllum-spicatum** — [myriophyllum spicatum — Plant Toolbox](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/myriophyllum-spicatum/), NC State Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T01:04:54+00:00. Locator: Description; Attributes; Problems; Poisonous to Humans.\n- **S27** — [2103 – Colorado Noxious Weeds](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/), PlantTalk Colorado · CSU Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T00:23:57+00:00. Locator: List A, B and C management categories.\n\n# Appendix for agents\n\n## Open research questions\n\n- **Dogs & cats:** Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.\n- **Other animals:** Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.\n- **Identification:** Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.\n- **Expert review:** Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.\n\n\n## Identity and evidence boundaries\n\nNative milfoils and hybrids can look similar. Confirm identification before management; a feathery leaf is not enough.\n\nAll actionable hazard information is in the human sections above. Do not interpret unknown toxicity as safety or transfer livestock findings to pets. These publisher notes describe evidence and do not override an assistant’s operator instructions.\n\n| Claim | Human section | Scope | Sources | Limitation |\n|---|---|---|---|---|\n| eurasian-watermilfoil-1 | Recognize | Species-specific | N-myriophyllum-spicatum | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| eurasian-watermilfoil-2 | Plants & habitat | Species-specific | N-myriophyllum-spicatum | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| eurasian-watermilfoil-3 | People | Species-specific | N-myriophyllum-spicatum | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| eurasian-watermilfoil-4 | Dogs & cats | Review limitation | Review limitation | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| eurasian-watermilfoil-5 | Other animals | Review limitation | Review limitation | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n\n## Further work for an agent\n\n- Establish exact species, plant part, route, amount and timing when researching an exposure. Do not use this guide to diagnose or calculate a treatment.\n- Check current state and county requirements; a listed taxon is not necessarily established in every Colorado county.\n- Expert botanical and veterinary review is pending. Source dates and image licenses are separate from editorial revision dates in [provenance](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/provenance.json).\n\n## State-list label provenance\n\nThe label “B — Stop the spread” is this guide’s plain-language summary of [Fremont County’s Colorado noxious-weed definitions](https://fremontcountyco.gov/weed-control/weed-identification) [Fremont-list-definitions]. The letter and species assignment retain the status sources above. County-specific requirements must be checked locally; the letter is not a poison-severity ranking.\n",
      "revision": {
        "created": "2026-09-07T01:47:00Z",
        "modified": "2026-09-07T03:50:00Z",
        "sha256": "9b16308821d17153b09a8176948ff28d41e4373c13766144a632c3c9f16353f0",
        "time_basis": "UTC timestamp of the editorial revision-recording event; not source publication or expert validation"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "fernleaf-yarrow",
      "name": "Fernleaf yarrow",
      "scientific": "Achillea filipendulina",
      "category": "xeriscape",
      "status": "Introduced drought-tolerant perennial",
      "status_sources": [
        "N-achillea-filipendulina"
      ],
      "warning": "Spreads; pet toxicity unresolved",
      "warning_tone": "caution",
      "aliases": [],
      "taxonomy_note": "Do not merge this taxon with Achillea millefolium solely because both are called yarrow.",
      "source_ids": [
        "N-achillea-filipendulina",
        "S08"
      ],
      "description": "Fernleaf yarrow: Spreads; pet toxicity unresolved. Colorado identification, habitat and exposure evidence.",
      "claim_evidence": [
        {
          "label": "Recognize",
          "sources": [
            "N-achillea-filipendulina"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "fernleaf-yarrow-1"
        },
        {
          "label": "Plants & habitat",
          "sources": [
            "N-achillea-filipendulina"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "fernleaf-yarrow-2"
        },
        {
          "label": "People",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "This species-specific horticultural source does not establish human ingestion safety.",
          "id": "fernleaf-yarrow-3"
        },
        {
          "label": "Dogs & cats",
          "sources": [
            "S08"
          ],
          "scope": "Different-species source; unresolved transfer",
          "note": "",
          "id": "fernleaf-yarrow-4"
        },
        {
          "label": "Other animals",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "Species-specific ingestion effects and exposure thresholds were not established in the reviewed sources.",
          "id": "fernleaf-yarrow-5"
        }
      ],
      "research": {
        "status": "researching",
        "label": "Still researching this plant",
        "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.",
        "open_questions": [
          {
            "area": "People",
            "question": "Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "fernleaf-yarrow-3"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Dogs & cats",
            "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "fernleaf-yarrow-4"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Other animals",
            "question": "Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "fernleaf-yarrow-5"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Identification",
            "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          },
          {
            "area": "Expert review",
            "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          }
        ],
        "expert_review": "pending"
      },
      "source": "content/plants/fernleaf-yarrow.md",
      "content_sha256": "6cfb915df9e59c621e08ab4cebc6c64285fe16502f5d3653811b9395cbd1a501",
      "body_markdown": "# Fernleaf yarrow\n\n*Achillea filipendulina*\n\n**Introduced drought-tolerant perennial.** [N-achillea-filipendulina](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/achillea-filipendulina/)\n\n> **Spreads; pet toxicity unresolved.** Native status, garden use and noxious-weed class are separate from toxicity. [Exposure help](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/).\n\n**Identification caveat:** Do not merge this taxon with Achillea millefolium solely because both are called yarrow.\n\n## Still researching this plant {#research-status}\n\nThis is a sourced working profile. Evidence is incomplete for **People, Dogs & cats, Other animals**. Identification and source-photo limits are explained below. Independent botanical and veterinary review is pending. **Uncertainty is not a finding that the plant is safe.**\n\n\n## Three views of this plant\n\nPhotos are source-identified examples, not a complete identification key. Check leaves, stems, flowers and fruit together. Locations are not assumed to be in Colorado.\n\n![Macro view of a domed-to-flat cluster of small golden-yellow flower heads.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/xeriscape-achillea-filipendulina-01.jpg)\n\n**flower** — Macro view of a domed-to-flat cluster of small golden-yellow flower heads.\n\nPhoto: Yerpo; [CC BY-SA 3.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Achillea_filipendulina_flowers.jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3b/Achillea_filipendulina_flowers.jpg). Source-supported identification with visual consistency check Photo selection verifies source labeling and visible consistency; it is not an independent specimen determination.  Downloaded source thumbnail; no further pixel edits. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![Upright yellow-flowering yarrow in bare stony soil, with fernlike divided leaves visible down the stems.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/xeriscape-achillea-filipendulina-02.jpg)\n\n**habit and leaf** — Upright yellow-flowering yarrow in bare stony soil, with fernlike divided leaves visible down the stems.\n\nPhoto: Stefan.lefnaer; [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Achillea_filipendulina_sl1.jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d4/Achillea_filipendulina_sl1.jpg). Source-supported identification with visual consistency check Photo selection verifies source labeling and visible consistency; it is not an independent specimen determination.  Downloaded source thumbnail; no further pixel edits. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![Tall garden clump with many flat golden-yellow flower clusters above fernlike green foliage.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/xeriscape-achillea-filipendulina-03.jpg)\n\n**garden habit** — Tall garden clump with many flat golden-yellow flower clusters above fernlike green foliage.\n\nPhoto: Andrea Moro; [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Achillea_filipendulina_plant_(01).jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Achillea_filipendulina_plant_%2801%29.jpg). Source-supported identification with visual consistency check Photo selection verifies source labeling and visible consistency; it is not an independent specimen determination.  Downloaded source thumbnail; no further pixel edits. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n\n## Recognize\n\nTall stems hold flat yellow flower clusters above fern-like green leaves. [N-achillea-filipendulina](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/achillea-filipendulina/)\n\n## Plants & habitat\n\nTolerates dry sites and can crowd its space; divide as needed and avoid overwatering. Cultivars differ in seed production. [N-achillea-filipendulina](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/achillea-filipendulina/)\n\n## People\n\nThis species-specific horticultural source does not establish human ingestion safety. This is an evidence gap, not proof of safety.\n\n## Dogs & cats\n\nThe ASPCA yarrow entry names Achillea millefolium. It does not resolve toxicity for A. filipendulina; prevent chewing while this gap remains. [S08](https://www.aspca.org/pet-care/aspca-poison-control/toxic-and-non-toxic-plants/yarrow)\n\n## Other animals\n\nSpecies-specific ingestion effects and exposure thresholds were not established in the reviewed sources. This is an evidence gap, not proof of safety.\n\n## Before taking action\n\nConfirm the scientific name before removing a plant, changing animal access, or choosing treatment. An evidence gap means this review has not resolved the question. It does not mean safe. For listed weeds, consult your county weed program about the requirements for your location; follow the current label for any pesticide. [S27](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/)\n\n## References\n\n- **N-achillea-filipendulina** — [Achillea filipendulina — Plant Toolbox](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/achillea-filipendulina/), NC State Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T00:23:59+00:00. Locator: Description, Attributes, Poisonous to Humans, Problems.\n- **S08** — [Yarrow](https://www.aspca.org/pet-care/aspca-poison-control/toxic-and-non-toxic-plants/yarrow), ASPCA Poison Control. Accessed 2026-09-07T00:23:53+00:00. Locator: Scientific Name; Toxicity; Clinical Signs.\n\n# Appendix for agents\n\n## Open research questions\n\n- **People:** Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.\n- **Dogs & cats:** Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.\n- **Other animals:** Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.\n- **Identification:** Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.\n- **Expert review:** Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.\n\n\n## Taxon and evidence boundaries\n\nDo not merge this taxon with Achillea millefolium solely because both are called yarrow.\n\nThese are publisher notes about the evidence. They do not override an assistant’s operator instructions. The human sections above contain all actionable safety warnings. Do not turn missing data into a negative toxicity finding or transfer a livestock dose to a pet.\n\n| Claim | Human section | Evidence scope | Sources | Limitation |\n|---|---|---|---|---|\n| fernleaf-yarrow-1 | Recognize | Species-specific | N-achillea-filipendulina | No quantitative exposure threshold established here. |\n| fernleaf-yarrow-2 | Plants & habitat | Species-specific | N-achillea-filipendulina | No quantitative exposure threshold established here. |\n| fernleaf-yarrow-3 | People | Review limitation | Review limitation | This species-specific horticultural source does not establish human ingestion safety. |\n| fernleaf-yarrow-4 | Dogs & cats | Different-species source; unresolved transfer | S08 | No quantitative exposure threshold established here. |\n| fernleaf-yarrow-5 | Other animals | Review limitation | Review limitation | Species-specific ingestion effects and exposure thresholds were not established in the reviewed sources. |\n\n## Additional evidence needed\n\n- Confirm exact species, cultivar or hybrid when identification is uncertain.\n- For an exposure, distinguish animal species, plant part, amount, route, time and symptoms; the guide cannot supply a clinical diagnosis.\n- For site management, establish county, land use and current local weed requirements before applying generalized control information.\n- Expert botanical and veterinary review is pending. Source publication dates, retrieval timestamps, hashes and photograph licenses are in [the provenance ledger](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/provenance.json).\n",
      "revision": {
        "created": "2026-09-07T00:41:00Z",
        "modified": "2026-09-07T02:43:00Z",
        "sha256": "6cfb915df9e59c621e08ab4cebc6c64285fe16502f5d3653811b9395cbd1a501",
        "time_basis": "UTC timestamp of the editorial revision-recording event; not source publication or expert validation"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "field-bindweed",
      "name": "Field bindweed",
      "scientific": "Convolvulus arvensis",
      "category": "invasive",
      "status": "Colorado noxious weed · List C — Manage widespread weeds",
      "status_sources": [
        "C-descriptions"
      ],
      "warning": "Smothers plants; livestock concern",
      "warning_tone": "caution",
      "aliases": [
        "field morning-glory"
      ],
      "taxonomy_note": "Morning glory is an ambiguous common name. Ipomoea poison listings do not automatically apply to Convolvulus arvensis.",
      "source_ids": [
        "C-descriptions",
        "N-convolvulus-arvensis",
        "K-bindweed",
        "Fremont-list-definitions"
      ],
      "description": "Field bindweed: Smothers plants; livestock concern. Colorado identification, habitat and exposure evidence.",
      "claim_evidence": [
        {
          "label": "Recognize",
          "sources": [
            "C-descriptions"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "field-bindweed-1"
        },
        {
          "label": "Plants & habitat",
          "sources": [
            "N-convolvulus-arvensis",
            "C-descriptions"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "field-bindweed-2"
        },
        {
          "label": "People",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "This review did not establish human ingestion effects.",
          "id": "field-bindweed-3"
        },
        {
          "label": "Dogs & cats",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "Species-specific ingestion effects and exposure thresholds were not established in the reviewed sources.",
          "id": "field-bindweed-4"
        },
        {
          "label": "Other animals",
          "sources": [
            "K-bindweed"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "field-bindweed-5"
        },
        {
          "id": "field-bindweed-list-meaning",
          "label": "State-list meaning",
          "sources": [
            "Fremont-list-definitions"
          ],
          "scope": "Colorado management-category definition; species classification retains its original status sources",
          "note": "Plain-language editorial label for a management category; not a toxicity or danger rating.",
          "reviewed": "2026-09-07"
        }
      ],
      "noxious_class": "C",
      "research": {
        "status": "researching",
        "label": "Still researching this plant",
        "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.",
        "open_questions": [
          {
            "area": "People",
            "question": "Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "field-bindweed-3"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Dogs & cats",
            "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "field-bindweed-4"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Other animals",
            "question": "Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "field-bindweed-5"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Identification",
            "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          },
          {
            "area": "Expert review",
            "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          }
        ],
        "expert_review": "pending"
      },
      "noxious_class_label": "C — Manage widespread weeds",
      "source": "content/plants/field-bindweed.md",
      "content_sha256": "1c4433a8f306e3acd26897147ec487e8d0d094d57e336f547260f4d1e9a3a5ed",
      "body_markdown": "# Field bindweed\n\n*Convolvulus arvensis*\n\n**Colorado noxious weed · List C — Manage widespread weeds.** [C-descriptions](https://extension.colostate.edu/resource/weed-descriptions/)\n\nWidespread and well established. Control is recommended by the state; local governments may require management. This is a management category, separate from danger ratings. [Category source](https://fremontcountyco.gov/weed-control/weed-identification) · [What the lists mean](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/#weed-lists).\n\n> **Smothers plants; livestock concern.** Native status, garden use and noxious-weed class are separate from toxicity. [Exposure help](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/).\n\n**Identification caveat:** Morning glory is an ambiguous common name. Ipomoea poison listings do not automatically apply to Convolvulus arvensis.\n\n## Still researching this plant {#research-status}\n\nThis is a sourced working profile. Evidence is incomplete for **People, Dogs & cats, Other animals**. Identification and source-photo limits are explained below. Independent botanical and veterinary review is pending. **Uncertainty is not a finding that the plant is safe.**\n\n\n## Three views of this plant\n\nPhotos are source-identified examples, not a complete identification key. Check leaves, stems, flowers and fruit together. Locations are not assumed to be in Colorado.\n\n![Convolvulus arvensis: Pale pink funnel-shaped flowers with darker pink bands and nearby arrow-shaped leaves.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/invasive-convolvulus-arvensis-flower.jpg)\n\n**flower** — Pale pink funnel-shaped flowers with darker pink bands and nearby arrow-shaped leaves.\n\nPhoto: Svklimkin; [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Convolvulus_arvensis_11.jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e8/Convolvulus_arvensis_11.jpg). Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.   Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![Convolvulus arvensis: Trailing vine along a path edge with several funnel-shaped white flowers and arrow-shaped leaves.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/invasive-convolvulus-arvensis-habit.jpg)\n\n**habit** — Trailing vine along a path edge with several funnel-shaped white flowers and arrow-shaped leaves.\n\nPhoto: Anna.Massini; [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gruppo_di_campanelle_di_prato_detto_anche_imbutino_-_group_of_Field_Bindweed_-_Convolvulus_arvensis.jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/98/Gruppo_di_campanelle_di_prato_detto_anche_imbutino_-_group_of_Field_Bindweed_-_Convolvulus_arvensis.jpg). Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.   Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![Convolvulus arvensis: Arrow-shaped leaves on a slender climbing stem beside a white funnel-shaped flower.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/invasive-convolvulus-arvensis-leaf-flower.jpg)\n\n**leaf-flower** — Arrow-shaped leaves on a slender climbing stem beside a white funnel-shaped flower.\n\nPhoto: Frank Vincentz; [CC BY-SA 3.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Convolvulus_arvensis6_ies.jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f9/Convolvulus_arvensis6_ies.jpg). Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.   Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n\n## Recognize\n\nTwining or trailing vines with arrowhead leaves and white to pink funnel-shaped flowers. [C-descriptions](https://extension.colostate.edu/resource/weed-descriptions/)\n\n## Plants & habitat\n\nDeep roots and persistent seed make control difficult. Vines overgrow neighboring plants; repeated shoot removal and a site-specific plan are usually needed. [N-convolvulus-arvensis](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/convolvulus-arvensis/) [C-descriptions](https://extension.colostate.edu/resource/weed-descriptions/)\n\n## People\n\nThis review did not establish human ingestion effects. This is an evidence gap, not proof of safety.\n\n## Dogs & cats\n\nSpecies-specific ingestion effects and exposure thresholds were not established in the reviewed sources. This is an evidence gap, not proof of safety.\n\n## Other animals\n\nCornell reports alkaloids that can cause digestive problems in some livestock. Pet effects and a safe feeding threshold are not established here. [K-bindweed](https://blogs.cornell.edu/weedid/859-2/)\n\n## Before taking action\n\nConfirm the scientific name before removing a plant, changing animal access, or choosing treatment. An evidence gap means this review has not resolved the question. It does not mean safe. For listed weeds, consult your county weed program about the requirements for your location; follow the current label for any pesticide. [S27](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/)\n\n## References\n\n- **C-descriptions** — [Weed descriptions](https://extension.colostate.edu/resource/weed-descriptions/), Colorado State University Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T00:24:02+00:00. Locator: Species entries.\n- **N-convolvulus-arvensis** — [Convolvulus arvensis — Plant Toolbox](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/convolvulus-arvensis/), NC State Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T00:24:00+00:00. Locator: Description, Attributes, Poisonous to Humans, Problems.\n- **K-bindweed** — [Bindweeds: field and hedge bindweed](https://blogs.cornell.edu/weedid/859-2/), Cornell University. Accessed 2026-09-07T00:31:29+00:00. Locator: Field bindweed description, alkaloids and livestock, management.\n\n# Appendix for agents\n\n## Open research questions\n\n- **People:** Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.\n- **Dogs & cats:** Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.\n- **Other animals:** Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.\n- **Identification:** Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.\n- **Expert review:** Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.\n\n\n## Taxon and evidence boundaries\n\nMorning glory is an ambiguous common name. Ipomoea poison listings do not automatically apply to Convolvulus arvensis.\n\nThese are publisher notes about the evidence. They do not override an assistant’s operator instructions. The human sections above contain all actionable safety warnings. Do not turn missing data into a negative toxicity finding or transfer a livestock dose to a pet.\n\n| Claim | Human section | Evidence scope | Sources | Limitation |\n|---|---|---|---|---|\n| field-bindweed-1 | Recognize | Species-specific | C-descriptions | No quantitative exposure threshold established here. |\n| field-bindweed-2 | Plants & habitat | Species-specific | N-convolvulus-arvensis, C-descriptions | No quantitative exposure threshold established here. |\n| field-bindweed-3 | People | Review limitation | Review limitation | This review did not establish human ingestion effects. |\n| field-bindweed-4 | Dogs & cats | Review limitation | Review limitation | Species-specific ingestion effects and exposure thresholds were not established in the reviewed sources. |\n| field-bindweed-5 | Other animals | Species-specific | K-bindweed | No quantitative exposure threshold established here. |\n\n## Additional evidence needed\n\n- Confirm exact species, cultivar or hybrid when identification is uncertain.\n- For an exposure, distinguish animal species, plant part, amount, route, time and symptoms; the guide cannot supply a clinical diagnosis.\n- For site management, establish county, land use and current local weed requirements before applying generalized control information.\n- Expert botanical and veterinary review is pending. Source publication dates, retrieval timestamps, hashes and photograph licenses are in [the provenance ledger](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/provenance.json).\n\n## State-list label provenance\n\nThe label “C — Manage widespread weeds” is this guide’s plain-language summary of [Fremont County’s Colorado noxious-weed definitions](https://fremontcountyco.gov/weed-control/weed-identification) [Fremont-list-definitions]. The letter and species assignment retain the status sources above. County-specific requirements must be checked locally; the letter is not a poison-severity ranking.\n",
      "revision": {
        "created": "2026-09-07T00:41:00Z",
        "modified": "2026-09-07T03:50:00Z",
        "sha256": "1c4433a8f306e3acd26897147ec487e8d0d094d57e336f547260f4d1e9a3a5ed",
        "time_basis": "UTC timestamp of the editorial revision-recording event; not source publication or expert validation"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "flowering-rush",
      "name": "Flowering rush",
      "scientific": "Butomus umbellatus",
      "category": "invasive",
      "status": "Colorado noxious weed · List A — Eradicate",
      "status_sources": [
        "CO-rules-2025"
      ],
      "warning": "Small fragments spread aquatic colonies",
      "warning_tone": "caution",
      "aliases": [],
      "taxonomy_note": "Grass-like aquatic plants may not be flowering when found. Leaf bases and submerged structures matter for identification.",
      "source_ids": [
        "CO-rules-2025",
        "WA-flowering-rush",
        "S27",
        "Fremont-list-definitions"
      ],
      "description": "Flowering rush: Small fragments spread aquatic colonies. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.",
      "claim_evidence": [
        {
          "label": "Recognize",
          "sources": [
            "WA-flowering-rush"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "flowering-rush-1"
        },
        {
          "label": "Plants & habitat",
          "sources": [
            "WA-flowering-rush"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "flowering-rush-2"
        },
        {
          "label": "People",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "",
          "id": "flowering-rush-3"
        },
        {
          "label": "Dogs & cats",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "",
          "id": "flowering-rush-4"
        },
        {
          "label": "Other animals",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "",
          "id": "flowering-rush-5"
        },
        {
          "id": "flowering-rush-list-meaning",
          "label": "State-list meaning",
          "sources": [
            "Fremont-list-definitions"
          ],
          "scope": "Colorado management-category definition; species classification retains its original status sources",
          "note": "Plain-language editorial label for a management category; not a toxicity or danger rating.",
          "reviewed": "2026-09-07"
        }
      ],
      "noxious_class": "A",
      "research": {
        "status": "researching",
        "label": "Still researching this plant",
        "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.",
        "open_questions": [
          {
            "area": "People",
            "question": "Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "flowering-rush-3"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Dogs & cats",
            "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "flowering-rush-4"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Other animals",
            "question": "Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "flowering-rush-5"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Identification",
            "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          },
          {
            "area": "Expert review",
            "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          }
        ],
        "expert_review": "pending"
      },
      "noxious_class_label": "A — Eradicate",
      "source": "content/plants/flowering-rush.md",
      "content_sha256": "19d7ff0fdc685b929d519e5e6f989dd53bafb469e33beea6820ae8af146b3c37",
      "body_markdown": "# Flowering rush\n\n*Butomus umbellatus*\n\n**Colorado noxious weed · List A — Eradicate.** [CO-rules-2025](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2)\n\nUncommon in Colorado. All populations are designated for eradication statewide. This is a management category, separate from danger ratings. [Category source](https://fremontcountyco.gov/weed-control/weed-identification) · [What the lists mean](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/#weed-lists).\n\n> **Small fragments spread aquatic colonies.** [Exposure help](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/).\n\n**Identification caveat:** Grass-like aquatic plants may not be flowering when found. Leaf bases and submerged structures matter for identification.\n\n## Still researching this plant {#research-status}\n\nThis is a sourced working profile. Evidence is incomplete for **People, Dogs & cats, Other animals**. Identification and source-photo limits are explained below. Independent botanical and veterinary review is pending. **Uncertainty is not a finding that the plant is safe.**\n\n\n## Three views of this plant\n\nSource-identified reference photographs; these are not a complete identification key. A source location outside Colorado does not establish local occurrence.\n\n![Butomus umbellatus: A cluster of pale pink flowers and buds held on radiating stalks beside open water.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/list-a-photos-butomus-umbellatus-1.jpg)\n\n**flowering umbel** — A cluster of pale pink flowers and buds held on radiating stalks beside open water.\n\nPhoto: Jacek Pietruszewski; [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/); [source record](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/29862742); [original image](https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/46629677/original.jpeg). Source scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. iNaturalist large server-resized image; no local crop, colour change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![Butomus umbellatus: Open pale pink flowers showing six floral segments and red-tipped reproductive structures.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/list-a-photos-butomus-umbellatus-2.jpg)\n\n**flower detail** — Open pale pink flowers showing six floral segments and red-tipped reproductive structures.\n\nPhoto: Jacek Pietruszewski; [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/); [source record](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/29862742); [original image](https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/46629761/original.jpeg). Source scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. iNaturalist large server-resized image; no local crop, colour change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![Butomus umbellatus: Flowering stems rising above narrow shoreline leaves beside a waterbody.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/list-a-photos-butomus-umbellatus-3.jpg)\n\n**habit** — Flowering stems rising above narrow shoreline leaves beside a waterbody.\n\nPhoto: Jacek Pietruszewski; [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/); [source record](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/29862742); [original image](https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/46629836/original.jpeg). Source scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. iNaturalist large server-resized image; no local crop, colour change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n\n## Recognize\n\nAn aquatic perennial with slender leaves, triangular leaf bases and clusters of pale pink flowers on tall stalks. [WA-flowering-rush](https://www.nwcb.wa.gov/weeds/flowering-rush)\n\n## Plants & habitat\n\nRhizome fragments and small vegetative bulbils enable spread. Casual digging can release propagules into the water; obtain a site-specific management plan. [WA-flowering-rush](https://www.nwcb.wa.gov/weeds/flowering-rush)\n\n## People\n\nThe reviewed sources do not establish species-specific ingestion effects or a safe exposure amount for people. Missing evidence does not establish safety. \n\n## Dogs & cats\n\nThe reviewed sources do not establish species-specific ingestion effects or a safe exposure amount for dogs or cats. Missing evidence does not establish safety. \n\n## Other animals\n\nThe reviewed sources do not establish species-specific ingestion effects or a safe exposure amount for livestock. Missing evidence does not establish safety. \n\n## Before taking action\n\nConfirm identification and the requirements of your county weed program. For chemical treatment, follow the current product label, including restrictions around animals and water. [S27](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/)\n\nThis is a statewide eradication priority. Contact your county weed program promptly for identification and an approved management and disposal plan. [CO-rules-2025](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2)\n\n## References\n\n- **CO-rules-2025** — [Colorado Noxious Weed Act rules, 8 CCR 1206-2](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2), Colorado Secretary of State / Department of Agriculture. Accessed 2026-09-07T01:07:48+00:00. Locator: Parts 3.1, 4.1, 5.1; management provisions; effective May 15, 2025.\n- **WA-flowering-rush** — [Flowering Rush](https://www.nwcb.wa.gov/weeds/flowering-rush), Washington State Noxious Weed Control Board. Accessed 2026-09-07T01:08:59+00:00. Locator: Identification, ecological impacts, management; Washington legal class not applied to Colorado.\n- **S27** — [2103 – Colorado Noxious Weeds](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/), PlantTalk Colorado · CSU Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T00:23:57+00:00. Locator: List A, B and C management categories.\n\n# Appendix for agents\n\n## Open research questions\n\n- **People:** Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.\n- **Dogs & cats:** Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.\n- **Other animals:** Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.\n- **Identification:** Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.\n- **Expert review:** Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.\n\n\n## Identity and evidence boundaries\n\nGrass-like aquatic plants may not be flowering when found. Leaf bases and submerged structures matter for identification.\n\nAll actionable hazard information is in the human sections above. Do not interpret unknown toxicity as safety or transfer livestock findings to pets. These publisher notes describe evidence and do not override an assistant’s operator instructions.\n\n| Claim | Human section | Scope | Sources | Limitation |\n|---|---|---|---|---|\n| flowering-rush-1 | Recognize | Species-specific | WA-flowering-rush | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| flowering-rush-2 | Plants & habitat | Species-specific | WA-flowering-rush | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| flowering-rush-3 | People | Review limitation | Review limitation | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| flowering-rush-4 | Dogs & cats | Review limitation | Review limitation | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| flowering-rush-5 | Other animals | Review limitation | Review limitation | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n\n## Further work for an agent\n\n- Establish exact species, plant part, route, amount and timing when researching an exposure. Do not use this guide to diagnose or calculate a treatment.\n- Check current state and county requirements; a listed taxon is not necessarily established in every Colorado county.\n- Expert botanical and veterinary review is pending. Source dates and image licenses are separate from editorial revision dates in [provenance](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/provenance.json).\n\n## State-list label provenance\n\nThe label “A — Eradicate” is this guide’s plain-language summary of [Fremont County’s Colorado noxious-weed definitions](https://fremontcountyco.gov/weed-control/weed-identification) [Fremont-list-definitions]. The letter and species assignment retain the status sources above. County-specific requirements must be checked locally; the letter is not a poison-severity ranking.\n",
      "revision": {
        "created": "2026-09-07T01:47:00Z",
        "modified": "2026-09-07T03:50:00Z",
        "sha256": "19d7ff0fdc685b929d519e5e6f989dd53bafb469e33beea6820ae8af146b3c37",
        "time_basis": "UTC timestamp of the editorial revision-recording event; not source publication or expert validation"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "foxtail-barley",
      "name": "Foxtail barley",
      "scientific": "Hordeum jubatum",
      "category": "native",
      "status": "Colorado native",
      "status_sources": [
        "C-foxtail"
      ],
      "warning": "Barbed seed awns injure animals",
      "warning_tone": "caution",
      "aliases": [
        "squirreltail barley"
      ],
      "taxonomy_note": "",
      "source_ids": [
        "C-foxtail",
        "S22"
      ],
      "description": "Foxtail barley: Barbed seed awns injure animals. Colorado identification, habitat and exposure evidence.",
      "claim_evidence": [
        {
          "label": "Recognize",
          "sources": [
            "C-foxtail"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "foxtail-barley-1"
        },
        {
          "label": "Plants & habitat",
          "sources": [
            "C-foxtail"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "foxtail-barley-2"
        },
        {
          "label": "People",
          "sources": [
            "C-foxtail"
          ],
          "scope": "Editorial physical-risk inference",
          "note": "",
          "id": "foxtail-barley-3"
        },
        {
          "label": "Dogs & cats",
          "sources": [
            "S22"
          ],
          "scope": "Grass-awn group; not a species-specific pet case series",
          "note": "",
          "id": "foxtail-barley-4"
        },
        {
          "label": "Other animals",
          "sources": [
            "C-foxtail"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "foxtail-barley-5"
        }
      ],
      "research": {
        "status": "researching",
        "label": "Still researching this plant",
        "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.",
        "open_questions": [
          {
            "area": "Expert review",
            "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          }
        ],
        "expert_review": "pending"
      },
      "source": "content/plants/foxtail-barley.md",
      "content_sha256": "8ae4dba45348c4c9a5e9d2473b8acae0147230172d00870c758bd2d2d46b4336",
      "body_markdown": "# Foxtail barley\n\n*Hordeum jubatum*\n\n**Colorado native.** [C-foxtail](https://extension.colostate.edu/resource/foxtail-barley/)\n\n> **Barbed seed awns injure animals.** Native status, garden use and noxious-weed class are separate from toxicity. [Exposure help](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/).\n\n## Still researching this plant {#research-status}\n\nThis is a sourced working profile. The cited findings are available below. Independent botanical and veterinary review is pending. **Uncertainty is not a finding that the plant is safe.**\n\n\n## Three views of this plant\n\nPhotos are source-identified examples, not a complete identification key. Check leaves, stems, flowers and fruit together. Locations are not assumed to be in Colorado.\n\n![Hordeum jubatum: A tuft of foxtail barley with slender leaves and pale pink, long-awned heads.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/native-hordeum-jubatum-1.jpg)\n\n**whole plant** — A tuft of foxtail barley with slender leaves and pale pink, long-awned heads.\n\nPhoto: Diego Delso; [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Hordeum_jubatum,_Refugio_Nacional_de_Vida_Silvestre_Tetlin,_Alaska,_Estados_Unidos,_2017-08-24,_DD_33.jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a2/Hordeum_jubatum%2C_Refugio_Nacional_de_Vida_Silvestre_Tetlin%2C_Alaska%2C_Estados_Unidos%2C_2017-08-24%2C_DD_33.jpg). Wikimedia Commons source file title and species metadata identify the taxon. Visible morphology was checked for consistency, not treated as an independent botanical determination.   No edits to the downloaded image. Wikimedia may have supplied a scaled thumbnail; original and download URLs are recorded separately. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![Hordeum jubatum: Close view of the leaf sheath and blade junction, including the membranous ligule.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/native-hordeum-jubatum-2.jpg)\n\n**leaf junction detail** — Close view of the leaf sheath and blade junction, including the membranous ligule.\n\nPhoto: Ayotte, Gilles, 1948-; [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Hordeum_jubatum_15-p.bot-horde.jubatu-04.jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4e/Hordeum_jubatum_15-p.bot-horde.jubatu-04.jpg). Wikimedia Commons source file title and species metadata identify the taxon. Visible morphology was checked for consistency, not treated as an independent botanical determination.   No edits to the downloaded image. Wikimedia may have supplied a scaled thumbnail; original and download URLs are recorded separately. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![Hordeum jubatum: A detached awned spikelet photographed against a millimetre ruler.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/native-hordeum-jubatum-3.jpg)\n\n**seed structure** — A detached awned spikelet photographed against a millimetre ruler.\n\nPhoto: Ayotte, Gilles, 1948-; [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Hordeum_jubatum_15-p.bot-horde.jubatu-17.jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/91/Hordeum_jubatum_15-p.bot-horde.jubatu-17.jpg). Wikimedia Commons source file title and species metadata identify the taxon. Visible morphology was checked for consistency, not treated as an independent botanical determination.   No edits to the downloaded image. Wikimedia may have supplied a scaled thumbnail; original and download URLs are recorded separately. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n\n## Recognize\n\nA short-lived perennial bunchgrass with silky, often pink-tinged seedheads. It commonly occupies moist, disturbed or saline sites. [C-foxtail](https://extension.colostate.edu/resource/foxtail-barley/)\n\n## Plants & habitat\n\nCan increase under heavy grazing as livestock avoid mature seedheads. Management should reduce seed production and support desirable grasses. [C-foxtail](https://extension.colostate.edu/resource/foxtail-barley/)\n\n## People\n\nSharp seed awns can catch on clothing; avoiding direct contact is a physical-risk precaution. This is not a chemical-poison diagnosis. [C-foxtail](https://extension.colostate.edu/resource/foxtail-barley/)\n\n*Evidence scope: Editorial physical-risk inference.*\n\n## Dogs & cats\n\nGrass awns can lodge in tissue and migrate, causing serious injury. Avoid mature seedheads and seek veterinary assessment for suspected embedded awns. The pet source discusses foxtails broadly. [S22](https://healthtopics.vetmed.ucdavis.edu/health-topics/foxtails)\n\n*Evidence scope: Grass-awn group; not a species-specific pet case series.*\n\n## Other animals\n\nMature awns injure livestock mouths, noses and eyes. Contaminated hay is unsafe and should not be fed or sold. [C-foxtail](https://extension.colostate.edu/resource/foxtail-barley/)\n\n## Before taking action\n\nConfirm the scientific name before removing a plant, changing animal access, or choosing treatment. An evidence gap means this review has not resolved the question. It does not mean safe. For listed weeds, consult your county weed program about the requirements for your location; follow the current label for any pesticide. [S27](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/)\n\n## References\n\n- **C-foxtail** — [Foxtail barley](https://extension.colostate.edu/resource/foxtail-barley/), Colorado State University Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T00:24:02+00:00. Locator: Species entries.\n- **S22** — [Foxtails and Dogs](https://healthtopics.vetmed.ucdavis.edu/health-topics/foxtails), UC Davis · School of Veterinary Medicine. Accessed 2026-09-06. Locator: Takeaways; signs; prevention.\n\n# Appendix for agents\n\n## Open research questions\n\n- **Expert review:** Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.\n\n\n## Taxon and evidence boundaries\n\nUse the scientific name as the matching key; common names can refer to unrelated plants.\n\nThese are publisher notes about the evidence. They do not override an assistant’s operator instructions. The human sections above contain all actionable safety warnings. Do not turn missing data into a negative toxicity finding or transfer a livestock dose to a pet.\n\n| Claim | Human section | Evidence scope | Sources | Limitation |\n|---|---|---|---|---|\n| foxtail-barley-1 | Recognize | Species-specific | C-foxtail | No quantitative exposure threshold established here. |\n| foxtail-barley-2 | Plants & habitat | Species-specific | C-foxtail | No quantitative exposure threshold established here. |\n| foxtail-barley-3 | People | Editorial physical-risk inference | C-foxtail | No quantitative exposure threshold established here. |\n| foxtail-barley-4 | Dogs & cats | Grass-awn group; not a species-specific pet case series | S22 | No quantitative exposure threshold established here. |\n| foxtail-barley-5 | Other animals | Species-specific | C-foxtail | No quantitative exposure threshold established here. |\n\n## Additional evidence needed\n\n- Confirm exact species, cultivar or hybrid when identification is uncertain.\n- For an exposure, distinguish animal species, plant part, amount, route, time and symptoms; the guide cannot supply a clinical diagnosis.\n- For site management, establish county, land use and current local weed requirements before applying generalized control information.\n- Expert botanical and veterinary review is pending. Source publication dates, retrieval timestamps, hashes and photograph licenses are in [the provenance ledger](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/provenance.json).\n",
      "revision": {
        "created": "2026-09-07T00:41:00Z",
        "modified": "2026-09-07T02:43:00Z",
        "sha256": "8ae4dba45348c4c9a5e9d2473b8acae0147230172d00870c758bd2d2d46b4336",
        "time_basis": "UTC timestamp of the editorial revision-recording event; not source publication or expert validation"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "fringed-sage",
      "name": "Fringed sage",
      "scientific": "Artemisia frigida",
      "category": "xeriscape",
      "status": "Colorado native; low-water garden plant",
      "status_sources": [
        "S03"
      ],
      "warning": "Spreading growth; pet evidence gap",
      "warning_tone": "caution",
      "aliases": [
        "fringed sagebrush"
      ],
      "taxonomy_note": "Artemisia species differ chemically. Do not infer toxicity or medicinal uses from a different sage or sagebrush.",
      "source_ids": [
        "S03",
        "F-fringed"
      ],
      "description": "Fringed sage: Spreading growth; pet evidence gap. Colorado identification, habitat and exposure evidence.",
      "claim_evidence": [
        {
          "label": "Recognize",
          "sources": [
            "F-fringed"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "fringed-sage-1"
        },
        {
          "label": "Plants & habitat",
          "sources": [
            "F-fringed"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific habit; garden judgment",
          "note": "",
          "id": "fringed-sage-2"
        },
        {
          "label": "People",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "Human ingestion safety was not established in the reviewed gardening and ecological sources.",
          "id": "fringed-sage-3"
        },
        {
          "label": "Dogs & cats",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "Species-specific ingestion effects and exposure thresholds were not established in the reviewed sources.",
          "id": "fringed-sage-4"
        },
        {
          "label": "Other animals",
          "sources": [
            "S03"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "fringed-sage-5"
        }
      ],
      "research": {
        "status": "researching",
        "label": "Still researching this plant",
        "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.",
        "open_questions": [
          {
            "area": "People",
            "question": "Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "fringed-sage-3"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Dogs & cats",
            "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "fringed-sage-4"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Other animals",
            "question": "Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "fringed-sage-5"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Identification",
            "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          },
          {
            "area": "Expert review",
            "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          }
        ],
        "expert_review": "pending"
      },
      "source": "content/plants/fringed-sage.md",
      "content_sha256": "1161fcb5630a4a8ef53273ea0e1e2c2811a5a1caaafbe8ce4676c020bd44ad49",
      "body_markdown": "# Fringed sage\n\n*Artemisia frigida*\n\n**Colorado native; low-water garden plant.** [S03](https://www.extension.colostate.edu/docs/pubs/native/FrontRangeSm.pdf)\n\n> **Spreading growth; pet evidence gap.** Native status, garden use and noxious-weed class are separate from toxicity. [Exposure help](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/).\n\n**Identification caveat:** Artemisia species differ chemically. Do not infer toxicity or medicinal uses from a different sage or sagebrush.\n\n## Still researching this plant {#research-status}\n\nThis is a sourced working profile. Evidence is incomplete for **People, Dogs & cats, Other animals**. Identification and source-photo limits are explained below. Independent botanical and veterinary review is pending. **Uncertainty is not a finding that the plant is safe.**\n\n\n## Three views of this plant\n\nPhotos are source-identified examples, not a complete identification key. Check leaves, stems, flowers and fruit together. Locations are not assumed to be in Colorado.\n\n![Low basal shoots with compact clusters of finely divided silvery-green leaves among dry vegetation.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/xeriscape-artemisia-frigida-02.jpg)\n\n**basal foliage** — Low basal shoots with compact clusters of finely divided silvery-green leaves among dry vegetation.\n\nPhoto: Matt Lavin  from Bozeman, Montana, USA; [CC BY-SA 2.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Artemisia_frigida_(3299645583).jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/58/Artemisia_frigida_%283299645583%29.jpg). Source-supported identification with visual consistency check Photo selection verifies source labeling and visible consistency; it is not an independent specimen determination.  Downloaded source thumbnail; no further pixel edits. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![Rounded silvery plant with finely divided foliage and many small yellow flower heads on upright branches.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/xeriscape-artemisia-frigida-07.jpg)\n\n**flowering habit** — Rounded silvery plant with finely divided foliage and many small yellow flower heads on upright branches.\n\nPhoto: Jim Pisarowicz; [Public domain](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Artemisia_frigida_NPS-1.jpg#Licensing); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Artemisia_frigida_NPS-1.jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/62/Artemisia_frigida_NPS-1.jpg). Source-supported identification with visual consistency check Photo selection verifies source labeling and visible consistency; it is not an independent specimen determination.  Downloaded source thumbnail; no further pixel edits. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![Low mound of silvery basal leaves beneath tall, slender pale reproductive stems on a grassy slope.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/xeriscape-artemisia-frigida-11.jpg)\n\n**mature habit** — Low mound of silvery basal leaves beneath tall, slender pale reproductive stems on a grassy slope.\n\nPhoto: Matt Lavin  from Bozeman, Montana, USA; [CC BY-SA 2.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Artemisia_frigida_(5034482272).jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Artemisia_frigida_%285034482272%29.jpg). Source-supported identification with visual consistency check Photo selection verifies source labeling and visible consistency; it is not an independent specimen determination.  Downloaded source thumbnail; no further pixel edits. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n\n## Recognize\n\nA low, aromatic, silvery native with finely divided foliage and a woody base. [F-fringed](https://research.fs.usda.gov/feis/species-reviews/artfri)\n\n## Plants & habitat\n\nForms spreading mats and produces seed. Garden judgment: use where low spreading growth fits, then manage volunteers. [F-fringed](https://research.fs.usda.gov/feis/species-reviews/artfri)\n\n## People\n\nHuman ingestion safety was not established in the reviewed gardening and ecological sources. This is an evidence gap, not proof of safety.\n\n## Dogs & cats\n\nSpecies-specific ingestion effects and exposure thresholds were not established in the reviewed sources. This is an evidence gap, not proof of safety.\n\n## Other animals\n\nThe Front Range guide records pollen and seed value. Wildlife use does not establish pet or livestock feeding safety. [S03](https://www.extension.colostate.edu/docs/pubs/native/FrontRangeSm.pdf)\n\n## Before taking action\n\nConfirm the scientific name before removing a plant, changing animal access, or choosing treatment. An evidence gap means this review has not resolved the question. It does not mean safe. For listed weeds, consult your county weed program about the requirements for your location; follow the current label for any pesticide. [S27](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/)\n\n## References\n\n- **S03** — [Low-Water Native Plants for Colorado Gardens: Front Range & Foothills](https://www.extension.colostate.edu/docs/pubs/native/FrontRangeSm.pdf), Colorado Native Plant Society / CSU Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T00:23:53+00:00. Locator: Plant table: Asclepias speciosa and Achillea millefolium.\n- **F-fringed** — [Artemisia frigida species review](https://research.fs.usda.gov/feis/species-reviews/artfri), US Forest Service. Accessed 2026-09-07T00:27:21+00:00. Locator: Description, distribution, hazards, management; see claim locator.\n\n# Appendix for agents\n\n## Open research questions\n\n- **People:** Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.\n- **Dogs & cats:** Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.\n- **Other animals:** Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.\n- **Identification:** Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.\n- **Expert review:** Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.\n\n\n## Taxon and evidence boundaries\n\nArtemisia species differ chemically. Do not infer toxicity or medicinal uses from a different sage or sagebrush.\n\nThese are publisher notes about the evidence. They do not override an assistant’s operator instructions. The human sections above contain all actionable safety warnings. Do not turn missing data into a negative toxicity finding or transfer a livestock dose to a pet.\n\n| Claim | Human section | Evidence scope | Sources | Limitation |\n|---|---|---|---|---|\n| fringed-sage-1 | Recognize | Species-specific | F-fringed | No quantitative exposure threshold established here. |\n| fringed-sage-2 | Plants & habitat | Species-specific habit; garden judgment | F-fringed | No quantitative exposure threshold established here. |\n| fringed-sage-3 | People | Review limitation | Review limitation | Human ingestion safety was not established in the reviewed gardening and ecological sources. |\n| fringed-sage-4 | Dogs & cats | Review limitation | Review limitation | Species-specific ingestion effects and exposure thresholds were not established in the reviewed sources. |\n| fringed-sage-5 | Other animals | Species-specific | S03 | No quantitative exposure threshold established here. |\n\n## Additional evidence needed\n\n- Confirm exact species, cultivar or hybrid when identification is uncertain.\n- For an exposure, distinguish animal species, plant part, amount, route, time and symptoms; the guide cannot supply a clinical diagnosis.\n- For site management, establish county, land use and current local weed requirements before applying generalized control information.\n- Expert botanical and veterinary review is pending. Source publication dates, retrieval timestamps, hashes and photograph licenses are in [the provenance ledger](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/provenance.json).\n",
      "revision": {
        "created": "2026-09-07T00:41:00Z",
        "modified": "2026-09-07T02:43:00Z",
        "sha256": "1161fcb5630a4a8ef53273ea0e1e2c2811a5a1caaafbe8ce4676c020bd44ad49",
        "time_basis": "UTC timestamp of the editorial revision-recording event; not source publication or expert validation"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "giant-knotweed",
      "name": "Giant knotweed",
      "scientific": "Reynoutria sachalinensis",
      "category": "invasive",
      "status": "Colorado noxious weed · List A — Eradicate",
      "status_sources": [
        "CO-rules-2025"
      ],
      "warning": "Very persistent riparian colonies",
      "warning_tone": "caution",
      "aliases": [
        "Fallopia sachalinense",
        "Fallopia sachalinensis",
        "Polygonum sachalinense"
      ],
      "taxonomy_note": "The state rule uses Fallopia sachalinense. Giant, Japanese and Bohemian knotweeds overlap in appearance; confirm identity beyond plant height.",
      "source_ids": [
        "CO-rules-2025",
        "WA-giant-knotweed",
        "S27",
        "Fremont-list-definitions"
      ],
      "description": "Giant knotweed: Very persistent riparian colonies. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.",
      "claim_evidence": [
        {
          "label": "Recognize",
          "sources": [
            "WA-giant-knotweed"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "giant-knotweed-1"
        },
        {
          "label": "Plants & habitat",
          "sources": [
            "WA-giant-knotweed"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "giant-knotweed-2"
        },
        {
          "label": "People",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "",
          "id": "giant-knotweed-3"
        },
        {
          "label": "Dogs & cats",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "",
          "id": "giant-knotweed-4"
        },
        {
          "label": "Other animals",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "",
          "id": "giant-knotweed-5"
        },
        {
          "id": "giant-knotweed-list-meaning",
          "label": "State-list meaning",
          "sources": [
            "Fremont-list-definitions"
          ],
          "scope": "Colorado management-category definition; species classification retains its original status sources",
          "note": "Plain-language editorial label for a management category; not a toxicity or danger rating.",
          "reviewed": "2026-09-07"
        }
      ],
      "noxious_class": "A",
      "research": {
        "status": "researching",
        "label": "Still researching this plant",
        "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.",
        "open_questions": [
          {
            "area": "People",
            "question": "Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "giant-knotweed-3"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Dogs & cats",
            "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "giant-knotweed-4"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Other animals",
            "question": "Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "giant-knotweed-5"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Identification",
            "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          },
          {
            "area": "Expert review",
            "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          }
        ],
        "expert_review": "pending"
      },
      "noxious_class_label": "A — Eradicate",
      "source": "content/plants/giant-knotweed.md",
      "content_sha256": "1e9b3cf94e60e847a5770d3547af3c359521bfaee11cf4bc9b0bfbd323d8e974",
      "body_markdown": "# Giant knotweed\n\n*Reynoutria sachalinensis*\n\n**Colorado noxious weed · List A — Eradicate.** [CO-rules-2025](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2)\n\nUncommon in Colorado. All populations are designated for eradication statewide. This is a management category, separate from danger ratings. [Category source](https://fremontcountyco.gov/weed-control/weed-identification) · [What the lists mean](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/#weed-lists).\n\n> **Very persistent riparian colonies.** [Exposure help](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/).\n\n**Identification caveat:** The state rule uses Fallopia sachalinense. Giant, Japanese and Bohemian knotweeds overlap in appearance; confirm identity beyond plant height.\n\n## Still researching this plant {#research-status}\n\nThis is a sourced working profile. Evidence is incomplete for **People, Dogs & cats, Other animals**. Identification and source-photo limits are explained below. Independent botanical and veterinary review is pending. **Uncertainty is not a finding that the plant is safe.**\n\n\n## Three views of this plant\n\nSource-identified reference photographs; these are not a complete identification key. A source location outside Colorado does not establish local occurrence.\n\n![Reynoutria sachalinensis: Upright shoots with broad, heart-based leaves among mixed ground vegetation.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/list-a-photos-reynoutria-sachalinensis-1.jpg)\n\n**leafy shoots** — Upright shoots with broad, heart-based leaves among mixed ground vegetation.\n\nPhoto: Oleksandr Shynder; [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/); [source record](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/101817066); [original image](https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/170078727/original.jpg). Source scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Giant knotweed can be confused with Bohemian knotweed. Identification follows the research-grade source; leaf-base and magnified hair views are included, but photos alone do not establish hybrid ancestry. iNaturalist large server-resized image; no local crop, colour change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![Reynoutria sachalinensis: Broad leaves with visibly heart-shaped bases and prominent veins.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/list-a-photos-reynoutria-sachalinensis-2.jpg)\n\n**leaf shape** — Broad leaves with visibly heart-shaped bases and prominent veins.\n\nPhoto: Oleksandr Shynder; [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/); [source record](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/101817066); [original image](https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/170078917/original.jpg). Source scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Giant knotweed can be confused with Bohemian knotweed. Identification follows the research-grade source; leaf-base and magnified hair views are included, but photos alone do not establish hybrid ancestry. iNaturalist large server-resized image; no local crop, colour change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![Reynoutria sachalinensis: Magnified leaf surface showing long, slender hairs near veins; the circular viewing field is part of the source photo.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/list-a-photos-reynoutria-sachalinensis-3.jpg)\n\n**leaf hairs** — Magnified leaf surface showing long, slender hairs near veins; the circular viewing field is part of the source photo.\n\nPhoto: Oleksandr Shynder; [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/); [source record](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/101817066); [original image](https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/170079644/original.jpg). Source scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Giant knotweed can be confused with Bohemian knotweed. Identification follows the research-grade source; leaf-base and magnified hair views are included, but photos alone do not establish hybrid ancestry. iNaturalist large server-resized image; no local crop, colour change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n\n## Recognize\n\nVery large, heart-based leaves on hollow, jointed stems; small greenish-white flower clusters arise near upper leaves. [WA-giant-knotweed](https://www.nwcb.wa.gov/weeds/giant-knotweed)\n\n## Plants & habitat\n\nRhizomes form dense colonies and even small fragments can regenerate. Keep cut material and contaminated soil from spreading. [WA-giant-knotweed](https://www.nwcb.wa.gov/weeds/giant-knotweed)\n\n## People\n\nThe reviewed sources do not establish species-specific ingestion effects or a safe exposure amount for people. Missing evidence does not establish safety. \n\n## Dogs & cats\n\nThe reviewed sources do not establish species-specific ingestion effects or a safe exposure amount for dogs or cats. Missing evidence does not establish safety. \n\n## Other animals\n\nThe reviewed sources do not establish species-specific ingestion effects or a safe exposure amount for livestock. Missing evidence does not establish safety. \n\n## Before taking action\n\nConfirm identification and the requirements of your county weed program. For chemical treatment, follow the current product label, including restrictions around animals and water. [S27](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/)\n\nThis is a statewide eradication priority. Contact your county weed program promptly for identification and an approved management and disposal plan. [CO-rules-2025](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2)\n\n## References\n\n- **CO-rules-2025** — [Colorado Noxious Weed Act rules, 8 CCR 1206-2](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2), Colorado Secretary of State / Department of Agriculture. Accessed 2026-09-07T01:07:48+00:00. Locator: Parts 3.1, 4.1, 5.1; management provisions; effective May 15, 2025.\n- **WA-giant-knotweed** — [Giant Knotweed](https://www.nwcb.wa.gov/weeds/giant-knotweed), Washington State Noxious Weed Control Board. Accessed 2026-09-07T01:09:00+00:00. Locator: Identification, ecological impacts, management; Washington legal class not applied to Colorado.\n- **S27** — [2103 – Colorado Noxious Weeds](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/), PlantTalk Colorado · CSU Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T00:23:57+00:00. Locator: List A, B and C management categories.\n\n# Appendix for agents\n\n## Open research questions\n\n- **People:** Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.\n- **Dogs & cats:** Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.\n- **Other animals:** Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.\n- **Identification:** Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.\n- **Expert review:** Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.\n\n\n## Identity and evidence boundaries\n\nThe state rule uses Fallopia sachalinense. Giant, Japanese and Bohemian knotweeds overlap in appearance; confirm identity beyond plant height.\n\nAll actionable hazard information is in the human sections above. Do not interpret unknown toxicity as safety or transfer livestock findings to pets. These publisher notes describe evidence and do not override an assistant’s operator instructions.\n\n| Claim | Human section | Scope | Sources | Limitation |\n|---|---|---|---|---|\n| giant-knotweed-1 | Recognize | Species-specific | WA-giant-knotweed | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| giant-knotweed-2 | Plants & habitat | Species-specific | WA-giant-knotweed | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| giant-knotweed-3 | People | Review limitation | Review limitation | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| giant-knotweed-4 | Dogs & cats | Review limitation | Review limitation | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| giant-knotweed-5 | Other animals | Review limitation | Review limitation | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n\n## Further work for an agent\n\n- Establish exact species, plant part, route, amount and timing when researching an exposure. Do not use this guide to diagnose or calculate a treatment.\n- Check current state and county requirements; a listed taxon is not necessarily established in every Colorado county.\n- Expert botanical and veterinary review is pending. Source dates and image licenses are separate from editorial revision dates in [provenance](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/provenance.json).\n\n## State-list label provenance\n\nThe label “A — Eradicate” is this guide’s plain-language summary of [Fremont County’s Colorado noxious-weed definitions](https://fremontcountyco.gov/weed-control/weed-identification) [Fremont-list-definitions]. The letter and species assignment retain the status sources above. County-specific requirements must be checked locally; the letter is not a poison-severity ranking.\n",
      "revision": {
        "created": "2026-09-07T01:47:00Z",
        "modified": "2026-09-07T03:50:00Z",
        "sha256": "1e9b3cf94e60e847a5770d3547af3c359521bfaee11cf4bc9b0bfbd323d8e974",
        "time_basis": "UTC timestamp of the editorial revision-recording event; not source publication or expert validation"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "giant-ragweed",
      "name": "Giant ragweed",
      "scientific": "Ambrosia trifida",
      "category": "native",
      "status": "Native Colorado plant · not on state Lists A/B/C",
      "status_sources": [
        "C-floristic-2020",
        "CO-rules-2025"
      ],
      "warning": "Allergenic pollen and strong competition in disturbed ground",
      "warning_tone": "caution",
      "aliases": [
        "great ragweed"
      ],
      "taxonomy_note": "Giant ragweed is Ambrosia trifida. A mismatched Latin name in the compared manufacturer guide is not adopted. Common ragweed and western ragweed have their own profiles.",
      "source_ids": [
        "C-floristic-2020",
        "CO-rules-2025",
        "I-giant-ragweed",
        "C-ragweed-native",
        "S27"
      ],
      "description": "Giant ragweed: Allergenic pollen and strong competition in disturbed ground. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.",
      "claim_evidence": [
        {
          "label": "Identification",
          "sources": [
            "I-giant-ragweed"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "giant-ragweed-1"
        },
        {
          "label": "People",
          "sources": [
            "I-giant-ragweed",
            "C-ragweed-native"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "giant-ragweed-2"
        },
        {
          "label": "Dogs & cats",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "",
          "id": "giant-ragweed-3"
        },
        {
          "label": "Other animals",
          "sources": [
            "I-giant-ragweed"
          ],
          "scope": "Forage observation; safety limitation",
          "note": "",
          "id": "giant-ragweed-4"
        },
        {
          "label": "Plants & habitat",
          "sources": [
            "I-giant-ragweed"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "giant-ragweed-5"
        },
        {
          "label": "Management & timing",
          "sources": [
            "C-ragweed-native"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "giant-ragweed-6"
        }
      ],
      "research": {
        "status": "researching",
        "label": "Still researching this plant",
        "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.",
        "open_questions": [
          {
            "area": "Dogs & cats",
            "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "giant-ragweed-3"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Other animals",
            "question": "Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "giant-ragweed-4"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Identification",
            "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          },
          {
            "area": "Expert review",
            "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          }
        ],
        "expert_review": "pending"
      },
      "colorado_relevance": {
        "source_id": "C-floristic-2020",
        "locator": "Appendix B; PDF page 32; Ambrosia trifida",
        "basis": "Included in the 2020 statewide flora assessment. This is not a current county abundance survey.",
        "source_taxon": "Ambrosia trifida"
      },
      "source": "content/plants/giant-ragweed.md",
      "content_sha256": "44d2b78591e69d60e14839be46bc984291453b1787747731a0569e6167c3be38",
      "body_markdown": "# Giant ragweed\n\n*Ambrosia trifida*\n\n**Native Colorado plant · not on state Lists A/B/C.** [C-floristic-2020](https://cnhp.colostate.edu/download/documents/2020/CO_FQA_2020_Final_Report.pdf) [CO-rules-2025](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2)\n\n> **Allergenic pollen and strong competition in disturbed ground.** [Exposure help](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/).\n\n**Identification caveat:** Giant ragweed is Ambrosia trifida. A mismatched Latin name in the compared manufacturer guide is not adopted. Common ragweed and western ragweed have their own profiles.\n\n## Still researching this plant {#research-status}\n\nThis is a sourced working profile. Evidence is incomplete for **Dogs & cats, Other animals**. Identification and source-photo limits are explained below. Independent botanical and veterinary review is pending. **Uncertainty is not a finding that the plant is safe.**\n\n\n## Three views of this plant\n\nSource-identified reference photographs; these are not a complete identification key. A source location outside Colorado does not establish local occurrence.\n\n![Ambrosia trifida: An upright giant ragweed plant beside a fence, with large three- to five-lobed leaves.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/coverage-hazard-photos-ambrosia-trifida-1.jpg)\n\n**habit** — An upright giant ragweed plant beside a fence, with large three- to five-lobed leaves.\n\nPhoto: GTBacchus; [CC BY-SA 3.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ambrosia_trifida_full_shot.jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/97/Ambrosia_trifida_full_shot.jpg). Source scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference, not an independent specimen-based taxonomic determination. Giant ragweed leaves may be simple, three-lobed or five-lobed. The photographs retain the exact source species identification. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no local crop, colour change or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; catalog preview may use a CSS crop.\n\n![Ambrosia trifida: Large lobed, toothed leaves arranged along a sturdy green stem.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/coverage-hazard-photos-ambrosia-trifida-2.jpg)\n\n**leaves and stem** — Large lobed, toothed leaves arranged along a sturdy green stem.\n\nPhoto: Ayotte, Gilles, 1948-; [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ambrosia_trifida_15-p.bot-ambro.trifi-08.jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e4/Ambrosia_trifida_15-p.bot-ambro.trifi-08.jpg). Source scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference, not an independent specimen-based taxonomic determination. Giant ragweed leaves may be simple, three-lobed or five-lobed. The photographs retain the exact source species identification. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no local crop, colour change or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; catalog preview may use a CSS crop.\n\n![Ambrosia trifida: Several tall leafy shoots carrying slender terminal spikes of green flower heads.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/coverage-hazard-photos-ambrosia-trifida-3.jpg)\n\n**flowering habit** — Several tall leafy shoots carrying slender terminal spikes of green flower heads.\n\nPhoto: Ayotte, Gilles, 1948-; [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ambrosia_trifida_15-p.bot-ambro.trifi-06.jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/59/Ambrosia_trifida_15-p.bot-ambro.trifi-06.jpg). Source scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference, not an independent specimen-based taxonomic determination. Giant ragweed leaves may be simple, three-lobed or five-lobed. The photographs retain the exact source species identification. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no local crop, colour change or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; catalog preview may use a CSS crop.\n\n\n## Identification\n\nAn annual with rough stems and opposite leaves, usually with three to five deep lobes. Early leaves may be unlobed. Male flower clusters stand at the stem tips. [I-giant-ragweed](https://crops.extension.iastate.edu/encyclopedia/giant-ragweed)\n\n## People\n\nWindborne pollen is a significant hay-fever trigger for susceptible people. Colorado extension describes late-season ragweed exposure; local timing varies with weather. [I-giant-ragweed](https://crops.extension.iastate.edu/encyclopedia/giant-ragweed) [C-ragweed-native](https://sam.extension.colostate.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/44/2019/08/August-31-2019-Ragweed.pdf)\n\n## Dogs & cats\n\nThe reviewed sources do not establish species-specific ingestion effects or a safe exposure amount for dogs or cats. Missing evidence does not establish safety.\n\n## Other animals\n\nSome animals browse the foliage; that does not establish a safe feed amount or a pet-safety rating. [I-giant-ragweed](https://crops.extension.iastate.edu/encyclopedia/giant-ragweed)\n\n*Evidence scope: Forage observation; safety limitation.*\n\n## Plants & habitat\n\nEarly emergence and tall growth can help it dominate disturbed sites. Resistance to some herbicide groups is documented in particular populations. [I-giant-ragweed](https://crops.extension.iastate.edu/encyclopedia/giant-ragweed)\n\n## Management & timing\n\nRemove young plants before flowering and seed formation. For a large or persistent infestation, consult a local weed specialist about identification and resistance. [C-ragweed-native](https://sam.extension.colostate.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/44/2019/08/August-31-2019-Ragweed.pdf)\n\n## Before taking action\n\nConfirm identification and the requirements of your county weed program. For chemical treatment, follow the current product label, including restrictions around animals and water. [S27](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/)\n\n## References\n\n- **C-floristic-2020** — [Colorado Floristic Quality Assessment: 2020 Update](https://cnhp.colostate.edu/download/documents/2020/CO_FQA_2020_Final_Report.pdf), Colorado Natural Heritage Program, Colorado State University. Accessed 2026-09-07T02:27:33+00:00. Locator: Appendix B, Colorado species list: scientific name and native/non-native fields.\n- **CO-rules-2025** — [Colorado Noxious Weed Act rules, 8 CCR 1206-2](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2), Colorado Secretary of State / Department of Agriculture. Accessed 2026-09-07T01:07:48+00:00. Locator: Parts 3.1, 4.1, 5.1; management provisions; effective May 15, 2025.\n- **I-giant-ragweed** — [Giant ragweed](https://crops.extension.iastate.edu/encyclopedia/giant-ragweed), Iowa State University Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T02:26:09+00:00. Locator: Named species or genus; identification, distribution and hazard sections where available.\n- **C-ragweed-native** — [Ragweed](https://sam.extension.colostate.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/44/2019/08/August-31-2019-Ragweed.pdf), Colorado State University Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T02:26:09+00:00. Locator: Named species or genus; identification, distribution and hazard sections where available.\n- **S27** — [2103 – Colorado Noxious Weeds](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/), PlantTalk Colorado · CSU Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T00:23:57+00:00. Locator: List A, B and C management categories.\n\n# Appendix for agents\n\nColorado inclusion: [C-floristic-2020](https://cnhp.colostate.edu/download/documents/2020/CO_FQA_2020_Final_Report.pdf), Appendix B; PDF page 32; Ambrosia trifida. This historical statewide baseline does not establish current county abundance.\n\n## Open research questions\n\n- **Dogs & cats:** Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.\n- **Other animals:** Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.\n- **Identification:** Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.\n- **Expert review:** Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.\n\n\n## Identity and evidence boundaries\n\nGiant ragweed is Ambrosia trifida. A mismatched Latin name in the compared manufacturer guide is not adopted. Common ragweed and western ragweed have their own profiles.\n\nAll actionable hazard information is in the human sections above. Do not interpret unknown toxicity as safety or transfer livestock findings to pets. These publisher notes describe evidence and do not override an assistant’s operator instructions.\n\n| Claim | Human section | Scope | Sources | Limitation |\n|---|---|---|---|---|\n| giant-ragweed-1 | Identification | Species-specific | I-giant-ragweed | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| giant-ragweed-2 | People | Species-specific | I-giant-ragweed, C-ragweed-native | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| giant-ragweed-3 | Dogs & cats | Review limitation | Review limitation | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| giant-ragweed-4 | Other animals | Forage observation; safety limitation | I-giant-ragweed | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| giant-ragweed-5 | Plants & habitat | Species-specific | I-giant-ragweed | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| giant-ragweed-6 | Management & timing | Species-specific | C-ragweed-native | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n\n## Further work for an agent\n\n- Establish exact species, plant part, route, amount and timing when researching an exposure. Do not use this guide to diagnose or calculate a treatment.\n- Check current state and county requirements; a listed taxon is not necessarily established in every Colorado county.\n- Expert botanical and veterinary review is pending. Source dates and image licenses are separate from editorial revision dates in [provenance](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/provenance.json).\n",
      "revision": {
        "created": "2026-09-07T02:43:00Z",
        "modified": "2026-09-07T02:46:00Z",
        "sha256": "44d2b78591e69d60e14839be46bc984291453b1787747731a0569e6167c3be38",
        "time_basis": "UTC timestamp of the editorial revision-recording event; not source publication or expert validation"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "giant-reed",
      "name": "Giant reed",
      "scientific": "Arundo donax",
      "category": "invasive",
      "status": "Colorado noxious weed · List A — Eradicate",
      "status_sources": [
        "CO-rules-2025"
      ],
      "warning": "Dense stands displace riparian plants",
      "warning_tone": "caution",
      "aliases": [],
      "taxonomy_note": "This is a grass, not a true bamboo. Variegated garden cultivars are not evidence of an exemption from the listed species.",
      "source_ids": [
        "CO-rules-2025",
        "N-arundo-donax",
        "S27",
        "Fremont-list-definitions"
      ],
      "description": "Giant reed: Dense stands displace riparian plants. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.",
      "claim_evidence": [
        {
          "label": "Recognize",
          "sources": [
            "N-arundo-donax"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "giant-reed-1"
        },
        {
          "label": "Plants & habitat",
          "sources": [
            "N-arundo-donax"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "giant-reed-2"
        },
        {
          "label": "People",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "",
          "id": "giant-reed-3"
        },
        {
          "label": "Dogs & cats",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "",
          "id": "giant-reed-4"
        },
        {
          "label": "Other animals",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "",
          "id": "giant-reed-5"
        },
        {
          "id": "giant-reed-list-meaning",
          "label": "State-list meaning",
          "sources": [
            "Fremont-list-definitions"
          ],
          "scope": "Colorado management-category definition; species classification retains its original status sources",
          "note": "Plain-language editorial label for a management category; not a toxicity or danger rating.",
          "reviewed": "2026-09-07"
        }
      ],
      "noxious_class": "A",
      "research": {
        "status": "researching",
        "label": "Still researching this plant",
        "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.",
        "open_questions": [
          {
            "area": "People",
            "question": "Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "giant-reed-3"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Dogs & cats",
            "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "giant-reed-4"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Other animals",
            "question": "Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "giant-reed-5"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Identification",
            "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          },
          {
            "area": "Expert review",
            "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          }
        ],
        "expert_review": "pending"
      },
      "noxious_class_label": "A — Eradicate",
      "source": "content/plants/giant-reed.md",
      "content_sha256": "6e58098c8c277f39ef0bb2e6d29bb7de1ad53918e9c7f2d4376c83c9c713fde2",
      "body_markdown": "# Giant reed\n\n*Arundo donax*\n\n**Colorado noxious weed · List A — Eradicate.** [CO-rules-2025](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2)\n\nUncommon in Colorado. All populations are designated for eradication statewide. This is a management category, separate from danger ratings. [Category source](https://fremontcountyco.gov/weed-control/weed-identification) · [What the lists mean](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/#weed-lists).\n\n> **Dense stands displace riparian plants.** [Exposure help](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/).\n\n**Identification caveat:** This is a grass, not a true bamboo. Variegated garden cultivars are not evidence of an exemption from the listed species.\n\n## Still researching this plant {#research-status}\n\nThis is a sourced working profile. Evidence is incomplete for **People, Dogs & cats, Other animals**. Identification and source-photo limits are explained below. Independent botanical and veterinary review is pending. **Uncertainty is not a finding that the plant is safe.**\n\n\n## Three views of this plant\n\nSource-identified reference photographs; these are not a complete identification key. A source location outside Colorado does not establish local occurrence.\n\n![Arundo donax: A dense stand of tall, jointed canes and long leaves near water.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/list-a-photos-arundo-donax-1.jpg)\n\n**stand** — A dense stand of tall, jointed canes and long leaves near water.\n\nPhoto: zebedeugalinha; [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/); [source record](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/332542446); [original image](https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/603525902/original.jpg). Source scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. iNaturalist large server-resized image; no local crop, colour change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![Arundo donax: Lower and middle portions of a dense cane stand, with visible upright stems and leaf sheaths.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/list-a-photos-arundo-donax-2.jpg)\n\n**stems** — Lower and middle portions of a dense cane stand, with visible upright stems and leaf sheaths.\n\nPhoto: zebedeugalinha; [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/); [source record](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/332542446); [original image](https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/603526724/original.jpg). Source scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. iNaturalist large server-resized image; no local crop, colour change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![Arundo donax: A leafy cane showing broad, arching blades attached at successive nodes.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/list-a-photos-arundo-donax-3.jpg)\n\n**foliage and nodes** — A leafy cane showing broad, arching blades attached at successive nodes.\n\nPhoto: zebedeugalinha; [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/); [source record](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/332542446); [original image](https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/603526777/original.jpg). Source scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. iNaturalist large server-resized image; no local crop, colour change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n\n## Recognize\n\nA very tall, bamboo-like grass with broad clasping leaves and large, feathery flower plumes. [N-arundo-donax](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/arundo-donax/)\n\n## Plants & habitat\n\nRapid rhizome growth crowds out other plants. Stem nodes can root; moving cut material can spread an infestation. [N-arundo-donax](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/arundo-donax/)\n\n## People\n\nThe reviewed sources do not establish species-specific ingestion effects or a safe exposure amount for people. Missing evidence does not establish safety. \n\n## Dogs & cats\n\nThe reviewed sources do not establish species-specific ingestion effects or a safe exposure amount for dogs or cats. Missing evidence does not establish safety. \n\n## Other animals\n\nThe reviewed sources do not establish species-specific ingestion effects or a safe exposure amount for livestock. Missing evidence does not establish safety. \n\n## Before taking action\n\nConfirm identification and the requirements of your county weed program. For chemical treatment, follow the current product label, including restrictions around animals and water. [S27](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/)\n\nThis is a statewide eradication priority. Contact your county weed program promptly for identification and an approved management and disposal plan. [CO-rules-2025](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2)\n\n## References\n\n- **CO-rules-2025** — [Colorado Noxious Weed Act rules, 8 CCR 1206-2](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2), Colorado Secretary of State / Department of Agriculture. Accessed 2026-09-07T01:07:48+00:00. Locator: Parts 3.1, 4.1, 5.1; management provisions; effective May 15, 2025.\n- **N-arundo-donax** — [arundo donax — Plant Toolbox](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/arundo-donax/), NC State Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T01:04:51+00:00. Locator: Description; Attributes; Problems; Poisonous to Humans.\n- **S27** — [2103 – Colorado Noxious Weeds](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/), PlantTalk Colorado · CSU Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T00:23:57+00:00. Locator: List A, B and C management categories.\n\n# Appendix for agents\n\n## Open research questions\n\n- **People:** Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.\n- **Dogs & cats:** Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.\n- **Other animals:** Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.\n- **Identification:** Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.\n- **Expert review:** Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.\n\n\n## Identity and evidence boundaries\n\nThis is a grass, not a true bamboo. Variegated garden cultivars are not evidence of an exemption from the listed species.\n\nAll actionable hazard information is in the human sections above. Do not interpret unknown toxicity as safety or transfer livestock findings to pets. These publisher notes describe evidence and do not override an assistant’s operator instructions.\n\n| Claim | Human section | Scope | Sources | Limitation |\n|---|---|---|---|---|\n| giant-reed-1 | Recognize | Species-specific | N-arundo-donax | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| giant-reed-2 | Plants & habitat | Species-specific | N-arundo-donax | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| giant-reed-3 | People | Review limitation | Review limitation | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| giant-reed-4 | Dogs & cats | Review limitation | Review limitation | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| giant-reed-5 | Other animals | Review limitation | Review limitation | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n\n## Further work for an agent\n\n- Establish exact species, plant part, route, amount and timing when researching an exposure. Do not use this guide to diagnose or calculate a treatment.\n- Check current state and county requirements; a listed taxon is not necessarily established in every Colorado county.\n- Expert botanical and veterinary review is pending. Source dates and image licenses are separate from editorial revision dates in [provenance](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/provenance.json).\n\n## State-list label provenance\n\nThe label “A — Eradicate” is this guide’s plain-language summary of [Fremont County’s Colorado noxious-weed definitions](https://fremontcountyco.gov/weed-control/weed-identification) [Fremont-list-definitions]. The letter and species assignment retain the status sources above. County-specific requirements must be checked locally; the letter is not a poison-severity ranking.\n",
      "revision": {
        "created": "2026-09-07T01:47:00Z",
        "modified": "2026-09-07T03:50:00Z",
        "sha256": "6e58098c8c277f39ef0bb2e6d29bb7de1ad53918e9c7f2d4376c83c9c713fde2",
        "time_basis": "UTC timestamp of the editorial revision-recording event; not source publication or expert validation"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "giant-salvinia",
      "name": "Giant salvinia",
      "scientific": "Salvinia molesta",
      "category": "invasive",
      "status": "Colorado noxious weed · List A — Eradicate",
      "status_sources": [
        "CO-rules-2025"
      ],
      "warning": "Floating mats harm aquatic habitat",
      "warning_tone": "caution",
      "aliases": [],
      "taxonomy_note": "Several floating ferns look similar. Close inspection of leaf hairs is needed; no photo alone establishes identification.",
      "source_ids": [
        "CO-rules-2025",
        "N-salvinia-molesta",
        "S27",
        "Fremont-list-definitions"
      ],
      "description": "Giant salvinia: Floating mats harm aquatic habitat. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.",
      "claim_evidence": [
        {
          "label": "Recognize",
          "sources": [
            "N-salvinia-molesta"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "giant-salvinia-1"
        },
        {
          "label": "Plants & habitat",
          "sources": [
            "N-salvinia-molesta"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "giant-salvinia-2"
        },
        {
          "label": "People",
          "sources": [
            "N-salvinia-molesta"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "giant-salvinia-3"
        },
        {
          "label": "Dogs & cats",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "",
          "id": "giant-salvinia-4"
        },
        {
          "label": "Other animals",
          "sources": [
            "N-salvinia-molesta"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "giant-salvinia-5"
        },
        {
          "id": "giant-salvinia-list-meaning",
          "label": "State-list meaning",
          "sources": [
            "Fremont-list-definitions"
          ],
          "scope": "Colorado management-category definition; species classification retains its original status sources",
          "note": "Plain-language editorial label for a management category; not a toxicity or danger rating.",
          "reviewed": "2026-09-07"
        }
      ],
      "noxious_class": "A",
      "research": {
        "status": "researching",
        "label": "Still researching this plant",
        "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.",
        "open_questions": [
          {
            "area": "Dogs & cats",
            "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "giant-salvinia-4"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Other animals",
            "question": "Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "giant-salvinia-5"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Identification",
            "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          },
          {
            "area": "Expert review",
            "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          }
        ],
        "expert_review": "pending"
      },
      "noxious_class_label": "A — Eradicate",
      "source": "content/plants/giant-salvinia.md",
      "content_sha256": "a1a3ba042cee0c05a9f7c8c4a374379dbdb48b385d743836121ab36f437cdc3b",
      "body_markdown": "# Giant salvinia\n\n*Salvinia molesta*\n\n**Colorado noxious weed · List A — Eradicate.** [CO-rules-2025](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2)\n\nUncommon in Colorado. All populations are designated for eradication statewide. This is a management category, separate from danger ratings. [Category source](https://fremontcountyco.gov/weed-control/weed-identification) · [What the lists mean](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/#weed-lists).\n\n> **Floating mats harm aquatic habitat.** [Exposure help](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/).\n\n**Identification caveat:** Several floating ferns look similar. Close inspection of leaf hairs is needed; no photo alone establishes identification.\n\n## Still researching this plant {#research-status}\n\nThis is a sourced working profile. Evidence is incomplete for **Dogs & cats, Other animals**. Identification and source-photo limits are explained below. Independent botanical and veterinary review is pending. **Uncertainty is not a finding that the plant is safe.**\n\n\n## Three views of this plant\n\nSource-identified reference photographs; these are not a complete identification key. A source location outside Colorado does not establish local occurrence.\n\n![Salvinia molesta: Close view of floating, folded green leaves with textured upper surfaces.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/list-a-photos-salvinia-molesta-1.jpg)\n\n**floating foliage** — Close view of floating, folded green leaves with textured upper surfaces.\n\nPhoto: Ixitixel; [CC BY-SA 3.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Salvinia_molesta_(Habitus)_3.jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/98/Salvinia_molesta_%28Habitus%29_3.jpg). Source scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Salvinia species can be similar. The selected images follow source identifications; the diagnostic joined hair tips are not resolved clearly in every view. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no local crop, colour change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![Salvinia molesta: Floating folded leaves with water droplets; the source describes this as a photograph focus-stacked from 20 exposures.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/list-a-photos-salvinia-molesta-2.jpg)\n\n**leaf surface** — Floating folded leaves with water droplets; the source describes this as a photograph focus-stacked from 20 exposures.\n\nPhoto: Krzysztof Ziarnek, Kenraiz; [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Salvinia_molesta_kz16.jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/21/Salvinia_molesta_kz16.jpg). Source scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Salvinia species can be similar. The selected images follow source identifications; the diagnostic joined hair tips are not resolved clearly in every view. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no local crop, colour change, or generative editing. Source photographer describes the original as focus-stacked from 20 exposures. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![Salvinia molesta: Lake Wilson in Hawaii covered by a dense salvinia mat, with a vehicle and boat on the near shore.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/list-a-photos-salvinia-molesta-3.jpg)\n\n**infestation** — Lake Wilson in Hawaii covered by a dense salvinia mat, with a vehicle and boat on the near shore.\n\nPhoto: Nani Shimakuku, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers; [Public domain](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Salvinia_molesta_covering_lake.jpg#Licensing); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Salvinia_molesta_covering_lake.jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3d/Salvinia_molesta_covering_lake.jpg). Source scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Salvinia species can be similar. The selected images follow source identifications; the diagnostic joined hair tips are not resolved clearly in every view. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no local crop, colour change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n\n## Recognize\n\nA floating fern with paired surface fronds and submerged, root-like fronds. Magnification reveals characteristic joined, eggbeater-shaped hairs. [N-salvinia-molesta](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/salvinia-molesta/)\n\n## Plants & habitat\n\nThick mats restrict light and oxygen, clog water intakes and obstruct recreation. Do not introduce it into ponds or discard aquarium material outdoors. [N-salvinia-molesta](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/salvinia-molesta/)\n\n## People\n\nDense surface mats obstruct boating and swimming; this is a water-access hazard rather than a demonstrated ingestion syndrome. [N-salvinia-molesta](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/salvinia-molesta/)\n\n## Dogs & cats\n\nThe reviewed sources do not establish species-specific ingestion effects or a safe exposure amount for dogs or cats. Missing evidence does not establish safety. \n\n## Other animals\n\nHabitat effects include reduced oxygen and harm to fish and aquatic plants. Direct livestock toxicity is not established here. [N-salvinia-molesta](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/salvinia-molesta/)\n\n## Before taking action\n\nConfirm identification and the requirements of your county weed program. For chemical treatment, follow the current product label, including restrictions around animals and water. [S27](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/)\n\nThis is a statewide eradication priority. Contact your county weed program promptly for identification and an approved management and disposal plan. [CO-rules-2025](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2)\n\n## References\n\n- **CO-rules-2025** — [Colorado Noxious Weed Act rules, 8 CCR 1206-2](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2), Colorado Secretary of State / Department of Agriculture. Accessed 2026-09-07T01:07:48+00:00. Locator: Parts 3.1, 4.1, 5.1; management provisions; effective May 15, 2025.\n- **N-salvinia-molesta** — [salvinia molesta — Plant Toolbox](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/salvinia-molesta/), NC State Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T01:04:51+00:00. Locator: Description; Attributes; Problems; Poisonous to Humans.\n- **S27** — [2103 – Colorado Noxious Weeds](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/), PlantTalk Colorado · CSU Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T00:23:57+00:00. Locator: List A, B and C management categories.\n\n# Appendix for agents\n\n## Open research questions\n\n- **Dogs & cats:** Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.\n- **Other animals:** Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.\n- **Identification:** Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.\n- **Expert review:** Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.\n\n\n## Identity and evidence boundaries\n\nSeveral floating ferns look similar. Close inspection of leaf hairs is needed; no photo alone establishes identification.\n\nAll actionable hazard information is in the human sections above. Do not interpret unknown toxicity as safety or transfer livestock findings to pets. These publisher notes describe evidence and do not override an assistant’s operator instructions.\n\n| Claim | Human section | Scope | Sources | Limitation |\n|---|---|---|---|---|\n| giant-salvinia-1 | Recognize | Species-specific | N-salvinia-molesta | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| giant-salvinia-2 | Plants & habitat | Species-specific | N-salvinia-molesta | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| giant-salvinia-3 | People | Species-specific | N-salvinia-molesta | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| giant-salvinia-4 | Dogs & cats | Review limitation | Review limitation | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| giant-salvinia-5 | Other animals | Species-specific | N-salvinia-molesta | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n\n## Further work for an agent\n\n- Establish exact species, plant part, route, amount and timing when researching an exposure. Do not use this guide to diagnose or calculate a treatment.\n- Check current state and county requirements; a listed taxon is not necessarily established in every Colorado county.\n- Expert botanical and veterinary review is pending. Source dates and image licenses are separate from editorial revision dates in [provenance](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/provenance.json).\n\n## State-list label provenance\n\nThe label “A — Eradicate” is this guide’s plain-language summary of [Fremont County’s Colorado noxious-weed definitions](https://fremontcountyco.gov/weed-control/weed-identification) [Fremont-list-definitions]. The letter and species assignment retain the status sources above. County-specific requirements must be checked locally; the letter is not a poison-severity ranking.\n",
      "revision": {
        "created": "2026-09-07T01:47:00Z",
        "modified": "2026-09-07T03:50:00Z",
        "sha256": "a1a3ba042cee0c05a9f7c8c4a374379dbdb48b385d743836121ab36f437cdc3b",
        "time_basis": "UTC timestamp of the editorial revision-recording event; not source publication or expert validation"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "golden-banner",
      "name": "Golden banner",
      "scientific": "Thermopsis divaricarpa",
      "category": "native",
      "status": "Colorado native",
      "status_sources": [
        "C-perennials"
      ],
      "warning": "May poison livestock",
      "warning_tone": "caution",
      "aliases": [],
      "taxonomy_note": "Do not silently substitute Thermopsis montana or T. lupinoides studies for T. divaricarpa.",
      "source_ids": [
        "C-perennials",
        "C-banner"
      ],
      "description": "Golden banner: May poison livestock. Colorado identification, habitat and exposure evidence.",
      "claim_evidence": [
        {
          "label": "Recognize",
          "sources": [
            "C-perennials"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "golden-banner-1"
        },
        {
          "label": "Plants & habitat",
          "sources": [
            "C-perennials"
          ],
          "scope": "Reported spread; garden judgment",
          "note": "",
          "id": "golden-banner-2"
        },
        {
          "label": "People",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "This review has no species-specific human exposure assessment.",
          "id": "golden-banner-3"
        },
        {
          "label": "Dogs & cats",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "Species-specific ingestion effects and exposure thresholds were not established in the reviewed sources.",
          "id": "golden-banner-4"
        },
        {
          "label": "Other animals",
          "sources": [
            "C-banner"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "golden-banner-5"
        }
      ],
      "research": {
        "status": "researching",
        "label": "Still researching this plant",
        "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.",
        "open_questions": [
          {
            "area": "People",
            "question": "Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "golden-banner-3"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Dogs & cats",
            "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "golden-banner-4"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Identification",
            "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          },
          {
            "area": "Expert review",
            "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          }
        ],
        "expert_review": "pending"
      },
      "source": "content/plants/golden-banner.md",
      "content_sha256": "ad77d63475e2dc6e45414d17cfc65b94f2e1a109af23bb7268c4797c2facd52a",
      "body_markdown": "# Golden banner\n\n*Thermopsis divaricarpa*\n\n**Colorado native.** [C-perennials](https://extension.colostate.edu/resource/native-herbaceous-perennials-for-colorado-landscapes/)\n\n> **May poison livestock.** Native status, garden use and noxious-weed class are separate from toxicity. [Exposure help](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/).\n\n**Identification caveat:** Do not silently substitute Thermopsis montana or T. lupinoides studies for T. divaricarpa.\n\n## Still researching this plant {#research-status}\n\nThis is a sourced working profile. Evidence is incomplete for **People, Dogs & cats**. Identification and source-photo limits are explained below. Independent botanical and veterinary review is pending. **Uncertainty is not a finding that the plant is safe.**\n\n\n## Three views of this plant\n\nPhotos are source-identified examples, not a complete identification key. Check leaves, stems, flowers and fruit together. Locations are not assumed to be in Colorado.\n\n![Thermopsis divaricarpa: An upright shoot with yellow flower buds and emerging flowers above leafy nodes and broad stipules.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/native-thermopsis-divaricarpa-1.jpg)\n\n**buds and leaves** — An upright shoot with yellow flower buds and emerging flowers above leafy nodes and broad stipules.\n\nPhoto: Laura J. Costello; [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/); [source record](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/20172084); [original image](https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/31122443/original.jpg). The photo belongs to an iNaturalist research-grade observation identified as the named taxon; source taxon, quality grade, and identifications are retained. Visible morphology was checked for consistency, not treated as an independent botanical determination.   No edits to the downloaded image. Wikimedia may have supplied a scaled thumbnail; original and download URLs are recorded separately. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![Thermopsis divaricarpa: An upright raceme of open yellow pea-shaped flowers above trifoliate foliage.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/native-thermopsis-divaricarpa-2.jpg)\n\n**flowering stem** — An upright raceme of open yellow pea-shaped flowers above trifoliate foliage.\n\nPhoto: Shalana Gray; [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/); [source record](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/113455763); [original image](https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/191679085/original.jpg). The photo belongs to an iNaturalist research-grade observation identified as the named taxon; source taxon, quality grade, and identifications are retained. Visible morphology was checked for consistency, not treated as an independent botanical determination.   No edits to the downloaded image. Wikimedia may have supplied a scaled thumbnail; original and download URLs are recorded separately. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![Thermopsis divaricarpa: Dark, slender spreading pods on a branched stalk above green trifoliate leaves.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/native-thermopsis-divaricarpa-3.jpeg)\n\n**pods and leaves** — Dark, slender spreading pods on a branched stalk above green trifoliate leaves.\n\nPhoto: Curtis Drake; [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/); [source record](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/235648749); [original image](https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/419116154/original.jpeg). The photo belongs to an iNaturalist research-grade observation identified as the named taxon; source taxon, quality grade, and identifications are retained. Visible morphology was checked for consistency, not treated as an independent botanical determination.   No edits to the downloaded image. Wikimedia may have supplied a scaled thumbnail; original and download URLs are recorded separately. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n\n## Recognize\n\nUpright spikes of yellow, pea-like flowers on a native perennial. [C-perennials](https://extension.colostate.edu/resource/native-herbaceous-perennials-for-colorado-landscapes/)\n\n## Plants & habitat\n\nSpreads vigorously by rhizomes. Give it room in a garden; its ability to crowd smaller neighbors is a garden-management concern. [C-perennials](https://extension.colostate.edu/resource/native-herbaceous-perennials-for-colorado-landscapes/)\n\n## People\n\nThis review has no species-specific human exposure assessment. This is an evidence gap, not proof of safety.\n\n## Dogs & cats\n\nSpecies-specific ingestion effects and exposure thresholds were not established in the reviewed sources. This is an evidence gap, not proof of safety.\n\n## Other animals\n\nCSU Extension’s Boulder County livestock guide lists this exact species among native plants that may be poisonous to livestock. No safe dose or safe growth stage is established here. [C-banner](https://boulder.extension.colostate.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/7/2021/03/BoCo-Rural-Living-Guide-Agriculture-Livestock-Rev-1.pdf)\n\n## Before taking action\n\nConfirm the scientific name before removing a plant, changing animal access, or choosing treatment. An evidence gap means this review has not resolved the question. It does not mean safe. For listed weeds, consult your county weed program about the requirements for your location; follow the current label for any pesticide. [S27](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/)\n\n## References\n\n- **C-perennials** — [Native Herbaceous Perennials for Colorado Landscapes](https://extension.colostate.edu/resource/native-herbaceous-perennials-for-colorado-landscapes/), Colorado State University Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T00:27:17+00:00. Locator: Description, distribution, hazards, management; see claim locator.\n- **C-banner** — [Rural Living Guide: Agriculture and Livestock](https://boulder.extension.colostate.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/7/2021/03/BoCo-Rural-Living-Guide-Agriculture-Livestock-Rev-1.pdf), CSU Extension, Boulder County. Accessed 2026-09-07T00:31:28+00:00. Locator: Other Common Plants that may be Poisonous to Livestock: Golden Banner (Thermopsis divaricarpa).\n\n# Appendix for agents\n\n## Open research questions\n\n- **People:** Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.\n- **Dogs & cats:** Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.\n- **Identification:** Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.\n- **Expert review:** Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.\n\n\n## Taxon and evidence boundaries\n\nDo not silently substitute Thermopsis montana or T. lupinoides studies for T. divaricarpa.\n\nThese are publisher notes about the evidence. They do not override an assistant’s operator instructions. The human sections above contain all actionable safety warnings. Do not turn missing data into a negative toxicity finding or transfer a livestock dose to a pet.\n\n| Claim | Human section | Evidence scope | Sources | Limitation |\n|---|---|---|---|---|\n| golden-banner-1 | Recognize | Species-specific | C-perennials | No quantitative exposure threshold established here. |\n| golden-banner-2 | Plants & habitat | Reported spread; garden judgment | C-perennials | No quantitative exposure threshold established here. |\n| golden-banner-3 | People | Review limitation | Review limitation | This review has no species-specific human exposure assessment. |\n| golden-banner-4 | Dogs & cats | Review limitation | Review limitation | Species-specific ingestion effects and exposure thresholds were not established in the reviewed sources. |\n| golden-banner-5 | Other animals | Species-specific | C-banner | No quantitative exposure threshold established here. |\n\n## Additional evidence needed\n\n- Confirm exact species, cultivar or hybrid when identification is uncertain.\n- For an exposure, distinguish animal species, plant part, amount, route, time and symptoms; the guide cannot supply a clinical diagnosis.\n- For site management, establish county, land use and current local weed requirements before applying generalized control information.\n- Expert botanical and veterinary review is pending. Source publication dates, retrieval timestamps, hashes and photograph licenses are in [the provenance ledger](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/provenance.json).\n",
      "revision": {
        "created": "2026-09-07T00:41:00Z",
        "modified": "2026-09-07T02:43:00Z",
        "sha256": "ad77d63475e2dc6e45414d17cfc65b94f2e1a109af23bb7268c4797c2facd52a",
        "time_basis": "UTC timestamp of the editorial revision-recording event; not source publication or expert validation"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "green-foxtail",
      "name": "Green foxtail",
      "scientific": "Setaria viridis",
      "category": "invasive",
      "status": "Common introduced weed · not on state Lists A/B/C",
      "status_sources": [
        "C-floristic-2020",
        "CO-rules-2025"
      ],
      "warning": "Identify the grass behind the name “foxtail”",
      "warning_tone": "caution",
      "aliases": [
        "green bristlegrass"
      ],
      "taxonomy_note": "Setaria viridis is distinct from foxtail barley (Hordeum jubatum), giant foxtail (Setaria faberi) and yellow foxtail (Setaria pumila).",
      "source_ids": [
        "C-floristic-2020",
        "CO-rules-2025",
        "N-setaria-viridis",
        "C-descriptions",
        "S27"
      ],
      "description": "Green foxtail: Identify the grass behind the name “foxtail”. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.",
      "claim_evidence": [
        {
          "label": "Identification",
          "sources": [
            "N-setaria-viridis"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "green-foxtail-1"
        },
        {
          "label": "People",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "",
          "id": "green-foxtail-2"
        },
        {
          "label": "Dogs & cats",
          "sources": [
            "N-setaria-viridis"
          ],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "",
          "id": "green-foxtail-3"
        },
        {
          "label": "Other animals",
          "sources": [
            "N-setaria-viridis"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "green-foxtail-4"
        },
        {
          "label": "Plants & habitat",
          "sources": [
            "N-setaria-viridis"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "green-foxtail-5"
        },
        {
          "label": "Management & timing",
          "sources": [
            "C-descriptions"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "green-foxtail-6"
        }
      ],
      "research": {
        "status": "researching",
        "label": "Still researching this plant",
        "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.",
        "open_questions": [
          {
            "area": "People",
            "question": "Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "green-foxtail-2"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Dogs & cats",
            "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "green-foxtail-3"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Identification",
            "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          },
          {
            "area": "Expert review",
            "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          }
        ],
        "expert_review": "pending"
      },
      "colorado_relevance": {
        "source_id": "C-floristic-2020",
        "locator": "Appendix B; PDF page 79; Setaria viridis",
        "basis": "Included in the 2020 statewide flora assessment. This is not a current county abundance survey.",
        "source_taxon": "Setaria viridis"
      },
      "source": "content/plants/green-foxtail.md",
      "content_sha256": "8c005d68934d3d308453a4022cb1394143351702eb0161bace77e4b8d862bd4f",
      "body_markdown": "# Green foxtail\n\n*Setaria viridis*\n\n**Common introduced weed · not on state Lists A/B/C.** [C-floristic-2020](https://cnhp.colostate.edu/download/documents/2020/CO_FQA_2020_Final_Report.pdf) [CO-rules-2025](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2)\n\n> **Identify the grass behind the name “foxtail”.** [Exposure help](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/).\n\n**Identification caveat:** Setaria viridis is distinct from foxtail barley (Hordeum jubatum), giant foxtail (Setaria faberi) and yellow foxtail (Setaria pumila).\n\n## Still researching this plant {#research-status}\n\nThis is a sourced working profile. Evidence is incomplete for **People, Dogs & cats**. Identification and source-photo limits are explained below. Independent botanical and veterinary review is pending. **Uncertainty is not a finding that the plant is safe.**\n\n\n## Three views of this plant\n\nSource-identified reference photographs; these are not a complete identification key. A source location outside Colorado does not establish local occurrence.\n\n![Green foxtail: a curved green flower head is surrounded by many long fine bristles.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/coverage-garden-photos-setaria-viridis-02-06-inflorescence.jpg)\n\n**inflorescence** — A curved green flower head is surrounded by many long fine bristles.\n\nPhoto: Petr Filippov; [CC BY 3.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Setaria_viridis.JPG); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2a/Setaria_viridis.JPG). Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Source-identified S. viridis. Other foxtails resemble it; the collar, bristles and spikelet characters need examination on an unknown specimen. A gallery photograph labeled S. faberi was excluded. Wikimedia server-resized derivative, reduced from the original; no crop, color change, upscaling, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; catalog preview may use a CSS crop.\n\n![Green foxtail: leafy green grass clumps with upright bristly flower heads at a path edge.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/coverage-garden-photos-setaria-viridis-02-07-habit.jpg)\n\n**habit** — Leafy green grass clumps with upright bristly flower heads at a path edge.\n\nPhoto: Rasbak; [CC BY-SA 3.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Groene_naaldaar_plant_(Setaria_viridis).jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/38/Groene_naaldaar_plant_%28Setaria_viridis%29.jpg). Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Source-identified S. viridis. Other foxtails resemble it; the collar, bristles and spikelet characters need examination on an unknown specimen. A gallery photograph labeled S. faberi was excluded. Wikimedia server-resized derivative, reduced from the original; no crop, color change, upscaling, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; catalog preview may use a CSS crop.\n\n![Green foxtail: photographed grass leaf bases show the collar and ligule region against a wooden background.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/coverage-garden-photos-setaria-viridis-02-08-leaf-collar.jpg)\n\n**leaf-collar** — Photographed grass leaf bases show the collar and ligule region against a wooden background.\n\nPhoto: Rasbak; [CC BY-SA 3.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Groene_naaldaar_ligula_(Setaria_viridis).jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e3/Groene_naaldaar_ligula_%28Setaria_viridis%29.jpg). Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Source-identified S. viridis. Other foxtails resemble it; the collar, bristles and spikelet characters need examination on an unknown specimen. A gallery photograph labeled S. faberi was excluded. Wikimedia server-resized derivative, reduced from the original; no crop, color change, upscaling, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; catalog preview may use a CSS crop.\n\n\n## Identification\n\nA summer annual grass with narrow, bristly, cylindrical seedheads. Several bristles surround each small spikelet. It commonly grows in disturbed ground and lawns. [N-setaria-viridis](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/setaria-viridis/)\n\n## People\n\nThe reviewed sources do not establish species-specific ingestion effects or a safe exposure amount for people. Missing evidence does not establish safety.\n\n## Dogs & cats\n\nThe botanical sources describe bristly seedheads but do not establish the injury rate or ingestion toxicity of this species in pets. Avoid applying foxtail barley or cheatgrass exposure findings to every grass called foxtail. [N-setaria-viridis](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/setaria-viridis/)\n\n## Other animals\n\nGrazing animals and small mammals eat this grass, but that observation does not provide a safe feeding amount or prove that mature seedheads are harmless. [N-setaria-viridis](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/setaria-viridis/)\n\n## Plants & habitat\n\nIt produces abundant seed and can spread rapidly on disturbed sites. Dense established vegetation is less vulnerable than open, poor-quality ground. [N-setaria-viridis](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/setaria-viridis/)\n\n## Management & timing\n\nRepair bare lawn patches and prevent seed production. A mowed plant may still form seedheads, so inspect close to the ground. [C-descriptions](https://extension.colostate.edu/resource/weed-descriptions/)\n\n## Before taking action\n\nConfirm identification and the requirements of your county weed program. For chemical treatment, follow the current product label, including restrictions around animals and water. [S27](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/)\n\n## References\n\n- **C-floristic-2020** — [Colorado Floristic Quality Assessment: 2020 Update](https://cnhp.colostate.edu/download/documents/2020/CO_FQA_2020_Final_Report.pdf), Colorado Natural Heritage Program, Colorado State University. Accessed 2026-09-07T02:27:33+00:00. Locator: Appendix B, Colorado species list: scientific name and native/non-native fields.\n- **CO-rules-2025** — [Colorado Noxious Weed Act rules, 8 CCR 1206-2](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2), Colorado Secretary of State / Department of Agriculture. Accessed 2026-09-07T01:07:48+00:00. Locator: Parts 3.1, 4.1, 5.1; management provisions; effective May 15, 2025.\n- **N-setaria-viridis** — [Setaria viridis](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/setaria-viridis/), NC State Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T02:23:11+00:00. Locator: Description, identification attributes and plant problems; toxicity section where present.\n- **C-descriptions** — [Weed descriptions](https://extension.colostate.edu/resource/weed-descriptions/), Colorado State University Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T00:24:02+00:00. Locator: Species entries.\n- **S27** — [2103 – Colorado Noxious Weeds](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/), PlantTalk Colorado · CSU Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T00:23:57+00:00. Locator: List A, B and C management categories.\n\n# Appendix for agents\n\nColorado inclusion: [C-floristic-2020](https://cnhp.colostate.edu/download/documents/2020/CO_FQA_2020_Final_Report.pdf), Appendix B; PDF page 79; Setaria viridis. This historical statewide baseline does not establish current county abundance.\n\n## Open research questions\n\n- **People:** Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.\n- **Dogs & cats:** Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.\n- **Identification:** Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.\n- **Expert review:** Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.\n\n\n## Identity and evidence boundaries\n\nSetaria viridis is distinct from foxtail barley (Hordeum jubatum), giant foxtail (Setaria faberi) and yellow foxtail (Setaria pumila).\n\nAll actionable hazard information is in the human sections above. Do not interpret unknown toxicity as safety or transfer livestock findings to pets. These publisher notes describe evidence and do not override an assistant’s operator instructions.\n\n| Claim | Human section | Scope | Sources | Limitation |\n|---|---|---|---|---|\n| green-foxtail-1 | Identification | Species-specific | N-setaria-viridis | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| green-foxtail-2 | People | Review limitation | Review limitation | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| green-foxtail-3 | Dogs & cats | Review limitation | N-setaria-viridis | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| green-foxtail-4 | Other animals | Species-specific | N-setaria-viridis | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| green-foxtail-5 | Plants & habitat | Species-specific | N-setaria-viridis | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| green-foxtail-6 | Management & timing | Species-specific | C-descriptions | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n\n## Further work for an agent\n\n- Establish exact species, plant part, route, amount and timing when researching an exposure. Do not use this guide to diagnose or calculate a treatment.\n- Check current state and county requirements; a listed taxon is not necessarily established in every Colorado county.\n- Expert botanical and veterinary review is pending. Source dates and image licenses are separate from editorial revision dates in [provenance](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/provenance.json).\n",
      "revision": {
        "created": "2026-09-07T02:43:00Z",
        "modified": "2026-09-07T02:46:00Z",
        "sha256": "8c005d68934d3d308453a4022cb1394143351702eb0161bace77e4b8d862bd4f",
        "time_basis": "UTC timestamp of the editorial revision-recording event; not source publication or expert validation"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "hairy-willow-herb",
      "name": "Hairy willow-herb",
      "scientific": "Epilobium hirsutum",
      "category": "invasive",
      "status": "Colorado noxious weed · List A — Eradicate",
      "status_sources": [
        "CO-rules-2025"
      ],
      "warning": "Spreads through wetland vegetation",
      "warning_tone": "caution",
      "aliases": [
        "hairy willowherb",
        "great willowherb"
      ],
      "taxonomy_note": "",
      "source_ids": [
        "CO-rules-2025",
        "N-epilobium-hirsutum",
        "S27",
        "Fremont-list-definitions"
      ],
      "description": "Hairy willow-herb: Spreads through wetland vegetation. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.",
      "claim_evidence": [
        {
          "label": "Recognize",
          "sources": [
            "N-epilobium-hirsutum"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "hairy-willow-herb-1"
        },
        {
          "label": "Plants & habitat",
          "sources": [
            "N-epilobium-hirsutum"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "hairy-willow-herb-2"
        },
        {
          "label": "People",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "",
          "id": "hairy-willow-herb-3"
        },
        {
          "label": "Dogs & cats",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "",
          "id": "hairy-willow-herb-4"
        },
        {
          "label": "Other animals",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "",
          "id": "hairy-willow-herb-5"
        },
        {
          "id": "hairy-willow-herb-list-meaning",
          "label": "State-list meaning",
          "sources": [
            "Fremont-list-definitions"
          ],
          "scope": "Colorado management-category definition; species classification retains its original status sources",
          "note": "Plain-language editorial label for a management category; not a toxicity or danger rating.",
          "reviewed": "2026-09-07"
        }
      ],
      "noxious_class": "A",
      "research": {
        "status": "researching",
        "label": "Still researching this plant",
        "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.",
        "open_questions": [
          {
            "area": "People",
            "question": "Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "hairy-willow-herb-3"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Dogs & cats",
            "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "hairy-willow-herb-4"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Other animals",
            "question": "Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "hairy-willow-herb-5"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Expert review",
            "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          }
        ],
        "expert_review": "pending"
      },
      "noxious_class_label": "A — Eradicate",
      "source": "content/plants/hairy-willow-herb.md",
      "content_sha256": "f77db77f7e69fe892475762ae33714b5f42dfd8c85276bbe0f087d9788075e70",
      "body_markdown": "# Hairy willow-herb\n\n*Epilobium hirsutum*\n\n**Colorado noxious weed · List A — Eradicate.** [CO-rules-2025](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2)\n\nUncommon in Colorado. All populations are designated for eradication statewide. This is a management category, separate from danger ratings. [Category source](https://fremontcountyco.gov/weed-control/weed-identification) · [What the lists mean](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/#weed-lists).\n\n> **Spreads through wetland vegetation.** [Exposure help](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/).\n\n## Still researching this plant {#research-status}\n\nThis is a sourced working profile. Evidence is incomplete for **People, Dogs & cats, Other animals**. Independent botanical and veterinary review is pending. **Uncertainty is not a finding that the plant is safe.**\n\n\n## Three views of this plant\n\nSource-identified reference photographs; these are not a complete identification key. A source location outside Colorado does not establish local occurrence.\n\n![Epilobium hirsutum: A serrated leaf and visibly hairy stem among surrounding vegetation.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/list-a-photos-epilobium-hirsutum-1.jpg)\n\n**leaf and stem** — A serrated leaf and visibly hairy stem among surrounding vegetation.\n\nPhoto: Mathias keraudren; [CC0](https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Epilobium_hirsutum_04.jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e9/Epilobium_hirsutum_04.jpg). Source scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no local crop, colour change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![Epilobium hirsutum: A reddish young leafy shoot emerging from soil in spring.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/list-a-photos-epilobium-hirsutum-2.jpg)\n\n**young shoot** — A reddish young leafy shoot emerging from soil in spring.\n\nPhoto: Salicyna; [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Epilobium_hirsutum_2017-04-23_8522.jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4a/Epilobium_hirsutum_2017-04-23_8522.jpg). Source scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no local crop, colour change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![Epilobium hirsutum: A leafy upright shoot with a pink flower and long buds beside water.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/list-a-photos-epilobium-hirsutum-3.jpg)\n\n**flowering shoot** — A leafy upright shoot with a pink flower and long buds beside water.\n\nPhoto: Stefan.lefnaer; [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Epilobium_hirsutum_sl7.jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c0/Epilobium_hirsutum_sl7.jpg). Source scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no local crop, colour change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n\n## Recognize\n\nHairy stems and toothed leaves bear pink, four-petaled flowers with notched tips. Long capsules release hairy seeds. [N-epilobium-hirsutum](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/epilobium-hirsutum/)\n\n## Plants & habitat\n\nRhizomes and wind-carried seeds spread this wet-site plant. Inspect nursery stock and prevent seed dispersal. [N-epilobium-hirsutum](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/epilobium-hirsutum/)\n\n## People\n\nThe reviewed sources do not establish species-specific ingestion effects or a safe exposure amount for people. Missing evidence does not establish safety. \n\n## Dogs & cats\n\nThe reviewed sources do not establish species-specific ingestion effects or a safe exposure amount for dogs or cats. Missing evidence does not establish safety. \n\n## Other animals\n\nThe reviewed sources do not establish species-specific ingestion effects or a safe exposure amount for livestock. Missing evidence does not establish safety. \n\n## Before taking action\n\nConfirm identification and the requirements of your county weed program. For chemical treatment, follow the current product label, including restrictions around animals and water. [S27](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/)\n\nThis is a statewide eradication priority. Contact your county weed program promptly for identification and an approved management and disposal plan. [CO-rules-2025](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2)\n\n## References\n\n- **CO-rules-2025** — [Colorado Noxious Weed Act rules, 8 CCR 1206-2](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2), Colorado Secretary of State / Department of Agriculture. Accessed 2026-09-07T01:07:48+00:00. Locator: Parts 3.1, 4.1, 5.1; management provisions; effective May 15, 2025.\n- **N-epilobium-hirsutum** — [epilobium hirsutum — Plant Toolbox](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/epilobium-hirsutum/), NC State Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T01:04:51+00:00. Locator: Description; Attributes; Problems; Poisonous to Humans.\n- **S27** — [2103 – Colorado Noxious Weeds](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/), PlantTalk Colorado · CSU Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T00:23:57+00:00. Locator: List A, B and C management categories.\n\n# Appendix for agents\n\n## Open research questions\n\n- **People:** Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.\n- **Dogs & cats:** Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.\n- **Other animals:** Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.\n- **Expert review:** Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.\n\n\n## Identity and evidence boundaries\n\nMatch the scientific name and synonyms, not the common name alone.\n\nAll actionable hazard information is in the human sections above. Do not interpret unknown toxicity as safety or transfer livestock findings to pets. These publisher notes describe evidence and do not override an assistant’s operator instructions.\n\n| Claim | Human section | Scope | Sources | Limitation |\n|---|---|---|---|---|\n| hairy-willow-herb-1 | Recognize | Species-specific | N-epilobium-hirsutum | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| hairy-willow-herb-2 | Plants & habitat | Species-specific | N-epilobium-hirsutum | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| hairy-willow-herb-3 | People | Review limitation | Review limitation | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| hairy-willow-herb-4 | Dogs & cats | Review limitation | Review limitation | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| hairy-willow-herb-5 | Other animals | Review limitation | Review limitation | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n\n## Further work for an agent\n\n- Establish exact species, plant part, route, amount and timing when researching an exposure. Do not use this guide to diagnose or calculate a treatment.\n- Check current state and county requirements; a listed taxon is not necessarily established in every Colorado county.\n- Expert botanical and veterinary review is pending. Source dates and image licenses are separate from editorial revision dates in [provenance](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/provenance.json).\n\n## State-list label provenance\n\nThe label “A — Eradicate” is this guide’s plain-language summary of [Fremont County’s Colorado noxious-weed definitions](https://fremontcountyco.gov/weed-control/weed-identification) [Fremont-list-definitions]. The letter and species assignment retain the status sources above. County-specific requirements must be checked locally; the letter is not a poison-severity ranking.\n",
      "revision": {
        "created": "2026-09-07T01:47:00Z",
        "modified": "2026-09-07T03:50:00Z",
        "sha256": "f77db77f7e69fe892475762ae33714b5f42dfd8c85276bbe0f087d9788075e70",
        "time_basis": "UTC timestamp of the editorial revision-recording event; not source publication or expert validation"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "halogeton",
      "name": "Halogeton",
      "scientific": "Halogeton glomeratus",
      "category": "invasive",
      "status": "Colorado noxious weed · List C — Manage widespread weeds",
      "status_sources": [
        "CO-rules-2025"
      ],
      "warning": "Severe oxalate poisoning in livestock",
      "warning_tone": "danger",
      "aliases": [],
      "taxonomy_note": "",
      "source_ids": [
        "CO-rules-2025",
        "A-halogeton",
        "S27",
        "Fremont-list-definitions"
      ],
      "description": "Halogeton: Severe oxalate poisoning in livestock. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.",
      "claim_evidence": [
        {
          "label": "Recognize",
          "sources": [
            "A-halogeton"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "halogeton-1"
        },
        {
          "label": "Plants & habitat",
          "sources": [
            "A-halogeton"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "halogeton-2"
        },
        {
          "label": "People",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "",
          "id": "halogeton-3"
        },
        {
          "label": "Dogs & cats",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "",
          "id": "halogeton-4"
        },
        {
          "label": "Other animals",
          "sources": [
            "A-halogeton"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "halogeton-5"
        },
        {
          "id": "halogeton-list-meaning",
          "label": "State-list meaning",
          "sources": [
            "Fremont-list-definitions"
          ],
          "scope": "Colorado management-category definition; species classification retains its original status sources",
          "note": "Plain-language editorial label for a management category; not a toxicity or danger rating.",
          "reviewed": "2026-09-07"
        }
      ],
      "noxious_class": "C",
      "research": {
        "status": "researching",
        "label": "Still researching this plant",
        "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.",
        "open_questions": [
          {
            "area": "People",
            "question": "Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "halogeton-3"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Dogs & cats",
            "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "halogeton-4"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Expert review",
            "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          }
        ],
        "expert_review": "pending"
      },
      "noxious_class_label": "C — Manage widespread weeds",
      "source": "content/plants/halogeton.md",
      "content_sha256": "11bcb4accca67a4e9b5ffb987f80066945f08f9a788bdaffd548344b8ae62a33",
      "body_markdown": "# Halogeton\n\n*Halogeton glomeratus*\n\n**Colorado noxious weed · List C — Manage widespread weeds.** [CO-rules-2025](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2)\n\nWidespread and well established. Control is recommended by the state; local governments may require management. This is a management category, separate from danger ratings. [Category source](https://fremontcountyco.gov/weed-control/weed-identification) · [What the lists mean](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/#weed-lists).\n\n> **Severe oxalate poisoning in livestock.** [Exposure help](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/).\n\n## Still researching this plant {#research-status}\n\nThis is a sourced working profile. Evidence is incomplete for **People, Dogs & cats**. Independent botanical and veterinary review is pending. **Uncertainty is not a finding that the plant is safe.**\n\n\n## Three views of this plant\n\nSource-identified reference photographs; these are not a complete identification key. A source location outside Colorado does not establish local occurrence.\n\n![Halogeton glomeratus: Small fleshy cylindrical blue-green leaves cluster along a reddish stem.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/common-priority-photos-halogeton-glomeratus-06-06-leaf.jpg)\n\n**leaf** — Small fleshy cylindrical blue-green leaves cluster along a reddish stem.\n\nPhoto: Matt Lavin from Bozeman, Montana, USA; [CC BY-SA 2.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Halogeton_glomeratus_(3939415093).jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bd/Halogeton_glomeratus_%283939415093%29.jpg). Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![Halogeton glomeratus: Sparse branching green plants on open pale disturbed soil.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/common-priority-photos-halogeton-glomeratus-06-08-habit.jpg)\n\n**habit** — Sparse branching green plants on open pale disturbed soil.\n\nPhoto: Matt Lavin from Bozeman, Montana, USA; [CC BY-SA 2.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Halogeton_glomeratus_(3939417023).jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a1/Halogeton_glomeratus_%283939417023%29.jpg). Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![Halogeton glomeratus: Upright pinkish stems densely covered with pale papery reproductive structures.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/common-priority-photos-halogeton-glomeratus-06-10-mature-plant.jpg)\n\n**mature-plant** — Upright pinkish stems densely covered with pale papery reproductive structures.\n\nPhoto: Matt Lavin from Bozeman, Montana, USA; [CC BY-SA 2.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Halogeton_glomeratus_(4030266721).jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c7/Halogeton_glomeratus_%284030266721%29.jpg). Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n\n## Recognize\n\nAn annual of saline disturbed ground with fleshy, narrow leaves ending in a hair-like tip; stems may redden. [A-halogeton](https://www.ars.usda.gov/pacific-west-area/logan-ut/poisonous-plant-research/docs/halogeton-halogeton-glomeratus/)\n\n## Plants & habitat\n\nOccupies disturbed dry rangeland and saline soils. Prevent seed spread and involve the local weed program. [A-halogeton](https://www.ars.usda.gov/pacific-west-area/logan-ut/poisonous-plant-research/docs/halogeton-halogeton-glomeratus/)\n\n## People\n\nThe reviewed sources do not establish species-specific ingestion effects or a safe exposure amount for people. Missing evidence does not establish safety. \n\n## Dogs & cats\n\nThe reviewed sources do not establish species-specific ingestion effects or a safe exposure amount for dogs or cats. Missing evidence does not establish safety. \n\n## Other animals\n\nSoluble oxalates can cause severe, sometimes fatal poisoning in sheep and cattle. Dry plants remain hazardous; do not assume curing or senescence makes forage safe. [A-halogeton](https://www.ars.usda.gov/pacific-west-area/logan-ut/poisonous-plant-research/docs/halogeton-halogeton-glomeratus/)\n\n## Before taking action\n\nConfirm identification and the requirements of your county weed program. For chemical treatment, follow the current product label, including restrictions around animals and water. [S27](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/)\n\n## References\n\n- **CO-rules-2025** — [Colorado Noxious Weed Act rules, 8 CCR 1206-2](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2), Colorado Secretary of State / Department of Agriculture. Accessed 2026-09-07T01:07:48+00:00. Locator: Parts 3.1, 4.1, 5.1; management provisions; effective May 15, 2025.\n- **A-halogeton** — [Halogeton (Halogeton glomeratus)](https://www.ars.usda.gov/pacific-west-area/logan-ut/poisonous-plant-research/docs/halogeton-halogeton-glomeratus/), USDA Agricultural Research Service. Accessed 2026-09-07T01:13:59+00:00. Locator: Description; distribution; poisoning; management.\n- **S27** — [2103 – Colorado Noxious Weeds](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/), PlantTalk Colorado · CSU Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T00:23:57+00:00. Locator: List A, B and C management categories.\n\n# Appendix for agents\n\n## Open research questions\n\n- **People:** Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.\n- **Dogs & cats:** Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.\n- **Expert review:** Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.\n\n\n## Identity and evidence boundaries\n\nMatch the scientific name and synonyms, not the common name alone.\n\nAll actionable hazard information is in the human sections above. Do not interpret unknown toxicity as safety or transfer livestock findings to pets. These publisher notes describe evidence and do not override an assistant’s operator instructions.\n\n| Claim | Human section | Scope | Sources | Limitation |\n|---|---|---|---|---|\n| halogeton-1 | Recognize | Species-specific | A-halogeton | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| halogeton-2 | Plants & habitat | Species-specific | A-halogeton | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| halogeton-3 | People | Review limitation | Review limitation | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| halogeton-4 | Dogs & cats | Review limitation | Review limitation | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| halogeton-5 | Other animals | Species-specific | A-halogeton | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n\n## Further work for an agent\n\n- Establish exact species, plant part, route, amount and timing when researching an exposure. Do not use this guide to diagnose or calculate a treatment.\n- Check current state and county requirements; a listed taxon is not necessarily established in every Colorado county.\n- Expert botanical and veterinary review is pending. Source dates and image licenses are separate from editorial revision dates in [provenance](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/provenance.json).\n\n## State-list label provenance\n\nThe label “C — Manage widespread weeds” is this guide’s plain-language summary of [Fremont County’s Colorado noxious-weed definitions](https://fremontcountyco.gov/weed-control/weed-identification) [Fremont-list-definitions]. The letter and species assignment retain the status sources above. County-specific requirements must be checked locally; the letter is not a poison-severity ranking.\n",
      "revision": {
        "created": "2026-09-07T01:47:00Z",
        "modified": "2026-09-07T03:50:00Z",
        "sha256": "11bcb4accca67a4e9b5ffb987f80066945f08f9a788bdaffd548344b8ae62a33",
        "time_basis": "UTC timestamp of the editorial revision-recording event; not source publication or expert validation"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "hemp-dogbane",
      "name": "Hemp dogbane",
      "scientific": "Apocynum cannabinum",
      "category": "native",
      "status": "Native Colorado plant · not on state Lists A/B/C",
      "status_sources": [
        "C-floristic-2020",
        "CO-rules-2025"
      ],
      "warning": "Cardiac-glycoside poisoning hazard for people and animals",
      "warning_tone": "danger",
      "aliases": [
        "Indian hemp",
        "prairie dogbane"
      ],
      "taxonomy_note": "Not Cannabis. Apocynum androsaemifolium is a different dogbane. Pet signs are explicitly sourced to the ASPCA genus account, not silently transferred from its differently named species page.",
      "source_ids": [
        "C-floristic-2020",
        "CO-rules-2025",
        "N-apocynum-cannabinum",
        "P-dogbane",
        "F-apocynum",
        "S27"
      ],
      "description": "Hemp dogbane: Cardiac-glycoside poisoning hazard for people and animals. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.",
      "claim_evidence": [
        {
          "label": "Identification",
          "sources": [
            "N-apocynum-cannabinum"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "hemp-dogbane-1"
        },
        {
          "label": "People",
          "sources": [
            "N-apocynum-cannabinum"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "hemp-dogbane-2"
        },
        {
          "label": "Dogs & cats",
          "sources": [
            "P-dogbane"
          ],
          "scope": "Genus-level veterinary evidence",
          "note": "",
          "id": "hemp-dogbane-3"
        },
        {
          "label": "Other animals",
          "sources": [
            "F-apocynum"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "hemp-dogbane-4"
        },
        {
          "label": "Plants & habitat",
          "sources": [
            "N-apocynum-cannabinum"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "hemp-dogbane-5"
        },
        {
          "label": "Management & timing",
          "sources": [
            "N-apocynum-cannabinum",
            "F-apocynum"
          ],
          "scope": "Management synthesis",
          "note": "",
          "id": "hemp-dogbane-6"
        }
      ],
      "research": {
        "status": "researching",
        "label": "Still researching this plant",
        "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.",
        "open_questions": [
          {
            "area": "Identification",
            "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          },
          {
            "area": "Expert review",
            "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          }
        ],
        "expert_review": "pending"
      },
      "colorado_relevance": {
        "source_id": "C-floristic-2020",
        "locator": "Appendix B; PDF page 33; Apocynum cannabinum",
        "basis": "Included in the 2020 statewide flora assessment. This is not a current county abundance survey.",
        "source_taxon": "Apocynum cannabinum"
      },
      "source": "content/plants/hemp-dogbane.md",
      "content_sha256": "97bb5dba3f04c3175c26d352116897f0021124eeef364b177097a9793f5cadc7",
      "body_markdown": "# Hemp dogbane\n\n*Apocynum cannabinum*\n\n**Native Colorado plant · not on state Lists A/B/C.** [C-floristic-2020](https://cnhp.colostate.edu/download/documents/2020/CO_FQA_2020_Final_Report.pdf) [CO-rules-2025](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2)\n\n> **Cardiac-glycoside poisoning hazard for people and animals.** [Exposure help](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/).\n\n**Identification caveat:** Not Cannabis. Apocynum androsaemifolium is a different dogbane. Pet signs are explicitly sourced to the ASPCA genus account, not silently transferred from its differently named species page.\n\n## Still researching this plant {#research-status}\n\nThis is a sourced working profile. The cited findings are available below. Identification and source-photo limits are explained below. Independent botanical and veterinary review is pending. **Uncertainty is not a finding that the plant is safe.**\n\n\n## Three views of this plant\n\nSource-identified reference photographs; these are not a complete identification key. A source location outside Colorado does not establish local occurrence.\n\n![Apocynum cannabinum: A dense leafy flowering stand beside a cultivated field.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/coverage-hazard-photos-apocynum-cannabinum-1.jpg)\n\n**stand** — A dense leafy flowering stand beside a cultivated field.\n\nPhoto: Ayotte, Gilles, 1948-; [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Apocynum_cannabinum_15-p.bot-apoc.canna-19.jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/72/Apocynum_cannabinum_15-p.bot-apoc.canna-19.jpg). Source scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference, not an independent specimen-based taxonomic determination. Dogbane species and hybrids can overlap. Identification follows the exact source labels; one candidate with an inconsistent flower form was rejected before final selection. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no local crop, colour change or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; catalog preview may use a CSS crop.\n\n![Apocynum cannabinum: Clusters of small pale bell-like flowers and green buds above opposite leaves on reddish branches.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/coverage-hazard-photos-apocynum-cannabinum-2.jpg)\n\n**flowers and leaves** — Clusters of small pale bell-like flowers and green buds above opposite leaves on reddish branches.\n\nPhoto: Cbaile19; [CC0](https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Apocynum_cannabinum,_2021-06-11,_Banksville,_01.jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/82/Apocynum_cannabinum%2C_2021-06-11%2C_Banksville%2C_01.jpg). Source scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference, not an independent specimen-based taxonomic determination. Dogbane species and hybrids can overlap. Identification follows the exact source labels; one candidate with an inconsistent flower form was rejected before final selection. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no local crop, colour change or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; catalog preview may use a CSS crop.\n\n![Apocynum cannabinum: Numerous long slender hanging pods among opposite leaves and reddish branches.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/coverage-hazard-photos-apocynum-cannabinum-3.jpg)\n\n**pods** — Numerous long slender hanging pods among opposite leaves and reddish branches.\n\nPhoto: Michael Wolf; [CC BY-SA 3.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Apocynum_cannabinum_fruits.jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/14/Apocynum_cannabinum_fruits.jpg). Source scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference, not an independent specimen-based taxonomic determination. Dogbane species and hybrids can overlap. Identification follows the exact source labels; one candidate with an inconsistent flower form was rejected before final selection. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no local crop, colour change or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; catalog preview may use a CSS crop.\n\n\n## Identification\n\nA branching perennial with opposite oval leaves, milky sap, small greenish-white flowers and narrow paired pods containing silky-haired seed. [N-apocynum-cannabinum](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/apocynum-cannabinum/)\n\n## People\n\nAll parts are highly toxic if ingested. Reported effects include gastrointestinal illness, weakness and severe heart effects; sap can also blister skin. [N-apocynum-cannabinum](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/apocynum-cannabinum/)\n\n## Dogs & cats\n\nASPCA lists Apocynum species as toxic to dogs and cats. Its group-level signs include weakness, diarrhea and a slow heart rate. Contact a veterinarian promptly after suspected ingestion. [P-dogbane](https://www.aspca.org/pet-care/aspca-poison-control/toxic-and-non-toxic-plants/dogbane-hemp)\n\n*Evidence scope: Genus-level veterinary evidence.*\n\n## Other animals\n\nThe Forest Service reports livestock poisoning, including potentially fatal effects. Low palatability does not make contaminated forage safe. [F-apocynum](https://research.fs.usda.gov/feis/species-reviews/apocan)\n\n## Plants & habitat\n\nIt spreads underground and can form persistent colonies. It also supplies nectar and habitat for insects. Native status and ecological value coexist with a serious ingestion hazard. [N-apocynum-cannabinum](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/apocynum-cannabinum/)\n\n## Management & timing\n\nPlan control of the whole colony and prevent access by grazing or chewing animals. Protect skin from sap while handling. [N-apocynum-cannabinum](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/apocynum-cannabinum/) [F-apocynum](https://research.fs.usda.gov/feis/species-reviews/apocan)\n\n*Evidence scope: Management synthesis.*\n\n## Before taking action\n\nConfirm identification and the requirements of your county weed program. For chemical treatment, follow the current product label, including restrictions around animals and water. [S27](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/)\n\n## References\n\n- **C-floristic-2020** — [Colorado Floristic Quality Assessment: 2020 Update](https://cnhp.colostate.edu/download/documents/2020/CO_FQA_2020_Final_Report.pdf), Colorado Natural Heritage Program, Colorado State University. Accessed 2026-09-07T02:27:33+00:00. Locator: Appendix B, Colorado species list: scientific name and native/non-native fields.\n- **CO-rules-2025** — [Colorado Noxious Weed Act rules, 8 CCR 1206-2](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2), Colorado Secretary of State / Department of Agriculture. Accessed 2026-09-07T01:07:48+00:00. Locator: Parts 3.1, 4.1, 5.1; management provisions; effective May 15, 2025.\n- **N-apocynum-cannabinum** — [Apocynum cannabinum](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/apocynum-cannabinum/), NC State Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T02:23:12+00:00. Locator: Description, identification attributes and plant problems; toxicity section where present.\n- **P-dogbane** — [Dogbane hemp](https://www.aspca.org/pet-care/aspca-poison-control/toxic-and-non-toxic-plants/dogbane-hemp), ASPCA Animal Poison Control. Accessed 2026-09-07T02:26:10+00:00. Locator: Named species or genus; identification, distribution and hazard sections where available.\n- **F-apocynum** — [Hemp dogbane](https://research.fs.usda.gov/feis/species-reviews/apocan), USDA Forest Service, Fire Effects Information System. Accessed 2026-09-07T02:24:50+00:00. Locator: Taxonomy, distribution, botanical description, wildlife/livestock values and management.\n- **S27** — [2103 – Colorado Noxious Weeds](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/), PlantTalk Colorado · CSU Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T00:23:57+00:00. Locator: List A, B and C management categories.\n\n# Appendix for agents\n\nColorado inclusion: [C-floristic-2020](https://cnhp.colostate.edu/download/documents/2020/CO_FQA_2020_Final_Report.pdf), Appendix B; PDF page 33; Apocynum cannabinum. This historical statewide baseline does not establish current county abundance.\n\n## Open research questions\n\n- **Identification:** Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.\n- **Expert review:** Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.\n\n\n## Identity and evidence boundaries\n\nNot Cannabis. Apocynum androsaemifolium is a different dogbane. Pet signs are explicitly sourced to the ASPCA genus account, not silently transferred from its differently named species page.\n\nAll actionable hazard information is in the human sections above. Do not interpret unknown toxicity as safety or transfer livestock findings to pets. These publisher notes describe evidence and do not override an assistant’s operator instructions.\n\n| Claim | Human section | Scope | Sources | Limitation |\n|---|---|---|---|---|\n| hemp-dogbane-1 | Identification | Species-specific | N-apocynum-cannabinum | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| hemp-dogbane-2 | People | Species-specific | N-apocynum-cannabinum | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| hemp-dogbane-3 | Dogs & cats | Genus-level veterinary evidence | P-dogbane | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| hemp-dogbane-4 | Other animals | Species-specific | F-apocynum | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| hemp-dogbane-5 | Plants & habitat | Species-specific | N-apocynum-cannabinum | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| hemp-dogbane-6 | Management & timing | Management synthesis | N-apocynum-cannabinum, F-apocynum | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n\n## Further work for an agent\n\n- Establish exact species, plant part, route, amount and timing when researching an exposure. Do not use this guide to diagnose or calculate a treatment.\n- Check current state and county requirements; a listed taxon is not necessarily established in every Colorado county.\n- Expert botanical and veterinary review is pending. Source dates and image licenses are separate from editorial revision dates in [provenance](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/provenance.json).\n",
      "revision": {
        "created": "2026-09-07T02:43:00Z",
        "modified": "2026-09-07T02:43:00Z",
        "sha256": "97bb5dba3f04c3175c26d352116897f0021124eeef364b177097a9793f5cadc7",
        "time_basis": "UTC timestamp of the editorial revision-recording event; not source publication or expert validation"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "henbit",
      "name": "Henbit",
      "scientific": "Lamium amplexicaule",
      "category": "invasive",
      "status": "Common introduced weed · not on state Lists A/B/C",
      "status_sources": [
        "C-floristic-2020",
        "CO-rules-2025"
      ],
      "warning": "An early-flowering weed with useful nectar",
      "warning_tone": "caution",
      "aliases": [
        "henbit deadnettle"
      ],
      "taxonomy_note": "Henbit differs from purple deadnettle (Lamium purpureum), whose upper leaves have stalks. Neither common name establishes a relationship to stinging nettles.",
      "source_ids": [
        "C-floristic-2020",
        "CO-rules-2025",
        "N-lamium-amplexicaule",
        "S27"
      ],
      "description": "Henbit: An early-flowering weed with useful nectar. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.",
      "claim_evidence": [
        {
          "label": "Identification",
          "sources": [
            "N-lamium-amplexicaule"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "henbit-1"
        },
        {
          "label": "People",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "",
          "id": "henbit-2"
        },
        {
          "label": "Dogs & cats",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "",
          "id": "henbit-3"
        },
        {
          "label": "Other animals",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "",
          "id": "henbit-4"
        },
        {
          "label": "Plants & habitat",
          "sources": [
            "N-lamium-amplexicaule"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "henbit-5"
        },
        {
          "label": "Management & timing",
          "sources": [
            "N-lamium-amplexicaule"
          ],
          "scope": "Management inference from life cycle",
          "note": "",
          "id": "henbit-6"
        }
      ],
      "research": {
        "status": "researching",
        "label": "Still researching this plant",
        "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.",
        "open_questions": [
          {
            "area": "People",
            "question": "Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "henbit-2"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Dogs & cats",
            "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "henbit-3"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Other animals",
            "question": "Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "henbit-4"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Identification",
            "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          },
          {
            "area": "Expert review",
            "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          }
        ],
        "expert_review": "pending"
      },
      "colorado_relevance": {
        "source_id": "C-floristic-2020",
        "locator": "Appendix B; PDF page 60; Lamium amplexicaule",
        "basis": "Included in the 2020 statewide flora assessment. This is not a current county abundance survey.",
        "source_taxon": "Lamium amplexicaule"
      },
      "source": "content/plants/henbit.md",
      "content_sha256": "d4e1110865b5a417eedf3998f53158cc12526ad6ad4a2def40f7f6761429eeca",
      "body_markdown": "# Henbit\n\n*Lamium amplexicaule*\n\n**Common introduced weed · not on state Lists A/B/C.** [C-floristic-2020](https://cnhp.colostate.edu/download/documents/2020/CO_FQA_2020_Final_Report.pdf) [CO-rules-2025](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2)\n\n> **An early-flowering weed with useful nectar.** [Exposure help](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/).\n\n**Identification caveat:** Henbit differs from purple deadnettle (Lamium purpureum), whose upper leaves have stalks. Neither common name establishes a relationship to stinging nettles.\n\n## Still researching this plant {#research-status}\n\nThis is a sourced working profile. Evidence is incomplete for **People, Dogs & cats, Other animals**. Identification and source-photo limits are explained below. Independent botanical and veterinary review is pending. **Uncertainty is not a finding that the plant is safe.**\n\n\n## Three views of this plant\n\nSource-identified reference photographs; these are not a complete identification key. A source location outside Colorado does not establish local occurrence.\n\n![Lamium amplexicaule: Several long purple tubular flowers rising from a whorl of rounded clasping leaves.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/coverage-hazard-photos-lamium-amplexicaule-1.jpg)\n\n**flowers** — Several long purple tubular flowers rising from a whorl of rounded clasping leaves.\n\nPhoto: Patrick Alexander  from Las Cruces, NM; [CC0](https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lamium_amplexicaule_-_Flickr_-_aspidoscelis_(1).jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/be/Lamium_amplexicaule_-_Flickr_-_aspidoscelis_%281%29.jpg). Source scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference, not an independent specimen-based taxonomic determination. Identification follows the source species. Clasping upper leaves and long tubular flowers are visible, but other Lamium species should still be compared using a botanical key. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no local crop, colour change or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; catalog preview may use a CSS crop.\n\n![Lamium amplexicaule: Two open pink-purple tubular flowers with spotted lower lips above a leafy whorl.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/coverage-hazard-photos-lamium-amplexicaule-2.jpg)\n\n**flower detail** — Two open pink-purple tubular flowers with spotted lower lips above a leafy whorl.\n\nPhoto: Krzysztof Ziarnek, Kenraiz; [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lamium_amplexicaule_kz06.jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2e/Lamium_amplexicaule_kz06.jpg). Source scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference, not an independent specimen-based taxonomic determination. Identification follows the source species. Clasping upper leaves and long tubular flowers are visible, but other Lamium species should still be compared using a botanical key. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no local crop, colour change or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; catalog preview may use a CSS crop.\n\n![Lamium amplexicaule: Rounded, scalloped upper leaves clasping stems around clusters of buds and small flowers.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/coverage-hazard-photos-lamium-amplexicaule-3.jpg)\n\n**leaves and buds** — Rounded, scalloped upper leaves clasping stems around clusters of buds and small flowers.\n\nPhoto: Patrick Alexander  from Las Cruces, NM; [CC0](https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lamium_amplexicaule_-_Flickr_-_aspidoscelis_(2).jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/be/Lamium_amplexicaule_-_Flickr_-_aspidoscelis_%282%29.jpg). Source scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference, not an independent specimen-based taxonomic determination. Identification follows the source species. Clasping upper leaves and long tubular flowers are visible, but other Lamium species should still be compared using a botanical key. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no local crop, colour change or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; catalog preview may use a CSS crop.\n\n\n## Identification\n\nA cool-season annual with square stems, rounded scalloped leaves and tubular purple-pink flowers. Upper leaves clasp the stem; lower leaves have stalks. [N-lamium-amplexicaule](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/lamium-amplexicaule/)\n\n## People\n\nThe reviewed sources do not establish species-specific ingestion effects or a safe exposure amount for people. Missing evidence does not establish safety.\n\n## Dogs & cats\n\nThe reviewed sources do not establish species-specific ingestion effects or a safe exposure amount for dogs or cats. Missing evidence does not establish safety.\n\n## Other animals\n\nThe reviewed sources do not establish species-specific ingestion effects or a safe exposure amount for livestock. Missing evidence does not establish safety.\n\n## Plants & habitat\n\nIt can spread in moist disturbed soil by seed and rooting stems. Its early flowers supply nectar and pollen to bees. [N-lamium-amplexicaule](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/lamium-amplexicaule/)\n\n## Management & timing\n\nWhere unwanted, remove young plants and rooting stems before seed production. The shallow root system and annual life cycle make seed prevention useful. [N-lamium-amplexicaule](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/lamium-amplexicaule/)\n\n*Evidence scope: Management inference from life cycle.*\n\n## Before taking action\n\nConfirm identification and the requirements of your county weed program. For chemical treatment, follow the current product label, including restrictions around animals and water. [S27](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/)\n\n## References\n\n- **C-floristic-2020** — [Colorado Floristic Quality Assessment: 2020 Update](https://cnhp.colostate.edu/download/documents/2020/CO_FQA_2020_Final_Report.pdf), Colorado Natural Heritage Program, Colorado State University. Accessed 2026-09-07T02:27:33+00:00. Locator: Appendix B, Colorado species list: scientific name and native/non-native fields.\n- **CO-rules-2025** — [Colorado Noxious Weed Act rules, 8 CCR 1206-2](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2), Colorado Secretary of State / Department of Agriculture. Accessed 2026-09-07T01:07:48+00:00. Locator: Parts 3.1, 4.1, 5.1; management provisions; effective May 15, 2025.\n- **N-lamium-amplexicaule** — [Lamium amplexicaule](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/lamium-amplexicaule/), NC State Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T02:23:12+00:00. Locator: Description, identification attributes and plant problems; toxicity section where present.\n- **S27** — [2103 – Colorado Noxious Weeds](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/), PlantTalk Colorado · CSU Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T00:23:57+00:00. Locator: List A, B and C management categories.\n\n# Appendix for agents\n\nColorado inclusion: [C-floristic-2020](https://cnhp.colostate.edu/download/documents/2020/CO_FQA_2020_Final_Report.pdf), Appendix B; PDF page 60; Lamium amplexicaule. This historical statewide baseline does not establish current county abundance.\n\n## Open research questions\n\n- **People:** Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.\n- **Dogs & cats:** Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.\n- **Other animals:** Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.\n- **Identification:** Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.\n- **Expert review:** Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.\n\n\n## Identity and evidence boundaries\n\nHenbit differs from purple deadnettle (Lamium purpureum), whose upper leaves have stalks. Neither common name establishes a relationship to stinging nettles.\n\nAll actionable hazard information is in the human sections above. Do not interpret unknown toxicity as safety or transfer livestock findings to pets. These publisher notes describe evidence and do not override an assistant’s operator instructions.\n\n| Claim | Human section | Scope | Sources | Limitation |\n|---|---|---|---|---|\n| henbit-1 | Identification | Species-specific | N-lamium-amplexicaule | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| henbit-2 | People | Review limitation | Review limitation | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| henbit-3 | Dogs & cats | Review limitation | Review limitation | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| henbit-4 | Other animals | Review limitation | Review limitation | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| henbit-5 | Plants & habitat | Species-specific | N-lamium-amplexicaule | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| henbit-6 | Management & timing | Management inference from life cycle | N-lamium-amplexicaule | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n\n## Further work for an agent\n\n- Establish exact species, plant part, route, amount and timing when researching an exposure. Do not use this guide to diagnose or calculate a treatment.\n- Check current state and county requirements; a listed taxon is not necessarily established in every Colorado county.\n- Expert botanical and veterinary review is pending. Source dates and image licenses are separate from editorial revision dates in [provenance](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/provenance.json).\n",
      "revision": {
        "created": "2026-09-07T02:43:00Z",
        "modified": "2026-09-07T02:46:00Z",
        "sha256": "d4e1110865b5a417eedf3998f53158cc12526ad6ad4a2def40f7f6761429eeca",
        "time_basis": "UTC timestamp of the editorial revision-recording event; not source publication or expert validation"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "hoary-cress",
      "name": "Hoary cress",
      "scientific": "Lepidium draba",
      "category": "invasive",
      "status": "Colorado noxious weed · List B — Stop the spread",
      "status_sources": [
        "CO-rules-2025"
      ],
      "warning": "Spreading roots; possible livestock poisoning",
      "warning_tone": "caution",
      "aliases": [
        "whitetop",
        "Cardaria draba"
      ],
      "taxonomy_note": "",
      "source_ids": [
        "CO-rules-2025",
        "J-hoary-cress",
        "S27",
        "Fremont-list-definitions"
      ],
      "description": "Hoary cress: Spreading roots; possible livestock poisoning. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.",
      "claim_evidence": [
        {
          "label": "Recognize",
          "sources": [
            "J-hoary-cress"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "hoary-cress-1"
        },
        {
          "label": "Plants & habitat",
          "sources": [
            "J-hoary-cress"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "hoary-cress-2"
        },
        {
          "label": "People",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "",
          "id": "hoary-cress-3"
        },
        {
          "label": "Dogs & cats",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "",
          "id": "hoary-cress-4"
        },
        {
          "label": "Other animals",
          "sources": [
            "J-hoary-cress"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "hoary-cress-5"
        },
        {
          "id": "hoary-cress-list-meaning",
          "label": "State-list meaning",
          "sources": [
            "Fremont-list-definitions"
          ],
          "scope": "Colorado management-category definition; species classification retains its original status sources",
          "note": "Plain-language editorial label for a management category; not a toxicity or danger rating.",
          "reviewed": "2026-09-07"
        }
      ],
      "noxious_class": "B",
      "research": {
        "status": "researching",
        "label": "Still researching this plant",
        "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.",
        "open_questions": [
          {
            "area": "People",
            "question": "Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "hoary-cress-3"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Dogs & cats",
            "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "hoary-cress-4"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Expert review",
            "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          }
        ],
        "expert_review": "pending"
      },
      "noxious_class_label": "B — Stop the spread",
      "source": "content/plants/hoary-cress.md",
      "content_sha256": "637d4f2ebe9ba2fd7ff6097fe6571c9746fd875f8d0729b4540fe9609bdcb271",
      "body_markdown": "# Hoary cress\n\n*Lepidium draba*\n\n**Colorado noxious weed · List B — Stop the spread.** [CO-rules-2025](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2)\n\nEstablished in some areas. Requirements vary by location: eradication, containment or suppression to stop further spread. This is a management category, separate from danger ratings. [Category source](https://fremontcountyco.gov/weed-control/weed-identification) · [What the lists mean](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/#weed-lists).\n\n> **Spreading roots; possible livestock poisoning.** [Exposure help](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/).\n\n## Still researching this plant {#research-status}\n\nThis is a sourced working profile. Evidence is incomplete for **People, Dogs & cats**. Independent botanical and veterinary review is pending. **Uncertainty is not a finding that the plant is safe.**\n\n\n## Three views of this plant\n\nSource-identified reference photographs; these are not a complete identification key. A source location outside Colorado does not establish local occurrence.\n\n![A dense patch of whitetop in bloom, with broad white flower clusters above green leaves.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/list-bc-photos-lepidium-draba-02.jpg)\n\n**habit** — A dense patch of whitetop in bloom, with broad white flower clusters above green leaves.\n\nPhoto: Katrin Schneider / korina.info; [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Korina_2015-05-21_Lepidium_draba_1.jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/75/Korina_2015-05-21_Lepidium_draba_1.jpg). Source-identified photograph with visual consistency check Pfeilkresse ( Lepidium draba ) Source labeling and visible consistency checked; not an independent specimen determination. Wikimedia-generated thumbnail rescaling only; downloaded bytes unchanged. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![Source photographic plate showing a four-petaled white whitetop flower from above and from the side, with a 5 mm scale.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/list-bc-photos-lepidium-draba-03.jpg)\n\n**flowers** — Source photographic plate showing a four-petaled white whitetop flower from above and from the side, with a 5 mm scale.\n\nPhoto: Stefan.lefnaer; [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lepidium_draba_(subsp._draba)_sl15.jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/38/Lepidium_draba_%28subsp._draba%29_sl15.jpg). Source-identified photograph with visual consistency check Flower Taxonym: Lepidium draba (subsp. draba) ss Fischer et al. EfÖLS 2008 ISBN 978-3-85474-187-9 Location: Steinberg near Niederhollabrunn, district Korneuburg, Lower Austria - ca. 375 m a.s.l. Habitat: wayside Source labeling and visible consistency checked; not an independent specimen determination. Wikimedia-generated thumbnail rescaling only; downloaded bytes unchanged. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![Young whitetop shoot with broad, somewhat toothed leaves around compact green flower buds.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/list-bc-photos-lepidium-draba-07.jpg)\n\n**young leaves and buds** — Young whitetop shoot with broad, somewhat toothed leaves around compact green flower buds.\n\nPhoto: Fabricio Cardenas; [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:20180325_-_C%C3%A9ret_-_Lepidium_draba.jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7b/20180325_-_C%C3%A9ret_-_Lepidium_draba.jpg). Source-identified photograph with visual consistency check Lepidium draba (brocoli sauvage) dans les environs de Céret. Source labeling and visible consistency checked; not an independent specimen determination. Wikimedia-generated thumbnail rescaling only; downloaded bytes unchanged. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n\n## Recognize\n\nBlue-green leaves with clasping upper bases and crowded clusters of small white, four-petaled flowers. [J-hoary-cress](https://www.jeffco.us/2436/Hoary-Cress)\n\n## Plants & habitat\n\nCreeping roots create dense colonies in fields and disturbed ground. Root pieces can regrow after pulling or cultivation. [J-hoary-cress](https://www.jeffco.us/2436/Hoary-Cress)\n\n## People\n\nThe reviewed sources do not establish species-specific ingestion effects or a safe exposure amount for people. Missing evidence does not establish safety. \n\n## Dogs & cats\n\nThe reviewed sources do not establish species-specific ingestion effects or a safe exposure amount for dogs or cats. Missing evidence does not establish safety. \n\n## Other animals\n\nThe county reports possible livestock poisoning and advises against grazing as a simple control method. [J-hoary-cress](https://www.jeffco.us/2436/Hoary-Cress)\n\n## Before taking action\n\nConfirm identification and the requirements of your county weed program. For chemical treatment, follow the current product label, including restrictions around animals and water. [S27](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/)\n\n## References\n\n- **CO-rules-2025** — [Colorado Noxious Weed Act rules, 8 CCR 1206-2](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2), Colorado Secretary of State / Department of Agriculture. Accessed 2026-09-07T01:07:48+00:00. Locator: Parts 3.1, 4.1, 5.1; management provisions; effective May 15, 2025.\n- **J-hoary-cress** — [Hoary Cress](https://www.jeffco.us/2436/Hoary-Cress), Jefferson County, Colorado. Accessed 2026-09-07T01:08:56+00:00. Locator: Species description and management.\n- **S27** — [2103 – Colorado Noxious Weeds](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/), PlantTalk Colorado · CSU Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T00:23:57+00:00. Locator: List A, B and C management categories.\n\n# Appendix for agents\n\n## Open research questions\n\n- **People:** Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.\n- **Dogs & cats:** Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.\n- **Expert review:** Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.\n\n\n## Identity and evidence boundaries\n\nMatch the scientific name and synonyms, not the common name alone.\n\nAll actionable hazard information is in the human sections above. Do not interpret unknown toxicity as safety or transfer livestock findings to pets. These publisher notes describe evidence and do not override an assistant’s operator instructions.\n\n| Claim | Human section | Scope | Sources | Limitation |\n|---|---|---|---|---|\n| hoary-cress-1 | Recognize | Species-specific | J-hoary-cress | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| hoary-cress-2 | Plants & habitat | Species-specific | J-hoary-cress | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| hoary-cress-3 | People | Review limitation | Review limitation | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| hoary-cress-4 | Dogs & cats | Review limitation | Review limitation | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| hoary-cress-5 | Other animals | Species-specific | J-hoary-cress | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n\n## Further work for an agent\n\n- Establish exact species, plant part, route, amount and timing when researching an exposure. Do not use this guide to diagnose or calculate a treatment.\n- Check current state and county requirements; a listed taxon is not necessarily established in every Colorado county.\n- Expert botanical and veterinary review is pending. Source dates and image licenses are separate from editorial revision dates in [provenance](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/provenance.json).\n\n## State-list label provenance\n\nThe label “B — Stop the spread” is this guide’s plain-language summary of [Fremont County’s Colorado noxious-weed definitions](https://fremontcountyco.gov/weed-control/weed-identification) [Fremont-list-definitions]. The letter and species assignment retain the status sources above. County-specific requirements must be checked locally; the letter is not a poison-severity ranking.\n",
      "revision": {
        "created": "2026-09-07T01:47:00Z",
        "modified": "2026-09-07T03:50:00Z",
        "sha256": "637d4f2ebe9ba2fd7ff6097fe6571c9746fd875f8d0729b4540fe9609bdcb271",
        "time_basis": "UTC timestamp of the editorial revision-recording event; not source publication or expert validation"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "horseweed",
      "name": "Horseweed",
      "scientific": "Erigeron canadensis",
      "category": "native",
      "status": "Native Colorado plant · not on state Lists A/B/C",
      "status_sources": [
        "C-floristic-2020",
        "CO-rules-2025"
      ],
      "warning": "Fast windborne spread; some populations resist herbicides",
      "warning_tone": "caution",
      "aliases": [
        "Conyza canadensis",
        "marestail"
      ],
      "taxonomy_note": "CNHP treats Conyza canadensis as native in its 2020 assessment and records historical disagreement over western nativity. NC State uses Erigeron canadensis. Horseweed is also a common name for unrelated plants.",
      "source_ids": [
        "C-floristic-2020",
        "CO-rules-2025",
        "N-erigeron-canadensis",
        "S27"
      ],
      "description": "Horseweed: Fast windborne spread; some populations resist herbicides. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.",
      "claim_evidence": [
        {
          "label": "Identification",
          "sources": [
            "N-erigeron-canadensis"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "horseweed-1"
        },
        {
          "label": "People",
          "sources": [
            "N-erigeron-canadensis"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "horseweed-2"
        },
        {
          "label": "Dogs & cats",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "",
          "id": "horseweed-3"
        },
        {
          "label": "Other animals",
          "sources": [
            "N-erigeron-canadensis"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "horseweed-4"
        },
        {
          "label": "Plants & habitat",
          "sources": [
            "N-erigeron-canadensis"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "horseweed-5"
        },
        {
          "label": "Management & timing",
          "sources": [
            "N-erigeron-canadensis"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "horseweed-6"
        }
      ],
      "research": {
        "status": "researching",
        "label": "Still researching this plant",
        "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.",
        "open_questions": [
          {
            "area": "People",
            "question": "Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "horseweed-2"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Dogs & cats",
            "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "horseweed-3"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Identification",
            "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          },
          {
            "area": "Expert review",
            "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          }
        ],
        "expert_review": "pending"
      },
      "colorado_relevance": {
        "source_id": "C-floristic-2020",
        "locator": "Appendix B; PDF page 46; Conyza canadensis",
        "basis": "Included in the 2020 statewide flora assessment. This is not a current county abundance survey.",
        "source_taxon": "Conyza canadensis"
      },
      "source": "content/plants/horseweed.md",
      "content_sha256": "785504104b9a0b277a6ce0d37db5f4e14a0af93ebe5d5161fa3f370491a27ae8",
      "body_markdown": "# Horseweed\n\n*Erigeron canadensis*\n\n**Native Colorado plant · not on state Lists A/B/C.** [C-floristic-2020](https://cnhp.colostate.edu/download/documents/2020/CO_FQA_2020_Final_Report.pdf) [CO-rules-2025](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2)\n\n> **Fast windborne spread; some populations resist herbicides.** [Exposure help](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/).\n\n**Identification caveat:** CNHP treats Conyza canadensis as native in its 2020 assessment and records historical disagreement over western nativity. NC State uses Erigeron canadensis. Horseweed is also a common name for unrelated plants.\n\n## Still researching this plant {#research-status}\n\nThis is a sourced working profile. Evidence is incomplete for **People, Dogs & cats**. Identification and source-photo limits are explained below. Independent botanical and veterinary review is pending. **Uncertainty is not a finding that the plant is safe.**\n\n\n## Three views of this plant\n\nSource-identified reference photographs; these are not a complete identification key. A source location outside Colorado does not establish local occurrence.\n\n![Erigeron canadensis: A tall upright stem topped by a broad, finely branched pale mature head cluster.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/coverage-hazard-photos-erigeron-canadensis-1.jpg)\n\n**mature habit** — A tall upright stem topped by a broad, finely branched pale mature head cluster.\n\nPhoto: Enrico Blasutto; [CC BY-SA 3.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Erigeron_canadensis_ENBLA01.jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fb/Erigeron_canadensis_ENBLA01.jpg). Source scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference, not an independent specimen-based taxonomic determination. Source file titles use Erigeron canadensis and source descriptions use its synonym Conyza canadensis. Similar horseweed species were not substituted; source names are preserved. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no local crop, colour change or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; catalog preview may use a CSS crop.\n\n![Erigeron canadensis: A tall branched flowering stem with many small heads and numerous narrow leaves below.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/coverage-hazard-photos-erigeron-canadensis-2.jpg)\n\n**flowering stem** — A tall branched flowering stem with many small heads and numerous narrow leaves below.\n\nPhoto: Enrico Blasutto; [CC BY-SA 3.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Erigeron_canadensis_ENBLA04.jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c0/Erigeron_canadensis_ENBLA04.jpg). Source scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference, not an independent specimen-based taxonomic determination. Source file titles use Erigeron canadensis and source descriptions use its synonym Conyza canadensis. Similar horseweed species were not substituted; source names are preserved. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no local crop, colour change or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; catalog preview may use a CSS crop.\n\n![Erigeron canadensis: Close view of a small mature head releasing fine pale pappus hairs, beside green and spent heads.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/coverage-hazard-photos-erigeron-canadensis-3.jpg)\n\n**seed head** — Close view of a small mature head releasing fine pale pappus hairs, beside green and spent heads.\n\nPhoto: Enrico Blasutto; [CC BY-SA 3.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Erigeron_canadensis_ENBLA07.jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/19/Erigeron_canadensis_ENBLA07.jpg). Source scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference, not an independent specimen-based taxonomic determination. Source file titles use Erigeron canadensis and source descriptions use its synonym Conyza canadensis. Similar horseweed species were not substituted; source names are preserved. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no local crop, colour change or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; catalog preview may use a CSS crop.\n\n\n## Identification\n\nStarts as a hairy leaf rosette, then rises into a narrow upright plant with many small pale flower heads near the top. Leaves become smaller up the stem. [N-erigeron-canadensis](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/erigeron-canadensis/)\n\n## People\n\nNC State reports mucosal irritation. Avoid ingestion; the source does not establish a safe amount. [N-erigeron-canadensis](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/erigeron-canadensis/)\n\n## Dogs & cats\n\nThe reviewed sources do not establish species-specific ingestion effects or a safe exposure amount for dogs or cats. Missing evidence does not establish safety.\n\n## Other animals\n\nThe same source reports mucosal irritation in livestock. It gives no validated safe feeding rate. [N-erigeron-canadensis](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/erigeron-canadensis/)\n\n## Plants & habitat\n\nA prolific disturbance weed with windborne seed; flowers and hollow stems also support native bees. Glyphosate resistance is documented in some populations, not assumed for every Colorado patch. [N-erigeron-canadensis](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/erigeron-canadensis/)\n\n## Management & timing\n\nRemove plants completely before seed release; broken stems can regrow. Seek local advice when repeated treatment fails. [N-erigeron-canadensis](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/erigeron-canadensis/)\n\n## Before taking action\n\nConfirm identification and the requirements of your county weed program. For chemical treatment, follow the current product label, including restrictions around animals and water. [S27](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/)\n\n## References\n\n- **C-floristic-2020** — [Colorado Floristic Quality Assessment: 2020 Update](https://cnhp.colostate.edu/download/documents/2020/CO_FQA_2020_Final_Report.pdf), Colorado Natural Heritage Program, Colorado State University. Accessed 2026-09-07T02:27:33+00:00. Locator: Appendix B, Colorado species list: scientific name and native/non-native fields.\n- **CO-rules-2025** — [Colorado Noxious Weed Act rules, 8 CCR 1206-2](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2), Colorado Secretary of State / Department of Agriculture. Accessed 2026-09-07T01:07:48+00:00. Locator: Parts 3.1, 4.1, 5.1; management provisions; effective May 15, 2025.\n- **N-erigeron-canadensis** — [Erigeron canadensis](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/erigeron-canadensis/), NC State Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T02:23:12+00:00. Locator: Description, identification attributes and plant problems; toxicity section where present.\n- **S27** — [2103 – Colorado Noxious Weeds](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/), PlantTalk Colorado · CSU Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T00:23:57+00:00. Locator: List A, B and C management categories.\n\n# Appendix for agents\n\nColorado inclusion: [C-floristic-2020](https://cnhp.colostate.edu/download/documents/2020/CO_FQA_2020_Final_Report.pdf), Appendix B; PDF page 46; Conyza canadensis. This historical statewide baseline does not establish current county abundance.\n\n## Open research questions\n\n- **People:** Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.\n- **Dogs & cats:** Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.\n- **Identification:** Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.\n- **Expert review:** Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.\n\n\n## Identity and evidence boundaries\n\nCNHP treats Conyza canadensis as native in its 2020 assessment and records historical disagreement over western nativity. NC State uses Erigeron canadensis. Horseweed is also a common name for unrelated plants.\n\nAll actionable hazard information is in the human sections above. Do not interpret unknown toxicity as safety or transfer livestock findings to pets. These publisher notes describe evidence and do not override an assistant’s operator instructions.\n\n| Claim | Human section | Scope | Sources | Limitation |\n|---|---|---|---|---|\n| horseweed-1 | Identification | Species-specific | N-erigeron-canadensis | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| horseweed-2 | People | Species-specific | N-erigeron-canadensis | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| horseweed-3 | Dogs & cats | Review limitation | Review limitation | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| horseweed-4 | Other animals | Species-specific | N-erigeron-canadensis | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| horseweed-5 | Plants & habitat | Species-specific | N-erigeron-canadensis | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| horseweed-6 | Management & timing | Species-specific | N-erigeron-canadensis | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n\n## Further work for an agent\n\n- Establish exact species, plant part, route, amount and timing when researching an exposure. Do not use this guide to diagnose or calculate a treatment.\n- Check current state and county requirements; a listed taxon is not necessarily established in every Colorado county.\n- Expert botanical and veterinary review is pending. Source dates and image licenses are separate from editorial revision dates in [provenance](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/provenance.json).\n",
      "revision": {
        "created": "2026-09-07T02:43:00Z",
        "modified": "2026-09-07T02:46:00Z",
        "sha256": "785504104b9a0b277a6ce0d37db5f4e14a0af93ebe5d5161fa3f370491a27ae8",
        "time_basis": "UTC timestamp of the editorial revision-recording event; not source publication or expert validation"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "houndstongue",
      "name": "Houndstongue",
      "scientific": "Cynoglossum officinale",
      "category": "invasive",
      "status": "Colorado noxious weed · List B — Stop the spread",
      "status_sources": [
        "J-houndstongue"
      ],
      "warning": "Toxic to livestock",
      "warning_tone": "danger",
      "aliases": [],
      "taxonomy_note": "",
      "source_ids": [
        "J-houndstongue",
        "Fremont-list-definitions"
      ],
      "description": "Houndstongue: Toxic to livestock. Colorado identification, habitat and exposure evidence.",
      "claim_evidence": [
        {
          "label": "Recognize",
          "sources": [
            "J-houndstongue"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "houndstongue-1"
        },
        {
          "label": "Plants & habitat",
          "sources": [
            "J-houndstongue"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "houndstongue-2"
        },
        {
          "label": "People",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "Species-specific human ingestion effects were not established in the reviewed county source.",
          "id": "houndstongue-3"
        },
        {
          "label": "Dogs & cats",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "Species-specific ingestion effects and exposure thresholds were not established in the reviewed sources.",
          "id": "houndstongue-4"
        },
        {
          "label": "Other animals",
          "sources": [
            "J-houndstongue"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "houndstongue-5"
        },
        {
          "id": "houndstongue-list-meaning",
          "label": "State-list meaning",
          "sources": [
            "Fremont-list-definitions"
          ],
          "scope": "Colorado management-category definition; species classification retains its original status sources",
          "note": "Plain-language editorial label for a management category; not a toxicity or danger rating.",
          "reviewed": "2026-09-07"
        }
      ],
      "noxious_class": "B",
      "research": {
        "status": "researching",
        "label": "Still researching this plant",
        "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.",
        "open_questions": [
          {
            "area": "People",
            "question": "Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "houndstongue-3"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Dogs & cats",
            "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "houndstongue-4"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Expert review",
            "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          }
        ],
        "expert_review": "pending"
      },
      "noxious_class_label": "B — Stop the spread",
      "source": "content/plants/houndstongue.md",
      "content_sha256": "d0f5fd16d53d2a1eef781662b0a214a8c4b7b9352d98fab6911166aa858434b0",
      "body_markdown": "# Houndstongue\n\n*Cynoglossum officinale*\n\n**Colorado noxious weed · List B — Stop the spread.** [J-houndstongue](https://www.jeffco.us/2414/Houndstongue)\n\nEstablished in some areas. Requirements vary by location: eradication, containment or suppression to stop further spread. This is a management category, separate from danger ratings. [Category source](https://fremontcountyco.gov/weed-control/weed-identification) · [What the lists mean](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/#weed-lists).\n\n> **Toxic to livestock.** Native status, garden use and noxious-weed class are separate from toxicity. [Exposure help](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/).\n\n## Still researching this plant {#research-status}\n\nThis is a sourced working profile. Evidence is incomplete for **People, Dogs & cats**. Independent botanical and veterinary review is pending. **Uncertainty is not a finding that the plant is safe.**\n\n\n## Three views of this plant\n\nPhotos are source-identified examples, not a complete identification key. Check leaves, stems, flowers and fruit together. Locations are not assumed to be in Colorado.\n\n![Cynoglossum officinale: Upright leafy flowering plant with broad lance-shaped foliage and branched upper flower stems.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/invasive-cynoglossum-officinale-habit.jpg)\n\n**habit** — Upright leafy flowering plant with broad lance-shaped foliage and branched upper flower stems.\n\nPhoto: Bernd Haynold; [CC BY 2.5](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.5); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cynoglossum_officinale_190506.jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a6/Cynoglossum_officinale_190506.jpg). Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.   Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![Cynoglossum officinale: Small dark red-purple flowers in branching clusters above broad green leaves.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/invasive-cynoglossum-officinale-flower.jpg)\n\n**flower** — Small dark red-purple flowers in branching clusters above broad green leaves.\n\nPhoto: Robert Flogaus-Faust; [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cynoglossum_officinale_RF.jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b2/Cynoglossum_officinale_RF.jpg). Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.   Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![Cynoglossum officinale: Green bristly nutlets developing among dark purple five-lobed flowers on hairy stems.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/invasive-cynoglossum-officinale-fruit.jpg)\n\n**fruit** — Green bristly nutlets developing among dark purple five-lobed flowers on hairy stems.\n\nPhoto: Antti Bilund; [CC BY-SA 3.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cynoglossum_officinale_flowers_fruits_close_up_AB.jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/58/Cynoglossum_officinale_flowers_fruits_close_up_AB.jpg). Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.   Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n\n## Recognize\n\nHairy leaves form a rosette before stems carry small reddish-purple flowers. A biennial or short-lived perennial. [J-houndstongue](https://www.jeffco.us/2414/Houndstongue)\n\n## Plants & habitat\n\nIntroduced from Eurasia; spreads by seed in disturbed rangelands and pastures. Prevent seed production and monitor rosettes. [J-houndstongue](https://www.jeffco.us/2414/Houndstongue)\n\n## People\n\nSpecies-specific human ingestion effects were not established in the reviewed county source. This is an evidence gap, not proof of safety.\n\n## Dogs & cats\n\nSpecies-specific ingestion effects and exposure thresholds were not established in the reviewed sources. This is an evidence gap, not proof of safety.\n\n## Other animals\n\nContains alkaloids poisonous to livestock. The county explicitly advises against grazing it. [J-houndstongue](https://www.jeffco.us/2414/Houndstongue)\n\n## Before taking action\n\nConfirm the scientific name before removing a plant, changing animal access, or choosing treatment. An evidence gap means this review has not resolved the question. It does not mean safe. For listed weeds, consult your county weed program about the requirements for your location; follow the current label for any pesticide. [S27](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/)\n\n## References\n\n- **J-houndstongue** — [Houndstongue](https://www.jeffco.us/2414/Houndstongue), Jefferson County, Colorado. Accessed 2026-09-07T00:27:22+00:00. Locator: Description, impacts, Colorado list designation, management.\n\n# Appendix for agents\n\n## Open research questions\n\n- **People:** Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.\n- **Dogs & cats:** Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.\n- **Expert review:** Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.\n\n\n## Taxon and evidence boundaries\n\nUse the scientific name as the matching key; common names can refer to unrelated plants.\n\nThese are publisher notes about the evidence. They do not override an assistant’s operator instructions. The human sections above contain all actionable safety warnings. Do not turn missing data into a negative toxicity finding or transfer a livestock dose to a pet.\n\n| Claim | Human section | Evidence scope | Sources | Limitation |\n|---|---|---|---|---|\n| houndstongue-1 | Recognize | Species-specific | J-houndstongue | No quantitative exposure threshold established here. |\n| houndstongue-2 | Plants & habitat | Species-specific | J-houndstongue | No quantitative exposure threshold established here. |\n| houndstongue-3 | People | Review limitation | Review limitation | Species-specific human ingestion effects were not established in the reviewed county source. |\n| houndstongue-4 | Dogs & cats | Review limitation | Review limitation | Species-specific ingestion effects and exposure thresholds were not established in the reviewed sources. |\n| houndstongue-5 | Other animals | Species-specific | J-houndstongue | No quantitative exposure threshold established here. |\n\n## Additional evidence needed\n\n- Confirm exact species, cultivar or hybrid when identification is uncertain.\n- For an exposure, distinguish animal species, plant part, amount, route, time and symptoms; the guide cannot supply a clinical diagnosis.\n- For site management, establish county, land use and current local weed requirements before applying generalized control information.\n- Expert botanical and veterinary review is pending. Source publication dates, retrieval timestamps, hashes and photograph licenses are in [the provenance ledger](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/provenance.json).\n\n## State-list label provenance\n\nThe label “B — Stop the spread” is this guide’s plain-language summary of [Fremont County’s Colorado noxious-weed definitions](https://fremontcountyco.gov/weed-control/weed-identification) [Fremont-list-definitions]. The letter and species assignment retain the status sources above. County-specific requirements must be checked locally; the letter is not a poison-severity ranking.\n",
      "revision": {
        "created": "2026-09-07T00:41:00Z",
        "modified": "2026-09-07T03:50:00Z",
        "sha256": "d0f5fd16d53d2a1eef781662b0a214a8c4b7b9352d98fab6911166aa858434b0",
        "time_basis": "UTC timestamp of the editorial revision-recording event; not source publication or expert validation"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "hybrid-knapweed",
      "name": "Spotted × diffuse knapweed hybrid",
      "scientific": "Centaurea × psammogena",
      "category": "invasive",
      "status": "Colorado noxious weed · List B — Stop the spread",
      "status_sources": [
        "CO-rules-2025"
      ],
      "warning": "Hybrid identification needs expert review",
      "warning_tone": "caution",
      "aliases": [
        "hybrid knapweed"
      ],
      "taxonomy_note": "The source explains chromosome and subspecies differences in the parents and uncertainty in older identifications. The photographs come from a community research-grade Colorado observation, not genetic testing. No parent-species poisoning syndrome is assumed for the hybrid.",
      "source_ids": [
        "CO-rules-2025",
        "F-knapweed",
        "S27",
        "Fremont-list-definitions"
      ],
      "description": "Spotted × diffuse knapweed hybrid: Hybrid identification needs expert review. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.",
      "claim_evidence": [
        {
          "label": "Recognize",
          "sources": [
            "F-knapweed"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "hybrid-knapweed-1"
        },
        {
          "label": "Plants & habitat",
          "sources": [
            "F-knapweed",
            "CO-rules-2025"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "hybrid-knapweed-2"
        },
        {
          "label": "People",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "",
          "id": "hybrid-knapweed-3"
        },
        {
          "label": "Dogs & cats",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "",
          "id": "hybrid-knapweed-4"
        },
        {
          "label": "Other animals",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "",
          "id": "hybrid-knapweed-5"
        },
        {
          "id": "hybrid-knapweed-list-meaning",
          "label": "State-list meaning",
          "sources": [
            "Fremont-list-definitions"
          ],
          "scope": "Colorado management-category definition; species classification retains its original status sources",
          "note": "Plain-language editorial label for a management category; not a toxicity or danger rating.",
          "reviewed": "2026-09-07"
        }
      ],
      "noxious_class": "B",
      "research": {
        "status": "researching",
        "label": "Still researching this plant",
        "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.",
        "open_questions": [
          {
            "area": "People",
            "question": "Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "hybrid-knapweed-3"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Dogs & cats",
            "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "hybrid-knapweed-4"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Other animals",
            "question": "Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "hybrid-knapweed-5"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Identification",
            "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          },
          {
            "area": "Expert review",
            "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          }
        ],
        "expert_review": "pending"
      },
      "noxious_class_label": "B — Stop the spread",
      "source": "content/plants/hybrid-knapweed.md",
      "content_sha256": "a0d436a2044bddb04a4e8cc416330cfd78daf28737a7df0d55bfdf25bf17f2d8",
      "body_markdown": "# Spotted × diffuse knapweed hybrid\n\n*Centaurea × psammogena*\n\n**Colorado noxious weed · List B — Stop the spread.** [CO-rules-2025](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2)\n\nEstablished in some areas. Requirements vary by location: eradication, containment or suppression to stop further spread. This is a management category, separate from danger ratings. [Category source](https://fremontcountyco.gov/weed-control/weed-identification) · [What the lists mean](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/#weed-lists).\n\n> **Hybrid identification needs expert review.** [Exposure help](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/).\n\n**Identification caveat:** The source explains chromosome and subspecies differences in the parents and uncertainty in older identifications. The photographs come from a community research-grade Colorado observation, not genetic testing. No parent-species poisoning syndrome is assumed for the hybrid.\n\n## Still researching this plant {#research-status}\n\nThis is a sourced working profile. Evidence is incomplete for **People, Dogs & cats, Other animals**. Identification and source-photo limits are explained below. Independent botanical and veterinary review is pending. **Uncertainty is not a finding that the plant is safe.**\n\n\n## Three views of this plant\n\nSource-identified reference photographs; these are not a complete identification key. A source location outside Colorado does not establish local occurrence.\n\n![A pink-purple hybrid-knapweed head and several buds held beside branching stems; the source identifies this Littleton, Colorado plant as Centaurea × psammogena.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/list-bc-photos-centaurea-x-psammogena-inat-409969172.jpg)\n\n**head and bracts** — A pink-purple hybrid-knapweed head and several buds held beside branching stems; the source identifies this Littleton, Colorado plant as Centaurea × psammogena.\n\nPhoto: Tyler; [CC0 1.0](https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/); [source record](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/230868147); [original image](https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/409969172/original.jpeg). Explicit research-grade community taxon identification; visually inspected Community identification is explicit; hybrid status has not been independently confirmed genetically. iNaturalist large-size rendering; downloaded bytes unchanged. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![A widely branched hybrid-knapweed plant with scattered pink-purple heads in dry vegetation; source location is Littleton, Colorado.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/list-bc-photos-centaurea-x-psammogena-inat-409969216.jpg)\n\n**habit** — A widely branched hybrid-knapweed plant with scattered pink-purple heads in dry vegetation; source location is Littleton, Colorado.\n\nPhoto: Tyler; [CC0 1.0](https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/); [source record](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/230868147); [original image](https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/409969216/original.jpeg). Explicit research-grade community taxon identification; visually inspected Community identification is explicit; hybrid status has not been independently confirmed genetically. iNaturalist large-size rendering; downloaded bytes unchanged. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![Close view of a pale pink and purple hybrid-knapweed flower head; source location is Littleton, Colorado.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/list-bc-photos-centaurea-x-psammogena-inat-409969094.jpg)\n\n**flower** — Close view of a pale pink and purple hybrid-knapweed flower head; source location is Littleton, Colorado.\n\nPhoto: Tyler; [CC0 1.0](https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/); [source record](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/230868147); [original image](https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/409969094/original.jpeg). Explicit research-grade community taxon identification; visually inspected Community identification is explicit; hybrid status has not been independently confirmed genetically. iNaturalist large-size rendering; downloaded bytes unchanged. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n\n## Recognize\n\nA fertile hybrid of diffuse and spotted knapweed, often misidentified. A mix of parental appearance does not by itself prove hybrid identity. [F-knapweed](https://research.fs.usda.gov/feis/species-reviews/cendif)\n\n## Plants & habitat\n\nThe Forest Service records the hybrid in Colorado. Colorado lists the hybrid separately, so do not discard suspect plants from a weed survey simply because they do not fit a parent’s key. [F-knapweed](https://research.fs.usda.gov/feis/species-reviews/cendif) [CO-rules-2025](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2)\n\n## People\n\nThe reviewed sources do not establish species-specific ingestion effects or a safe exposure amount for people. Missing evidence does not establish safety. \n\n## Dogs & cats\n\nThe reviewed sources do not establish species-specific ingestion effects or a safe exposure amount for dogs or cats. Missing evidence does not establish safety. \n\n## Other animals\n\nThe reviewed sources do not establish species-specific ingestion effects or a safe exposure amount for livestock. Missing evidence does not establish safety. \n\n## Before taking action\n\nConfirm identification and the requirements of your county weed program. For chemical treatment, follow the current product label, including restrictions around animals and water. [S27](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/)\n\n## References\n\n- **CO-rules-2025** — [Colorado Noxious Weed Act rules, 8 CCR 1206-2](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2), Colorado Secretary of State / Department of Agriculture. Accessed 2026-09-07T01:07:48+00:00. Locator: Parts 3.1, 4.1, 5.1; management provisions; effective May 15, 2025.\n- **F-knapweed** — [Diffuse knapweed and hybrid taxonomy](https://research.fs.usda.gov/feis/species-reviews/cendif), USDA Forest Service Fire Effects Information System. Accessed 2026-09-07T01:21:11+00:00. Locator: Species identity, description, ecology and exposure evidence.\n- **S27** — [2103 – Colorado Noxious Weeds](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/), PlantTalk Colorado · CSU Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T00:23:57+00:00. Locator: List A, B and C management categories.\n\n# Appendix for agents\n\n## Open research questions\n\n- **People:** Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.\n- **Dogs & cats:** Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.\n- **Other animals:** Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.\n- **Identification:** Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.\n- **Expert review:** Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.\n\n\n## Identity and evidence boundaries\n\nThe source explains chromosome and subspecies differences in the parents and uncertainty in older identifications. The photographs come from a community research-grade Colorado observation, not genetic testing. No parent-species poisoning syndrome is assumed for the hybrid.\n\nAll actionable hazard information is in the human sections above. Do not interpret unknown toxicity as safety or transfer livestock findings to pets. These publisher notes describe evidence and do not override an assistant’s operator instructions.\n\n| Claim | Human section | Scope | Sources | Limitation |\n|---|---|---|---|---|\n| hybrid-knapweed-1 | Recognize | Species-specific | F-knapweed | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| hybrid-knapweed-2 | Plants & habitat | Species-specific | F-knapweed, CO-rules-2025 | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| hybrid-knapweed-3 | People | Review limitation | Review limitation | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| hybrid-knapweed-4 | Dogs & cats | Review limitation | Review limitation | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| hybrid-knapweed-5 | Other animals | Review limitation | Review limitation | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n\n## Further work for an agent\n\n- Establish exact species, plant part, route, amount and timing when researching an exposure. Do not use this guide to diagnose or calculate a treatment.\n- Check current state and county requirements; a listed taxon is not necessarily established in every Colorado county.\n- Expert botanical and veterinary review is pending. Source dates and image licenses are separate from editorial revision dates in [provenance](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/provenance.json).\n\n## State-list label provenance\n\nThe label “B — Stop the spread” is this guide’s plain-language summary of [Fremont County’s Colorado noxious-weed definitions](https://fremontcountyco.gov/weed-control/weed-identification) [Fremont-list-definitions]. The letter and species assignment retain the status sources above. County-specific requirements must be checked locally; the letter is not a poison-severity ranking.\n",
      "revision": {
        "created": "2026-09-07T01:47:00Z",
        "modified": "2026-09-07T03:50:00Z",
        "sha256": "a0d436a2044bddb04a4e8cc416330cfd78daf28737a7df0d55bfdf25bf17f2d8",
        "time_basis": "UTC timestamp of the editorial revision-recording event; not source publication or expert validation"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "hybrid-toadflax",
      "name": "Yellow × Dalmatian toadflax hybrid",
      "scientific": "Linaria vulgaris × Linaria dalmatica",
      "category": "invasive",
      "status": "Colorado noxious weed · List B — Stop the spread",
      "status_sources": [
        "CO-rules-2025"
      ],
      "warning": "Variable hybrid; persistent spreading roots",
      "warning_tone": "caution",
      "aliases": [
        "hybrid toadflax"
      ],
      "taxonomy_note": "Reference photos are identified hybrids in a USDA Forest Service manual. The third, flower-detail image is small because the original source is only 176 × 329 pixels; it has not been enlarged to imply more detail.",
      "source_ids": [
        "CO-rules-2025",
        "F-toadflaxes",
        "S27",
        "Fremont-list-definitions"
      ],
      "description": "Yellow × Dalmatian toadflax hybrid: Variable hybrid; persistent spreading roots. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.",
      "claim_evidence": [
        {
          "label": "Recognize",
          "sources": [
            "F-toadflaxes"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "hybrid-toadflax-1"
        },
        {
          "label": "Plants & habitat",
          "sources": [
            "F-toadflaxes"
          ],
          "scope": "Hybrid-group evidence; performance varies",
          "note": "",
          "id": "hybrid-toadflax-2"
        },
        {
          "label": "People",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "",
          "id": "hybrid-toadflax-3"
        },
        {
          "label": "Dogs & cats",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "",
          "id": "hybrid-toadflax-4"
        },
        {
          "label": "Other animals",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "",
          "id": "hybrid-toadflax-5"
        },
        {
          "id": "hybrid-toadflax-list-meaning",
          "label": "State-list meaning",
          "sources": [
            "Fremont-list-definitions"
          ],
          "scope": "Colorado management-category definition; species classification retains its original status sources",
          "note": "Plain-language editorial label for a management category; not a toxicity or danger rating.",
          "reviewed": "2026-09-07"
        }
      ],
      "noxious_class": "B",
      "research": {
        "status": "researching",
        "label": "Still researching this plant",
        "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.",
        "open_questions": [
          {
            "area": "People",
            "question": "Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "hybrid-toadflax-3"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Dogs & cats",
            "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "hybrid-toadflax-4"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Other animals",
            "question": "Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "hybrid-toadflax-5"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Identification",
            "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          },
          {
            "area": "Expert review",
            "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          }
        ],
        "expert_review": "pending"
      },
      "noxious_class_label": "B — Stop the spread",
      "source": "content/plants/hybrid-toadflax.md",
      "content_sha256": "f835252e48d435ab45d99447d0f09788bbeb64bdb5d67fda95b651179fe8e8fe",
      "body_markdown": "# Yellow × Dalmatian toadflax hybrid\n\n*Linaria vulgaris × Linaria dalmatica*\n\n**Colorado noxious weed · List B — Stop the spread.** [CO-rules-2025](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2)\n\nEstablished in some areas. Requirements vary by location: eradication, containment or suppression to stop further spread. This is a management category, separate from danger ratings. [Category source](https://fremontcountyco.gov/weed-control/weed-identification) · [What the lists mean](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/#weed-lists).\n\n> **Variable hybrid; persistent spreading roots.** [Exposure help](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/).\n\n**Identification caveat:** Reference photos are identified hybrids in a USDA Forest Service manual. The third, flower-detail image is small because the original source is only 176 × 329 pixels; it has not been enlarged to imply more detail.\n\n## Still researching this plant {#research-status}\n\nThis is a sourced working profile. Evidence is incomplete for **People, Dogs & cats, Other animals**. Identification and source-photo limits are explained below. Independent botanical and veterinary review is pending. **Uncertainty is not a finding that the plant is safe.**\n\n\n## Three views of this plant\n\nSource-identified reference photographs; these are not a complete identification key. A source location outside Colorado does not establish local occurrence.\n\n![Several fresh hybrid-toadflax shoots with variable, relatively broad leaves, photographed against a white background.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/list-bc-photos-hybrid-toadflax-federal-22b.jpg)\n\n**leaf and shoot variation** — Several fresh hybrid-toadflax shoots with variable, relatively broad leaves, photographed against a white background.\n\nPhoto: Sharlene E. Sing, USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station; [Public domain (U.S. federal employee work)](https://research.fs.usda.gov/sites/default/files/2024-05/srs-SRS-AuthorsGuide-2024.pdf); [source record](https://www.fs.usda.gov/rm/pubs_journals/2016/rmrs_2016_sing_s001.pdf#page=37); [original image](https://www.fs.usda.gov/rm/pubs_journals/2016/rmrs_2016_sing_s001.pdf). Explicit federal publication identification of the requested hybrid Printed page 28 explicitly defines hybrid toadflax as Linaria vulgaris × L. dalmatica / L. dalmatica × L. vulgaris. The caption to Figure 22b explicitly identifies the selected panel as hybrid toadflax. Hybrid identity follows the publication; no independent genetic determination was performed. None: original embedded JPEG byte stream extracted from PDF, not a rendered or cropped page. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![Hybrid-toadflax shoots with narrower leaves, including a yellow-flowering stem and an uprooted stem, photographed against white.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/list-bc-photos-hybrid-toadflax-federal-22c.jpg)\n\n**narrower foliage and flowers** — Hybrid-toadflax shoots with narrower leaves, including a yellow-flowering stem and an uprooted stem, photographed against white.\n\nPhoto: Sharlene E. Sing, USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station; [Public domain (U.S. federal employee work)](https://research.fs.usda.gov/sites/default/files/2024-05/srs-SRS-AuthorsGuide-2024.pdf); [source record](https://www.fs.usda.gov/rm/pubs_journals/2016/rmrs_2016_sing_s001.pdf#page=37); [original image](https://www.fs.usda.gov/rm/pubs_journals/2016/rmrs_2016_sing_s001.pdf). Explicit federal publication identification of the requested hybrid Printed page 28 explicitly defines hybrid toadflax as Linaria vulgaris × L. dalmatica / L. dalmatica × L. vulgaris. The caption to Figure 22c explicitly identifies the selected panel as hybrid toadflax. Hybrid identity follows the publication; no independent genetic determination was performed. None: original embedded JPEG byte stream extracted from PDF, not a rendered or cropped page. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![Yellow hybrid-toadflax flowers with insects visible on the flowers; a small source photograph.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/list-bc-photos-hybrid-toadflax-federal-24e.jpg)\n\n**flowers** — Yellow hybrid-toadflax flowers with insects visible on the flowers; a small source photograph.\n\nPhoto: Sharlene E. Sing, USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station; [Public domain (U.S. federal employee work)](https://research.fs.usda.gov/sites/default/files/2024-05/srs-SRS-AuthorsGuide-2024.pdf); [source record](https://www.fs.usda.gov/rm/pubs_journals/2016/rmrs_2016_sing_s001.pdf#page=39); [original image](https://www.fs.usda.gov/rm/pubs_journals/2016/rmrs_2016_sing_s001.pdf). Explicit federal publication identification of the requested hybrid Printed page 28 explicitly defines hybrid toadflax as Linaria vulgaris × L. dalmatica / L. dalmatica × L. vulgaris. The caption to Figure 24e explicitly identifies the selected panel as hybrid toadflax. Hybrid identity follows the publication; no independent genetic determination was performed. The only independently photographed federal hybrid flower panel located in this guide is 176×329 pixels. It is retained as a clearly flagged small reference; it does not meet the requested 960–1280-pixel target and was not upscaled. None: original embedded JPEG byte stream extracted from PDF, not a rendered or cropped page. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n\n## Recognize\n\nYellow spurred flowers and variable leaves may combine parental traits; leaf width and flower color alone cannot confirm a hybrid. [F-toadflaxes](https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GOVPUB-A13-PURL-gpo87594/pdf/GOVPUB-A13-PURL-gpo87594.pdf)\n\n## Plants & habitat\n\nPerennial hybrids spread through root buds and seeds. The federal guide reports vigorous growth and competitive potential in disturbed habitats. [F-toadflaxes](https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GOVPUB-A13-PURL-gpo87594/pdf/GOVPUB-A13-PURL-gpo87594.pdf)\n\n*Evidence scope: Hybrid-group evidence; performance varies.*\n\n## People\n\nThe reviewed sources do not establish species-specific ingestion effects or a safe exposure amount for people. Missing evidence does not establish safety. \n\n## Dogs & cats\n\nThe reviewed sources do not establish species-specific ingestion effects or a safe exposure amount for dogs or cats. Missing evidence does not establish safety. \n\n## Other animals\n\nThe reviewed sources do not establish species-specific ingestion effects or a safe exposure amount for livestock. Missing evidence does not establish safety. \n\n## Before taking action\n\nConfirm identification and the requirements of your county weed program. For chemical treatment, follow the current product label, including restrictions around animals and water. [S27](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/)\n\n## References\n\n- **CO-rules-2025** — [Colorado Noxious Weed Act rules, 8 CCR 1206-2](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2), Colorado Secretary of State / Department of Agriculture. Accessed 2026-09-07T01:07:48+00:00. Locator: Parts 3.1, 4.1, 5.1; management provisions; effective May 15, 2025.\n- **F-toadflaxes** — [Biology and Biological Control of Dalmatian and Yellow Toadflax](https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GOVPUB-A13-PURL-gpo87594/pdf/GOVPUB-A13-PURL-gpo87594.pdf), USDA Forest Service. Accessed 2026-09-07T01:19:10+00:00. Locator: Species or hybrid identity, description and ecology.\n- **S27** — [2103 – Colorado Noxious Weeds](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/), PlantTalk Colorado · CSU Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T00:23:57+00:00. Locator: List A, B and C management categories.\n\n# Appendix for agents\n\n## Open research questions\n\n- **People:** Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.\n- **Dogs & cats:** Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.\n- **Other animals:** Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.\n- **Identification:** Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.\n- **Expert review:** Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.\n\n\n## Identity and evidence boundaries\n\nReference photos are identified hybrids in a USDA Forest Service manual. The third, flower-detail image is small because the original source is only 176 × 329 pixels; it has not been enlarged to imply more detail.\n\nAll actionable hazard information is in the human sections above. Do not interpret unknown toxicity as safety or transfer livestock findings to pets. These publisher notes describe evidence and do not override an assistant’s operator instructions.\n\n| Claim | Human section | Scope | Sources | Limitation |\n|---|---|---|---|---|\n| hybrid-toadflax-1 | Recognize | Species-specific | F-toadflaxes | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| hybrid-toadflax-2 | Plants & habitat | Hybrid-group evidence; performance varies | F-toadflaxes | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| hybrid-toadflax-3 | People | Review limitation | Review limitation | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| hybrid-toadflax-4 | Dogs & cats | Review limitation | Review limitation | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| hybrid-toadflax-5 | Other animals | Review limitation | Review limitation | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n\n## Further work for an agent\n\n- Establish exact species, plant part, route, amount and timing when researching an exposure. Do not use this guide to diagnose or calculate a treatment.\n- Check current state and county requirements; a listed taxon is not necessarily established in every Colorado county.\n- Expert botanical and veterinary review is pending. Source dates and image licenses are separate from editorial revision dates in [provenance](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/provenance.json).\n\n## State-list label provenance\n\nThe label “B — Stop the spread” is this guide’s plain-language summary of [Fremont County’s Colorado noxious-weed definitions](https://fremontcountyco.gov/weed-control/weed-identification) [Fremont-list-definitions]. The letter and species assignment retain the status sources above. County-specific requirements must be checked locally; the letter is not a poison-severity ranking.\n",
      "revision": {
        "created": "2026-09-07T01:47:00Z",
        "modified": "2026-09-07T03:50:00Z",
        "sha256": "f835252e48d435ab45d99447d0f09788bbeb64bdb5d67fda95b651179fe8e8fe",
        "time_basis": "UTC timestamp of the editorial revision-recording event; not source publication or expert validation"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "hydrilla",
      "name": "Hydrilla",
      "scientific": "Hydrilla verticillata",
      "category": "invasive",
      "status": "Colorado noxious weed · List A — Eradicate",
      "status_sources": [
        "CO-rules-2025"
      ],
      "warning": "Dense aquatic growth; wildlife disease association",
      "warning_tone": "caution",
      "aliases": [],
      "taxonomy_note": "Separate hydrilla from native waterweeds using a botanical key. Disease association is not proof that every plant or waterbody is toxic.",
      "source_ids": [
        "CO-rules-2025",
        "N-hydrilla-verticillata",
        "S27",
        "Fremont-list-definitions"
      ],
      "description": "Hydrilla: Dense aquatic growth; wildlife disease association. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.",
      "claim_evidence": [
        {
          "label": "Recognize",
          "sources": [
            "N-hydrilla-verticillata"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "hydrilla-1"
        },
        {
          "label": "Plants & habitat",
          "sources": [
            "N-hydrilla-verticillata"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "hydrilla-2"
        },
        {
          "label": "People",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "",
          "id": "hydrilla-3"
        },
        {
          "label": "Dogs & cats",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "",
          "id": "hydrilla-4"
        },
        {
          "label": "Other animals",
          "sources": [
            "N-hydrilla-verticillata"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "hydrilla-5"
        },
        {
          "id": "hydrilla-list-meaning",
          "label": "State-list meaning",
          "sources": [
            "Fremont-list-definitions"
          ],
          "scope": "Colorado management-category definition; species classification retains its original status sources",
          "note": "Plain-language editorial label for a management category; not a toxicity or danger rating.",
          "reviewed": "2026-09-07"
        }
      ],
      "noxious_class": "A",
      "research": {
        "status": "researching",
        "label": "Still researching this plant",
        "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.",
        "open_questions": [
          {
            "area": "People",
            "question": "Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "hydrilla-3"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Dogs & cats",
            "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "hydrilla-4"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Other animals",
            "question": "Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "hydrilla-5"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Identification",
            "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          },
          {
            "area": "Expert review",
            "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          }
        ],
        "expert_review": "pending"
      },
      "noxious_class_label": "A — Eradicate",
      "source": "content/plants/hydrilla.md",
      "content_sha256": "0b3bb5f09d9514ca2d0231d9bca27c6011ca90e82d4753a77351f61a4b7e9295",
      "body_markdown": "# Hydrilla\n\n*Hydrilla verticillata*\n\n**Colorado noxious weed · List A — Eradicate.** [CO-rules-2025](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2)\n\nUncommon in Colorado. All populations are designated for eradication statewide. This is a management category, separate from danger ratings. [Category source](https://fremontcountyco.gov/weed-control/weed-identification) · [What the lists mean](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/#weed-lists).\n\n> **Dense aquatic growth; wildlife disease association.** [Exposure help](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/).\n\n**Identification caveat:** Separate hydrilla from native waterweeds using a botanical key. Disease association is not proof that every plant or waterbody is toxic.\n\n## Still researching this plant {#research-status}\n\nThis is a sourced working profile. Evidence is incomplete for **People, Dogs & cats, Other animals**. Identification and source-photo limits are explained below. Independent botanical and veterinary review is pending. **Uncertainty is not a finding that the plant is safe.**\n\n\n## Three views of this plant\n\nSource-identified reference photographs; these are not a complete identification key. A source location outside Colorado does not establish local occurrence.\n\n![Hydrilla verticillata: A wet stem tip with short leaves in whorls and toothed leaf margins.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/list-a-photos-hydrilla-verticillata-1.jpg)\n\n**leaf-whorl detail** — A wet stem tip with short leaves in whorls and toothed leaf margins.\n\nPhoto: Stanislav Murashkin; [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/); [source record](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/175178376); [original image](https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/304416621/original.jpg). Source scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Other submerged waterweeds can look similar. Identification follows the sources; the close view shows toothed leaves in whorls, while the whole-shoot photographs show overall structure. iNaturalist large server-resized image; no local crop, colour change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![Hydrilla verticillata: Several long, branching shoots laid against a plain background, showing spaced leaf whorls and lower root-like structures.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/list-a-photos-hydrilla-verticillata-2.jpg)\n\n**whole shoots** — Several long, branching shoots laid against a plain background, showing spaced leaf whorls and lower root-like structures.\n\nPhoto: Darkmax; [CC BY-SA 3.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Hydrilla_Verticillata_3.jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3d/Hydrilla_Verticillata_3.jpg). Source scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Other submerged waterweeds can look similar. Identification follows the sources; the close view shows toothed leaves in whorls, while the whole-shoot photographs show overall structure. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no local crop, colour change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![Hydrilla verticillata: A long hydrilla stem held above a stream, showing repeated dense leaf whorls.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/list-a-photos-hydrilla-verticillata-3.jpg)\n\n**whole stem** — A long hydrilla stem held above a stream, showing repeated dense leaf whorls.\n\nPhoto: Alex Abair; [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Hydrilla_verticillata_54198908.jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/47/Hydrilla_verticillata_54198908.jpg). Source scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Other submerged waterweeds can look similar. Identification follows the sources; the close view shows toothed leaves in whorls, while the whole-shoot photographs show overall structure. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no local crop, colour change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n\n## Recognize\n\nA submerged plant with whorls of small, toothed leaves, often with teeth beneath the midrib. It can form dense surface growth. [N-hydrilla-verticillata](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/hydrilla-verticillata/)\n\n## Plants & habitat\n\nFragments and overwintering tubers support persistent infestations. Dense growth displaces native aquatic vegetation. [N-hydrilla-verticillata](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/hydrilla-verticillata/)\n\n## People\n\nThe reviewed sources do not establish species-specific ingestion effects or a safe exposure amount for people. Missing evidence does not establish safety. \n\n## Dogs & cats\n\nThe reviewed sources do not establish species-specific ingestion effects or a safe exposure amount for dogs or cats. Missing evidence does not establish safety. \n\n## Other animals\n\nNC State reports an association with bacteria involved in a neurological disease of waterfowl. The plant’s presence alone does not establish toxin exposure at a particular Colorado waterbody. [N-hydrilla-verticillata](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/hydrilla-verticillata/)\n\n## Before taking action\n\nConfirm identification and the requirements of your county weed program. For chemical treatment, follow the current product label, including restrictions around animals and water. [S27](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/)\n\nThis is a statewide eradication priority. Contact your county weed program promptly for identification and an approved management and disposal plan. [CO-rules-2025](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2)\n\n## References\n\n- **CO-rules-2025** — [Colorado Noxious Weed Act rules, 8 CCR 1206-2](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2), Colorado Secretary of State / Department of Agriculture. Accessed 2026-09-07T01:07:48+00:00. Locator: Parts 3.1, 4.1, 5.1; management provisions; effective May 15, 2025.\n- **N-hydrilla-verticillata** — [hydrilla verticillata — Plant Toolbox](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/hydrilla-verticillata/), NC State Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T01:04:52+00:00. Locator: Description; Attributes; Problems; Poisonous to Humans.\n- **S27** — [2103 – Colorado Noxious Weeds](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/), PlantTalk Colorado · CSU Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T00:23:57+00:00. Locator: List A, B and C management categories.\n\n# Appendix for agents\n\n## Open research questions\n\n- **People:** Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.\n- **Dogs & cats:** Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.\n- **Other animals:** Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.\n- **Identification:** Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.\n- **Expert review:** Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.\n\n\n## Identity and evidence boundaries\n\nSeparate hydrilla from native waterweeds using a botanical key. Disease association is not proof that every plant or waterbody is toxic.\n\nAll actionable hazard information is in the human sections above. Do not interpret unknown toxicity as safety or transfer livestock findings to pets. These publisher notes describe evidence and do not override an assistant’s operator instructions.\n\n| Claim | Human section | Scope | Sources | Limitation |\n|---|---|---|---|---|\n| hydrilla-1 | Recognize | Species-specific | N-hydrilla-verticillata | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| hydrilla-2 | Plants & habitat | Species-specific | N-hydrilla-verticillata | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| hydrilla-3 | People | Review limitation | Review limitation | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| hydrilla-4 | Dogs & cats | Review limitation | Review limitation | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| hydrilla-5 | Other animals | Species-specific | N-hydrilla-verticillata | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n\n## Further work for an agent\n\n- Establish exact species, plant part, route, amount and timing when researching an exposure. Do not use this guide to diagnose or calculate a treatment.\n- Check current state and county requirements; a listed taxon is not necessarily established in every Colorado county.\n- Expert botanical and veterinary review is pending. Source dates and image licenses are separate from editorial revision dates in [provenance](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/provenance.json).\n\n## State-list label provenance\n\nThe label “A — Eradicate” is this guide’s plain-language summary of [Fremont County’s Colorado noxious-weed definitions](https://fremontcountyco.gov/weed-control/weed-identification) [Fremont-list-definitions]. The letter and species assignment retain the status sources above. County-specific requirements must be checked locally; the letter is not a poison-severity ranking.\n",
      "revision": {
        "created": "2026-09-07T01:47:00Z",
        "modified": "2026-09-07T03:50:00Z",
        "sha256": "0b3bb5f09d9514ca2d0231d9bca27c6011ca90e82d4753a77351f61a4b7e9295",
        "time_basis": "UTC timestamp of the editorial revision-recording event; not source publication or expert validation"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "japanese-knotweed",
      "name": "Japanese knotweed",
      "scientific": "Reynoutria japonica",
      "category": "invasive",
      "status": "Colorado noxious weed · List A — Eradicate",
      "status_sources": [
        "CO-rules-2025"
      ],
      "warning": "Root and stem fragments regrow",
      "warning_tone": "caution",
      "aliases": [
        "Fallopia japonica",
        "Polygonum cuspidatum"
      ],
      "taxonomy_note": "Colorado’s rule uses Fallopia japonica. Giant and Bohemian knotweeds need separate identification; broad leaves and bamboo-like stems are insufficient to distinguish them.",
      "source_ids": [
        "CO-rules-2025",
        "N-reynoutria-japonica",
        "S27",
        "Fremont-list-definitions"
      ],
      "description": "Japanese knotweed: Root and stem fragments regrow. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.",
      "claim_evidence": [
        {
          "label": "Recognize",
          "sources": [
            "N-reynoutria-japonica"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "japanese-knotweed-1"
        },
        {
          "label": "Plants & habitat",
          "sources": [
            "N-reynoutria-japonica"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "japanese-knotweed-2"
        },
        {
          "label": "People",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "",
          "id": "japanese-knotweed-3"
        },
        {
          "label": "Dogs & cats",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "",
          "id": "japanese-knotweed-4"
        },
        {
          "label": "Other animals",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "",
          "id": "japanese-knotweed-5"
        },
        {
          "id": "japanese-knotweed-list-meaning",
          "label": "State-list meaning",
          "sources": [
            "Fremont-list-definitions"
          ],
          "scope": "Colorado management-category definition; species classification retains its original status sources",
          "note": "Plain-language editorial label for a management category; not a toxicity or danger rating.",
          "reviewed": "2026-09-07"
        }
      ],
      "noxious_class": "A",
      "research": {
        "status": "researching",
        "label": "Still researching this plant",
        "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.",
        "open_questions": [
          {
            "area": "People",
            "question": "Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "japanese-knotweed-3"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Dogs & cats",
            "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "japanese-knotweed-4"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Other animals",
            "question": "Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "japanese-knotweed-5"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Identification",
            "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          },
          {
            "area": "Expert review",
            "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          }
        ],
        "expert_review": "pending"
      },
      "noxious_class_label": "A — Eradicate",
      "source": "content/plants/japanese-knotweed.md",
      "content_sha256": "b330123f86c52176362843dbc3980289885b55533bb8a22ff5891953e7acb00c",
      "body_markdown": "# Japanese knotweed\n\n*Reynoutria japonica*\n\n**Colorado noxious weed · List A — Eradicate.** [CO-rules-2025](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2)\n\nUncommon in Colorado. All populations are designated for eradication statewide. This is a management category, separate from danger ratings. [Category source](https://fremontcountyco.gov/weed-control/weed-identification) · [What the lists mean](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/#weed-lists).\n\n> **Root and stem fragments regrow.** [Exposure help](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/).\n\n**Identification caveat:** Colorado’s rule uses Fallopia japonica. Giant and Bohemian knotweeds need separate identification; broad leaves and bamboo-like stems are insufficient to distinguish them.\n\n## Still researching this plant {#research-status}\n\nThis is a sourced working profile. Evidence is incomplete for **People, Dogs & cats, Other animals**. Identification and source-photo limits are explained below. Independent botanical and veterinary review is pending. **Uncertainty is not a finding that the plant is safe.**\n\n\n## Three views of this plant\n\nSource-identified reference photographs; these are not a complete identification key. A source location outside Colorado does not establish local occurrence.\n\n![Reynoutria japonica: Broad pointed leaves and pale flower clusters viewed against the light.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/list-a-photos-reynoutria-japonica-1.jpg)\n\n**leaves and flowers** — Broad pointed leaves and pale flower clusters viewed against the light.\n\nPhoto: Michael Gasperl ( Migas ); [CC BY-SA 3.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Reynoutria_japonica_(Blaetter-Biene).jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Reynoutria_japonica_%28Blaetter-Biene%29.jpg). Source scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Japanese, giant, and Bohemian knotweeds can overlap in overall appearance. These photographs retain the source identification; a field determination should use mature leaf bases, underside hairs, and other diagnostic characters. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no local crop, colour change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![Reynoutria japonica: A dense leafy stand with abundant pale flower clusters.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/list-a-photos-reynoutria-japonica-2.jpg)\n\n**flowering habit** — A dense leafy stand with abundant pale flower clusters.\n\nPhoto: User:BotBln; [CC BY-SA 3.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Reynoutria_japonica_Habitus_BotGardBln0906.jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d0/Reynoutria_japonica_Habitus_BotGardBln0906.jpg). Source scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Japanese, giant, and Bohemian knotweeds can overlap in overall appearance. These photographs retain the source identification; a field determination should use mature leaf bases, underside hairs, and other diagnostic characters. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no local crop, colour change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![Reynoutria japonica: Close view of small cream-white flowers spaced along a slender flowering branch.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/list-a-photos-reynoutria-japonica-3.jpg)\n\n**flower detail** — Close view of small cream-white flowers spaced along a slender flowering branch.\n\nPhoto: Udo Schmidt  from Deutschland; [CC BY-SA 2.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Reynoutria_japonica_Houtt._Syn.-_Fallopia_japonica_Houtt_(9221546461).jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/af/Reynoutria_japonica_Houtt._Syn.-_Fallopia_japonica_Houtt_%289221546461%29.jpg). Source scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Japanese, giant, and Bohemian knotweeds can overlap in overall appearance. These photographs retain the source identification; a field determination should use mature leaf bases, underside hairs, and other diagnostic characters. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no local crop, colour change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n\n## Recognize\n\nTall hollow, jointed stems carry alternate, broad leaves with generally flattened bases and small, pale flower clusters. [N-reynoutria-japonica](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/reynoutria-japonica/)\n\n## Plants & habitat\n\nRhizomes form dense stands and cut stems can root in wet conditions. Growth can displace streambank vegetation; avoid moving contaminated soil or plant pieces. [N-reynoutria-japonica](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/reynoutria-japonica/)\n\n## People\n\nThe reviewed sources do not establish species-specific ingestion effects or a safe exposure amount for people. Missing evidence does not establish safety. \n\n## Dogs & cats\n\nThe reviewed sources do not establish species-specific ingestion effects or a safe exposure amount for dogs or cats. Missing evidence does not establish safety. \n\n## Other animals\n\nThe reviewed sources do not establish species-specific ingestion effects or a safe exposure amount for livestock. Missing evidence does not establish safety. \n\n## Before taking action\n\nConfirm identification and the requirements of your county weed program. For chemical treatment, follow the current product label, including restrictions around animals and water. [S27](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/)\n\nThis is a statewide eradication priority. Contact your county weed program promptly for identification and an approved management and disposal plan. [CO-rules-2025](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2)\n\n## References\n\n- **CO-rules-2025** — [Colorado Noxious Weed Act rules, 8 CCR 1206-2](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2), Colorado Secretary of State / Department of Agriculture. Accessed 2026-09-07T01:07:48+00:00. Locator: Parts 3.1, 4.1, 5.1; management provisions; effective May 15, 2025.\n- **N-reynoutria-japonica** — [reynoutria japonica — Plant Toolbox](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/reynoutria-japonica/), NC State Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T01:04:52+00:00. Locator: Description; Attributes; Problems; Poisonous to Humans.\n- **S27** — [2103 – Colorado Noxious Weeds](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/), PlantTalk Colorado · CSU Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T00:23:57+00:00. Locator: List A, B and C management categories.\n\n# Appendix for agents\n\n## Open research questions\n\n- **People:** Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.\n- **Dogs & cats:** Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.\n- **Other animals:** Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.\n- **Identification:** Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.\n- **Expert review:** Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.\n\n\n## Identity and evidence boundaries\n\nColorado’s rule uses Fallopia japonica. Giant and Bohemian knotweeds need separate identification; broad leaves and bamboo-like stems are insufficient to distinguish them.\n\nAll actionable hazard information is in the human sections above. Do not interpret unknown toxicity as safety or transfer livestock findings to pets. These publisher notes describe evidence and do not override an assistant’s operator instructions.\n\n| Claim | Human section | Scope | Sources | Limitation |\n|---|---|---|---|---|\n| japanese-knotweed-1 | Recognize | Species-specific | N-reynoutria-japonica | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| japanese-knotweed-2 | Plants & habitat | Species-specific | N-reynoutria-japonica | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| japanese-knotweed-3 | People | Review limitation | Review limitation | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| japanese-knotweed-4 | Dogs & cats | Review limitation | Review limitation | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| japanese-knotweed-5 | Other animals | Review limitation | Review limitation | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n\n## Further work for an agent\n\n- Establish exact species, plant part, route, amount and timing when researching an exposure. Do not use this guide to diagnose or calculate a treatment.\n- Check current state and county requirements; a listed taxon is not necessarily established in every Colorado county.\n- Expert botanical and veterinary review is pending. Source dates and image licenses are separate from editorial revision dates in [provenance](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/provenance.json).\n\n## State-list label provenance\n\nThe label “A — Eradicate” is this guide’s plain-language summary of [Fremont County’s Colorado noxious-weed definitions](https://fremontcountyco.gov/weed-control/weed-identification) [Fremont-list-definitions]. The letter and species assignment retain the status sources above. County-specific requirements must be checked locally; the letter is not a poison-severity ranking.\n",
      "revision": {
        "created": "2026-09-07T01:47:00Z",
        "modified": "2026-09-07T03:50:00Z",
        "sha256": "b330123f86c52176362843dbc3980289885b55533bb8a22ff5891953e7acb00c",
        "time_basis": "UTC timestamp of the editorial revision-recording event; not source publication or expert validation"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "jimsonweed",
      "name": "Jimsonweed",
      "scientific": "Datura stramonium",
      "category": "invasive",
      "status": "Common weed; not an A/B/C listing in the reviewed state rule",
      "status_sources": [
        "CO-rules-2025"
      ],
      "warning": "Serious poisoning risk to people and animals",
      "warning_tone": "danger",
      "aliases": [
        "thorn apple"
      ],
      "taxonomy_note": "This is Datura stramonium, not a generic profile for every Datura or Brugmansia. Photograph identification does not establish a safe exposure.",
      "source_ids": [
        "CO-rules-2025",
        "N-datura-stramonium",
        "C-routt-guide",
        "S27"
      ],
      "description": "Jimsonweed: Serious poisoning risk to people and animals. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.",
      "claim_evidence": [
        {
          "label": "Recognize",
          "sources": [
            "N-datura-stramonium"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "jimsonweed-1"
        },
        {
          "label": "Plants & habitat",
          "sources": [
            "C-routt-guide"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "jimsonweed-2"
        },
        {
          "label": "People",
          "sources": [
            "N-datura-stramonium"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "jimsonweed-3"
        },
        {
          "label": "Dogs & cats",
          "sources": [
            "N-datura-stramonium"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "jimsonweed-4"
        },
        {
          "label": "Other animals",
          "sources": [
            "N-datura-stramonium"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "jimsonweed-5"
        }
      ],
      "research": {
        "status": "researching",
        "label": "Still researching this plant",
        "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.",
        "open_questions": [
          {
            "area": "Identification",
            "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          },
          {
            "area": "Expert review",
            "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          }
        ],
        "expert_review": "pending"
      },
      "source": "content/plants/jimsonweed.md",
      "content_sha256": "d8b196a88cfd85a3dd1c638332b4f0aa69f0300e98ae5dc2e3886f04c988da79",
      "body_markdown": "# Jimsonweed\n\n*Datura stramonium*\n\n**Common weed; not an A/B/C listing in the reviewed state rule.** [CO-rules-2025](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2)\n\n> **Serious poisoning risk to people and animals.** [Exposure help](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/).\n\n**Identification caveat:** This is Datura stramonium, not a generic profile for every Datura or Brugmansia. Photograph identification does not establish a safe exposure.\n\n## Still researching this plant {#research-status}\n\nThis is a sourced working profile. The cited findings are available below. Identification and source-photo limits are explained below. Independent botanical and veterinary review is pending. **Uncertainty is not a finding that the plant is safe.**\n\n\n## Three views of this plant\n\nSource-identified reference photographs; these are not a complete identification key. A source location outside Colorado does not establish local occurrence.\n\n![Datura stramonium: Bushy plant with coarsely toothed broad leaves and upright white flowers.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/common-priority-photos-datura-stramonium-15-05-habit.jpg)\n\n**habit** — Bushy plant with coarsely toothed broad leaves and upright white flowers.\n\nPhoto: H. Zell; [CC BY-SA 3.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Datura_stramonium_001.JPG); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Datura_stramonium_001.JPG). Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![Datura stramonium: Large white funnel-shaped flower with pointed lobes above angular toothed leaves.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/common-priority-photos-datura-stramonium-15-08-flower.jpg)\n\n**flower** — Large white funnel-shaped flower with pointed lobes above angular toothed leaves.\n\nPhoto: Isidre blanc; [CC BY-SA 3.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:DATURA_STRAMONIUM_-_GUIXERS_-_IB-615.JPG); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d1/DATURA_STRAMONIUM_-_GUIXERS_-_IB-615.JPG). Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![Datura stramonium: Sectioned unripe spiny capsules reveal pale seeds and internal chambers.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/common-priority-photos-datura-stramonium-15-13-fruit.jpg)\n\n**fruit** — Sectioned unripe spiny capsules reveal pale seeds and internal chambers.\n\nPhoto: Joozwa; [CC BY-SA 3.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Datura_stramonium_unripe_fruit.jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e6/Datura_stramonium_unripe_fruit.jpg). Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n\n## Recognize\n\nA coarse annual with toothed leaves, upright trumpet-shaped flowers and prickly seed capsules. [N-datura-stramonium](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/datura-stramonium/)\n\n## Plants & habitat\n\nA disturbed-ground weed included in Routt County’s guide. Seed contamination is a concern around animal areas. [C-routt-guide](https://routt.extension.colostate.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2021/06/RC_Weed_Guide_2021.pdf)\n\n## People\n\nAll parts contain toxic tropane alkaloids. Ingestion can cause delirium, convulsions, coma or death; suspected ingestion needs urgent professional help. [N-datura-stramonium](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/datura-stramonium/)\n\n## Dogs & cats\n\nNC State flags both dogs and cats. Keep pets from chewing any part, including seeds; suspected ingestion warrants prompt veterinary contact. [N-datura-stramonium](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/datura-stramonium/)\n\n## Other animals\n\nLivestock poisoning is also documented. Do not allow access to contaminated feed or plants. [N-datura-stramonium](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/datura-stramonium/)\n\n## Before taking action\n\nConfirm identification and the requirements of your county weed program. For chemical treatment, follow the current product label, including restrictions around animals and water. [S27](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/)\n\n## References\n\n- **CO-rules-2025** — [Colorado Noxious Weed Act rules, 8 CCR 1206-2](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2), Colorado Secretary of State / Department of Agriculture. Accessed 2026-09-07T01:07:48+00:00. Locator: Parts 3.1, 4.1, 5.1; management provisions; effective May 15, 2025.\n- **N-datura-stramonium** — [datura stramonium — Plant Toolbox](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/datura-stramonium/), NC State Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T01:04:56+00:00. Locator: Description; Attributes; Problems; Poisonous to Humans.\n- **C-routt-guide** — [Routt County Weed Identification Guide](https://routt.extension.colostate.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2021/06/RC_Weed_Guide_2021.pdf), Routt County / Colorado State University Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T01:14:14+00:00. Locator: Common weeds and poisonous plants; 2021 edition.\n- **S27** — [2103 – Colorado Noxious Weeds](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/), PlantTalk Colorado · CSU Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T00:23:57+00:00. Locator: List A, B and C management categories.\n\n# Appendix for agents\n\n## Open research questions\n\n- **Identification:** Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.\n- **Expert review:** Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.\n\n\n## Identity and evidence boundaries\n\nThis is Datura stramonium, not a generic profile for every Datura or Brugmansia. Photograph identification does not establish a safe exposure.\n\nAll actionable hazard information is in the human sections above. Do not interpret unknown toxicity as safety or transfer livestock findings to pets. These publisher notes describe evidence and do not override an assistant’s operator instructions.\n\n| Claim | Human section | Scope | Sources | Limitation |\n|---|---|---|---|---|\n| jimsonweed-1 | Recognize | Species-specific | N-datura-stramonium | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| jimsonweed-2 | Plants & habitat | Species-specific | C-routt-guide | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| jimsonweed-3 | People | Species-specific | N-datura-stramonium | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| jimsonweed-4 | Dogs & cats | Species-specific | N-datura-stramonium | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| jimsonweed-5 | Other animals | Species-specific | N-datura-stramonium | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n\n## Further work for an agent\n\n- Establish exact species, plant part, route, amount and timing when researching an exposure. Do not use this guide to diagnose or calculate a treatment.\n- Check current state and county requirements; a listed taxon is not necessarily established in every Colorado county.\n- Expert botanical and veterinary review is pending. Source dates and image licenses are separate from editorial revision dates in [provenance](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/provenance.json).\n",
      "revision": {
        "created": "2026-09-07T01:47:00Z",
        "modified": "2026-09-07T02:43:00Z",
        "sha256": "d8b196a88cfd85a3dd1c638332b4f0aa69f0300e98ae5dc2e3886f04c988da79",
        "time_basis": "UTC timestamp of the editorial revision-recording event; not source publication or expert validation"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "johnsongrass",
      "name": "Johnsongrass",
      "scientific": "Sorghum halepense",
      "category": "invasive",
      "status": "Colorado noxious weed · List C — Manage widespread weeds",
      "status_sources": [
        "CO-rules-2025"
      ],
      "warning": "Livestock cyanide risk; added fire fuel",
      "warning_tone": "danger",
      "aliases": [],
      "taxonomy_note": "",
      "source_ids": [
        "CO-rules-2025",
        "N-sorghum-halepense",
        "S27",
        "Fremont-list-definitions"
      ],
      "description": "Johnsongrass: Livestock cyanide risk; added fire fuel. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.",
      "claim_evidence": [
        {
          "label": "Recognize",
          "sources": [
            "N-sorghum-halepense"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "johnsongrass-1"
        },
        {
          "label": "Plants & habitat",
          "sources": [
            "N-sorghum-halepense"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "johnsongrass-2"
        },
        {
          "label": "People",
          "sources": [
            "N-sorghum-halepense"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "johnsongrass-3"
        },
        {
          "label": "Dogs & cats",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "",
          "id": "johnsongrass-4"
        },
        {
          "label": "Other animals",
          "sources": [
            "N-sorghum-halepense"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "johnsongrass-5"
        },
        {
          "id": "johnsongrass-list-meaning",
          "label": "State-list meaning",
          "sources": [
            "Fremont-list-definitions"
          ],
          "scope": "Colorado management-category definition; species classification retains its original status sources",
          "note": "Plain-language editorial label for a management category; not a toxicity or danger rating.",
          "reviewed": "2026-09-07"
        }
      ],
      "noxious_class": "C",
      "research": {
        "status": "researching",
        "label": "Still researching this plant",
        "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.",
        "open_questions": [
          {
            "area": "Dogs & cats",
            "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "johnsongrass-4"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Expert review",
            "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          }
        ],
        "expert_review": "pending"
      },
      "noxious_class_label": "C — Manage widespread weeds",
      "source": "content/plants/johnsongrass.md",
      "content_sha256": "fcbe8fab2a9561e464c1dc2d122737cbcc8e704db9deb1172d8b9061f493a5e8",
      "body_markdown": "# Johnsongrass\n\n*Sorghum halepense*\n\n**Colorado noxious weed · List C — Manage widespread weeds.** [CO-rules-2025](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2)\n\nWidespread and well established. Control is recommended by the state; local governments may require management. This is a management category, separate from danger ratings. [Category source](https://fremontcountyco.gov/weed-control/weed-identification) · [What the lists mean](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/#weed-lists).\n\n> **Livestock cyanide risk; added fire fuel.** [Exposure help](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/).\n\n## Still researching this plant {#research-status}\n\nThis is a sourced working profile. Evidence is incomplete for **Dogs & cats**. Independent botanical and veterinary review is pending. **Uncertainty is not a finding that the plant is safe.**\n\n\n## Three views of this plant\n\nSource-identified reference photographs; these are not a complete identification key. A source location outside Colorado does not establish local occurrence.\n\n![Sorghum halepense: Close view of grass spikelets with dangling reddish anthers.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/common-priority-photos-sorghum-halepense-07-02-flower.jpg)\n\n**flower** — Close view of grass spikelets with dangling reddish anthers.\n\nPhoto: Jim Conrad; [Public domain](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sorghum_halepense-flowers.jpg#Licensing); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sorghum_halepense-flowers.jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f5/Sorghum_halepense-flowers.jpg). Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![Sorghum halepense: Long flat green leaf blades with conspicuous pale midribs.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/common-priority-photos-sorghum-halepense-07-06-leaf.jpg)\n\n**leaf** — Long flat green leaf blades with conspicuous pale midribs.\n\nPhoto: Rsberzerker; [Public domain](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Johnsongrass.JPG#Licensing); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Johnsongrass.JPG); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/28/Johnsongrass.JPG). Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![Sorghum halepense: Tall leafy grass clump with open branching panicles above long arching leaves.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/common-priority-photos-sorghum-halepense-07-07-habit.jpg)\n\n**habit** — Tall leafy grass clump with open branching panicles above long arching leaves.\n\nPhoto: Stefan.lefnaer; [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sorghum_halepense_sl1.jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Sorghum_halepense_sl1.jpg). Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n\n## Recognize\n\nA tall perennial grass with broad blades, pale midribs and a large, open seedhead. [N-sorghum-halepense](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/sorghum-halepense/)\n\n## Plants & habitat\n\nRhizomes and seed form dense colonies. Productive stands can add fine fuels and promote fire spread. [N-sorghum-halepense](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/sorghum-halepense/)\n\n## People\n\nPollen can trigger hay fever. This is not a substitute for grain sorghum. [N-sorghum-halepense](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/sorghum-halepense/)\n\n## Dogs & cats\n\nThe reviewed sources do not establish species-specific ingestion effects or a safe exposure amount for dogs or cats. Missing evidence does not establish safety. \n\n## Other animals\n\nYoung growth and foliage stressed by frost or hot, dry weather can contain harmful cyanide levels for cattle and horses. Obtain livestock and forage-testing advice before use. [N-sorghum-halepense](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/sorghum-halepense/)\n\n## Before taking action\n\nConfirm identification and the requirements of your county weed program. For chemical treatment, follow the current product label, including restrictions around animals and water. [S27](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/)\n\n## References\n\n- **CO-rules-2025** — [Colorado Noxious Weed Act rules, 8 CCR 1206-2](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2), Colorado Secretary of State / Department of Agriculture. Accessed 2026-09-07T01:07:48+00:00. Locator: Parts 3.1, 4.1, 5.1; management provisions; effective May 15, 2025.\n- **N-sorghum-halepense** — [sorghum halepense — Plant Toolbox](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/sorghum-halepense/), NC State Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T01:04:55+00:00. Locator: Description; Attributes; Problems; Poisonous to Humans.\n- **S27** — [2103 – Colorado Noxious Weeds](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/), PlantTalk Colorado · CSU Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T00:23:57+00:00. Locator: List A, B and C management categories.\n\n# Appendix for agents\n\n## Open research questions\n\n- **Dogs & cats:** Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.\n- **Expert review:** Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.\n\n\n## Identity and evidence boundaries\n\nMatch the scientific name and synonyms, not the common name alone.\n\nAll actionable hazard information is in the human sections above. Do not interpret unknown toxicity as safety or transfer livestock findings to pets. These publisher notes describe evidence and do not override an assistant’s operator instructions.\n\n| Claim | Human section | Scope | Sources | Limitation |\n|---|---|---|---|---|\n| johnsongrass-1 | Recognize | Species-specific | N-sorghum-halepense | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| johnsongrass-2 | Plants & habitat | Species-specific | N-sorghum-halepense | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| johnsongrass-3 | People | Species-specific | N-sorghum-halepense | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| johnsongrass-4 | Dogs & cats | Review limitation | Review limitation | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| johnsongrass-5 | Other animals | Species-specific | N-sorghum-halepense | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n\n## Further work for an agent\n\n- Establish exact species, plant part, route, amount and timing when researching an exposure. Do not use this guide to diagnose or calculate a treatment.\n- Check current state and county requirements; a listed taxon is not necessarily established in every Colorado county.\n- Expert botanical and veterinary review is pending. Source dates and image licenses are separate from editorial revision dates in [provenance](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/provenance.json).\n\n## State-list label provenance\n\nThe label “C — Manage widespread weeds” is this guide’s plain-language summary of [Fremont County’s Colorado noxious-weed definitions](https://fremontcountyco.gov/weed-control/weed-identification) [Fremont-list-definitions]. The letter and species assignment retain the status sources above. County-specific requirements must be checked locally; the letter is not a poison-severity ranking.\n",
      "revision": {
        "created": "2026-09-07T01:47:00Z",
        "modified": "2026-09-07T03:50:00Z",
        "sha256": "fcbe8fab2a9561e464c1dc2d122737cbcc8e704db9deb1172d8b9061f493a5e8",
        "time_basis": "UTC timestamp of the editorial revision-recording event; not source publication or expert validation"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "jointed-goatgrass",
      "name": "Jointed goatgrass",
      "scientific": "Aegilops cylindrica",
      "category": "invasive",
      "status": "Colorado noxious weed · List B — Stop the spread",
      "status_sources": [
        "CO-rules-2025"
      ],
      "warning": "Wheat-field and rangeland seed spread",
      "warning_tone": "caution",
      "aliases": [],
      "taxonomy_note": "",
      "source_ids": [
        "CO-rules-2025",
        "J-jointed-goatgrass",
        "S27",
        "Fremont-list-definitions"
      ],
      "description": "Jointed goatgrass: Wheat-field and rangeland seed spread. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.",
      "claim_evidence": [
        {
          "label": "Recognize",
          "sources": [
            "J-jointed-goatgrass"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "jointed-goatgrass-1"
        },
        {
          "label": "Plants & habitat",
          "sources": [
            "J-jointed-goatgrass"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "jointed-goatgrass-2"
        },
        {
          "label": "People",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "",
          "id": "jointed-goatgrass-3"
        },
        {
          "label": "Dogs & cats",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "",
          "id": "jointed-goatgrass-4"
        },
        {
          "label": "Other animals",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "",
          "id": "jointed-goatgrass-5"
        },
        {
          "id": "jointed-goatgrass-list-meaning",
          "label": "State-list meaning",
          "sources": [
            "Fremont-list-definitions"
          ],
          "scope": "Colorado management-category definition; species classification retains its original status sources",
          "note": "Plain-language editorial label for a management category; not a toxicity or danger rating.",
          "reviewed": "2026-09-07"
        }
      ],
      "noxious_class": "B",
      "research": {
        "status": "researching",
        "label": "Still researching this plant",
        "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.",
        "open_questions": [
          {
            "area": "People",
            "question": "Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "jointed-goatgrass-3"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Dogs & cats",
            "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "jointed-goatgrass-4"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Other animals",
            "question": "Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "jointed-goatgrass-5"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Expert review",
            "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          }
        ],
        "expert_review": "pending"
      },
      "noxious_class_label": "B — Stop the spread",
      "source": "content/plants/jointed-goatgrass.md",
      "content_sha256": "3d5f9e26da2ebf53d5710895fe5d8c3e7aa5123564f6845f7b0ae8ae5f2dbb43",
      "body_markdown": "# Jointed goatgrass\n\n*Aegilops cylindrica*\n\n**Colorado noxious weed · List B — Stop the spread.** [CO-rules-2025](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2)\n\nEstablished in some areas. Requirements vary by location: eradication, containment or suppression to stop further spread. This is a management category, separate from danger ratings. [Category source](https://fremontcountyco.gov/weed-control/weed-identification) · [What the lists mean](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/#weed-lists).\n\n> **Wheat-field and rangeland seed spread.** [Exposure help](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/).\n\n## Still researching this plant {#research-status}\n\nThis is a sourced working profile. Evidence is incomplete for **People, Dogs & cats, Other animals**. Independent botanical and veterinary review is pending. **Uncertainty is not a finding that the plant is safe.**\n\n\n## Three views of this plant\n\nSource-identified reference photographs; these are not a complete identification key. A source location outside Colorado does not establish local occurrence.\n\n![A stand of slender green jointed-goatgrass stems with narrow cylindrical spikes.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/list-bc-photos-aegilops-cylindrica-01.jpg)\n\n**green flowering stems** — A stand of slender green jointed-goatgrass stems with narrow cylindrical spikes.\n\nPhoto: Stefan.lefnaer; [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Aegilops_cylindrica_sl55.jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0d/Aegilops_cylindrica_sl55.jpg). Source-identified photograph with visual consistency check Spikes Taxonym: Aegilops cylindrica ss Fischer et al. EfÖLS 2008 ISBN 978-3-85474-187-9 Location: next to Stammersdorf, Vienna-Floridsdorf - ca. 160 m a.s.l. Habitat: grassy stripe next to windbreak strip Source labeling and visible consistency checked; not an independent specimen determination. Wikimedia-generated thumbnail rescaling only; downloaded bytes unchanged. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![Source photographic plate showing jointed goatgrass spikelets and their attachment to the spike axis, with a 5 mm scale.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/list-bc-photos-aegilops-cylindrica-06.jpg)\n\n**spikelet detail** — Source photographic plate showing jointed goatgrass spikelets and their attachment to the spike axis, with a 5 mm scale.\n\nPhoto: Stefan.lefnaer; [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Aegilops_cylindrica_sl1.jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/de/Aegilops_cylindrica_sl1.jpg). Source-identified photograph with visual consistency check Spikelets Taxonym: Aegilops cylindrica ss Fischer et al. EfÖLS 2008 ISBN 978-3-85474-187-9 ; det. Gergely Király 2015-06-07 Location: Veszprém County, Hungary - ca. 200 m a.s.l. Habitat: slope Source labeling and visible consistency checked; not an independent specimen determination. Wikimedia-generated thumbnail rescaling only; downloaded bytes unchanged. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![Slender jointed-goatgrass stems and cylindrical spikes turning reddish brown in a dense stand.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/list-bc-photos-aegilops-cylindrica-07.jpg)\n\n**maturing stand** — Slender jointed-goatgrass stems and cylindrical spikes turning reddish brown in a dense stand.\n\nPhoto: Matt Lavin from Bozeman, Montana, USA; [CC BY-SA 2.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Aegilops_cylindrica_(3822187792).jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dd/Aegilops_cylindrica_%283822187792%29.jpg). Source-identified photograph with visual consistency check Jointed goatgrass has a very distinctive cylindrical inflorescence where the internode and the adjacent spikelet shatter (disarticulate) as a unit. Source labeling and visible consistency checked; not an independent specimen determination. Wikimedia-generated thumbnail rescaling only; downloaded bytes unchanged. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n\n## Recognize\n\nAn annual grass with narrow leaves and a cylindrical seed spike that looks like stacked segments. Leaf margins and collars bear hairs. [J-jointed-goatgrass](https://www.jeffco.us/2413/Jointed-Goatgrass)\n\n## Plants & habitat\n\nOccurs in wheat fields, rangeland and disturbed corridors. Spreads by seed, so clean equipment and prevent seed maturation. [J-jointed-goatgrass](https://www.jeffco.us/2413/Jointed-Goatgrass)\n\n## People\n\nThe reviewed sources do not establish species-specific ingestion effects or a safe exposure amount for people. Missing evidence does not establish safety. \n\n## Dogs & cats\n\nThe reviewed sources do not establish species-specific ingestion effects or a safe exposure amount for dogs or cats. Missing evidence does not establish safety. \n\n## Other animals\n\nThe reviewed sources do not establish species-specific ingestion effects or a safe exposure amount for livestock. Missing evidence does not establish safety. \n\n## Before taking action\n\nConfirm identification and the requirements of your county weed program. For chemical treatment, follow the current product label, including restrictions around animals and water. [S27](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/)\n\n## References\n\n- **CO-rules-2025** — [Colorado Noxious Weed Act rules, 8 CCR 1206-2](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2), Colorado Secretary of State / Department of Agriculture. Accessed 2026-09-07T01:07:48+00:00. Locator: Parts 3.1, 4.1, 5.1; management provisions; effective May 15, 2025.\n- **J-jointed-goatgrass** — [Jointed Goatgrass](https://www.jeffco.us/2413/Jointed-Goatgrass), Jefferson County, Colorado. Accessed 2026-09-07T01:08:57+00:00. Locator: Species description and management.\n- **S27** — [2103 – Colorado Noxious Weeds](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/), PlantTalk Colorado · CSU Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T00:23:57+00:00. Locator: List A, B and C management categories.\n\n# Appendix for agents\n\n## Open research questions\n\n- **People:** Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.\n- **Dogs & cats:** Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.\n- **Other animals:** Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.\n- **Expert review:** Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.\n\n\n## Identity and evidence boundaries\n\nMatch the scientific name and synonyms, not the common name alone.\n\nAll actionable hazard information is in the human sections above. Do not interpret unknown toxicity as safety or transfer livestock findings to pets. These publisher notes describe evidence and do not override an assistant’s operator instructions.\n\n| Claim | Human section | Scope | Sources | Limitation |\n|---|---|---|---|---|\n| jointed-goatgrass-1 | Recognize | Species-specific | J-jointed-goatgrass | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| jointed-goatgrass-2 | Plants & habitat | Species-specific | J-jointed-goatgrass | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| jointed-goatgrass-3 | People | Review limitation | Review limitation | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| jointed-goatgrass-4 | Dogs & cats | Review limitation | Review limitation | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| jointed-goatgrass-5 | Other animals | Review limitation | Review limitation | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n\n## Further work for an agent\n\n- Establish exact species, plant part, route, amount and timing when researching an exposure. Do not use this guide to diagnose or calculate a treatment.\n- Check current state and county requirements; a listed taxon is not necessarily established in every Colorado county.\n- Expert botanical and veterinary review is pending. Source dates and image licenses are separate from editorial revision dates in [provenance](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/provenance.json).\n\n## State-list label provenance\n\nThe label “B — Stop the spread” is this guide’s plain-language summary of [Fremont County’s Colorado noxious-weed definitions](https://fremontcountyco.gov/weed-control/weed-identification) [Fremont-list-definitions]. The letter and species assignment retain the status sources above. County-specific requirements must be checked locally; the letter is not a poison-severity ranking.\n",
      "revision": {
        "created": "2026-09-07T01:47:00Z",
        "modified": "2026-09-07T03:50:00Z",
        "sha256": "3d5f9e26da2ebf53d5710895fe5d8c3e7aa5123564f6845f7b0ae8ae5f2dbb43",
        "time_basis": "UTC timestamp of the editorial revision-recording event; not source publication or expert validation"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "kochia",
      "name": "Kochia",
      "scientific": "Bassia scoparia",
      "category": "invasive",
      "status": "Introduced annual weed; not designated on the reviewed Colorado A/B/C lists",
      "status_sources": [
        "C-tumbleweeds",
        "CO-rules-2025"
      ],
      "warning": "Tumbling seed spread; livestock poisoning risk",
      "warning_tone": "danger",
      "aliases": [
        "Kochia scoparia",
        "burning bush",
        "summer cypress",
        "tumbleweed"
      ],
      "taxonomy_note": "Bassia scoparia is also published as Kochia scoparia. It is distinct from Russian thistle and from the woody ornamental Euonymus alatus, also called burning bush.",
      "source_ids": [
        "C-tumbleweeds",
        "CO-rules-2025",
        "S27",
        "K-kochia"
      ],
      "description": "Kochia: Tumbling seed spread; livestock poisoning risk. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.",
      "claim_evidence": [
        {
          "label": "Recognize",
          "sources": [
            "C-tumbleweeds"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "kochia-1"
        },
        {
          "label": "Plants & habitat",
          "sources": [
            "C-tumbleweeds"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "kochia-2"
        },
        {
          "label": "People",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "",
          "id": "kochia-3"
        },
        {
          "label": "Dogs & cats",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "",
          "id": "kochia-4"
        },
        {
          "label": "Other animals",
          "sources": [
            "C-tumbleweeds"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "kochia-5"
        },
        {
          "id": "kochia-taxonomy",
          "label": "Taxonomy",
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "sources": [
            "K-kochia"
          ],
          "note": "Synonym mapping"
        }
      ],
      "research": {
        "status": "researching",
        "label": "Still researching this plant",
        "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.",
        "open_questions": [
          {
            "area": "People",
            "question": "Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "kochia-3"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Dogs & cats",
            "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "kochia-4"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Identification",
            "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          },
          {
            "area": "Expert review",
            "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          }
        ],
        "expert_review": "pending"
      },
      "source": "content/plants/kochia.md",
      "content_sha256": "697640914fc93002cab4492acdc9fed582689bee7243dbf50de64817b3fa00e7",
      "body_markdown": "# Kochia\n\n*Bassia scoparia*\n\n**Introduced annual weed; not designated on the reviewed Colorado A/B/C lists.** [C-tumbleweeds](https://extension.colostate.edu/resource/identification-and-management-of-kochia-and-russian-thistle/) [CO-rules-2025](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2)\n\n> **Tumbling seed spread; livestock poisoning risk.** [Exposure help](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/).\n\n**Identification caveat:** Bassia scoparia is also published as Kochia scoparia. It is distinct from Russian thistle and from the woody ornamental Euonymus alatus, also called burning bush.\n\n## Still researching this plant {#research-status}\n\nThis is a sourced working profile. Evidence is incomplete for **People, Dogs & cats**. Identification and source-photo limits are explained below. Independent botanical and veterinary review is pending. **Uncertainty is not a finding that the plant is safe.**\n\n\n## Three views of this plant\n\nSource-identified reference photographs; these are not a complete identification key. A source location outside Colorado does not establish local occurrence.\n\n![Bassia scoparia: Upright bushy green plant with many narrow leaves on densely branched stems.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/sage-tumbleweed-photos-bassia-scoparia-03-01-habit.jpg)\n\n**habit** — Upright bushy green plant with many narrow leaves on densely branched stems.\n\nPhoto: WildBoar; [Public domain](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kochia_scoparia_01.JPG#Licensing); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kochia_scoparia_01.JPG); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/74/Kochia_scoparia_01.JPG). Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Kochia scoparia is a synonym of Bassia scoparia. Habit can differ between feral plants and cultivated compact forms; no cultivar or subspecies determination is made from these photographs. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![Bassia scoparia: Slender branching stems bear narrow leaves and small inconspicuous reproductive clusters at the leaf axils.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/sage-tumbleweed-photos-bassia-scoparia-03-08-flowering-branches.jpg)\n\n**flowering-branches** — Slender branching stems bear narrow leaves and small inconspicuous reproductive clusters at the leaf axils.\n\nPhoto: Matt Lavin from Bozeman, Montana, USA; [CC BY-SA 2.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kochia_scoparia_(5129371229).jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/90/Kochia_scoparia_%285129371229%29.jpg). Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Kochia scoparia is a synonym of Bassia scoparia. Habit can differ between feral plants and cultivated compact forms; no cultivar or subspecies determination is made from these photographs. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![Bassia scoparia: Detached dry brown rounded plants rest on pale bare soil.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/sage-tumbleweed-photos-bassia-scoparia-03-12-dried-form.jpg)\n\n**dried-form** — Detached dry brown rounded plants rest on pale bare soil.\n\nPhoto: Stefan.lefnaer; [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bassia_scoparia_sl16.jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7a/Bassia_scoparia_sl16.jpg). Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Kochia scoparia is a synonym of Bassia scoparia. Habit can differ between feral plants and cultivated compact forms; no cultivar or subspecies determination is made from these photographs. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n\n## Taxonomy\n\nCornell uses Bassia scoparia and identifies Kochia scoparia as its synonym. [K-kochia](https://cals.cornell.edu/weed-science/weed-profiles/kochia)\n\n## Recognize\n\nA bushy annual with narrow, alternate, hairy leaves and small inconspicuous flowers. Plants may turn reddish and break off at the base when dry. [C-tumbleweeds](https://extension.colostate.edu/resource/identification-and-management-of-kochia-and-russian-thistle/)\n\n## Plants & habitat\n\nColonizes disturbed yards, roadsides and pastures. New seedlings can emerge over a long season; preventing seed set requires follow-up. Dry plants can tumble and scatter seeds. [C-tumbleweeds](https://extension.colostate.edu/resource/identification-and-management-of-kochia-and-russian-thistle/)\n\n## People\n\nThe reviewed sources do not establish species-specific ingestion effects or a safe exposure amount for people. Missing evidence does not establish safety. \n\n## Dogs & cats\n\nThe reviewed sources do not establish species-specific ingestion effects or a safe exposure amount for dogs or cats. Missing evidence does not establish safety. \n\n## Other animals\n\nCSU reports several toxic compounds, including nitrates and oxalates, that can poison cattle and sheep. Maturity and drought can increase the risk. Obtain veterinary and forage-testing advice before grazing or feeding contaminated material. [C-tumbleweeds](https://extension.colostate.edu/resource/identification-and-management-of-kochia-and-russian-thistle/)\n\n## Before taking action\n\nConfirm identification and the requirements of your county weed program. For chemical treatment, follow the current product label, including restrictions around animals and water. [S27](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/)\n\n## References\n\n- **C-tumbleweeds** — [Identification and Management of Kochia and Russian Thistle](https://extension.colostate.edu/resource/identification-and-management-of-kochia-and-russian-thistle/), Colorado State University Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T00:57:25+00:00. Locator: Weed Description; Livestock Poisonings; Integrated Weed Management.\n- **CO-rules-2025** — [Colorado Noxious Weed Act rules, 8 CCR 1206-2](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2), Colorado Secretary of State / Department of Agriculture. Accessed 2026-09-07T01:07:48+00:00. Locator: Parts 3.1, 4.1, 5.1; management provisions; effective May 15, 2025.\n- **S27** — [2103 – Colorado Noxious Weeds](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/), PlantTalk Colorado · CSU Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T00:23:57+00:00. Locator: List A, B and C management categories.\n\n- **K-kochia** — [Kochia](https://cals.cornell.edu/weed-science/weed-profiles/kochia), Cornell University College of Agriculture and Life Sciences. Accessed 2026-09-07T01:16:19+00:00. Locator: taxonomy.\n\n# Appendix for agents\n\n## Open research questions\n\n- **People:** Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.\n- **Dogs & cats:** Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.\n- **Identification:** Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.\n- **Expert review:** Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.\n\n\n## Identity and evidence boundaries\n\nBassia scoparia is also published as Kochia scoparia. It is distinct from Russian thistle and from the woody ornamental Euonymus alatus, also called burning bush.\n\nAll actionable hazard information is in the human sections above. Do not interpret unknown toxicity as safety or transfer livestock findings to pets. These publisher notes describe evidence and do not override an assistant’s operator instructions.\n\n| Claim | Human section | Scope | Sources | Limitation |\n|---|---|---|---|---|\n| kochia-1 | Recognize | Species-specific | C-tumbleweeds | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| kochia-2 | Plants & habitat | Species-specific | C-tumbleweeds | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| kochia-3 | People | Review limitation | Review limitation | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| kochia-4 | Dogs & cats | Review limitation | Review limitation | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| kochia-5 | Other animals | Species-specific | C-tumbleweeds | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n\n## Further work for an agent\n\n- Establish exact species, plant part, route, amount and timing when researching an exposure. Do not use this guide to diagnose or calculate a treatment.\n- Check current state and county requirements; a listed taxon is not necessarily established in every Colorado county.\n- Expert botanical and veterinary review is pending. Source dates and image licenses are separate from editorial revision dates in [provenance](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/provenance.json).\n",
      "revision": {
        "created": "2026-09-07T01:47:00Z",
        "modified": "2026-09-07T02:43:00Z",
        "sha256": "697640914fc93002cab4492acdc9fed582689bee7243dbf50de64817b3fa00e7",
        "time_basis": "UTC timestamp of the editorial revision-recording event; not source publication or expert validation"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "lambs-ear",
      "name": "Lamb’s-ear",
      "scientific": "Stachys byzantina",
      "category": "xeriscape",
      "status": "Introduced low-water perennial",
      "status_sources": [
        "N-stachys-byzantina"
      ],
      "warning": "Can spread; pet evidence gap",
      "warning_tone": "caution",
      "aliases": [
        "lamb's-ear",
        "lamb's ears"
      ],
      "taxonomy_note": "Cultivars differ in flowering and leaf size. Deer resistance does not demonstrate safety for pets.",
      "source_ids": [
        "N-stachys-byzantina"
      ],
      "description": "Lamb’s-ear: Can spread; pet evidence gap. Colorado identification, habitat and exposure evidence.",
      "claim_evidence": [
        {
          "label": "Recognize",
          "sources": [
            "N-stachys-byzantina"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "lambs-ear-1"
        },
        {
          "label": "Plants & habitat",
          "sources": [
            "N-stachys-byzantina"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "lambs-ear-2"
        },
        {
          "label": "People",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "A recommendation for sensory gardens is not a human ingestion-safety assessment.",
          "id": "lambs-ear-3"
        },
        {
          "label": "Dogs & cats",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "Species-specific ingestion effects and exposure thresholds were not established in the reviewed sources.",
          "id": "lambs-ear-4"
        },
        {
          "label": "Other animals",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "Species-specific ingestion effects and exposure thresholds were not established in the reviewed sources.",
          "id": "lambs-ear-5"
        }
      ],
      "research": {
        "status": "researching",
        "label": "Still researching this plant",
        "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.",
        "open_questions": [
          {
            "area": "People",
            "question": "Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "lambs-ear-3"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Dogs & cats",
            "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "lambs-ear-4"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Other animals",
            "question": "Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "lambs-ear-5"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Identification",
            "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          },
          {
            "area": "Expert review",
            "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          }
        ],
        "expert_review": "pending"
      },
      "source": "content/plants/lambs-ear.md",
      "content_sha256": "2382cfcc3088c3ecde84a50608efa96db804a8422f7dcf682dae7cc36073d313",
      "body_markdown": "# Lamb’s-ear\n\n*Stachys byzantina*\n\n**Introduced low-water perennial.** [N-stachys-byzantina](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/stachys-byzantina/)\n\n> **Can spread; pet evidence gap.** Native status, garden use and noxious-weed class are separate from toxicity. [Exposure help](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/).\n\n**Identification caveat:** Cultivars differ in flowering and leaf size. Deer resistance does not demonstrate safety for pets.\n\n## Still researching this plant {#research-status}\n\nThis is a sourced working profile. Evidence is incomplete for **People, Dogs & cats, Other animals**. Identification and source-photo limits are explained below. Independent botanical and veterinary review is pending. **Uncertainty is not a finding that the plant is safe.**\n\n\n## Three views of this plant\n\nPhotos are source-identified examples, not a complete identification key. Check leaves, stems, flowers and fruit together. Locations are not assumed to be in Colorado.\n\n![Magnified lamb's-ear leaf tip densely covered in silvery hairs, with a 10 mm scale.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/xeriscape-stachys-byzantina-05.jpg)\n\n**leaf detail** — Magnified lamb's-ear leaf tip densely covered in silvery hairs, with a 10 mm scale.\n\nPhoto: Stefan.lefnaer; [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Stachys_byzantina_sl28.jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Stachys_byzantina_sl28.jpg). Source-supported identification with visual consistency check Photo selection verifies source labeling and visible consistency; it is not an independent specimen determination.  Downloaded source thumbnail; no further pixel edits. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![Close view of a soft, woolly shoot tip and unfolding pale leaves.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/xeriscape-stachys-byzantina-09.jpg)\n\n**young foliage** — Close view of a soft, woolly shoot tip and unfolding pale leaves.\n\nPhoto: Salicyna; [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Stachys_byzantina_2020-05-20_8717.jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bb/Stachys_byzantina_2020-05-20_8717.jpg). Source-supported identification with visual consistency check Photo selection verifies source labeling and visible consistency; it is not an independent specimen determination.  Downloaded source thumbnail; no further pixel edits. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![Several upright woolly flower spikes bearing pink-purple flowers above fuzzy elongated leaves.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/xeriscape-stachys-byzantina-10.jpg)\n\n**flower** — Several upright woolly flower spikes bearing pink-purple flowers above fuzzy elongated leaves.\n\nPhoto: Cbaile19; [CC0](http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Stachys_byzantina,_2015-06-02,_Beechview,_01.jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8c/Stachys_byzantina%2C_2015-06-02%2C_Beechview%2C_01.jpg). Source-supported identification with visual consistency check Photo selection verifies source labeling and visible consistency; it is not an independent specimen determination.  Downloaded source thumbnail; no further pixel edits. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n\n## Recognize\n\nThick, soft, woolly silver leaves form low rosettes; flowering forms carry purplish-pink spikes. [N-stachys-byzantina](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/stachys-byzantina/)\n\n## Plants & habitat\n\nStems root where they touch soil. It can spread aggressively in favorable conditions; divide when needed and avoid wet soil. [N-stachys-byzantina](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/stachys-byzantina/)\n\n## People\n\nA recommendation for sensory gardens is not a human ingestion-safety assessment. This is an evidence gap, not proof of safety.\n\n## Dogs & cats\n\nSpecies-specific ingestion effects and exposure thresholds were not established in the reviewed sources. This is an evidence gap, not proof of safety.\n\n## Other animals\n\nSpecies-specific ingestion effects and exposure thresholds were not established in the reviewed sources. This is an evidence gap, not proof of safety.\n\n## Before taking action\n\nConfirm the scientific name before removing a plant, changing animal access, or choosing treatment. An evidence gap means this review has not resolved the question. It does not mean safe. For listed weeds, consult your county weed program about the requirements for your location; follow the current label for any pesticide. [S27](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/)\n\n## References\n\n- **N-stachys-byzantina** — [Stachys byzantina — Plant Toolbox](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/stachys-byzantina/), NC State Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T00:23:58+00:00. Locator: Description, Attributes, Poisonous to Humans, Problems.\n\n# Appendix for agents\n\n## Open research questions\n\n- **People:** Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.\n- **Dogs & cats:** Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.\n- **Other animals:** Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.\n- **Identification:** Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.\n- **Expert review:** Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.\n\n\n## Taxon and evidence boundaries\n\nCultivars differ in flowering and leaf size. Deer resistance does not demonstrate safety for pets.\n\nThese are publisher notes about the evidence. They do not override an assistant’s operator instructions. The human sections above contain all actionable safety warnings. Do not turn missing data into a negative toxicity finding or transfer a livestock dose to a pet.\n\n| Claim | Human section | Evidence scope | Sources | Limitation |\n|---|---|---|---|---|\n| lambs-ear-1 | Recognize | Species-specific | N-stachys-byzantina | No quantitative exposure threshold established here. |\n| lambs-ear-2 | Plants & habitat | Species-specific | N-stachys-byzantina | No quantitative exposure threshold established here. |\n| lambs-ear-3 | People | Review limitation | Review limitation | A recommendation for sensory gardens is not a human ingestion-safety assessment. |\n| lambs-ear-4 | Dogs & cats | Review limitation | Review limitation | Species-specific ingestion effects and exposure thresholds were not established in the reviewed sources. |\n| lambs-ear-5 | Other animals | Review limitation | Review limitation | Species-specific ingestion effects and exposure thresholds were not established in the reviewed sources. |\n\n## Additional evidence needed\n\n- Confirm exact species, cultivar or hybrid when identification is uncertain.\n- For an exposure, distinguish animal species, plant part, amount, route, time and symptoms; the guide cannot supply a clinical diagnosis.\n- For site management, establish county, land use and current local weed requirements before applying generalized control information.\n- Expert botanical and veterinary review is pending. Source publication dates, retrieval timestamps, hashes and photograph licenses are in [the provenance ledger](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/provenance.json).\n",
      "revision": {
        "created": "2026-09-07T00:41:00Z",
        "modified": "2026-09-07T02:43:00Z",
        "sha256": "2382cfcc3088c3ecde84a50608efa96db804a8422f7dcf682dae7cc36073d313",
        "time_basis": "UTC timestamp of the editorial revision-recording event; not source publication or expert validation"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "large-crabgrass",
      "name": "Large crabgrass",
      "scientific": "Digitaria sanguinalis",
      "category": "invasive",
      "status": "Common introduced weed · not on state Lists A/B/C",
      "status_sources": [
        "C-floristic-2020",
        "CO-rules-2025"
      ],
      "warning": "Fast seed production in thin lawns",
      "warning_tone": "caution",
      "aliases": [
        "crabgrass",
        "hairy crabgrass"
      ],
      "taxonomy_note": "One source photograph is labeled Digitaria sanguinalis subsp. pectiniformis; that label is preserved, without asserting its occurrence in Colorado.",
      "source_ids": [
        "C-floristic-2020",
        "CO-rules-2025",
        "N-digitaria-sanguinalis",
        "C-descriptions",
        "S27"
      ],
      "description": "Large crabgrass: Fast seed production in thin lawns. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.",
      "claim_evidence": [
        {
          "label": "Identification",
          "sources": [
            "N-digitaria-sanguinalis",
            "C-descriptions"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "large-crabgrass-1"
        },
        {
          "label": "People",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "",
          "id": "large-crabgrass-2"
        },
        {
          "label": "Dogs & cats",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "",
          "id": "large-crabgrass-3"
        },
        {
          "label": "Other animals",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "",
          "id": "large-crabgrass-4"
        },
        {
          "label": "Plants & habitat",
          "sources": [
            "N-digitaria-sanguinalis"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "large-crabgrass-5"
        },
        {
          "label": "Management & timing",
          "sources": [
            "N-digitaria-sanguinalis"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "large-crabgrass-6"
        }
      ],
      "research": {
        "status": "researching",
        "label": "Still researching this plant",
        "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.",
        "open_questions": [
          {
            "area": "People",
            "question": "Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "large-crabgrass-2"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Dogs & cats",
            "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "large-crabgrass-3"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Other animals",
            "question": "Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "large-crabgrass-4"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Identification",
            "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          },
          {
            "area": "Expert review",
            "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          }
        ],
        "expert_review": "pending"
      },
      "colorado_relevance": {
        "source_id": "C-floristic-2020",
        "locator": "Appendix B; PDF page 49; Digitaria sanguinalis",
        "basis": "Included in the 2020 statewide flora assessment. This is not a current county abundance survey.",
        "source_taxon": "Digitaria sanguinalis"
      },
      "source": "content/plants/large-crabgrass.md",
      "content_sha256": "36a76fef6859b0680cb190eed23bb36814cf7203eecca9519305e555e7295f49",
      "body_markdown": "# Large crabgrass\n\n*Digitaria sanguinalis*\n\n**Common introduced weed · not on state Lists A/B/C.** [C-floristic-2020](https://cnhp.colostate.edu/download/documents/2020/CO_FQA_2020_Final_Report.pdf) [CO-rules-2025](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2)\n\n> **Fast seed production in thin lawns.** [Exposure help](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/).\n\n**Identification caveat:** One source photograph is labeled Digitaria sanguinalis subsp. pectiniformis; that label is preserved, without asserting its occurrence in Colorado.\n\n## Still researching this plant {#research-status}\n\nThis is a sourced working profile. Evidence is incomplete for **People, Dogs & cats, Other animals**. Identification and source-photo limits are explained below. Independent botanical and veterinary review is pending. **Uncertainty is not a finding that the plant is safe.**\n\n\n## Three views of this plant\n\nSource-identified reference photographs; these are not a complete identification key. A source location outside Colorado does not establish local occurrence.\n\n![Large crabgrass: a low spreading grass clump with green leaf blades and long radiating stems on bare soil.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/coverage-garden-photos-digitaria-sanguinalis-01-02-habit.jpg)\n\n**habit** — A low spreading grass clump with green leaf blades and long radiating stems on bare soil.\n\nPhoto: Rasbak; [CC BY-SA 3.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Harig_vingergras_plant_(Digitaria_sanguinalis).jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Harig_vingergras_plant_%28Digitaria_sanguinalis%29.jpg). Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Source-identified D. sanguinalis. The inflorescence photo is explicitly labeled D. sanguinalis subsp. pectiniformis and retains that source wording. Similar crabgrasses require detailed hair, ligule, and spikelet characters for an unknown specimen; these references do not determine a Colorado specimen’s subspecies. Wikimedia server-resized derivative, reduced from the original; no crop, color change, upscaling, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; catalog preview may use a CSS crop.\n\n![Large crabgrass: several photographed leaf bases showing membranous ligules and conspicuous long hairs.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/coverage-garden-photos-digitaria-sanguinalis-01-03-leaf-collar.jpg)\n\n**leaf-collar** — Several photographed leaf bases showing membranous ligules and conspicuous long hairs.\n\nPhoto: Rasbak; [CC BY-SA 3.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Harig_vingergras_ligula_(Digitaria_sanguinalis).jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6e/Harig_vingergras_ligula_%28Digitaria_sanguinalis%29.jpg). Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Source-identified D. sanguinalis. The inflorescence photo is explicitly labeled D. sanguinalis subsp. pectiniformis and retains that source wording. Similar crabgrasses require detailed hair, ligule, and spikelet characters for an unknown specimen; these references do not determine a Colorado specimen’s subspecies. Wikimedia server-resized derivative, reduced from the original; no crop, color change, upscaling, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; catalog preview may use a CSS crop.\n\n![Large crabgrass: several slender finger-like flower spikes radiate from the top of a grass stem against a blue sky.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/coverage-garden-photos-digitaria-sanguinalis-01-11-inflorescence.jpg)\n\n**inflorescence** — Several slender finger-like flower spikes radiate from the top of a grass stem against a blue sky.\n\nPhoto: Stefan.lefnaer; [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Digitaria_sanguinalis_subsp._pectiniformis_sl18.jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/42/Digitaria_sanguinalis_subsp._pectiniformis_sl18.jpg). Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Source-identified D. sanguinalis. The inflorescence photo is explicitly labeled D. sanguinalis subsp. pectiniformis and retains that source wording. Similar crabgrasses require detailed hair, ligule, and spikelet characters for an unknown specimen; these references do not determine a Colorado specimen’s subspecies. Wikimedia server-resized derivative, reduced from the original; no crop, color change, upscaling, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; catalog preview may use a CSS crop.\n\n\n## Identification\n\nA summer annual grass with sprawling stems that root at joints, hairy leaf bases and fingerlike seedhead branches. This profile covers large crabgrass; the common name also includes other Digitaria species. [N-digitaria-sanguinalis](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/digitaria-sanguinalis/) [C-descriptions](https://extension.colostate.edu/resource/weed-descriptions/)\n\n## People\n\nThe reviewed sources do not establish species-specific ingestion effects or a safe exposure amount for people. Missing evidence does not establish safety.\n\n## Dogs & cats\n\nThe reviewed sources do not establish species-specific ingestion effects or a safe exposure amount for dogs or cats. Missing evidence does not establish safety.\n\n## Other animals\n\nThe reviewed sources do not establish species-specific ingestion effects or a safe exposure amount for livestock. Missing evidence does not establish safety.\n\n## Plants & habitat\n\nIt colonizes disturbed soil and lawns. Its ability to root along spreading stems helps it occupy bare patches. [N-digitaria-sanguinalis](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/digitaria-sanguinalis/)\n\n## Management & timing\n\nRemove seedlings before extensive rooting and seed production. Mulch garden beds and maintain dense turf; frost kills the annual plant, but surviving seeds can start another generation. [N-digitaria-sanguinalis](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/digitaria-sanguinalis/)\n\n## Before taking action\n\nConfirm identification and the requirements of your county weed program. For chemical treatment, follow the current product label, including restrictions around animals and water. [S27](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/)\n\n## References\n\n- **C-floristic-2020** — [Colorado Floristic Quality Assessment: 2020 Update](https://cnhp.colostate.edu/download/documents/2020/CO_FQA_2020_Final_Report.pdf), Colorado Natural Heritage Program, Colorado State University. Accessed 2026-09-07T02:27:33+00:00. Locator: Appendix B, Colorado species list: scientific name and native/non-native fields.\n- **CO-rules-2025** — [Colorado Noxious Weed Act rules, 8 CCR 1206-2](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2), Colorado Secretary of State / Department of Agriculture. Accessed 2026-09-07T01:07:48+00:00. Locator: Parts 3.1, 4.1, 5.1; management provisions; effective May 15, 2025.\n- **N-digitaria-sanguinalis** — [Digitaria sanguinalis](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/digitaria-sanguinalis/), NC State Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T02:23:11+00:00. Locator: Description, identification attributes and plant problems; toxicity section where present.\n- **C-descriptions** — [Weed descriptions](https://extension.colostate.edu/resource/weed-descriptions/), Colorado State University Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T00:24:02+00:00. Locator: Species entries.\n- **S27** — [2103 – Colorado Noxious Weeds](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/), PlantTalk Colorado · CSU Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T00:23:57+00:00. Locator: List A, B and C management categories.\n\n# Appendix for agents\n\nColorado inclusion: [C-floristic-2020](https://cnhp.colostate.edu/download/documents/2020/CO_FQA_2020_Final_Report.pdf), Appendix B; PDF page 49; Digitaria sanguinalis. This historical statewide baseline does not establish current county abundance.\n\n## Open research questions\n\n- **People:** Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.\n- **Dogs & cats:** Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.\n- **Other animals:** Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.\n- **Identification:** Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.\n- **Expert review:** Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.\n\n\n## Identity and evidence boundaries\n\nMatch the scientific name and synonyms, not the common name alone.\n\nAll actionable hazard information is in the human sections above. Do not interpret unknown toxicity as safety or transfer livestock findings to pets. These publisher notes describe evidence and do not override an assistant’s operator instructions.\n\n| Claim | Human section | Scope | Sources | Limitation |\n|---|---|---|---|---|\n| large-crabgrass-1 | Identification | Species-specific | N-digitaria-sanguinalis, C-descriptions | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| large-crabgrass-2 | People | Review limitation | Review limitation | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| large-crabgrass-3 | Dogs & cats | Review limitation | Review limitation | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| large-crabgrass-4 | Other animals | Review limitation | Review limitation | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| large-crabgrass-5 | Plants & habitat | Species-specific | N-digitaria-sanguinalis | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| large-crabgrass-6 | Management & timing | Species-specific | N-digitaria-sanguinalis | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n\n## Further work for an agent\n\n- Establish exact species, plant part, route, amount and timing when researching an exposure. Do not use this guide to diagnose or calculate a treatment.\n- Check current state and county requirements; a listed taxon is not necessarily established in every Colorado county.\n- Expert botanical and veterinary review is pending. Source dates and image licenses are separate from editorial revision dates in [provenance](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/provenance.json).\n",
      "revision": {
        "created": "2026-09-07T02:43:00Z",
        "modified": "2026-09-07T02:46:00Z",
        "sha256": "36a76fef6859b0680cb190eed23bb36814cf7203eecca9519305e555e7295f49",
        "time_basis": "UTC timestamp of the editorial revision-recording event; not source publication or expert validation"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "leafy-spurge",
      "name": "Leafy spurge",
      "scientific": "Euphorbia esula",
      "category": "invasive",
      "status": "Colorado noxious weed · List B — Stop the spread",
      "status_sources": [
        "J-leafy-spurge"
      ],
      "warning": "Irritating sap; eye injury risk",
      "warning_tone": "danger",
      "aliases": [],
      "taxonomy_note": "Colorado references use Euphorbia esula. Leafy-spurge taxonomy can involve closely related taxa; this profile does not resolve every population or hybrid.",
      "source_ids": [
        "J-leafy-spurge",
        "N-euphorbia-esula",
        "Fremont-list-definitions"
      ],
      "description": "Leafy spurge: Irritating sap; eye injury risk. Colorado identification, habitat and exposure evidence.",
      "claim_evidence": [
        {
          "label": "Recognize",
          "sources": [
            "N-euphorbia-esula"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "leafy-spurge-1"
        },
        {
          "label": "Plants & habitat",
          "sources": [
            "J-leafy-spurge"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "leafy-spurge-2"
        },
        {
          "label": "People",
          "sources": [
            "N-euphorbia-esula"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "leafy-spurge-3"
        },
        {
          "label": "Dogs & cats",
          "sources": [
            "N-euphorbia-esula"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "leafy-spurge-4"
        },
        {
          "label": "Other animals",
          "sources": [
            "J-leafy-spurge"
          ],
          "scope": "Animal-group-specific management evidence",
          "note": "",
          "id": "leafy-spurge-5"
        },
        {
          "id": "leafy-spurge-list-meaning",
          "label": "State-list meaning",
          "sources": [
            "Fremont-list-definitions"
          ],
          "scope": "Colorado management-category definition; species classification retains its original status sources",
          "note": "Plain-language editorial label for a management category; not a toxicity or danger rating.",
          "reviewed": "2026-09-07"
        }
      ],
      "noxious_class": "B",
      "research": {
        "status": "researching",
        "label": "Still researching this plant",
        "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.",
        "open_questions": [
          {
            "area": "Identification",
            "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          },
          {
            "area": "Expert review",
            "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          }
        ],
        "expert_review": "pending"
      },
      "noxious_class_label": "B — Stop the spread",
      "source": "content/plants/leafy-spurge.md",
      "content_sha256": "d2190754a5f0553763bdd3a30f830f7b89744b81ccc498b437a2df2d05f60624",
      "body_markdown": "# Leafy spurge\n\n*Euphorbia esula*\n\n**Colorado noxious weed · List B — Stop the spread.** [J-leafy-spurge](https://www.jeffco.us/2406/Leafy-Spurge)\n\nEstablished in some areas. Requirements vary by location: eradication, containment or suppression to stop further spread. This is a management category, separate from danger ratings. [Category source](https://fremontcountyco.gov/weed-control/weed-identification) · [What the lists mean](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/#weed-lists).\n\n> **Irritating sap; eye injury risk.** Native status, garden use and noxious-weed class are separate from toxicity. [Exposure help](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/).\n\n**Identification caveat:** Colorado references use Euphorbia esula. Leafy-spurge taxonomy can involve closely related taxa; this profile does not resolve every population or hybrid.\n\n## Still researching this plant {#research-status}\n\nThis is a sourced working profile. The cited findings are available below. Identification and source-photo limits are explained below. Independent botanical and veterinary review is pending. **Uncertainty is not a finding that the plant is safe.**\n\n\n## Three views of this plant\n\nPhotos are source-identified examples, not a complete identification key. Check leaves, stems, flowers and fruit together. Locations are not assumed to be in Colorado.\n\n![Euphorbia esula: Dense upright leafy stems topped with yellow-green flower clusters.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/invasive-euphorbia-esula-habit.jpg)\n\n**habit** — Dense upright leafy stems topped with yellow-green flower clusters.\n\nPhoto: H. Zell; [CC BY-SA 3.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Euphorbia_esula_001.JPG); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/81/Euphorbia_esula_001.JPG). Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.  Leafy-spurge taxonomy is complex. North American invasive leafy spurge is frequently assigned to Euphorbia virgata or an E. esula aggregate. These are source-identified E. esula reference photographs, including a leaf explicitly labeled E. esula sensu stricto; do not assume they prove a Colorado plant is E. esula in the narrow sense. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![Euphorbia esula: Close view of yellow-green bracts, cyathia, and rounded developing capsules.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/invasive-euphorbia-esula-flower.jpeg)\n\n**flower** — Close view of yellow-green bracts, cyathia, and rounded developing capsules.\n\nPhoto: Kristian Peters -- Fabelfroh 13:02, 3 November 2005 (UTC); [CC BY-SA 3.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Euphorbia_esula_bluete.jpeg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3e/Euphorbia_esula_bluete.jpeg). Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.  Leafy-spurge taxonomy is complex. North American invasive leafy spurge is frequently assigned to Euphorbia virgata or an E. esula aggregate. These are source-identified E. esula reference photographs, including a leaf explicitly labeled E. esula sensu stricto; do not assume they prove a Colorado plant is E. esula in the narrow sense. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![Euphorbia esula: Magnified photographed leaf tip with its broad rounded apex and scale.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/invasive-euphorbia-esula-leaf.jpg)\n\n**leaf** — Magnified photographed leaf tip with its broad rounded apex and scale.\n\nPhoto: Stefan.lefnaer; [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Euphorbia_esula_(s._str.)_sl8.jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f8/Euphorbia_esula_%28s._str.%29_sl8.jpg). Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.  Leafy-spurge taxonomy is complex. North American invasive leafy spurge is frequently assigned to Euphorbia virgata or an E. esula aggregate. These are source-identified E. esula reference photographs, including a leaf explicitly labeled E. esula sensu stricto; do not assume they prove a Colorado plant is E. esula in the narrow sense. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n\n## Recognize\n\nUpright stems, narrow leaves and yellow-green bracts surrounding small flowers. All parts contain milky latex. Do not break stems just to test for sap. [N-euphorbia-esula](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/euphorbia-esula/)\n\n## Plants & habitat\n\nSpreads by roots and seed, forming persistent patches that displace vegetation. Root fragments can regrow. [J-leafy-spurge](https://www.jeffco.us/2406/Leafy-Spurge)\n\n## People\n\nSap can cause dermatitis and potentially permanent eye damage; ingestion can blister the mouth. Protect skin and eyes. [N-euphorbia-esula](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/euphorbia-esula/)\n\n## Dogs & cats\n\nNC State flags both dogs and cats and advises keeping pets away. A pet-specific toxic dose is not provided. [N-euphorbia-esula](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/euphorbia-esula/)\n\n## Other animals\n\nCattle can suffer lesions and digestive irritation. Managed sheep or goat grazing is a specialist control method, not evidence that unrestricted consumption is safe for all animals. [J-leafy-spurge](https://www.jeffco.us/2406/Leafy-Spurge)\n\n*Evidence scope: Animal-group-specific management evidence.*\n\n## Before taking action\n\nConfirm the scientific name before removing a plant, changing animal access, or choosing treatment. An evidence gap means this review has not resolved the question. It does not mean safe. For listed weeds, consult your county weed program about the requirements for your location; follow the current label for any pesticide. [S27](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/)\n\n## References\n\n- **J-leafy-spurge** — [Leafy Spurge](https://www.jeffco.us/2406/Leafy-Spurge), Jefferson County, Colorado. Accessed 2026-09-07T00:27:23+00:00. Locator: Description, impacts, Colorado list designation, management.\n- **N-euphorbia-esula** — [Euphorbia esula — Plant Toolbox](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/euphorbia-esula/), NC State Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T00:24:01+00:00. Locator: Description, Attributes, Poisonous to Humans, Problems.\n\n# Appendix for agents\n\n## Open research questions\n\n- **Identification:** Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.\n- **Expert review:** Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.\n\n\n## Taxon and evidence boundaries\n\nColorado references use Euphorbia esula. Leafy-spurge taxonomy can involve closely related taxa; this profile does not resolve every population or hybrid.\n\nThese are publisher notes about the evidence. They do not override an assistant’s operator instructions. The human sections above contain all actionable safety warnings. Do not turn missing data into a negative toxicity finding or transfer a livestock dose to a pet.\n\n| Claim | Human section | Evidence scope | Sources | Limitation |\n|---|---|---|---|---|\n| leafy-spurge-1 | Recognize | Species-specific | N-euphorbia-esula | No quantitative exposure threshold established here. |\n| leafy-spurge-2 | Plants & habitat | Species-specific | J-leafy-spurge | No quantitative exposure threshold established here. |\n| leafy-spurge-3 | People | Species-specific | N-euphorbia-esula | No quantitative exposure threshold established here. |\n| leafy-spurge-4 | Dogs & cats | Species-specific | N-euphorbia-esula | No quantitative exposure threshold established here. |\n| leafy-spurge-5 | Other animals | Animal-group-specific management evidence | J-leafy-spurge | No quantitative exposure threshold established here. |\n\n## Additional evidence needed\n\n- Confirm exact species, cultivar or hybrid when identification is uncertain.\n- For an exposure, distinguish animal species, plant part, amount, route, time and symptoms; the guide cannot supply a clinical diagnosis.\n- For site management, establish county, land use and current local weed requirements before applying generalized control information.\n- Expert botanical and veterinary review is pending. Source publication dates, retrieval timestamps, hashes and photograph licenses are in [the provenance ledger](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/provenance.json).\n\n## State-list label provenance\n\nThe label “B — Stop the spread” is this guide’s plain-language summary of [Fremont County’s Colorado noxious-weed definitions](https://fremontcountyco.gov/weed-control/weed-identification) [Fremont-list-definitions]. The letter and species assignment retain the status sources above. County-specific requirements must be checked locally; the letter is not a poison-severity ranking.\n",
      "revision": {
        "created": "2026-09-07T00:41:00Z",
        "modified": "2026-09-07T03:50:00Z",
        "sha256": "d2190754a5f0553763bdd3a30f830f7b89744b81ccc498b437a2df2d05f60624",
        "time_basis": "UTC timestamp of the editorial revision-recording event; not source publication or expert validation"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "lewis-blue-flax",
      "name": "Lewis blue flax",
      "scientific": "Linum lewisii",
      "category": "xeriscape",
      "status": "Colorado native; low-water garden plant",
      "status_sources": [
        "C-perennials"
      ],
      "warning": "Ingestion and contact concerns",
      "warning_tone": "caution",
      "aliases": [
        "blue flax",
        "western blue flax"
      ],
      "taxonomy_note": "Use Linum lewisii records, not L. perenne or culinary flax L. usitatissimum. The source’s food-use language is not adopted as preparation advice.",
      "source_ids": [
        "C-perennials",
        "N-linum-lewisii"
      ],
      "description": "Lewis blue flax: Ingestion and contact concerns. Colorado identification, habitat and exposure evidence.",
      "claim_evidence": [
        {
          "label": "Recognize",
          "sources": [
            "N-linum-lewisii"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "lewis-blue-flax-1"
        },
        {
          "label": "Plants & habitat",
          "sources": [
            "N-linum-lewisii"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "lewis-blue-flax-2"
        },
        {
          "label": "People",
          "sources": [
            "N-linum-lewisii"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "lewis-blue-flax-3"
        },
        {
          "label": "Dogs & cats",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "Species-specific ingestion effects and exposure thresholds were not established in the reviewed sources.",
          "id": "lewis-blue-flax-4"
        },
        {
          "label": "Other animals",
          "sources": [
            "N-linum-lewisii"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific livestock warning",
          "note": "",
          "id": "lewis-blue-flax-5"
        }
      ],
      "research": {
        "status": "researching",
        "label": "Still researching this plant",
        "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.",
        "open_questions": [
          {
            "area": "People",
            "question": "Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "lewis-blue-flax-3"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Dogs & cats",
            "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "lewis-blue-flax-4"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Identification",
            "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          },
          {
            "area": "Expert review",
            "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          }
        ],
        "expert_review": "pending"
      },
      "source": "content/plants/lewis-blue-flax.md",
      "content_sha256": "d02e1316e0c690ec0937b28c2d5a3784f99ad38512ad5fc7dada373e12da93e4",
      "body_markdown": "# Lewis blue flax\n\n*Linum lewisii*\n\n**Colorado native; low-water garden plant.** [C-perennials](https://extension.colostate.edu/resource/native-herbaceous-perennials-for-colorado-landscapes/)\n\n> **Ingestion and contact concerns.** Native status, garden use and noxious-weed class are separate from toxicity. [Exposure help](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/).\n\n**Identification caveat:** Use Linum lewisii records, not L. perenne or culinary flax L. usitatissimum. The source’s food-use language is not adopted as preparation advice.\n\n## Still researching this plant {#research-status}\n\nThis is a sourced working profile. Evidence is incomplete for **People, Dogs & cats**. Identification and source-photo limits are explained below. Independent botanical and veterinary review is pending. **Uncertainty is not a finding that the plant is safe.**\n\n\n## Three views of this plant\n\nPhotos are source-identified examples, not a complete identification key. Check leaves, stems, flowers and fruit together. Locations are not assumed to be in Colorado.\n\n![Close view of slender narrow leaves along a green flax stem.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/xeriscape-linum-lewisii-01.jpg)\n\n**leaf and stem** — Close view of slender narrow leaves along a green flax stem.\n\nPhoto: Walter Siegmund   (talk); [CC BY-SA 3.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Linum_lewisii_9746.JPG); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/03/Linum_lewisii_9746.JPG). Source-supported identification with visual consistency check Photo selection verifies source labeling and visible consistency; it is not an independent specimen determination.  Downloaded source thumbnail; no further pixel edits. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![Blue five-petaled flax flowers with pale veins and yellow centers, on a slender flowering stem.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/xeriscape-linum-lewisii-02.jpg)\n\n**flower** — Blue five-petaled flax flowers with pale veins and yellow centers, on a slender flowering stem.\n\nPhoto: NPS / Jacob W. Frank; [Public domain](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Blue_Flax_-_Linum_lewisii_(37066946561).jpg#Licensing); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Blue_Flax_-_Linum_lewisii_(37066946561).jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/18/Blue_Flax_-_Linum_lewisii_%2837066946561%29.jpg). Source-supported identification with visual consistency check Photo selection verifies source labeling and visible consistency; it is not an independent specimen determination.  Downloaded source thumbnail; no further pixel edits. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![Airy clump of thin stems carrying numerous blue flowers in dry grassland.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/xeriscape-linum-lewisii-03.jpg)\n\n**habit** — Airy clump of thin stems carrying numerous blue flowers in dry grassland.\n\nPhoto: Skoch3; [CC BY-SA 3.0](http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Linum_lewisii,_blue_flax,_Albuquerque.JPG); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d0/Linum_lewisii%2C_blue_flax%2C_Albuquerque.JPG). Source-supported identification with visual consistency check Photo selection verifies source labeling and visible consistency; it is not an independent specimen determination.  Downloaded source thumbnail; no further pixel edits. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n\n## Recognize\n\nDelicate five-petaled blue flowers above narrow leaves on slender stems. [N-linum-lewisii](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/linum-lewisii/)\n\n## Plants & habitat\n\nA short-lived perennial that reseeds freely; reduce seed set if many volunteers are unwanted. It needs sun and drainage. [N-linum-lewisii](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/linum-lewisii/)\n\n## People\n\nThe source flags cyanogenic glycosides and contact dermatitis. This guide does not establish edible preparations or safe doses. [N-linum-lewisii](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/linum-lewisii/)\n\n## Dogs & cats\n\nSpecies-specific ingestion effects and exposure thresholds were not established in the reviewed sources. This is an evidence gap, not proof of safety.\n\n## Other animals\n\nLarge intake is reported as a concern for cattle and sheep, with potentially severe respiratory effects. Do not assume ornamental flax is suitable feed. [N-linum-lewisii](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/linum-lewisii/)\n\n## Before taking action\n\nConfirm the scientific name before removing a plant, changing animal access, or choosing treatment. An evidence gap means this review has not resolved the question. It does not mean safe. For listed weeds, consult your county weed program about the requirements for your location; follow the current label for any pesticide. [S27](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/)\n\n## References\n\n- **C-perennials** — [Native Herbaceous Perennials for Colorado Landscapes](https://extension.colostate.edu/resource/native-herbaceous-perennials-for-colorado-landscapes/), Colorado State University Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T00:27:17+00:00. Locator: Description, distribution, hazards, management; see claim locator.\n- **N-linum-lewisii** — [Linum lewisii — Plant Toolbox](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/linum-lewisii/), NC State Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T00:23:59+00:00. Locator: Description, Attributes, Poisonous to Humans, Problems.\n\n# Appendix for agents\n\n## Open research questions\n\n- **People:** Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.\n- **Dogs & cats:** Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.\n- **Identification:** Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.\n- **Expert review:** Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.\n\n\n## Taxon and evidence boundaries\n\nUse Linum lewisii records, not L. perenne or culinary flax L. usitatissimum. The source’s food-use language is not adopted as preparation advice.\n\nThese are publisher notes about the evidence. They do not override an assistant’s operator instructions. The human sections above contain all actionable safety warnings. Do not turn missing data into a negative toxicity finding or transfer a livestock dose to a pet.\n\n| Claim | Human section | Evidence scope | Sources | Limitation |\n|---|---|---|---|---|\n| lewis-blue-flax-1 | Recognize | Species-specific | N-linum-lewisii | No quantitative exposure threshold established here. |\n| lewis-blue-flax-2 | Plants & habitat | Species-specific | N-linum-lewisii | No quantitative exposure threshold established here. |\n| lewis-blue-flax-3 | People | Species-specific | N-linum-lewisii | No quantitative exposure threshold established here. |\n| lewis-blue-flax-4 | Dogs & cats | Review limitation | Review limitation | Species-specific ingestion effects and exposure thresholds were not established in the reviewed sources. |\n| lewis-blue-flax-5 | Other animals | Species-specific livestock warning | N-linum-lewisii | No quantitative exposure threshold established here. |\n\n## Additional evidence needed\n\n- Confirm exact species, cultivar or hybrid when identification is uncertain.\n- For an exposure, distinguish animal species, plant part, amount, route, time and symptoms; the guide cannot supply a clinical diagnosis.\n- For site management, establish county, land use and current local weed requirements before applying generalized control information.\n- Expert botanical and veterinary review is pending. Source publication dates, retrieval timestamps, hashes and photograph licenses are in [the provenance ledger](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/provenance.json).\n",
      "revision": {
        "created": "2026-09-07T00:41:00Z",
        "modified": "2026-09-07T02:43:00Z",
        "sha256": "d02e1316e0c690ec0937b28c2d5a3784f99ad38512ad5fc7dada373e12da93e4",
        "time_basis": "UTC timestamp of the editorial revision-recording event; not source publication or expert validation"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "low-larkspur",
      "name": "Low larkspur",
      "scientific": "Delphinium nuttallianum",
      "category": "native",
      "status": "Native Colorado wildflower; grazing and ingestion hazard",
      "status_sources": [
        "C-routt-guide"
      ],
      "warning": "Serious livestock and pet poisoning hazard",
      "warning_tone": "danger",
      "aliases": [
        "Delphinium nelsonii"
      ],
      "taxonomy_note": "This profile focuses on Delphinium nuttallianum. Other larkspurs differ in appearance and alkaloid content. Genus-level pet warnings are clearly marked; cattle exposure amounts are not transferred to pets.",
      "source_ids": [
        "C-routt-guide",
        "ARS-larkspur",
        "A-larkspur",
        "S27"
      ],
      "description": "Low larkspur: Serious livestock and pet poisoning hazard. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.",
      "claim_evidence": [
        {
          "label": "Recognize",
          "sources": [
            "ARS-larkspur"
          ],
          "scope": "Larkspur-group morphology; use a species key",
          "note": "",
          "id": "low-larkspur-1"
        },
        {
          "label": "Plants & habitat",
          "sources": [
            "C-routt-guide"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "low-larkspur-2"
        },
        {
          "label": "People",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "",
          "id": "low-larkspur-3"
        },
        {
          "label": "Dogs & cats",
          "sources": [
            "A-larkspur"
          ],
          "scope": "Genus-level warning; no species-specific pet threshold",
          "note": "",
          "id": "low-larkspur-4"
        },
        {
          "label": "Other animals",
          "sources": [
            "ARS-larkspur"
          ],
          "scope": "Larkspur-group evidence",
          "note": "",
          "id": "low-larkspur-5"
        }
      ],
      "research": {
        "status": "researching",
        "label": "Still researching this plant",
        "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.",
        "open_questions": [
          {
            "area": "People",
            "question": "Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "low-larkspur-3"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Identification",
            "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          },
          {
            "area": "Expert review",
            "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          }
        ],
        "expert_review": "pending"
      },
      "source": "content/plants/low-larkspur.md",
      "content_sha256": "9ff194e6d7a39534492806886e6fa07037889f6e296a96bf46685bf9eb4cfcf3",
      "body_markdown": "# Low larkspur\n\n*Delphinium nuttallianum*\n\n**Native Colorado wildflower; grazing and ingestion hazard.** [C-routt-guide](https://routt.extension.colostate.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2021/06/RC_Weed_Guide_2021.pdf)\n\n> **Serious livestock and pet poisoning hazard.** [Exposure help](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/).\n\n**Identification caveat:** This profile focuses on Delphinium nuttallianum. Other larkspurs differ in appearance and alkaloid content. Genus-level pet warnings are clearly marked; cattle exposure amounts are not transferred to pets.\n\n## Still researching this plant {#research-status}\n\nThis is a sourced working profile. Evidence is incomplete for **People**. Identification and source-photo limits are explained below. Independent botanical and veterinary review is pending. **Uncertainty is not a finding that the plant is safe.**\n\n\n## Three views of this plant\n\nSource-identified reference photographs; these are not a complete identification key. A source location outside Colorado does not establish local occurrence.\n\n![Delphinium nuttallianum: A patch of low blue-flowered larkspur growing among stones and dry leaf litter.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/additional-problem-photos-delphinium-nuttallianum-1.jpg)\n\n**flowering patch** — A patch of low blue-flowered larkspur growing among stones and dry leaf litter.\n\nPhoto: NPS; [Public domain](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Common_Larkspur_(Delphinium_nuttallianum)_(7ce5a6d0-44a3-4017-b3da-5f52d211f664).jpg#Licensing); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Common_Larkspur_(Delphinium_nuttallianum)_(7ce5a6d0-44a3-4017-b3da-5f52d211f664).jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/de/Common_Larkspur_%28Delphinium_nuttallianum%29_%287ce5a6d0-44a3-4017-b3da-5f52d211f664%29.jpg). Source scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Identification follows the exact source species, Delphinium nuttallianum; Delphinium nuttallii and other larkspurs were not substituted. Similar species require a full botanical key. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, colour change or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![Delphinium nuttallianum: Close view of blue sepals, a long spur, and pale central petals.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/additional-problem-photos-delphinium-nuttallianum-2.jpg)\n\n**flower detail** — Close view of blue sepals, a long spur, and pale central petals.\n\nPhoto: Walter Siegmund   (talk); [CC BY-SA 3.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Delphinium_nuttallianum_1824.JPG); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a1/Delphinium_nuttallianum_1824.JPG). Source scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Identification follows the exact source species, Delphinium nuttallianum; Delphinium nuttallii and other larkspurs were not substituted. Similar species require a full botanical key. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, colour change or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![Delphinium nuttallianum: A slender flowering stem rising from low divided foliage in mixed grassy vegetation.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/additional-problem-photos-delphinium-nuttallianum-3.jpg)\n\n**whole plant** — A slender flowering stem rising from low divided foliage in mixed grassy vegetation.\n\nPhoto: Walter Siegmund   (talk); [CC BY-SA 3.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Delphinium_nuttallianum_4815.JPG); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/48/Delphinium_nuttallianum_4815.JPG). Source scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Identification follows the exact source species, Delphinium nuttallianum; Delphinium nuttallii and other larkspurs were not substituted. Similar species require a full botanical key. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, colour change or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n\n## Recognize\n\nLow-growing spring larkspurs have blue spurred flowers and finely divided leaves. [ARS-larkspur](https://www.ars.usda.gov/pacific-west-area/logan-ut/poisonous-plant-research/docs/larkspur-delphinium-spp/)\n\n*Evidence scope: Larkspur-group morphology; use a species key.*\n\n## Plants & habitat\n\nRoutt County records low larkspur in meadows, woodlands and sagebrush slopes. [C-routt-guide](https://routt.extension.colostate.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2021/06/RC_Weed_Guide_2021.pdf)\n\n## People\n\nThe reviewed sources do not establish species-specific ingestion effects or a safe exposure amount for people. Missing evidence does not establish safety. \n\n## Dogs & cats\n\nASPCA lists Delphinium species as toxic to dogs and cats. Alkaloids can disrupt nerve and muscle function; suspected ingestion needs prompt veterinary attention. [A-larkspur](https://www.aspca.org/pet-care/aspca-poison-control/toxic-and-non-toxic-plants/larkspur)\n\n*Evidence scope: Genus-level warning; no species-specific pet threshold.*\n\n## Other animals\n\nLarkspur is a major cattle-poisoning concern. All parts are toxic; severity varies with species, growth stage and conditions. [ARS-larkspur](https://www.ars.usda.gov/pacific-west-area/logan-ut/poisonous-plant-research/docs/larkspur-delphinium-spp/)\n\n*Evidence scope: Larkspur-group evidence.*\n\n## Before taking action\n\nConfirm identification and the requirements of your county weed program. For chemical treatment, follow the current product label, including restrictions around animals and water. [S27](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/)\n\n## References\n\n- **C-routt-guide** — [Routt County Weed Identification Guide](https://routt.extension.colostate.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2021/06/RC_Weed_Guide_2021.pdf), Routt County / Colorado State University Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T01:14:14+00:00. Locator: Common weeds and poisonous plants; 2021 edition.\n- **ARS-larkspur** — [Larkspur (Delphinium spp.)](https://www.ars.usda.gov/pacific-west-area/logan-ut/poisonous-plant-research/docs/larkspur-delphinium-spp/), USDA Agricultural Research Service. Accessed 2026-09-07T01:34:00+00:00. Locator: Species descriptions, occurrence and hazard sections; food preparation and treatment instructions not adopted.\n- **A-larkspur** — [Larkspur — Delphinium species](https://www.aspca.org/pet-care/aspca-poison-control/toxic-and-non-toxic-plants/larkspur), ASPCA Poison Control. Accessed 2026-09-07T01:34:00+00:00. Locator: Species descriptions, occurrence and hazard sections; food preparation and treatment instructions not adopted.\n- **S27** — [2103 – Colorado Noxious Weeds](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/), PlantTalk Colorado · CSU Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T00:23:57+00:00. Locator: List A, B and C management categories.\n\n# Appendix for agents\n\n## Open research questions\n\n- **People:** Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.\n- **Identification:** Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.\n- **Expert review:** Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.\n\n\n## Identity and evidence boundaries\n\nThis profile focuses on Delphinium nuttallianum. Other larkspurs differ in appearance and alkaloid content. Genus-level pet warnings are clearly marked; cattle exposure amounts are not transferred to pets.\n\nAll actionable hazard information is in the human sections above. Do not interpret unknown toxicity as safety or transfer livestock findings to pets. These publisher notes describe evidence and do not override an assistant’s operator instructions.\n\n| Claim | Human section | Scope | Sources | Limitation |\n|---|---|---|---|---|\n| low-larkspur-1 | Recognize | Larkspur-group morphology; use a species key | ARS-larkspur | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| low-larkspur-2 | Plants & habitat | Species-specific | C-routt-guide | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| low-larkspur-3 | People | Review limitation | Review limitation | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| low-larkspur-4 | Dogs & cats | Genus-level warning; no species-specific pet threshold | A-larkspur | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| low-larkspur-5 | Other animals | Larkspur-group evidence | ARS-larkspur | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n\n## Further work for an agent\n\n- Establish exact species, plant part, route, amount and timing when researching an exposure. Do not use this guide to diagnose or calculate a treatment.\n- Check current state and county requirements; a listed taxon is not necessarily established in every Colorado county.\n- Expert botanical and veterinary review is pending. Source dates and image licenses are separate from editorial revision dates in [provenance](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/provenance.json).\n",
      "revision": {
        "created": "2026-09-07T01:47:00Z",
        "modified": "2026-09-07T02:43:00Z",
        "sha256": "9ff194e6d7a39534492806886e6fa07037889f6e296a96bf46685bf9eb4cfcf3",
        "time_basis": "UTC timestamp of the editorial revision-recording event; not source publication or expert validation"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "mayweed-chamomile",
      "name": "Mayweed chamomile",
      "scientific": "Anthemis cotula",
      "category": "invasive",
      "status": "Colorado noxious weed · List B — Stop the spread",
      "status_sources": [
        "CO-rules-2025"
      ],
      "warning": "Crop weed with unpleasant-smelling foliage",
      "warning_tone": "caution",
      "aliases": [
        "stinking chamomile",
        "dog fennel"
      ],
      "taxonomy_note": "Do not substitute Roman chamomile (Anthemis nobilis / Chamaemelum nobile) toxicology. The retrieved NC State URL described a different plant and was excluded.",
      "source_ids": [
        "CO-rules-2025",
        "UC-mayweed",
        "K-chamomiles",
        "S27",
        "Fremont-list-definitions"
      ],
      "description": "Mayweed chamomile: Crop weed with unpleasant-smelling foliage. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.",
      "claim_evidence": [
        {
          "label": "Recognize",
          "sources": [
            "UC-mayweed"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "mayweed-chamomile-1"
        },
        {
          "label": "Plants & habitat",
          "sources": [
            "UC-mayweed"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "mayweed-chamomile-2"
        },
        {
          "label": "People",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "",
          "id": "mayweed-chamomile-3"
        },
        {
          "label": "Dogs & cats",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "",
          "id": "mayweed-chamomile-4"
        },
        {
          "label": "Other animals",
          "sources": [
            "K-chamomiles"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "mayweed-chamomile-5"
        },
        {
          "id": "mayweed-chamomile-list-meaning",
          "label": "State-list meaning",
          "sources": [
            "Fremont-list-definitions"
          ],
          "scope": "Colorado management-category definition; species classification retains its original status sources",
          "note": "Plain-language editorial label for a management category; not a toxicity or danger rating.",
          "reviewed": "2026-09-07"
        }
      ],
      "noxious_class": "B",
      "research": {
        "status": "researching",
        "label": "Still researching this plant",
        "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.",
        "open_questions": [
          {
            "area": "People",
            "question": "Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "mayweed-chamomile-3"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Dogs & cats",
            "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "mayweed-chamomile-4"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Identification",
            "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          },
          {
            "area": "Expert review",
            "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          }
        ],
        "expert_review": "pending"
      },
      "noxious_class_label": "B — Stop the spread",
      "source": "content/plants/mayweed-chamomile.md",
      "content_sha256": "9a935ce4f305cc131ed9d1ba29f5faff9768169b9067c013c98c34ae55282d63",
      "body_markdown": "# Mayweed chamomile\n\n*Anthemis cotula*\n\n**Colorado noxious weed · List B — Stop the spread.** [CO-rules-2025](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2)\n\nEstablished in some areas. Requirements vary by location: eradication, containment or suppression to stop further spread. This is a management category, separate from danger ratings. [Category source](https://fremontcountyco.gov/weed-control/weed-identification) · [What the lists mean](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/#weed-lists).\n\n> **Crop weed with unpleasant-smelling foliage.** [Exposure help](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/).\n\n**Identification caveat:** Do not substitute Roman chamomile (Anthemis nobilis / Chamaemelum nobile) toxicology. The retrieved NC State URL described a different plant and was excluded.\n\n## Still researching this plant {#research-status}\n\nThis is a sourced working profile. Evidence is incomplete for **People, Dogs & cats**. Identification and source-photo limits are explained below. Independent botanical and veterinary review is pending. **Uncertainty is not a finding that the plant is safe.**\n\n\n## Three views of this plant\n\nSource-identified reference photographs; these are not a complete identification key. A source location outside Colorado does not establish local occurrence.\n\n![Mayweed chamomile heads with white rays around raised yellow centers.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/list-bc-photos-anthemis-cotula-03.jpg)\n\n**flowers** — Mayweed chamomile heads with white rays around raised yellow centers.\n\nPhoto: NY State IPM Program at Cornell University from New York, USA; [CC BY 2.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Anthemis_cotula_-_flowers_(closeup)_(18744849431).jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/13/Anthemis_cotula_-_flowers_%28closeup%29_%2818744849431%29.jpg). Source-identified photograph with visual consistency check Mayweed chamomile. For more information on identification and control, visit <a href=\" http://turfweeds.cals.cornell.edu/plant/identify/157 \" rel=\"nofollow\">turfweeds.cals.cornell.edu/plant/identify/157</a> Source labeling and visible consistency checked; not an independent specimen determination. Wikimedia-generated thumbnail rescaling only; downloaded bytes unchanged. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![A broad, branching mayweed chamomile plant covered with numerous small white-and-yellow flower heads.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/list-bc-photos-anthemis-cotula-06.jpg)\n\n**habit** — A broad, branching mayweed chamomile plant covered with numerous small white-and-yellow flower heads.\n\nPhoto: NY State IPM Program at Cornell University from New York, USA; [CC BY 2.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Anthemis_cotula_-_whole_plant_(18737495852).jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/09/Anthemis_cotula_-_whole_plant_%2818737495852%29.jpg). Source-identified photograph with visual consistency check Mayweed chamomile. For more information on identification and control, visit <a href=\" http://turfweeds.cals.cornell.edu/plant/identify/157 \" rel=\"nofollow\">turfweeds.cals.cornell.edu/plant/identify/157</a> Source labeling and visible consistency checked; not an independent specimen determination. Wikimedia-generated thumbnail rescaling only; downloaded bytes unchanged. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![A leafy mayweed chamomile shoot with finely divided green foliage.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/list-bc-photos-anthemis-cotula-08.jpg)\n\n**foliage** — A leafy mayweed chamomile shoot with finely divided green foliage.\n\nPhoto: Andrianl; [CC0](http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Anthemis_cotula_592189591.jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d1/Anthemis_cotula_592189591.jpg). Source-identified photograph with visual consistency check Stinking chamomile ( Anthemis cotula ) in New Zealand Source labeling and visible consistency checked; not an independent specimen determination. Wikimedia-generated thumbnail rescaling only; downloaded bytes unchanged. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n\n## Recognize\n\nA bushy annual with finely divided leaves, white ray flowers around yellow centers and a strong, unpleasant odor. [UC-mayweed](https://ipm.ucanr.edu/weeds-identification-gallery/mayweed-chamomile/)\n\n## Plants & habitat\n\nColonizes disturbed ground and agricultural sites; seed production sustains infestations. [UC-mayweed](https://ipm.ucanr.edu/weeds-identification-gallery/mayweed-chamomile/)\n\n## People\n\nThe reviewed sources do not establish species-specific ingestion effects or a safe exposure amount for people. Missing evidence does not establish safety. \n\n## Dogs & cats\n\nThe reviewed sources do not establish species-specific ingestion effects or a safe exposure amount for dogs or cats. Missing evidence does not establish safety. \n\n## Other animals\n\nCornell reports livestock avoidance and milk taint after consumption. That is not a quantified pet-poisoning assessment. [K-chamomiles](https://cals.cornell.edu/weed-science/weed-profiles/chamomiles)\n\n## Before taking action\n\nConfirm identification and the requirements of your county weed program. For chemical treatment, follow the current product label, including restrictions around animals and water. [S27](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/)\n\n## References\n\n- **CO-rules-2025** — [Colorado Noxious Weed Act rules, 8 CCR 1206-2](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2), Colorado Secretary of State / Department of Agriculture. Accessed 2026-09-07T01:07:48+00:00. Locator: Parts 3.1, 4.1, 5.1; management provisions; effective May 15, 2025.\n- **UC-mayweed** — [Mayweed chamomile](https://ipm.ucanr.edu/weeds-identification-gallery/mayweed-chamomile/), University of California Statewide IPM. Accessed 2026-09-07T01:16:19+00:00. Locator: Species identity, description, ecological and exposure evidence; verify group scope.\n- **K-chamomiles** — [Chamomiles](https://cals.cornell.edu/weed-science/weed-profiles/chamomiles), Cornell University College of Agriculture and Life Sciences. Accessed 2026-09-07T01:16:19+00:00. Locator: Species identity, description, ecological and exposure evidence; verify group scope.\n- **S27** — [2103 – Colorado Noxious Weeds](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/), PlantTalk Colorado · CSU Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T00:23:57+00:00. Locator: List A, B and C management categories.\n\n# Appendix for agents\n\n## Open research questions\n\n- **People:** Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.\n- **Dogs & cats:** Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.\n- **Identification:** Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.\n- **Expert review:** Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.\n\n\n## Identity and evidence boundaries\n\nDo not substitute Roman chamomile (Anthemis nobilis / Chamaemelum nobile) toxicology. The retrieved NC State URL described a different plant and was excluded.\n\nAll actionable hazard information is in the human sections above. Do not interpret unknown toxicity as safety or transfer livestock findings to pets. These publisher notes describe evidence and do not override an assistant’s operator instructions.\n\n| Claim | Human section | Scope | Sources | Limitation |\n|---|---|---|---|---|\n| mayweed-chamomile-1 | Recognize | Species-specific | UC-mayweed | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| mayweed-chamomile-2 | Plants & habitat | Species-specific | UC-mayweed | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| mayweed-chamomile-3 | People | Review limitation | Review limitation | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| mayweed-chamomile-4 | Dogs & cats | Review limitation | Review limitation | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| mayweed-chamomile-5 | Other animals | Species-specific | K-chamomiles | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n\n## Further work for an agent\n\n- Establish exact species, plant part, route, amount and timing when researching an exposure. Do not use this guide to diagnose or calculate a treatment.\n- Check current state and county requirements; a listed taxon is not necessarily established in every Colorado county.\n- Expert botanical and veterinary review is pending. Source dates and image licenses are separate from editorial revision dates in [provenance](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/provenance.json).\n\n## State-list label provenance\n\nThe label “B — Stop the spread” is this guide’s plain-language summary of [Fremont County’s Colorado noxious-weed definitions](https://fremontcountyco.gov/weed-control/weed-identification) [Fremont-list-definitions]. The letter and species assignment retain the status sources above. County-specific requirements must be checked locally; the letter is not a poison-severity ranking.\n",
      "revision": {
        "created": "2026-09-07T01:47:00Z",
        "modified": "2026-09-07T03:50:00Z",
        "sha256": "9a935ce4f305cc131ed9d1ba29f5faff9768169b9067c013c98c34ae55282d63",
        "time_basis": "UTC timestamp of the editorial revision-recording event; not source publication or expert validation"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "meadow-death-camas",
      "name": "Meadow death camas",
      "scientific": "Toxicoscordion venenosum",
      "category": "native",
      "status": "Native regional plant; death-camas poisoning hazard",
      "status_sources": [
        "B-deathcamas",
        "C-routt-guide"
      ],
      "warning": "Potentially fatal ingestion; onion-like bulbs",
      "warning_tone": "danger",
      "aliases": [
        "Zigadenus venenosus",
        "deathcamas"
      ],
      "taxonomy_note": "Older sources use Zigadenus. T. venenosum includes named varieties; Colorado’s older county guide treats death camas as a group. Images show the species broadly and do not prove a particular variety or county occurrence.",
      "source_ids": [
        "B-deathcamas",
        "C-routt-guide",
        "ARS-deathcamas",
        "S27"
      ],
      "description": "Meadow death camas: Potentially fatal ingestion; onion-like bulbs. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.",
      "claim_evidence": [
        {
          "label": "Recognize",
          "sources": [
            "ARS-deathcamas"
          ],
          "scope": "Death-camas group morphology",
          "note": "",
          "id": "meadow-death-camas-1"
        },
        {
          "label": "Plants & habitat",
          "sources": [
            "B-deathcamas",
            "ARS-deathcamas"
          ],
          "scope": "Regional variety and death-camas group",
          "note": "",
          "id": "meadow-death-camas-2"
        },
        {
          "label": "People",
          "sources": [
            "ARS-deathcamas"
          ],
          "scope": "Death-camas group including Z. venenosus",
          "note": "",
          "id": "meadow-death-camas-3"
        },
        {
          "label": "Dogs & cats",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "",
          "id": "meadow-death-camas-4"
        },
        {
          "label": "Other animals",
          "sources": [
            "ARS-deathcamas"
          ],
          "scope": "Death-camas group including Z. venenosus",
          "note": "",
          "id": "meadow-death-camas-5"
        }
      ],
      "research": {
        "status": "researching",
        "label": "Still researching this plant",
        "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.",
        "open_questions": [
          {
            "area": "Dogs & cats",
            "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "meadow-death-camas-4"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Identification",
            "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          },
          {
            "area": "Expert review",
            "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          }
        ],
        "expert_review": "pending"
      },
      "source": "content/plants/meadow-death-camas.md",
      "content_sha256": "5952e1ce49d8994d7ccc97e80b825fd3788cbc01cb5dbf7e6c6da1b10c10e584",
      "body_markdown": "# Meadow death camas\n\n*Toxicoscordion venenosum*\n\n**Native regional plant; death-camas poisoning hazard.** [B-deathcamas](https://burkeherbarium.org/imagecollection/taxon.php?Taxon=Toxicoscordion+venenosum+var.+gramineum) [C-routt-guide](https://routt.extension.colostate.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2021/06/RC_Weed_Guide_2021.pdf)\n\n> **Potentially fatal ingestion; onion-like bulbs.** [Exposure help](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/).\n\n**Identification caveat:** Older sources use Zigadenus. T. venenosum includes named varieties; Colorado’s older county guide treats death camas as a group. Images show the species broadly and do not prove a particular variety or county occurrence.\n\n## Still researching this plant {#research-status}\n\nThis is a sourced working profile. Evidence is incomplete for **Dogs & cats**. Identification and source-photo limits are explained below. Independent botanical and veterinary review is pending. **Uncertainty is not a finding that the plant is safe.**\n\n\n## Three views of this plant\n\nSource-identified reference photographs; these are not a complete identification key. A source location outside Colorado does not establish local occurrence.\n\n![Toxicoscordion venenosum: An upright cluster of small pale flowers above a basal group of narrow, strap-shaped leaves.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/additional-problem-photos-toxicoscordion-venenosum-1.jpg)\n\n**whole plant** — An upright cluster of small pale flowers above a basal group of narrow, strap-shaped leaves.\n\nPhoto: NPS Photo; [Public domain](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:File-Toxicoscordion_venenosum_-_native;_-Alternate_names-_Zigadenus_venenosus,_meadow_death_camas;-Blooms_June_-_August;-All_parts_(644b3042-f25d-4b6f-87d4-9e18f5a40c35).JPG#Licensing); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:File-Toxicoscordion_venenosum_-_native;_-Alternate_names-_Zigadenus_venenosus,_meadow_death_camas;-Blooms_June_-_August;-All_parts_(644b3042-f25d-4b6f-87d4-9e18f5a40c35).JPG); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/08/File-Toxicoscordion_venenosum_-_native%3B_-Alternate_names-_Zigadenus_venenosus%2C_meadow_death_camas%3B-Blooms_June_-_August%3B-All_parts_%28644b3042-f25d-4b6f-87d4-9e18f5a40c35%29.JPG). Source scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. The requested name and synonym Zigadenus venenosus are preserved. Other death-camas taxa were not substituted; identification follows the exact scientific source label. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, colour change or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![Toxicoscordion venenosum: Long, narrow basal leaves emerging in a tuft beside the flower stalk, among mixed grassland vegetation.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/additional-problem-photos-toxicoscordion-venenosum-2.jpg)\n\n**basal foliage** — Long, narrow basal leaves emerging in a tuft beside the flower stalk, among mixed grassland vegetation.\n\nPhoto: paulexcoff; [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/); [source record](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/46337299); [original image](https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/73488439/original.jpg). Source scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. The requested name and synonym Zigadenus venenosus are preserved. Other death-camas taxa were not substituted; identification follows the exact scientific source label. iNaturalist large server-resized photo; no crop, colour change or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![Toxicoscordion venenosum: A close view of numerous pale flowers and buds along a compact raceme, held in front of a hand.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/additional-problem-photos-toxicoscordion-venenosum-3.jpg)\n\n**flower cluster** — A close view of numerous pale flowers and buds along a compact raceme, held in front of a hand.\n\nPhoto: paulexcoff; [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/); [source record](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/46337299); [original image](https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/73488405/original.jpg). Source scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. The requested name and synonym Zigadenus venenosus are preserved. Other death-camas taxa were not substituted; identification follows the exact scientific source label. iNaturalist large server-resized photo; no crop, colour change or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n\n## Recognize\n\nDeath camas has grass-like leaves, underground bulbs and clusters of pale yellow-white flowers. Do not taste a bulb or use onion-like appearance as an edible-plant test. [ARS-deathcamas](https://www.ars.usda.gov/Services/docs.htm?docid=9861)\n\n*Evidence scope: Death-camas group morphology.*\n\n## Plants & habitat\n\nThe regional taxon T. venenosum var. gramineum occurs in grassland and pine openings. Death camas is an early-season grazing hazard. [B-deathcamas](https://burkeherbarium.org/imagecollection/taxon.php?Taxon=Toxicoscordion+venenosum+var.+gramineum) [ARS-deathcamas](https://www.ars.usda.gov/Services/docs.htm?docid=9861)\n\n*Evidence scope: Regional variety and death-camas group.*\n\n## People\n\nDeath-camas bulbs have caused severe and fatal human poisoning. Suspected ingestion requires emergency medical help. [ARS-deathcamas](https://www.ars.usda.gov/Services/docs.htm?docid=9861)\n\n*Evidence scope: Death-camas group including Z. venenosus.*\n\n## Dogs & cats\n\nThe reviewed sources do not establish species-specific ingestion effects or a safe exposure amount for dogs or cats. Missing evidence does not establish safety. \n\n## Other animals\n\nAll parts contain poisonous alkaloids; cardiovascular failure can be fatal. Sheep are often affected, but cattle and horses are also at risk. [ARS-deathcamas](https://www.ars.usda.gov/Services/docs.htm?docid=9861)\n\n*Evidence scope: Death-camas group including Z. venenosus.*\n\n## Before taking action\n\nConfirm identification and the requirements of your county weed program. For chemical treatment, follow the current product label, including restrictions around animals and water. [S27](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/)\n\n## References\n\n- **B-deathcamas** — [Toxicoscordion venenosum var. gramineum](https://burkeherbarium.org/imagecollection/taxon.php?Taxon=Toxicoscordion+venenosum+var.+gramineum), University of Washington Burke Herbarium; Don Knoke and David Giblin. Accessed 2026-09-07T01:34:00+00:00. Locator: Species descriptions, occurrence and hazard sections; food preparation and treatment instructions not adopted.\n- **C-routt-guide** — [Routt County Weed Identification Guide](https://routt.extension.colostate.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2021/06/RC_Weed_Guide_2021.pdf), Routt County / Colorado State University Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T01:14:14+00:00. Locator: Common weeds and poisonous plants; 2021 edition.\n- **ARS-deathcamas** — [Deathcamas](https://www.ars.usda.gov/Services/docs.htm?docid=9861), USDA Agricultural Research Service. Accessed 2026-09-07T01:37:13+00:00. Locator: Description; toxicity; species group including Zigadenus venenosus.\n- **S27** — [2103 – Colorado Noxious Weeds](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/), PlantTalk Colorado · CSU Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T00:23:57+00:00. Locator: List A, B and C management categories.\n\n# Appendix for agents\n\n## Open research questions\n\n- **Dogs & cats:** Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.\n- **Identification:** Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.\n- **Expert review:** Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.\n\n\n## Identity and evidence boundaries\n\nOlder sources use Zigadenus. T. venenosum includes named varieties; Colorado’s older county guide treats death camas as a group. Images show the species broadly and do not prove a particular variety or county occurrence.\n\nAll actionable hazard information is in the human sections above. Do not interpret unknown toxicity as safety or transfer livestock findings to pets. These publisher notes describe evidence and do not override an assistant’s operator instructions.\n\n| Claim | Human section | Scope | Sources | Limitation |\n|---|---|---|---|---|\n| meadow-death-camas-1 | Recognize | Death-camas group morphology | ARS-deathcamas | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| meadow-death-camas-2 | Plants & habitat | Regional variety and death-camas group | B-deathcamas, ARS-deathcamas | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| meadow-death-camas-3 | People | Death-camas group including Z. venenosus | ARS-deathcamas | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| meadow-death-camas-4 | Dogs & cats | Review limitation | Review limitation | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| meadow-death-camas-5 | Other animals | Death-camas group including Z. venenosus | ARS-deathcamas | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n\n## Further work for an agent\n\n- Establish exact species, plant part, route, amount and timing when researching an exposure. Do not use this guide to diagnose or calculate a treatment.\n- Check current state and county requirements; a listed taxon is not necessarily established in every Colorado county.\n- Expert botanical and veterinary review is pending. Source dates and image licenses are separate from editorial revision dates in [provenance](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/provenance.json).\n",
      "revision": {
        "created": "2026-09-07T01:47:00Z",
        "modified": "2026-09-07T02:43:00Z",
        "sha256": "5952e1ce49d8994d7ccc97e80b825fd3788cbc01cb5dbf7e6c6da1b10c10e584",
        "time_basis": "UTC timestamp of the editorial revision-recording event; not source publication or expert validation"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "meadow-knapweed",
      "name": "Meadow knapweed",
      "scientific": "Centaurea × moncktonii",
      "category": "invasive",
      "status": "Colorado noxious weed · List A — Eradicate",
      "status_sources": [
        "CO-rules-2025"
      ],
      "warning": "Outcompetes pasture and meadow plants",
      "warning_tone": "caution",
      "aliases": [
        "Centaurea x moncktonii",
        "Centaurea x gerstlaueri"
      ],
      "taxonomy_note": "A hybrid complex associated with C. jacea and C. nigra. Older meadow-knapweed names can represent different taxonomic concepts; records require checking.",
      "source_ids": [
        "CO-rules-2025",
        "WA-meadow-knapweed",
        "S27",
        "Fremont-list-definitions"
      ],
      "description": "Meadow knapweed: Outcompetes pasture and meadow plants. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.",
      "claim_evidence": [
        {
          "label": "Recognize",
          "sources": [
            "WA-meadow-knapweed"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "meadow-knapweed-1"
        },
        {
          "label": "Plants & habitat",
          "sources": [
            "WA-meadow-knapweed"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "meadow-knapweed-2"
        },
        {
          "label": "People",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "",
          "id": "meadow-knapweed-3"
        },
        {
          "label": "Dogs & cats",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "",
          "id": "meadow-knapweed-4"
        },
        {
          "label": "Other animals",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "",
          "id": "meadow-knapweed-5"
        },
        {
          "id": "meadow-knapweed-list-meaning",
          "label": "State-list meaning",
          "sources": [
            "Fremont-list-definitions"
          ],
          "scope": "Colorado management-category definition; species classification retains its original status sources",
          "note": "Plain-language editorial label for a management category; not a toxicity or danger rating.",
          "reviewed": "2026-09-07"
        }
      ],
      "noxious_class": "A",
      "research": {
        "status": "researching",
        "label": "Still researching this plant",
        "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.",
        "open_questions": [
          {
            "area": "People",
            "question": "Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "meadow-knapweed-3"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Dogs & cats",
            "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "meadow-knapweed-4"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Other animals",
            "question": "Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "meadow-knapweed-5"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Identification",
            "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          },
          {
            "area": "Expert review",
            "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          }
        ],
        "expert_review": "pending"
      },
      "noxious_class_label": "A — Eradicate",
      "source": "content/plants/meadow-knapweed.md",
      "content_sha256": "368711198310a5adcc4f8b52fe24a5fbc64a8ef1a135555345f141ef0c049034",
      "body_markdown": "# Meadow knapweed\n\n*Centaurea × moncktonii*\n\n**Colorado noxious weed · List A — Eradicate.** [CO-rules-2025](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2)\n\nUncommon in Colorado. All populations are designated for eradication statewide. This is a management category, separate from danger ratings. [Category source](https://fremontcountyco.gov/weed-control/weed-identification) · [What the lists mean](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/#weed-lists).\n\n> **Outcompetes pasture and meadow plants.** [Exposure help](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/).\n\n**Identification caveat:** A hybrid complex associated with C. jacea and C. nigra. Older meadow-knapweed names can represent different taxonomic concepts; records require checking.\n\n## Still researching this plant {#research-status}\n\nThis is a sourced working profile. Evidence is incomplete for **People, Dogs & cats, Other animals**. Identification and source-photo limits are explained below. Independent botanical and veterinary review is pending. **Uncertainty is not a finding that the plant is safe.**\n\n\n## Three views of this plant\n\nSource-identified reference photographs; these are not a complete identification key. A source location outside Colorado does not establish local occurrence.\n\n![Centaurea × moncktonii: A purple flower head among additional buds and spent heads.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/list-a-photos-centaurea-x-moncktonii-1.jpg)\n\n**flowers** — A purple flower head among additional buds and spent heads.\n\nPhoto: Eric Coombs, Oregon Department of Agriculture, Bugwood.org; [CC BY 3.0 us](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/us/deed.en); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Centaurea_%C3%97_moncktonii_5435714.jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/11/Centaurea_%C3%97_moncktonii_5435714.jpg). Source scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. This is the source-identified hybrid meadow knapweed (C. jacea × C. nigra). The complex overlaps morphologically; the photographs do not independently establish hybrid ancestry. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no local crop, colour change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![Centaurea × moncktonii: A flowering head and a spent head held to show the dark involucral bracts.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/list-a-photos-centaurea-x-moncktonii-2.jpg)\n\n**head and bracts** — A flowering head and a spent head held to show the dark involucral bracts.\n\nPhoto: Zihao Wang; [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/); [source record](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/14803189); [original image](https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/22096242/original.jpg). Source scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. This is the source-identified hybrid meadow knapweed (C. jacea × C. nigra). The complex overlaps morphologically; the photographs do not independently establish hybrid ancestry. iNaturalist large server-resized image; no local crop, colour change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![Centaurea × moncktonii: A slender upright stem with narrow, alternate leaves.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/list-a-photos-centaurea-x-moncktonii-3.jpg)\n\n**stem leaves** — A slender upright stem with narrow, alternate leaves.\n\nPhoto: Zihao Wang; [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/); [source record](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/14803189); [original image](https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/22096211/original.jpg). Source scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. This is the source-identified hybrid meadow knapweed (C. jacea × C. nigra). The complex overlaps morphologically; the photographs do not independently establish hybrid ancestry. iNaturalist large server-resized image; no local crop, colour change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n\n## Recognize\n\nA variable perennial hybrid with mostly undivided leaves and purple to white flowerheads. Brown, papery, fringed flowerhead bracts help distinguish it. [WA-meadow-knapweed](https://www.nwcb.wa.gov/weeds/meadow-knapweed)\n\n## Plants & habitat\n\nSpreads through seed and regrowth from root crowns, replacing desirable forage and native meadow vegetation. [WA-meadow-knapweed](https://www.nwcb.wa.gov/weeds/meadow-knapweed)\n\n## People\n\nThe reviewed sources do not establish species-specific ingestion effects or a safe exposure amount for people. Missing evidence does not establish safety. \n\n## Dogs & cats\n\nThe reviewed sources do not establish species-specific ingestion effects or a safe exposure amount for dogs or cats. Missing evidence does not establish safety. \n\n## Other animals\n\nThe reviewed sources do not establish species-specific ingestion effects or a safe exposure amount for livestock. Missing evidence does not establish safety. \n\n## Before taking action\n\nConfirm identification and the requirements of your county weed program. For chemical treatment, follow the current product label, including restrictions around animals and water. [S27](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/)\n\nThis is a statewide eradication priority. Contact your county weed program promptly for identification and an approved management and disposal plan. [CO-rules-2025](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2)\n\n## References\n\n- **CO-rules-2025** — [Colorado Noxious Weed Act rules, 8 CCR 1206-2](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2), Colorado Secretary of State / Department of Agriculture. Accessed 2026-09-07T01:07:48+00:00. Locator: Parts 3.1, 4.1, 5.1; management provisions; effective May 15, 2025.\n- **WA-meadow-knapweed** — [Meadow Knapweed](https://www.nwcb.wa.gov/weeds/meadow-knapweed), Washington State Noxious Weed Control Board. Accessed 2026-09-07T01:09:00+00:00. Locator: Identification, ecological impacts, management; Washington legal class not applied to Colorado.\n- **S27** — [2103 – Colorado Noxious Weeds](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/), PlantTalk Colorado · CSU Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T00:23:57+00:00. Locator: List A, B and C management categories.\n\n# Appendix for agents\n\n## Open research questions\n\n- **People:** Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.\n- **Dogs & cats:** Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.\n- **Other animals:** Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.\n- **Identification:** Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.\n- **Expert review:** Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.\n\n\n## Identity and evidence boundaries\n\nA hybrid complex associated with C. jacea and C. nigra. Older meadow-knapweed names can represent different taxonomic concepts; records require checking.\n\nAll actionable hazard information is in the human sections above. Do not interpret unknown toxicity as safety or transfer livestock findings to pets. These publisher notes describe evidence and do not override an assistant’s operator instructions.\n\n| Claim | Human section | Scope | Sources | Limitation |\n|---|---|---|---|---|\n| meadow-knapweed-1 | Recognize | Species-specific | WA-meadow-knapweed | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| meadow-knapweed-2 | Plants & habitat | Species-specific | WA-meadow-knapweed | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| meadow-knapweed-3 | People | Review limitation | Review limitation | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| meadow-knapweed-4 | Dogs & cats | Review limitation | Review limitation | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| meadow-knapweed-5 | Other animals | Review limitation | Review limitation | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n\n## Further work for an agent\n\n- Establish exact species, plant part, route, amount and timing when researching an exposure. Do not use this guide to diagnose or calculate a treatment.\n- Check current state and county requirements; a listed taxon is not necessarily established in every Colorado county.\n- Expert botanical and veterinary review is pending. Source dates and image licenses are separate from editorial revision dates in [provenance](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/provenance.json).\n\n## State-list label provenance\n\nThe label “A — Eradicate” is this guide’s plain-language summary of [Fremont County’s Colorado noxious-weed definitions](https://fremontcountyco.gov/weed-control/weed-identification) [Fremont-list-definitions]. The letter and species assignment retain the status sources above. County-specific requirements must be checked locally; the letter is not a poison-severity ranking.\n",
      "revision": {
        "created": "2026-09-07T01:47:00Z",
        "modified": "2026-09-07T03:50:00Z",
        "sha256": "368711198310a5adcc4f8b52fe24a5fbc64a8ef1a135555345f141ef0c049034",
        "time_basis": "UTC timestamp of the editorial revision-recording event; not source publication or expert validation"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "mediterranean-sage",
      "name": "Mediterranean sage",
      "scientific": "Salvia aethiopis",
      "category": "invasive",
      "status": "Colorado noxious weed · List A — Eradicate",
      "status_sources": [
        "CO-rules-2025"
      ],
      "warning": "Tumbles and spreads seed through rangeland",
      "warning_tone": "caution",
      "aliases": [],
      "taxonomy_note": "This is another tumbleweed-forming plant, distinct from Russian sage (Salvia yangii), kochia and Russian thistle. Do not merge their toxicity evidence.",
      "source_ids": [
        "CO-rules-2025",
        "WA-mediterranean-sage",
        "S27",
        "Fremont-list-definitions"
      ],
      "description": "Mediterranean sage: Tumbles and spreads seed through rangeland. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.",
      "claim_evidence": [
        {
          "label": "Recognize",
          "sources": [
            "WA-mediterranean-sage"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "mediterranean-sage-1"
        },
        {
          "label": "Plants & habitat",
          "sources": [
            "WA-mediterranean-sage"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "mediterranean-sage-2"
        },
        {
          "label": "People",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "",
          "id": "mediterranean-sage-3"
        },
        {
          "label": "Dogs & cats",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "",
          "id": "mediterranean-sage-4"
        },
        {
          "label": "Other animals",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "",
          "id": "mediterranean-sage-5"
        },
        {
          "id": "mediterranean-sage-list-meaning",
          "label": "State-list meaning",
          "sources": [
            "Fremont-list-definitions"
          ],
          "scope": "Colorado management-category definition; species classification retains its original status sources",
          "note": "Plain-language editorial label for a management category; not a toxicity or danger rating.",
          "reviewed": "2026-09-07"
        }
      ],
      "noxious_class": "A",
      "research": {
        "status": "researching",
        "label": "Still researching this plant",
        "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.",
        "open_questions": [
          {
            "area": "People",
            "question": "Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "mediterranean-sage-3"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Dogs & cats",
            "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "mediterranean-sage-4"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Other animals",
            "question": "Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "mediterranean-sage-5"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Identification",
            "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          },
          {
            "area": "Expert review",
            "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          }
        ],
        "expert_review": "pending"
      },
      "noxious_class_label": "A — Eradicate",
      "source": "content/plants/mediterranean-sage.md",
      "content_sha256": "a46afb582628102ca2253ab919c92c4ee86703d07b18332f6825a1f5c6bf1c7c",
      "body_markdown": "# Mediterranean sage\n\n*Salvia aethiopis*\n\n**Colorado noxious weed · List A — Eradicate.** [CO-rules-2025](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2)\n\nUncommon in Colorado. All populations are designated for eradication statewide. This is a management category, separate from danger ratings. [Category source](https://fremontcountyco.gov/weed-control/weed-identification) · [What the lists mean](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/#weed-lists).\n\n> **Tumbles and spreads seed through rangeland.** [Exposure help](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/).\n\n**Identification caveat:** This is another tumbleweed-forming plant, distinct from Russian sage (Salvia yangii), kochia and Russian thistle. Do not merge their toxicity evidence.\n\n## Still researching this plant {#research-status}\n\nThis is a sourced working profile. Evidence is incomplete for **People, Dogs & cats, Other animals**. Identification and source-photo limits are explained below. Independent botanical and veterinary review is pending. **Uncertainty is not a finding that the plant is safe.**\n\n\n## Three views of this plant\n\nSource-identified reference photographs; these are not a complete identification key. A source location outside Colorado does not establish local occurrence.\n\n![Salvia aethiopis: A pale, branching flowering plant in open grassland.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/list-a-photos-salvia-aethiopis-1.jpg)\n\n**habit** — A pale, branching flowering plant in open grassland.\n\nPhoto: Stefan.lefnaer; [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Salvia_aethiopis_sl13.jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/17/Salvia_aethiopis_sl13.jpg). Source scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no local crop, colour change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![Salvia aethiopis: White flowers arranged along pale, densely hairy branching stems.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/list-a-photos-salvia-aethiopis-2.jpg)\n\n**flowering branches** — White flowers arranged along pale, densely hairy branching stems.\n\nPhoto: Stefan.lefnaer; [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Salvia_aethiopis_sl2.jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a8/Salvia_aethiopis_sl2.jpg). Source scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no local crop, colour change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![Salvia aethiopis: A low rosette of broad, wrinkled, woolly leaves.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/list-a-photos-salvia-aethiopis-3.jpg)\n\n**rosette** — A low rosette of broad, wrinkled, woolly leaves.\n\nPhoto: Stefan.lefnaer; [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Salvia_aethiopis_sl68.jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/89/Salvia_aethiopis_sl68.jpg). Source scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no local crop, colour change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n\n## Recognize\n\nA woolly rosette produces a much-branched, candelabra-like stalk with pale, two-lipped flowers. Upper leaves clasp the square stem. [WA-mediterranean-sage](https://www.nwcb.wa.gov/weeds/mediterranean-sage)\n\n## Plants & habitat\n\nUnpalatable growth can displace forage. Dry flowering stalks detach and tumble, spreading seed. [WA-mediterranean-sage](https://www.nwcb.wa.gov/weeds/mediterranean-sage)\n\n## People\n\nThe reviewed sources do not establish species-specific ingestion effects or a safe exposure amount for people. Missing evidence does not establish safety. \n\n## Dogs & cats\n\nThe reviewed sources do not establish species-specific ingestion effects or a safe exposure amount for dogs or cats. Missing evidence does not establish safety. \n\n## Other animals\n\nThe reviewed sources do not establish species-specific ingestion effects or a safe exposure amount for livestock. Missing evidence does not establish safety. \n\n## Before taking action\n\nConfirm identification and the requirements of your county weed program. For chemical treatment, follow the current product label, including restrictions around animals and water. [S27](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/)\n\nThis is a statewide eradication priority. Contact your county weed program promptly for identification and an approved management and disposal plan. [CO-rules-2025](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2)\n\n## References\n\n- **CO-rules-2025** — [Colorado Noxious Weed Act rules, 8 CCR 1206-2](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2), Colorado Secretary of State / Department of Agriculture. Accessed 2026-09-07T01:07:48+00:00. Locator: Parts 3.1, 4.1, 5.1; management provisions; effective May 15, 2025.\n- **WA-mediterranean-sage** — [Mediterranean Sage](https://www.nwcb.wa.gov/weeds/mediterranean-sage), Washington State Noxious Weed Control Board. Accessed 2026-09-07T01:09:00+00:00. Locator: Identification, ecological impacts, management; Washington legal class not applied to Colorado.\n- **S27** — [2103 – Colorado Noxious Weeds](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/), PlantTalk Colorado · CSU Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T00:23:57+00:00. Locator: List A, B and C management categories.\n\n# Appendix for agents\n\n## Open research questions\n\n- **People:** Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.\n- **Dogs & cats:** Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.\n- **Other animals:** Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.\n- **Identification:** Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.\n- **Expert review:** Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.\n\n\n## Identity and evidence boundaries\n\nThis is another tumbleweed-forming plant, distinct from Russian sage (Salvia yangii), kochia and Russian thistle. Do not merge their toxicity evidence.\n\nAll actionable hazard information is in the human sections above. Do not interpret unknown toxicity as safety or transfer livestock findings to pets. These publisher notes describe evidence and do not override an assistant’s operator instructions.\n\n| Claim | Human section | Scope | Sources | Limitation |\n|---|---|---|---|---|\n| mediterranean-sage-1 | Recognize | Species-specific | WA-mediterranean-sage | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| mediterranean-sage-2 | Plants & habitat | Species-specific | WA-mediterranean-sage | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| mediterranean-sage-3 | People | Review limitation | Review limitation | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| mediterranean-sage-4 | Dogs & cats | Review limitation | Review limitation | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| mediterranean-sage-5 | Other animals | Review limitation | Review limitation | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n\n## Further work for an agent\n\n- Establish exact species, plant part, route, amount and timing when researching an exposure. Do not use this guide to diagnose or calculate a treatment.\n- Check current state and county requirements; a listed taxon is not necessarily established in every Colorado county.\n- Expert botanical and veterinary review is pending. Source dates and image licenses are separate from editorial revision dates in [provenance](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/provenance.json).\n\n## State-list label provenance\n\nThe label “A — Eradicate” is this guide’s plain-language summary of [Fremont County’s Colorado noxious-weed definitions](https://fremontcountyco.gov/weed-control/weed-identification) [Fremont-list-definitions]. The letter and species assignment retain the status sources above. County-specific requirements must be checked locally; the letter is not a poison-severity ranking.\n",
      "revision": {
        "created": "2026-09-07T01:47:00Z",
        "modified": "2026-09-07T03:50:00Z",
        "sha256": "a46afb582628102ca2253ab919c92c4ee86703d07b18332f6825a1f5c6bf1c7c",
        "time_basis": "UTC timestamp of the editorial revision-recording event; not source publication or expert validation"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "medusahead",
      "name": "Medusahead",
      "scientific": "Taeniatherum caput-medusae",
      "category": "invasive",
      "status": "Colorado noxious weed · List A — Eradicate",
      "status_sources": [
        "CO-rules-2025"
      ],
      "warning": "Barbed awns; persistent fire-promoting thatch",
      "warning_tone": "danger",
      "aliases": [],
      "taxonomy_note": "Similar-looking native grasses exist. Awn and spike structure must be examined before identification or removal.",
      "source_ids": [
        "CO-rules-2025",
        "WA-medusahead",
        "S27",
        "Fremont-list-definitions"
      ],
      "description": "Medusahead: Barbed awns; persistent fire-promoting thatch. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.",
      "claim_evidence": [
        {
          "label": "Recognize",
          "sources": [
            "WA-medusahead"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "medusahead-1"
        },
        {
          "label": "Plants & habitat",
          "sources": [
            "WA-medusahead"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "medusahead-2"
        },
        {
          "label": "People",
          "sources": [
            "WA-medusahead"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "medusahead-3"
        },
        {
          "label": "Dogs & cats",
          "sources": [
            "WA-medusahead"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "medusahead-4"
        },
        {
          "label": "Other animals",
          "sources": [
            "WA-medusahead"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "medusahead-5"
        },
        {
          "id": "medusahead-list-meaning",
          "label": "State-list meaning",
          "sources": [
            "Fremont-list-definitions"
          ],
          "scope": "Colorado management-category definition; species classification retains its original status sources",
          "note": "Plain-language editorial label for a management category; not a toxicity or danger rating.",
          "reviewed": "2026-09-07"
        }
      ],
      "noxious_class": "A",
      "research": {
        "status": "researching",
        "label": "Still researching this plant",
        "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.",
        "open_questions": [
          {
            "area": "Other animals",
            "question": "Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "medusahead-5"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Identification",
            "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          },
          {
            "area": "Expert review",
            "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          }
        ],
        "expert_review": "pending"
      },
      "noxious_class_label": "A — Eradicate",
      "source": "content/plants/medusahead.md",
      "content_sha256": "d35eb2cec9927f8daf907cf2757dac39183565508c122e1b3eb7339a3dfe90f1",
      "body_markdown": "# Medusahead\n\n*Taeniatherum caput-medusae*\n\n**Colorado noxious weed · List A — Eradicate.** [CO-rules-2025](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2)\n\nUncommon in Colorado. All populations are designated for eradication statewide. This is a management category, separate from danger ratings. [Category source](https://fremontcountyco.gov/weed-control/weed-identification) · [What the lists mean](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/#weed-lists).\n\n> **Barbed awns; persistent fire-promoting thatch.** [Exposure help](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/).\n\n**Identification caveat:** Similar-looking native grasses exist. Awn and spike structure must be examined before identification or removal.\n\n## Still researching this plant {#research-status}\n\nThis is a sourced working profile. Evidence is incomplete for **Other animals**. Identification and source-photo limits are explained below. Independent botanical and veterinary review is pending. **Uncertainty is not a finding that the plant is safe.**\n\n\n## Three views of this plant\n\nSource-identified reference photographs; these are not a complete identification key. A source location outside Colorado does not establish local occurrence.\n\n![Taeniatherum caput-medusae: Dense grass growth with numerous pale, spreading, long-awned heads.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/list-a-photos-taeniatherum-caput-medusae-1.jpg)\n\n**maturing heads** — Dense grass growth with numerous pale, spreading, long-awned heads.\n\nPhoto: Matt Lavin  from Bozeman, Montana, USA; [CC BY-SA 2.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Taeniatherum_caput-medusae_(3872859565).jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e4/Taeniatherum_caput-medusae_%283872859565%29.jpg). Source scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no local crop, colour change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![Taeniatherum caput-medusae: A broad straw-coloured stand beside a fence and building.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/list-a-photos-taeniatherum-caput-medusae-2.jpg)\n\n**infestation** — A broad straw-coloured stand beside a fence and building.\n\nPhoto: Matt Lavin  from Bozeman, Montana, USA; [CC BY-SA 2.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Taeniatherum_caput-medusae_(3873644920).jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d2/Taeniatherum_caput-medusae_%283873644920%29.jpg). Source scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no local crop, colour change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![Taeniatherum caput-medusae: Close view of green spikes with numerous long, slender awns.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/list-a-photos-taeniatherum-caput-medusae-3.jpg)\n\n**green heads** — Close view of green spikes with numerous long, slender awns.\n\nPhoto: Matt Lavin  from Bozeman, Montana, USA; [CC BY-SA 2.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Taeniatherum_caput-medusae_(3873651200).jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/Taeniatherum_caput-medusae_%283873651200%29.jpg). Source scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no local crop, colour change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n\n## Recognize\n\nA winter annual grass with dense seed spikes and long, twisting, barbed awns. [WA-medusahead](https://www.nwcb.wa.gov/weeds/medusahead)\n\n## Plants & habitat\n\nCompetes strongly with native vegetation. Slowly decomposing, silica-rich thatch accumulates and can increase fire frequency. [WA-medusahead](https://www.nwcb.wa.gov/weeds/medusahead)\n\n## People\n\nBarbed awns catch on clothing and can scratch; avoid bare-handed handling of mature seedheads. [WA-medusahead](https://www.nwcb.wa.gov/weeds/medusahead)\n\n## Dogs & cats\n\nAwns pose a plausible physical injury concern, but this source is not a species-specific pet case series. Keep pets out of mature seedheads. [WA-medusahead](https://www.nwcb.wa.gov/weeds/medusahead)\n\n## Other animals\n\nPoor forage quality and loss of desirable pasture are documented concerns. An unrestricted feeding-safety threshold is not established. [WA-medusahead](https://www.nwcb.wa.gov/weeds/medusahead)\n\n## Before taking action\n\nConfirm identification and the requirements of your county weed program. For chemical treatment, follow the current product label, including restrictions around animals and water. [S27](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/)\n\nThis is a statewide eradication priority. Contact your county weed program promptly for identification and an approved management and disposal plan. [CO-rules-2025](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2)\n\n## References\n\n- **CO-rules-2025** — [Colorado Noxious Weed Act rules, 8 CCR 1206-2](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2), Colorado Secretary of State / Department of Agriculture. Accessed 2026-09-07T01:07:48+00:00. Locator: Parts 3.1, 4.1, 5.1; management provisions; effective May 15, 2025.\n- **WA-medusahead** — [Medusahead](https://www.nwcb.wa.gov/weeds/medusahead), Washington State Noxious Weed Control Board. Accessed 2026-09-07T01:09:00+00:00. Locator: Identification, ecological impacts, management; Washington legal class not applied to Colorado.\n- **S27** — [2103 – Colorado Noxious Weeds](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/), PlantTalk Colorado · CSU Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T00:23:57+00:00. Locator: List A, B and C management categories.\n\n# Appendix for agents\n\n## Open research questions\n\n- **Other animals:** Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.\n- **Identification:** Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.\n- **Expert review:** Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.\n\n\n## Identity and evidence boundaries\n\nSimilar-looking native grasses exist. Awn and spike structure must be examined before identification or removal.\n\nAll actionable hazard information is in the human sections above. Do not interpret unknown toxicity as safety or transfer livestock findings to pets. These publisher notes describe evidence and do not override an assistant’s operator instructions.\n\n| Claim | Human section | Scope | Sources | Limitation |\n|---|---|---|---|---|\n| medusahead-1 | Recognize | Species-specific | WA-medusahead | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| medusahead-2 | Plants & habitat | Species-specific | WA-medusahead | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| medusahead-3 | People | Species-specific | WA-medusahead | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| medusahead-4 | Dogs & cats | Species-specific | WA-medusahead | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| medusahead-5 | Other animals | Species-specific | WA-medusahead | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n\n## Further work for an agent\n\n- Establish exact species, plant part, route, amount and timing when researching an exposure. Do not use this guide to diagnose or calculate a treatment.\n- Check current state and county requirements; a listed taxon is not necessarily established in every Colorado county.\n- Expert botanical and veterinary review is pending. Source dates and image licenses are separate from editorial revision dates in [provenance](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/provenance.json).\n\n## State-list label provenance\n\nThe label “A — Eradicate” is this guide’s plain-language summary of [Fremont County’s Colorado noxious-weed definitions](https://fremontcountyco.gov/weed-control/weed-identification) [Fremont-list-definitions]. The letter and species assignment retain the status sources above. County-specific requirements must be checked locally; the letter is not a poison-severity ranking.\n",
      "revision": {
        "created": "2026-09-07T01:47:00Z",
        "modified": "2026-09-07T03:50:00Z",
        "sha256": "d35eb2cec9927f8daf907cf2757dac39183565508c122e1b3eb7339a3dfe90f1",
        "time_basis": "UTC timestamp of the editorial revision-recording event; not source publication or expert validation"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "moth-mullein",
      "name": "Moth mullein",
      "scientific": "Verbascum blattaria",
      "category": "invasive",
      "status": "Colorado noxious weed · List B — Stop the spread",
      "status_sources": [
        "CO-rules-2025"
      ],
      "warning": "Long-lived seeds sustain infestations",
      "warning_tone": "caution",
      "aliases": [],
      "taxonomy_note": "Unlike common mullein, this species does not have a thickly woolly rosette. Confirm the whole plant, not flower color alone.",
      "source_ids": [
        "CO-rules-2025",
        "J-moth-mullein",
        "S27",
        "Fremont-list-definitions"
      ],
      "description": "Moth mullein: Long-lived seeds sustain infestations. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.",
      "claim_evidence": [
        {
          "label": "Recognize",
          "sources": [
            "J-moth-mullein"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "moth-mullein-1"
        },
        {
          "label": "Plants & habitat",
          "sources": [
            "J-moth-mullein"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "moth-mullein-2"
        },
        {
          "label": "People",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "",
          "id": "moth-mullein-3"
        },
        {
          "label": "Dogs & cats",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "",
          "id": "moth-mullein-4"
        },
        {
          "label": "Other animals",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "",
          "id": "moth-mullein-5"
        },
        {
          "id": "moth-mullein-list-meaning",
          "label": "State-list meaning",
          "sources": [
            "Fremont-list-definitions"
          ],
          "scope": "Colorado management-category definition; species classification retains its original status sources",
          "note": "Plain-language editorial label for a management category; not a toxicity or danger rating.",
          "reviewed": "2026-09-07"
        }
      ],
      "noxious_class": "B",
      "research": {
        "status": "researching",
        "label": "Still researching this plant",
        "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.",
        "open_questions": [
          {
            "area": "People",
            "question": "Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "moth-mullein-3"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Dogs & cats",
            "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "moth-mullein-4"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Other animals",
            "question": "Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "moth-mullein-5"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Identification",
            "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          },
          {
            "area": "Expert review",
            "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          }
        ],
        "expert_review": "pending"
      },
      "noxious_class_label": "B — Stop the spread",
      "source": "content/plants/moth-mullein.md",
      "content_sha256": "2af4e6a465725669af971bd5dcd0f4f93d19f86149b1613f45355fa89033ae8b",
      "body_markdown": "# Moth mullein\n\n*Verbascum blattaria*\n\n**Colorado noxious weed · List B — Stop the spread.** [CO-rules-2025](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2)\n\nEstablished in some areas. Requirements vary by location: eradication, containment or suppression to stop further spread. This is a management category, separate from danger ratings. [Category source](https://fremontcountyco.gov/weed-control/weed-identification) · [What the lists mean](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/#weed-lists).\n\n> **Long-lived seeds sustain infestations.** [Exposure help](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/).\n\n**Identification caveat:** Unlike common mullein, this species does not have a thickly woolly rosette. Confirm the whole plant, not flower color alone.\n\n## Still researching this plant {#research-status}\n\nThis is a sourced working profile. Evidence is incomplete for **People, Dogs & cats, Other animals**. Identification and source-photo limits are explained below. Independent botanical and veterinary review is pending. **Uncertainty is not a finding that the plant is safe.**\n\n\n## Three views of this plant\n\nSource-identified reference photographs; these are not a complete identification key. A source location outside Colorado does not establish local occurrence.\n\n![Round dry moth-mullein capsules on short stalks beside a slender main stem, with a 10 mm scale.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/list-bc-photos-verbascum-blattaria-04.jpg)\n\n**capsules** — Round dry moth-mullein capsules on short stalks beside a slender main stem, with a 10 mm scale.\n\nPhoto: Stefan.lefnaer; [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Verbascum_blattaria_sl20.jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8c/Verbascum_blattaria_sl20.jpg). Source-identified photograph with visual consistency check Fruits Taxonym: Verbascum blattaria ss Fischer et al. EfÖLS 2008 ISBN 978-3-85474-187-9 Location: Donaugraben west of Stetten, district Korneuburg, Lower Austria - ca. 170 m a.s.l. Habitat: dam Source labeling and visible consistency checked; not an independent specimen determination. Wikimedia-generated thumbnail rescaling only; downloaded bytes unchanged. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![A pale yellow moth-mullein flower with a purple center on a slender flowering stem.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/list-bc-photos-verbascum-blattaria-07.jpg)\n\n**flowers** — A pale yellow moth-mullein flower with a purple center on a slender flowering stem.\n\nPhoto: Cbaile19; [CC0](http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Verbascum_blattaria_(yellow_form),_2023-06-05,_South_Side,_02.jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3e/Verbascum_blattaria_%28yellow_form%29%2C_2023-06-05%2C_South_Side%2C_02.jpg). Source-identified photograph with visual consistency check Yellow form of Moth Mullein ( Verbascum blattaria ) blooming beside the Monongahela, South Side, Pittsburgh Source labeling and visible consistency checked; not an independent specimen determination. Wikimedia-generated thumbnail rescaling only; downloaded bytes unchanged. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![Tall, slender moth-mullein flowering stems with broad lower leaves growing in dry grassland.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/list-bc-photos-verbascum-blattaria-10.jpg)\n\n**habit** — Tall, slender moth-mullein flowering stems with broad lower leaves growing in dry grassland.\n\nPhoto: Stefan.lefnaer; [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Verbascum_blattaria_sl25.jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a9/Verbascum_blattaria_sl25.jpg). Source-identified photograph with visual consistency check Habitus Taxonym: Verbascum blattaria ss Fischer et al. EfÖLS 2008 ISBN 978-3-85474-187-9 Location: „Aspelfeld“ 1,5 km SE Alt-Prerau, district Mistelbach, Lower Austria - ca. 180 m a.s.l. Habitat: non-calcareous, sandy fallow land Source labeling and visible consistency checked; not an independent specimen determination. Wikimedia-generated thumbnail rescaling only; downloaded bytes unchanged. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n\n## Recognize\n\nA biennial with toothed leaves and loose stalks of white or yellow flowers with purple centers. [J-moth-mullein](https://www.jeffco.us/2402/Moth-Mullein)\n\n## Plants & habitat\n\nA garden escape in pastures and hay fields. Seeds persist, requiring monitoring after removal. [J-moth-mullein](https://www.jeffco.us/2402/Moth-Mullein)\n\n## People\n\nThe reviewed sources do not establish species-specific ingestion effects or a safe exposure amount for people. Missing evidence does not establish safety. \n\n## Dogs & cats\n\nThe reviewed sources do not establish species-specific ingestion effects or a safe exposure amount for dogs or cats. Missing evidence does not establish safety. \n\n## Other animals\n\nThe reviewed sources do not establish species-specific ingestion effects or a safe exposure amount for livestock. Missing evidence does not establish safety. \n\n## Before taking action\n\nConfirm identification and the requirements of your county weed program. For chemical treatment, follow the current product label, including restrictions around animals and water. [S27](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/)\n\n## References\n\n- **CO-rules-2025** — [Colorado Noxious Weed Act rules, 8 CCR 1206-2](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2), Colorado Secretary of State / Department of Agriculture. Accessed 2026-09-07T01:07:48+00:00. Locator: Parts 3.1, 4.1, 5.1; management provisions; effective May 15, 2025.\n- **J-moth-mullein** — [Moth Mullein](https://www.jeffco.us/2402/Moth-Mullein), Jefferson County, Colorado. Accessed 2026-09-07T01:08:57+00:00. Locator: Species description and management.\n- **S27** — [2103 – Colorado Noxious Weeds](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/), PlantTalk Colorado · CSU Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T00:23:57+00:00. Locator: List A, B and C management categories.\n\n# Appendix for agents\n\n## Open research questions\n\n- **People:** Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.\n- **Dogs & cats:** Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.\n- **Other animals:** Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.\n- **Identification:** Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.\n- **Expert review:** Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.\n\n\n## Identity and evidence boundaries\n\nUnlike common mullein, this species does not have a thickly woolly rosette. Confirm the whole plant, not flower color alone.\n\nAll actionable hazard information is in the human sections above. Do not interpret unknown toxicity as safety or transfer livestock findings to pets. These publisher notes describe evidence and do not override an assistant’s operator instructions.\n\n| Claim | Human section | Scope | Sources | Limitation |\n|---|---|---|---|---|\n| moth-mullein-1 | Recognize | Species-specific | J-moth-mullein | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| moth-mullein-2 | Plants & habitat | Species-specific | J-moth-mullein | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| moth-mullein-3 | People | Review limitation | Review limitation | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| moth-mullein-4 | Dogs & cats | Review limitation | Review limitation | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| moth-mullein-5 | Other animals | Review limitation | Review limitation | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n\n## Further work for an agent\n\n- Establish exact species, plant part, route, amount and timing when researching an exposure. Do not use this guide to diagnose or calculate a treatment.\n- Check current state and county requirements; a listed taxon is not necessarily established in every Colorado county.\n- Expert botanical and veterinary review is pending. Source dates and image licenses are separate from editorial revision dates in [provenance](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/provenance.json).\n\n## State-list label provenance\n\nThe label “B — Stop the spread” is this guide’s plain-language summary of [Fremont County’s Colorado noxious-weed definitions](https://fremontcountyco.gov/weed-control/weed-identification) [Fremont-list-definitions]. The letter and species assignment retain the status sources above. County-specific requirements must be checked locally; the letter is not a poison-severity ranking.\n",
      "revision": {
        "created": "2026-09-07T01:47:00Z",
        "modified": "2026-09-07T03:50:00Z",
        "sha256": "2af4e6a465725669af971bd5dcd0f4f93d19f86149b1613f45355fa89033ae8b",
        "time_basis": "UTC timestamp of the editorial revision-recording event; not source publication or expert validation"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "musk-thistle",
      "name": "Musk thistle",
      "scientific": "Carduus nutans",
      "category": "invasive",
      "status": "Colorado noxious weed · List B — Stop the spread",
      "status_sources": [
        "J-musk-thistle"
      ],
      "warning": "Sharp spines; competes with vegetation",
      "warning_tone": "caution",
      "aliases": [],
      "taxonomy_note": "Colorado also has native thistles. Purple flowers and spines alone cannot distinguish a listed introduced species.",
      "source_ids": [
        "J-musk-thistle",
        "Fremont-list-definitions"
      ],
      "description": "Musk thistle: Sharp spines; competes with vegetation. Colorado identification, habitat and exposure evidence.",
      "claim_evidence": [
        {
          "label": "Recognize",
          "sources": [
            "J-musk-thistle"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "musk-thistle-1"
        },
        {
          "label": "Plants & habitat",
          "sources": [
            "J-musk-thistle"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "musk-thistle-2"
        },
        {
          "label": "People",
          "sources": [
            "J-musk-thistle"
          ],
          "scope": "Physical-risk inference from documented spines",
          "note": "",
          "id": "musk-thistle-3"
        },
        {
          "label": "Dogs & cats",
          "sources": [
            "J-musk-thistle"
          ],
          "scope": "Physical-risk inference; toxicology gap",
          "note": "",
          "id": "musk-thistle-4"
        },
        {
          "label": "Other animals",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "The reviewed control source does not establish species-specific livestock chemical toxicity.",
          "id": "musk-thistle-5"
        },
        {
          "id": "musk-thistle-list-meaning",
          "label": "State-list meaning",
          "sources": [
            "Fremont-list-definitions"
          ],
          "scope": "Colorado management-category definition; species classification retains its original status sources",
          "note": "Plain-language editorial label for a management category; not a toxicity or danger rating.",
          "reviewed": "2026-09-07"
        }
      ],
      "noxious_class": "B",
      "research": {
        "status": "researching",
        "label": "Still researching this plant",
        "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.",
        "open_questions": [
          {
            "area": "Dogs & cats",
            "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "musk-thistle-4"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Other animals",
            "question": "Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "musk-thistle-5"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Identification",
            "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          },
          {
            "area": "Expert review",
            "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          }
        ],
        "expert_review": "pending"
      },
      "noxious_class_label": "B — Stop the spread",
      "source": "content/plants/musk-thistle.md",
      "content_sha256": "44d1df6c69cb4a4a8fb370bdb7350b336a935cc218b442300ecd0b2cbcfbb629",
      "body_markdown": "# Musk thistle\n\n*Carduus nutans*\n\n**Colorado noxious weed · List B — Stop the spread.** [J-musk-thistle](https://www.jeffco.us/2384/Musk-Thistle)\n\nEstablished in some areas. Requirements vary by location: eradication, containment or suppression to stop further spread. This is a management category, separate from danger ratings. [Category source](https://fremontcountyco.gov/weed-control/weed-identification) · [What the lists mean](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/#weed-lists).\n\n> **Sharp spines; competes with vegetation.** Native status, garden use and noxious-weed class are separate from toxicity. [Exposure help](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/).\n\n**Identification caveat:** Colorado also has native thistles. Purple flowers and spines alone cannot distinguish a listed introduced species.\n\n## Still researching this plant {#research-status}\n\nThis is a sourced working profile. Evidence is incomplete for **Dogs & cats, Other animals**. Identification and source-photo limits are explained below. Independent botanical and veterinary review is pending. **Uncertainty is not a finding that the plant is safe.**\n\n\n## Three views of this plant\n\nPhotos are source-identified examples, not a complete identification key. Check leaves, stems, flowers and fruit together. Locations are not assumed to be in Colorado.\n\n![Carduus nutans: Nodding purple flower head on a curved stalk with pointed involucral bracts.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/invasive-carduus-nutans-flower.jpg)\n\n**flower** — Nodding purple flower head on a curved stalk with pointed involucral bracts.\n\nPhoto: Robert Flogaus-Faust; [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Carduus_nutans_4_RF.jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/Carduus_nutans_4_RF.jpg). Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.   Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![Carduus nutans: Dense deeply lobed spiny foliage surrounding a developing central flower bud.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/invasive-carduus-nutans-leaf-bud.jpg)\n\n**leaf-bud** — Dense deeply lobed spiny foliage surrounding a developing central flower bud.\n\nPhoto: Krzysztof Ziarnek, Kenraiz; [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Carduus_nutans_kz20.jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/eb/Carduus_nutans_kz20.jpg). Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.   Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![Carduus nutans: Entire low branching flowering thistle showing basal foliage and several pink heads.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/invasive-carduus-nutans-habit.jpg)\n\n**habit** — Entire low branching flowering thistle showing basal foliage and several pink heads.\n\nPhoto: Pierpao; [CC0](https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Carduus_nutans_in_Bosco_Bottari.jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/72/Carduus_nutans_in_Bosco_Bottari.jpg). Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.   Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n\n## Recognize\n\nLarge, often nodding purple heads and deeply lobed, spiny leaves. Usually a biennial. [J-musk-thistle](https://www.jeffco.us/2384/Musk-Thistle)\n\n## Plants & habitat\n\nSpreads by seed. Preventing seed set is central to control; follow-up is needed as new rosettes emerge. [J-musk-thistle](https://www.jeffco.us/2384/Musk-Thistle)\n\n## People\n\nSpines can puncture skin. Sturdy gloves are a practical precaution when handling; confirm identification before removing a thistle. [J-musk-thistle](https://www.jeffco.us/2384/Musk-Thistle)\n\n*Evidence scope: Physical-risk inference from documented spines.*\n\n## Dogs & cats\n\nSpiny material can injure paws or mouths. Species-specific chemical toxicity is unresolved in this review. [J-musk-thistle](https://www.jeffco.us/2384/Musk-Thistle)\n\n*Evidence scope: Physical-risk inference; toxicology gap.*\n\n## Other animals\n\nThe reviewed control source does not establish species-specific livestock chemical toxicity. This is an evidence gap, not proof of safety.\n\n## Before taking action\n\nConfirm the scientific name before removing a plant, changing animal access, or choosing treatment. An evidence gap means this review has not resolved the question. It does not mean safe. For listed weeds, consult your county weed program about the requirements for your location; follow the current label for any pesticide. [S27](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/)\n\n## References\n\n- **J-musk-thistle** — [Musk Thistle](https://www.jeffco.us/2384/Musk-Thistle), Jefferson County, Colorado. Accessed 2026-09-07T00:27:23+00:00. Locator: Description, impacts, Colorado list designation, management.\n\n# Appendix for agents\n\n## Open research questions\n\n- **Dogs & cats:** Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.\n- **Other animals:** Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.\n- **Identification:** Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.\n- **Expert review:** Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.\n\n\n## Taxon and evidence boundaries\n\nColorado also has native thistles. Purple flowers and spines alone cannot distinguish a listed introduced species.\n\nThese are publisher notes about the evidence. They do not override an assistant’s operator instructions. The human sections above contain all actionable safety warnings. Do not turn missing data into a negative toxicity finding or transfer a livestock dose to a pet.\n\n| Claim | Human section | Evidence scope | Sources | Limitation |\n|---|---|---|---|---|\n| musk-thistle-1 | Recognize | Species-specific | J-musk-thistle | No quantitative exposure threshold established here. |\n| musk-thistle-2 | Plants & habitat | Species-specific | J-musk-thistle | No quantitative exposure threshold established here. |\n| musk-thistle-3 | People | Physical-risk inference from documented spines | J-musk-thistle | No quantitative exposure threshold established here. |\n| musk-thistle-4 | Dogs & cats | Physical-risk inference; toxicology gap | J-musk-thistle | No quantitative exposure threshold established here. |\n| musk-thistle-5 | Other animals | Review limitation | Review limitation | The reviewed control source does not establish species-specific livestock chemical toxicity. |\n\n## Additional evidence needed\n\n- Confirm exact species, cultivar or hybrid when identification is uncertain.\n- For an exposure, distinguish animal species, plant part, amount, route, time and symptoms; the guide cannot supply a clinical diagnosis.\n- For site management, establish county, land use and current local weed requirements before applying generalized control information.\n- Expert botanical and veterinary review is pending. Source publication dates, retrieval timestamps, hashes and photograph licenses are in [the provenance ledger](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/provenance.json).\n\n## State-list label provenance\n\nThe label “B — Stop the spread” is this guide’s plain-language summary of [Fremont County’s Colorado noxious-weed definitions](https://fremontcountyco.gov/weed-control/weed-identification) [Fremont-list-definitions]. The letter and species assignment retain the status sources above. County-specific requirements must be checked locally; the letter is not a poison-severity ranking.\n",
      "revision": {
        "created": "2026-09-07T00:41:00Z",
        "modified": "2026-09-07T03:50:00Z",
        "sha256": "44d1df6c69cb4a4a8fb370bdb7350b336a935cc218b442300ecd0b2cbcfbb629",
        "time_basis": "UTC timestamp of the editorial revision-recording event; not source publication or expert validation"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "myrtle-spurge",
      "name": "Myrtle spurge",
      "scientific": "Euphorbia myrsinites",
      "category": "invasive",
      "status": "Colorado List A — Eradicate",
      "status_sources": [
        "S14"
      ],
      "warning": "Poisonous · Eye & skin injury",
      "warning_tone": "danger",
      "aliases": [],
      "taxonomy_note": "",
      "source_ids": [
        "S14",
        "S13",
        "S15",
        "S27",
        "Fremont-list-definitions"
      ],
      "description": "Myrtle spurge: Poisonous · Eye & skin injury. Colorado identification, habitat and exposure evidence.",
      "claim_evidence": [
        {
          "label": "Recognize",
          "sources": [
            "S13",
            "S14",
            "S15"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "reviewed": "2026-09-06",
          "id": "myrtle-spurge-1"
        },
        {
          "label": "Plants & habitat",
          "sources": [
            "S13",
            "S15",
            "S27"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific + management guidance",
          "note": "Garden exclusion is an editorial recommendation derived from Colorado List A status.",
          "reviewed": "2026-09-06",
          "id": "myrtle-spurge-2"
        },
        {
          "label": "People",
          "sources": [
            "S14",
            "S15"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "reviewed": "2026-09-06",
          "id": "myrtle-spurge-3"
        },
        {
          "label": "Dogs & cats",
          "sources": [
            "S15"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "reviewed": "2026-09-06",
          "id": "myrtle-spurge-4"
        },
        {
          "label": "Other animals",
          "sources": [
            "S14",
            "S15"
          ],
          "scope": "Evidence gap",
          "note": "",
          "reviewed": "2026-09-06",
          "id": "myrtle-spurge-5"
        },
        {
          "id": "myrtle-spurge-list-meaning",
          "label": "State-list meaning",
          "sources": [
            "Fremont-list-definitions"
          ],
          "scope": "Colorado management-category definition; species classification retains its original status sources",
          "note": "Plain-language editorial label for a management category; not a toxicity or danger rating.",
          "reviewed": "2026-09-07"
        }
      ],
      "noxious_class": "A",
      "research": {
        "status": "researching",
        "label": "Still researching this plant",
        "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.",
        "open_questions": [
          {
            "area": "Other animals",
            "question": "Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "myrtle-spurge-5"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Expert review",
            "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          }
        ],
        "expert_review": "pending"
      },
      "noxious_class_label": "A — Eradicate",
      "source": "content/plants/myrtle-spurge.md",
      "content_sha256": "3c3cf24999398aef00e1b28966a67c95fb6009f3b65b4116aeff70bcc7242509",
      "body_markdown": "# Myrtle spurge\n\n*Euphorbia myrsinites*\n\n**Colorado List A — Eradicate.** [S14](https://www.jeffco.us/2364/Myrtle-Spurge)\n\nUncommon in Colorado. All populations are designated for eradication statewide. This is a management category, separate from danger ratings. [Category source](https://fremontcountyco.gov/weed-control/weed-identification) · [What the lists mean](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/#weed-lists).\n\n> **Poisonous · Eye & skin injury.** Native status, garden use and noxious-weed class are separate from toxicity. [Exposure help](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/).\n\n## Still researching this plant {#research-status}\n\nThis is a sourced working profile. Evidence is incomplete for **Other animals**. Independent botanical and veterinary review is pending. **Uncertainty is not a finding that the plant is safe.**\n\n\n## Three views of this plant\n\nPhotos are source-identified examples, not a complete identification key. Check leaves, stems, flowers and fruit together. Locations are not assumed to be in Colorado.\n\n![Euphorbia myrsinites: Close view of yellow-green bracts and small cup-shaped cyathia.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/invasive-euphorbia-myrsinites-flower.jpg)\n\n**flower** — Close view of yellow-green bracts and small cup-shaped cyathia.\n\nPhoto: Flocci Nivis; [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:20260411_Euphorbia_myrsinites_01.jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e0/20260411_Euphorbia_myrsinites_01.jpg). Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.   Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![Euphorbia myrsinites: Thick blue-green leaves overlap spirally along several trailing stems.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/invasive-euphorbia-myrsinites-leaf.jpg)\n\n**leaf** — Thick blue-green leaves overlap spirally along several trailing stems.\n\nPhoto: Qwertzy2; [CC BY-SA 3.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Euphorbia_myrsinites.JPG); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/21/Euphorbia_myrsinites.JPG). Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.   Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![Euphorbia myrsinites: Low spreading clump with trailing leafy stems and terminal yellow-green flower clusters.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/invasive-euphorbia-myrsinites-habit.jpg)\n\n**habit** — Low spreading clump with trailing leafy stems and terminal yellow-green flower clusters.\n\nPhoto: Syrio; [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Euphorbia_myrsinites_Pr%C3%A0_01.jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bb/Euphorbia_myrsinites_Pr%C3%A0_01.jpg). Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.   Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n\n## Recognize\n\nTrailing fleshy stems, spiraled blue-green leaves, and yellow-green spring bracts. Previously sold as an ornamental. [S13](https://ag.colorado.gov/conservation/noxious-weeds/colorado-noxious-weed-list/myrtle-spurge) [S14](https://www.jeffco.us/2364/Myrtle-Spurge) [S15](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/euphorbia-myrsinites/)\n\n## Plants & habitat\n\nSpreads aggressively by seed. Colorado’s List A goal is eradication; do not select it for a xeriscape garden. [S13](https://ag.colorado.gov/conservation/noxious-weeds/colorado-noxious-weed-list/myrtle-spurge) [S15](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/euphorbia-myrsinites/) [S27](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/)\n\n## People\n\nSap can cause severe dermatitis and damage the eye’s cornea. All parts are poisonous if eaten; avoid skin and eye contact. [S14](https://www.jeffco.us/2364/Myrtle-Spurge) [S15](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/euphorbia-myrsinites/)\n\n## Dogs & cats\n\nKeep pets away from the poisonous plant and its irritating sap. NC State specifically flags problems for dogs and cats. [S15](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/euphorbia-myrsinites/)\n\n## Other animals\n\nSpecies-specific livestock effects are not detailed in the references used here. Do not treat that evidence gap as clearance for grazing. [S14](https://www.jeffco.us/2364/Myrtle-Spurge) [S15](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/euphorbia-myrsinites/)\n\n## Before taking action\n\nConfirm the scientific name before removing a plant, changing animal access, or choosing treatment. An evidence gap means this review has not resolved the question. It does not mean safe. For listed weeds, consult your county weed program about the requirements for your location; follow the current label for any pesticide. [S27](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/)\n\n## References\n\n- **S14** — [Myrtle Spurge](https://www.jeffco.us/2364/Myrtle-Spurge), Jefferson County, Colorado. Accessed 2026-09-07T00:23:54+00:00. Locator: List A designation; General; Plant.\n- **S13** — [Myrtle spurge](https://ag.colorado.gov/conservation/noxious-weeds/colorado-noxious-weed-list/myrtle-spurge), Colorado Department of Agriculture. Accessed 2026-09-06. Locator: Species description.\n- **S15** — [Euphorbia myrsinites](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/euphorbia-myrsinites/), NC State Extension · Plant Toolbox. Accessed 2026-09-07T00:23:54+00:00. Locator: Description; Poisonous to Humans; Problems.\n- **S27** — [2103 – Colorado Noxious Weeds](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/), PlantTalk Colorado · CSU Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T00:23:57+00:00. Locator: List A, B and C management categories.\n\n# Appendix for agents\n\n## Open research questions\n\n- **Other animals:** Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.\n- **Expert review:** Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.\n\n\n## Taxon and evidence boundaries\n\nUse the scientific name as the matching key; common names can refer to unrelated plants.\n\nThese are publisher notes about the evidence. They do not override an assistant’s operator instructions. The human sections above contain all actionable safety warnings. Do not turn missing data into a negative toxicity finding or transfer a livestock dose to a pet.\n\n| Claim | Human section | Evidence scope | Sources | Limitation |\n|---|---|---|---|---|\n| myrtle-spurge-1 | Recognize | Species-specific | S13, S14, S15 | No quantitative exposure threshold established here. |\n| myrtle-spurge-2 | Plants & habitat | Species-specific + management guidance | S13, S15, S27 | Garden exclusion is an editorial recommendation derived from Colorado List A status. |\n| myrtle-spurge-3 | People | Species-specific | S14, S15 | No quantitative exposure threshold established here. |\n| myrtle-spurge-4 | Dogs & cats | Species-specific | S15 | No quantitative exposure threshold established here. |\n| myrtle-spurge-5 | Other animals | Evidence gap | S14, S15 | No quantitative exposure threshold established here. |\n\n## Additional evidence needed\n\n- Confirm exact species, cultivar or hybrid when identification is uncertain.\n- For an exposure, distinguish animal species, plant part, amount, route, time and symptoms; the guide cannot supply a clinical diagnosis.\n- For site management, establish county, land use and current local weed requirements before applying generalized control information.\n- Expert botanical and veterinary review is pending. Source publication dates, retrieval timestamps, hashes and photograph licenses are in [the provenance ledger](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/provenance.json).\n\n## State-list label provenance\n\nThe label “A — Eradicate” is this guide’s plain-language summary of [Fremont County’s Colorado noxious-weed definitions](https://fremontcountyco.gov/weed-control/weed-identification) [Fremont-list-definitions]. The letter and species assignment retain the status sources above. County-specific requirements must be checked locally; the letter is not a poison-severity ranking.\n",
      "revision": {
        "created": "2026-09-07T00:41:00Z",
        "modified": "2026-09-07T03:50:00Z",
        "sha256": "3c3cf24999398aef00e1b28966a67c95fb6009f3b65b4116aeff70bcc7242509",
        "time_basis": "UTC timestamp of the editorial revision-recording event; not source publication or expert validation"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "narrow-leaved-dalmatian-toadflax",
      "name": "Narrow-leaved Dalmatian toadflax",
      "scientific": "Linaria genistifolia",
      "category": "invasive",
      "status": "Colorado noxious weed · List B — Stop the spread",
      "status_sources": [
        "CO-rules-2025"
      ],
      "warning": "Listed taxon with difficult identification",
      "warning_tone": "caution",
      "aliases": [
        "broomleaf toadflax"
      ],
      "taxonomy_note": "Colorado’s listing name is retained. Drought-stressed L. dalmatica and hybrid toadflaxes can also have narrow leaves. Photographs from Europe show source-identified L. genistifolia; they do not confirm Colorado occurrence. Expert identification is needed before assigning a local plant to this taxon.",
      "source_ids": [
        "CO-rules-2025",
        "F-toadflaxes",
        "S27",
        "Fremont-list-definitions"
      ],
      "description": "Narrow-leaved Dalmatian toadflax: Listed taxon with difficult identification. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.",
      "claim_evidence": [
        {
          "label": "Recognize",
          "sources": [
            "F-toadflaxes"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "narrow-leaved-dalmatian-toadflax-1"
        },
        {
          "label": "Plants & habitat",
          "sources": [
            "F-toadflaxes",
            "CO-rules-2025"
          ],
          "scope": "Regulatory listing and historical taxonomic uncertainty",
          "note": "",
          "id": "narrow-leaved-dalmatian-toadflax-2"
        },
        {
          "label": "People",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "",
          "id": "narrow-leaved-dalmatian-toadflax-3"
        },
        {
          "label": "Dogs & cats",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "",
          "id": "narrow-leaved-dalmatian-toadflax-4"
        },
        {
          "label": "Other animals",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "",
          "id": "narrow-leaved-dalmatian-toadflax-5"
        },
        {
          "id": "narrow-leaved-dalmatian-toadflax-list-meaning",
          "label": "State-list meaning",
          "sources": [
            "Fremont-list-definitions"
          ],
          "scope": "Colorado management-category definition; species classification retains its original status sources",
          "note": "Plain-language editorial label for a management category; not a toxicity or danger rating.",
          "reviewed": "2026-09-07"
        }
      ],
      "noxious_class": "B",
      "research": {
        "status": "researching",
        "label": "Still researching this plant",
        "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.",
        "open_questions": [
          {
            "area": "People",
            "question": "Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "narrow-leaved-dalmatian-toadflax-3"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Dogs & cats",
            "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "narrow-leaved-dalmatian-toadflax-4"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Other animals",
            "question": "Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "narrow-leaved-dalmatian-toadflax-5"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Identification",
            "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          },
          {
            "area": "Expert review",
            "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          }
        ],
        "expert_review": "pending"
      },
      "noxious_class_label": "B — Stop the spread",
      "source": "content/plants/narrow-leaved-dalmatian-toadflax.md",
      "content_sha256": "aafbd162f4aef96c1df9e54a5f23c77423e03a267b1c003d020eecfbd3e92cf4",
      "body_markdown": "# Narrow-leaved Dalmatian toadflax\n\n*Linaria genistifolia*\n\n**Colorado noxious weed · List B — Stop the spread.** [CO-rules-2025](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2)\n\nEstablished in some areas. Requirements vary by location: eradication, containment or suppression to stop further spread. This is a management category, separate from danger ratings. [Category source](https://fremontcountyco.gov/weed-control/weed-identification) · [What the lists mean](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/#weed-lists).\n\n> **Listed taxon with difficult identification.** [Exposure help](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/).\n\n**Identification caveat:** Colorado’s listing name is retained. Drought-stressed L. dalmatica and hybrid toadflaxes can also have narrow leaves. Photographs from Europe show source-identified L. genistifolia; they do not confirm Colorado occurrence. Expert identification is needed before assigning a local plant to this taxon.\n\n## Still researching this plant {#research-status}\n\nThis is a sourced working profile. Evidence is incomplete for **People, Dogs & cats, Other animals**. Identification and source-photo limits are explained below. Independent botanical and veterinary review is pending. **Uncertainty is not a finding that the plant is safe.**\n\n\n## Three views of this plant\n\nSource-identified reference photographs; these are not a complete identification key. A source location outside Colorado does not establish local occurrence.\n\n![Side view of yellow toadflax flowers and their long spurs beside developing reproductive structures, with a 10 mm scale.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/list-bc-photos-linaria-genistifolia-04.jpg)\n\n**flowers** — Side view of yellow toadflax flowers and their long spurs beside developing reproductive structures, with a 10 mm scale.\n\nPhoto: Stefan.lefnaer; [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Linaria_genistifolia_(subsp._genistifolia)_sl31.jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/87/Linaria_genistifolia_%28subsp._genistifolia%29_sl31.jpg). Source-identified photograph with visual consistency check Inflorescence Taxonym: Linaria genistifolia (subsp. genistifolia) ss Fischer et al. EfÖLS 2008 ISBN 978-3-85474-187-9 Location: Schmetterlingswiese in Donaupark, Vienna-Donaustadt - ca. 160 m a.s.l. Habitat: sandy area Source labeling and visible consistency checked; not an independent specimen determination. Wikimedia-generated thumbnail rescaling only; downloaded bytes unchanged. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![Smooth, lance-shaped leaves along an upright toadflax stem, viewed against the sky.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/list-bc-photos-linaria-genistifolia-05.jpg)\n\n**leaves and stem** — Smooth, lance-shaped leaves along an upright toadflax stem, viewed against the sky.\n\nPhoto: Stefan.lefnaer; [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Linaria_genistifolia_(subsp._genistifolia)_sl48.jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/26/Linaria_genistifolia_%28subsp._genistifolia%29_sl48.jpg). Source-identified photograph with visual consistency check Stem with leaves Taxonym: Linaria genistifolia (subsp. genistifolia) ss Fischer et al. EfÖLS 2008 ISBN 978-3-85474-187-9 Location: Steinberg near Ernstbrunn, district Korneuburg, Lower Austria - ca. 450 m a.s.l. Habitat: semi-dry grassland Source labeling and visible consistency checked; not an independent specimen determination. Wikimedia-generated thumbnail rescaling only; downloaded bytes unchanged. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![Tall, slender, branching toadflax plant rising above surrounding grassland vegetation.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/list-bc-photos-linaria-genistifolia-08.jpg)\n\n**habit** — Tall, slender, branching toadflax plant rising above surrounding grassland vegetation.\n\nPhoto: Stefan.lefnaer; [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Linaria_genistifolia_(subsp._genistifolia)_sl35.jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f6/Linaria_genistifolia_%28subsp._genistifolia%29_sl35.jpg). Source-identified photograph with visual consistency check Habitus Taxonym: Linaria genistifolia (subsp. genistifolia) ss Fischer et al. EfÖLS 2008 ISBN 978-3-85474-187-9 Location: Wolfseck km northeast of Ladendorf, district Mistelbach, Lower Austria - ca. 240 m a.s.l. Habitat: fallow land Source labeling and visible consistency checked; not an independent specimen determination. Wikimedia-generated thumbnail rescaling only; downloaded bytes unchanged. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n\n## Recognize\n\nThe federal guide distinguishes L. genistifolia by smaller flowers and capsules; narrow leaves alone are unreliable. [F-toadflaxes](https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GOVPUB-A13-PURL-gpo87594/pdf/GOVPUB-A13-PURL-gpo87594.pdf)\n\n## Plants & habitat\n\nColorado lists this taxon separately. The 2016 federal guide considered its North American distribution unconfirmed, so a state listing is not proof of a local population. [F-toadflaxes](https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GOVPUB-A13-PURL-gpo87594/pdf/GOVPUB-A13-PURL-gpo87594.pdf) [CO-rules-2025](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2)\n\n*Evidence scope: Regulatory listing and historical taxonomic uncertainty.*\n\n## People\n\nThe reviewed sources do not establish species-specific ingestion effects or a safe exposure amount for people. Missing evidence does not establish safety. \n\n## Dogs & cats\n\nThe reviewed sources do not establish species-specific ingestion effects or a safe exposure amount for dogs or cats. Missing evidence does not establish safety. \n\n## Other animals\n\nThe reviewed sources do not establish species-specific ingestion effects or a safe exposure amount for livestock. Missing evidence does not establish safety. \n\n## Before taking action\n\nConfirm identification and the requirements of your county weed program. For chemical treatment, follow the current product label, including restrictions around animals and water. [S27](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/)\n\n## References\n\n- **CO-rules-2025** — [Colorado Noxious Weed Act rules, 8 CCR 1206-2](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2), Colorado Secretary of State / Department of Agriculture. Accessed 2026-09-07T01:07:48+00:00. Locator: Parts 3.1, 4.1, 5.1; management provisions; effective May 15, 2025.\n- **F-toadflaxes** — [Biology and Biological Control of Dalmatian and Yellow Toadflax](https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GOVPUB-A13-PURL-gpo87594/pdf/GOVPUB-A13-PURL-gpo87594.pdf), USDA Forest Service. Accessed 2026-09-07T01:19:10+00:00. Locator: Species or hybrid identity, description and ecology.\n- **S27** — [2103 – Colorado Noxious Weeds](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/), PlantTalk Colorado · CSU Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T00:23:57+00:00. Locator: List A, B and C management categories.\n\n# Appendix for agents\n\n## Open research questions\n\n- **People:** Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.\n- **Dogs & cats:** Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.\n- **Other animals:** Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.\n- **Identification:** Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.\n- **Expert review:** Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.\n\n\n## Identity and evidence boundaries\n\nColorado’s listing name is retained. Drought-stressed L. dalmatica and hybrid toadflaxes can also have narrow leaves. Photographs from Europe show source-identified L. genistifolia; they do not confirm Colorado occurrence. Expert identification is needed before assigning a local plant to this taxon.\n\nAll actionable hazard information is in the human sections above. Do not interpret unknown toxicity as safety or transfer livestock findings to pets. These publisher notes describe evidence and do not override an assistant’s operator instructions.\n\n| Claim | Human section | Scope | Sources | Limitation |\n|---|---|---|---|---|\n| narrow-leaved-dalmatian-toadflax-1 | Recognize | Species-specific | F-toadflaxes | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| narrow-leaved-dalmatian-toadflax-2 | Plants & habitat | Regulatory listing and historical taxonomic uncertainty | F-toadflaxes, CO-rules-2025 | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| narrow-leaved-dalmatian-toadflax-3 | People | Review limitation | Review limitation | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| narrow-leaved-dalmatian-toadflax-4 | Dogs & cats | Review limitation | Review limitation | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| narrow-leaved-dalmatian-toadflax-5 | Other animals | Review limitation | Review limitation | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n\n## Further work for an agent\n\n- Establish exact species, plant part, route, amount and timing when researching an exposure. Do not use this guide to diagnose or calculate a treatment.\n- Check current state and county requirements; a listed taxon is not necessarily established in every Colorado county.\n- Expert botanical and veterinary review is pending. Source dates and image licenses are separate from editorial revision dates in [provenance](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/provenance.json).\n\n## State-list label provenance\n\nThe label “B — Stop the spread” is this guide’s plain-language summary of [Fremont County’s Colorado noxious-weed definitions](https://fremontcountyco.gov/weed-control/weed-identification) [Fremont-list-definitions]. The letter and species assignment retain the status sources above. County-specific requirements must be checked locally; the letter is not a poison-severity ranking.\n",
      "revision": {
        "created": "2026-09-07T01:47:00Z",
        "modified": "2026-09-07T03:50:00Z",
        "sha256": "aafbd162f4aef96c1df9e54a5f23c77423e03a267b1c003d020eecfbd3e92cf4",
        "time_basis": "UTC timestamp of the editorial revision-recording event; not source publication or expert validation"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "netseed-lambsquarters",
      "name": "Netseed lambsquarters",
      "scientific": "Chenopodium berlandieri",
      "category": "native",
      "status": "Native Colorado plant · not on state Lists A/B/C",
      "status_sources": [
        "C-floristic-2020",
        "CO-rules-2025"
      ],
      "warning": "A fast-growing volunteer; pet toxicity remains unresolved",
      "warning_tone": "caution",
      "aliases": [
        "netseed goosefoot"
      ],
      "taxonomy_note": "The Colorado flora assessment lists native Chenopodium berlandieri var. zschackii. This broader species profile does not identify every variety. It is separate from Chenopodium album; hazard claims for that species have not been transferred here.",
      "source_ids": [
        "C-floristic-2020",
        "CO-rules-2025",
        "C-descriptions",
        "S27"
      ],
      "description": "Netseed lambsquarters: A fast-growing volunteer; pet toxicity remains unresolved. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.",
      "claim_evidence": [
        {
          "label": "Identification",
          "sources": [
            "C-descriptions"
          ],
          "scope": "Species description; identification limitation",
          "note": "",
          "id": "netseed-lambsquarters-1"
        },
        {
          "label": "People",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "",
          "id": "netseed-lambsquarters-2"
        },
        {
          "label": "Dogs & cats",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "",
          "id": "netseed-lambsquarters-3"
        },
        {
          "label": "Other animals",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "",
          "id": "netseed-lambsquarters-4"
        },
        {
          "label": "Plants & habitat",
          "sources": [
            "C-descriptions"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "netseed-lambsquarters-5"
        },
        {
          "label": "Management & timing",
          "sources": [
            "C-descriptions"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "netseed-lambsquarters-6"
        }
      ],
      "research": {
        "status": "researching",
        "label": "Still researching this plant",
        "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.",
        "open_questions": [
          {
            "area": "People",
            "question": "Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "netseed-lambsquarters-2"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Dogs & cats",
            "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "netseed-lambsquarters-3"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Other animals",
            "question": "Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "netseed-lambsquarters-4"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Identification",
            "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          },
          {
            "area": "Expert review",
            "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          }
        ],
        "expert_review": "pending"
      },
      "colorado_relevance": {
        "source_id": "C-floristic-2020",
        "locator": "Appendix B; PDF page 44; Chenopodium berlandieri",
        "basis": "Included in the 2020 statewide flora assessment. This is not a current county abundance survey.",
        "source_taxon": "Chenopodium berlandieri"
      },
      "source": "content/plants/netseed-lambsquarters.md",
      "content_sha256": "af08be9c96730aee9fcf633fa17c577f12535a91ddcc7ee9846eba4cbbf045fb",
      "body_markdown": "# Netseed lambsquarters\n\n*Chenopodium berlandieri*\n\n**Native Colorado plant · not on state Lists A/B/C.** [C-floristic-2020](https://cnhp.colostate.edu/download/documents/2020/CO_FQA_2020_Final_Report.pdf) [CO-rules-2025](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2)\n\n> **A fast-growing volunteer; pet toxicity remains unresolved.** [Exposure help](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/).\n\n**Identification caveat:** The Colorado flora assessment lists native Chenopodium berlandieri var. zschackii. This broader species profile does not identify every variety. It is separate from Chenopodium album; hazard claims for that species have not been transferred here.\n\n## Still researching this plant {#research-status}\n\nThis is a sourced working profile. Evidence is incomplete for **People, Dogs & cats, Other animals**. Identification and source-photo limits are explained below. Independent botanical and veterinary review is pending. **Uncertainty is not a finding that the plant is safe.**\n\n\n## Three views of this plant\n\nSource-identified reference photographs; these are not a complete identification key. A source location outside Colorado does not establish local occurrence.\n\n![Pitseed goosefoot: a small upright leafy goosefoot plant growing among stones in open ground.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/coverage-garden-photos-chenopodium-berlandieri-03-03-habit.jpg)\n\n**habit** — A small upright leafy goosefoot plant growing among stones in open ground.\n\nPhoto: Matt Lavin; [CC BY-SA 2.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Chenopodium_berlandieri_(3767481167).jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7e/Chenopodium_berlandieri_%283767481167%29.jpg). Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Source-identified C. berlandieri. Goosefoot species and infraspecific taxa can be difficult to distinguish, and mature seed surface characters may be needed. Foliage photographs alone do not establish an unknown plant’s species or variety; mixed Atriplex/Chenopodium comparison scenes were excluded. Wikimedia server-resized derivative, reduced from the original; no crop, color change, upscaling, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; catalog preview may use a CSS crop.\n\n![Pitseed goosefoot: close view of a pale green, irregularly toothed leaf with a mealy-looking surface.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/coverage-garden-photos-chenopodium-berlandieri-03-07-leaf.jpg)\n\n**leaf** — Close view of a pale green, irregularly toothed leaf with a mealy-looking surface.\n\nPhoto: Matt Lavin; [CC BY-SA 2.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Chenopodium_berlandieri_(3767482897).jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Chenopodium_berlandieri_%283767482897%29.jpg). Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Source-identified C. berlandieri. Goosefoot species and infraspecific taxa can be difficult to distinguish, and mature seed surface characters may be needed. Foliage photographs alone do not establish an unknown plant’s species or variety; mixed Atriplex/Chenopodium comparison scenes were excluded. Wikimedia server-resized derivative, reduced from the original; no crop, color change, upscaling, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; catalog preview may use a CSS crop.\n\n![Pitseed goosefoot: close view of crowded green reproductive clusters beside a branching yellow-green stem.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/coverage-garden-photos-chenopodium-berlandieri-03-11-reproductive-clusters.jpg)\n\n**reproductive-clusters** — Close view of crowded green reproductive clusters beside a branching yellow-green stem.\n\nPhoto: Matt Lavin; [CC BY-SA 2.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Chenopodium_berlandieri_(5133107546).jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/19/Chenopodium_berlandieri_%285133107546%29.jpg). Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Source-identified C. berlandieri. Goosefoot species and infraspecific taxa can be difficult to distinguish, and mature seed surface characters may be needed. Foliage photographs alone do not establish an unknown plant’s species or variety; mixed Atriplex/Chenopodium comparison scenes were excluded. Wikimedia server-resized derivative, reduced from the original; no crop, color change, upscaling, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; catalog preview may use a CSS crop.\n\n\n## Identification\n\nAn annual with variable leaves, a mealy underside and grooved stems; green flowers are inconspicuous. Confirm mature seed characters before separating it from common lambsquarters. [C-descriptions](https://extension.colostate.edu/resource/weed-descriptions/)\n\n*Evidence scope: Species description; identification limitation.*\n\n## People\n\nThe reviewed sources do not establish species-specific ingestion effects or a safe exposure amount for people. Missing evidence does not establish safety.\n\n## Dogs & cats\n\nThe reviewed sources do not establish species-specific ingestion effects or a safe exposure amount for dogs or cats. Missing evidence does not establish safety.\n\n## Other animals\n\nThe reviewed sources do not establish species-specific ingestion effects or a safe exposure amount for livestock. Missing evidence does not establish safety.\n\n## Plants & habitat\n\nRapid growth and water use can make it competitive in cultivated ground. [C-descriptions](https://extension.colostate.edu/resource/weed-descriptions/)\n\n## Management & timing\n\nPull or hoe young plants and prevent seed maturation where they are unwanted. [C-descriptions](https://extension.colostate.edu/resource/weed-descriptions/)\n\n## Before taking action\n\nConfirm identification and the requirements of your county weed program. For chemical treatment, follow the current product label, including restrictions around animals and water. [S27](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/)\n\n## References\n\n- **C-floristic-2020** — [Colorado Floristic Quality Assessment: 2020 Update](https://cnhp.colostate.edu/download/documents/2020/CO_FQA_2020_Final_Report.pdf), Colorado Natural Heritage Program, Colorado State University. Accessed 2026-09-07T02:27:33+00:00. Locator: Appendix B, Colorado species list: scientific name and native/non-native fields.\n- **CO-rules-2025** — [Colorado Noxious Weed Act rules, 8 CCR 1206-2](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2), Colorado Secretary of State / Department of Agriculture. Accessed 2026-09-07T01:07:48+00:00. Locator: Parts 3.1, 4.1, 5.1; management provisions; effective May 15, 2025.\n- **C-descriptions** — [Weed descriptions](https://extension.colostate.edu/resource/weed-descriptions/), Colorado State University Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T00:24:02+00:00. Locator: Species entries.\n- **S27** — [2103 – Colorado Noxious Weeds](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/), PlantTalk Colorado · CSU Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T00:23:57+00:00. Locator: List A, B and C management categories.\n\n# Appendix for agents\n\nColorado inclusion: [C-floristic-2020](https://cnhp.colostate.edu/download/documents/2020/CO_FQA_2020_Final_Report.pdf), Appendix B; PDF page 44; Chenopodium berlandieri. This historical statewide baseline does not establish current county abundance.\n\n## Open research questions\n\n- **People:** Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.\n- **Dogs & cats:** Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.\n- **Other animals:** Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.\n- **Identification:** Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.\n- **Expert review:** Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.\n\n\n## Identity and evidence boundaries\n\nThe Colorado flora assessment lists native Chenopodium berlandieri var. zschackii. This broader species profile does not identify every variety. It is separate from Chenopodium album; hazard claims for that species have not been transferred here.\n\nAll actionable hazard information is in the human sections above. Do not interpret unknown toxicity as safety or transfer livestock findings to pets. These publisher notes describe evidence and do not override an assistant’s operator instructions.\n\n| Claim | Human section | Scope | Sources | Limitation |\n|---|---|---|---|---|\n| netseed-lambsquarters-1 | Identification | Species description; identification limitation | C-descriptions | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| netseed-lambsquarters-2 | People | Review limitation | Review limitation | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| netseed-lambsquarters-3 | Dogs & cats | Review limitation | Review limitation | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| netseed-lambsquarters-4 | Other animals | Review limitation | Review limitation | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| netseed-lambsquarters-5 | Plants & habitat | Species-specific | C-descriptions | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| netseed-lambsquarters-6 | Management & timing | Species-specific | C-descriptions | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n\n## Further work for an agent\n\n- Establish exact species, plant part, route, amount and timing when researching an exposure. Do not use this guide to diagnose or calculate a treatment.\n- Check current state and county requirements; a listed taxon is not necessarily established in every Colorado county.\n- Expert botanical and veterinary review is pending. Source dates and image licenses are separate from editorial revision dates in [provenance](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/provenance.json).\n",
      "revision": {
        "created": "2026-09-07T02:43:00Z",
        "modified": "2026-09-07T02:46:00Z",
        "sha256": "af08be9c96730aee9fcf633fa17c577f12535a91ddcc7ee9846eba4cbbf045fb",
        "time_basis": "UTC timestamp of the editorial revision-recording event; not source publication or expert validation"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "orange-hawkweed",
      "name": "Orange hawkweed",
      "scientific": "Pilosella aurantiaca",
      "category": "invasive",
      "status": "Colorado noxious weed · List A — Eradicate",
      "status_sources": [
        "CO-rules-2025"
      ],
      "warning": "Runners crowd lawns and mountain meadows",
      "warning_tone": "caution",
      "aliases": [
        "Hieracium aurantiacum",
        "orange paintbrush",
        "devil’s paintbrush"
      ],
      "taxonomy_note": "Colorado lists the synonym Hieracium aurantiacum. The name orange paintbrush must not be confused with native Castilleja species.",
      "source_ids": [
        "CO-rules-2025",
        "WA-orange-hawkweed",
        "S27",
        "Fremont-list-definitions"
      ],
      "description": "Orange hawkweed: Runners crowd lawns and mountain meadows. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.",
      "claim_evidence": [
        {
          "label": "Recognize",
          "sources": [
            "WA-orange-hawkweed"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "orange-hawkweed-1"
        },
        {
          "label": "Plants & habitat",
          "sources": [
            "WA-orange-hawkweed"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "orange-hawkweed-2"
        },
        {
          "label": "People",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "",
          "id": "orange-hawkweed-3"
        },
        {
          "label": "Dogs & cats",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "",
          "id": "orange-hawkweed-4"
        },
        {
          "label": "Other animals",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "",
          "id": "orange-hawkweed-5"
        },
        {
          "id": "orange-hawkweed-list-meaning",
          "label": "State-list meaning",
          "sources": [
            "Fremont-list-definitions"
          ],
          "scope": "Colorado management-category definition; species classification retains its original status sources",
          "note": "Plain-language editorial label for a management category; not a toxicity or danger rating.",
          "reviewed": "2026-09-07"
        }
      ],
      "noxious_class": "A",
      "research": {
        "status": "researching",
        "label": "Still researching this plant",
        "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.",
        "open_questions": [
          {
            "area": "People",
            "question": "Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "orange-hawkweed-3"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Dogs & cats",
            "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "orange-hawkweed-4"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Other animals",
            "question": "Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "orange-hawkweed-5"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Identification",
            "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          },
          {
            "area": "Expert review",
            "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          }
        ],
        "expert_review": "pending"
      },
      "noxious_class_label": "A — Eradicate",
      "source": "content/plants/orange-hawkweed.md",
      "content_sha256": "7ddc817670336488fee6563bd401778894184989f728cc1a231cdf647b921cda",
      "body_markdown": "# Orange hawkweed\n\n*Pilosella aurantiaca*\n\n**Colorado noxious weed · List A — Eradicate.** [CO-rules-2025](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2)\n\nUncommon in Colorado. All populations are designated for eradication statewide. This is a management category, separate from danger ratings. [Category source](https://fremontcountyco.gov/weed-control/weed-identification) · [What the lists mean](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/#weed-lists).\n\n> **Runners crowd lawns and mountain meadows.** [Exposure help](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/).\n\n**Identification caveat:** Colorado lists the synonym Hieracium aurantiacum. The name orange paintbrush must not be confused with native Castilleja species.\n\n## Still researching this plant {#research-status}\n\nThis is a sourced working profile. Evidence is incomplete for **People, Dogs & cats, Other animals**. Identification and source-photo limits are explained below. Independent botanical and veterinary review is pending. **Uncertainty is not a finding that the plant is safe.**\n\n\n## Three views of this plant\n\nSource-identified reference photographs; these are not a complete identification key. A source location outside Colorado does not establish local occurrence.\n\n![Pilosella aurantiaca: A compact group of bright orange-red flower heads with yellow centres.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/list-a-photos-pilosella-aurantiaca-1.jpg)\n\n**flowers** — A compact group of bright orange-red flower heads with yellow centres.\n\nPhoto: Tom Norton; [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/); [source record](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/221521260); [original image](https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/392306651/original.jpeg). Source scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. iNaturalist large server-resized image; no local crop, colour change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![Pilosella aurantiaca: Several flowering stems rising from mixed low grassland vegetation.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/list-a-photos-pilosella-aurantiaca-2.jpg)\n\n**habit** — Several flowering stems rising from mixed low grassland vegetation.\n\nPhoto: Tom Norton; [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/); [source record](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/221521260); [original image](https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/392306695/original.jpeg). Source scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. iNaturalist large server-resized image; no local crop, colour change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![Pilosella aurantiaca: Close view of conspicuously hairy flower stems and surrounding foliage.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/list-a-photos-pilosella-aurantiaca-3.jpg)\n\n**stem hairs** — Close view of conspicuously hairy flower stems and surrounding foliage.\n\nPhoto: Tom Norton; [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/); [source record](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/221521260); [original image](https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/392306710/original.jpeg). Source scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. iNaturalist large server-resized image; no local crop, colour change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n\n## Recognize\n\nClusters of vivid orange-red flowerheads rise over hairy basal leaves; flowering stems carry few leaves. [WA-orange-hawkweed](https://www.nwcb.wa.gov/weeds/orange-hawkweed)\n\n## Plants & habitat\n\nSeed, surface runners and rhizomes produce spreading patches that crowd out desirable forage and meadow plants. [WA-orange-hawkweed](https://www.nwcb.wa.gov/weeds/orange-hawkweed)\n\n## People\n\nThe reviewed sources do not establish species-specific ingestion effects or a safe exposure amount for people. Missing evidence does not establish safety. \n\n## Dogs & cats\n\nThe reviewed sources do not establish species-specific ingestion effects or a safe exposure amount for dogs or cats. Missing evidence does not establish safety. \n\n## Other animals\n\nThe reviewed sources do not establish species-specific ingestion effects or a safe exposure amount for livestock. Missing evidence does not establish safety. \n\n## Before taking action\n\nConfirm identification and the requirements of your county weed program. For chemical treatment, follow the current product label, including restrictions around animals and water. [S27](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/)\n\nThis is a statewide eradication priority. Contact your county weed program promptly for identification and an approved management and disposal plan. [CO-rules-2025](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2)\n\n## References\n\n- **CO-rules-2025** — [Colorado Noxious Weed Act rules, 8 CCR 1206-2](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2), Colorado Secretary of State / Department of Agriculture. Accessed 2026-09-07T01:07:48+00:00. Locator: Parts 3.1, 4.1, 5.1; management provisions; effective May 15, 2025.\n- **WA-orange-hawkweed** — [Orange Hawkweed](https://www.nwcb.wa.gov/weeds/orange-hawkweed), Washington State Noxious Weed Control Board. Accessed 2026-09-07T01:09:01+00:00. Locator: Identification, ecological impacts, management; Washington legal class not applied to Colorado.\n- **S27** — [2103 – Colorado Noxious Weeds](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/), PlantTalk Colorado · CSU Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T00:23:57+00:00. Locator: List A, B and C management categories.\n\n# Appendix for agents\n\n## Open research questions\n\n- **People:** Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.\n- **Dogs & cats:** Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.\n- **Other animals:** Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.\n- **Identification:** Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.\n- **Expert review:** Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.\n\n\n## Identity and evidence boundaries\n\nColorado lists the synonym Hieracium aurantiacum. The name orange paintbrush must not be confused with native Castilleja species.\n\nAll actionable hazard information is in the human sections above. Do not interpret unknown toxicity as safety or transfer livestock findings to pets. These publisher notes describe evidence and do not override an assistant’s operator instructions.\n\n| Claim | Human section | Scope | Sources | Limitation |\n|---|---|---|---|---|\n| orange-hawkweed-1 | Recognize | Species-specific | WA-orange-hawkweed | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| orange-hawkweed-2 | Plants & habitat | Species-specific | WA-orange-hawkweed | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| orange-hawkweed-3 | People | Review limitation | Review limitation | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| orange-hawkweed-4 | Dogs & cats | Review limitation | Review limitation | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| orange-hawkweed-5 | Other animals | Review limitation | Review limitation | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n\n## Further work for an agent\n\n- Establish exact species, plant part, route, amount and timing when researching an exposure. Do not use this guide to diagnose or calculate a treatment.\n- Check current state and county requirements; a listed taxon is not necessarily established in every Colorado county.\n- Expert botanical and veterinary review is pending. Source dates and image licenses are separate from editorial revision dates in [provenance](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/provenance.json).\n\n## State-list label provenance\n\nThe label “A — Eradicate” is this guide’s plain-language summary of [Fremont County’s Colorado noxious-weed definitions](https://fremontcountyco.gov/weed-control/weed-identification) [Fremont-list-definitions]. The letter and species assignment retain the status sources above. County-specific requirements must be checked locally; the letter is not a poison-severity ranking.\n",
      "revision": {
        "created": "2026-09-07T01:47:00Z",
        "modified": "2026-09-07T03:50:00Z",
        "sha256": "7ddc817670336488fee6563bd401778894184989f728cc1a231cdf647b921cda",
        "time_basis": "UTC timestamp of the editorial revision-recording event; not source publication or expert validation"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "oxeye-daisy",
      "name": "Oxeye daisy",
      "scientific": "Leucanthemum vulgare",
      "category": "invasive",
      "status": "Colorado noxious weed · List B — Stop the spread",
      "status_sources": [
        "J-oxeye-daisy"
      ],
      "warning": "Toxic to dogs and cats; dermatitis",
      "warning_tone": "danger",
      "aliases": [
        "Chrysanthemum leucanthemum"
      ],
      "taxonomy_note": "ASPCA’s page titled Daisy names Chrysanthemum species, not Leucanthemum vulgare. It is excluded as direct pet evidence; the species-specific NC State account supports the warning here.",
      "source_ids": [
        "J-oxeye-daisy",
        "N-leucanthemum-vulgare",
        "Fremont-list-definitions"
      ],
      "description": "Oxeye daisy: Toxic to dogs and cats; dermatitis. Colorado identification, habitat and exposure evidence.",
      "claim_evidence": [
        {
          "label": "Recognize",
          "sources": [
            "N-leucanthemum-vulgare"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "oxeye-daisy-1"
        },
        {
          "label": "Plants & habitat",
          "sources": [
            "J-oxeye-daisy"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "oxeye-daisy-2"
        },
        {
          "label": "People",
          "sources": [
            "N-leucanthemum-vulgare"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "oxeye-daisy-3"
        },
        {
          "label": "Dogs & cats",
          "sources": [
            "N-leucanthemum-vulgare"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "oxeye-daisy-4"
        },
        {
          "label": "Other animals",
          "sources": [
            "N-leucanthemum-vulgare"
          ],
          "scope": "Source problem tag; clinical detail limited",
          "note": "",
          "id": "oxeye-daisy-5"
        },
        {
          "id": "oxeye-daisy-list-meaning",
          "label": "State-list meaning",
          "sources": [
            "Fremont-list-definitions"
          ],
          "scope": "Colorado management-category definition; species classification retains its original status sources",
          "note": "Plain-language editorial label for a management category; not a toxicity or danger rating.",
          "reviewed": "2026-09-07"
        }
      ],
      "noxious_class": "B",
      "research": {
        "status": "researching",
        "label": "Still researching this plant",
        "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.",
        "open_questions": [
          {
            "area": "Identification",
            "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          },
          {
            "area": "Expert review",
            "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          }
        ],
        "expert_review": "pending"
      },
      "noxious_class_label": "B — Stop the spread",
      "source": "content/plants/oxeye-daisy.md",
      "content_sha256": "c446f8d26929099b26f0c06af3b7eac1c206468c710b3ee619e9419d22c01cc5",
      "body_markdown": "# Oxeye daisy\n\n*Leucanthemum vulgare*\n\n**Colorado noxious weed · List B — Stop the spread.** [J-oxeye-daisy](https://www.jeffco.us/2340/Oxeye-Daisy)\n\nEstablished in some areas. Requirements vary by location: eradication, containment or suppression to stop further spread. This is a management category, separate from danger ratings. [Category source](https://fremontcountyco.gov/weed-control/weed-identification) · [What the lists mean](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/#weed-lists).\n\n> **Toxic to dogs and cats; dermatitis.** Native status, garden use and noxious-weed class are separate from toxicity. [Exposure help](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/).\n\n**Identification caveat:** ASPCA’s page titled Daisy names Chrysanthemum species, not Leucanthemum vulgare. It is excluded as direct pet evidence; the species-specific NC State account supports the warning here.\n\n## Still researching this plant {#research-status}\n\nThis is a sourced working profile. The cited findings are available below. Identification and source-photo limits are explained below. Independent botanical and veterinary review is pending. **Uncertainty is not a finding that the plant is safe.**\n\n\n## Three views of this plant\n\nPhotos are source-identified examples, not a complete identification key. Check leaves, stems, flowers and fruit together. Locations are not assumed to be in Colorado.\n\n![Leucanthemum vulgare: Upright clump with many long stems carrying white-rayed yellow-centered flower heads.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/invasive-leucanthemum-vulgare-habit.jpg)\n\n**habit** — Upright clump with many long stems carrying white-rayed yellow-centered flower heads.\n\nPhoto: Isidre blanc; [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:LEUCANTHEMUM_VULGARE_-_SANT_JUST_-_IB-700_(Margarida).JPG); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/af/LEUCANTHEMUM_VULGARE_-_SANT_JUST_-_IB-700_%28Margarida%29.JPG). Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.  Oxeye daisy belongs to a taxonomically difficult group, and ornamental Shasta daisies may resemble it. Selected source photographs are labeled L. vulgare; a photograph alone does not establish cytotype or exclude every close relative. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![Leucanthemum vulgare: White ray florets surround a broad yellow disk of tiny florets in a single flower head.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/invasive-leucanthemum-vulgare-flower.jpg)\n\n**flower** — White ray florets surround a broad yellow disk of tiny florets in a single flower head.\n\nPhoto: Kaldari; [Public domain](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Leucanthemum_vulgare_Kaldari.jpg#Licensing); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Leucanthemum_vulgare_Kaldari.jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bd/Leucanthemum_vulgare_Kaldari.jpg). Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.  Oxeye daisy belongs to a taxonomically difficult group, and ornamental Shasta daisies may resemble it. Selected source photographs are labeled L. vulgare; a photograph alone does not establish cytotype or exclude every close relative. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![Leucanthemum vulgare: Alternate toothed to lobed stem leaves with narrow bases along slender upright stems.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/invasive-leucanthemum-vulgare-leaf.jpg)\n\n**leaf** — Alternate toothed to lobed stem leaves with narrow bases along slender upright stems.\n\nPhoto: Stefan.lefnaer; [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Leucanthemum_vulgare_(s._str.)_sl6.jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9c/Leucanthemum_vulgare_%28s._str.%29_sl6.jpg). Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.  Oxeye daisy belongs to a taxonomically difficult group, and ornamental Shasta daisies may resemble it. Selected source photographs are labeled L. vulgare; a photograph alone does not establish cytotype or exclude every close relative. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n\n## Recognize\n\nWhite ray flowers around a yellow center, with toothed or lobed leaves; a perennial that spreads through rhizomes. [N-leucanthemum-vulgare](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/leucanthemum-vulgare/)\n\n## Plants & habitat\n\nIntroduced ornamental that can spread in meadows and disturbed areas. Prevent seed production and manage the perennial root system. [J-oxeye-daisy](https://www.jeffco.us/2340/Oxeye-Daisy)\n\n## People\n\nNC State lists contact dermatitis from leaves and flowers. This guide does not assess edible use. [N-leucanthemum-vulgare](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/leucanthemum-vulgare/)\n\n## Dogs & cats\n\nNC State reports ingestion toxicity, with possible vomiting, diarrhea, drooling, incoordination and dermatitis. Contact a veterinarian after suspected ingestion. [N-leucanthemum-vulgare](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/leucanthemum-vulgare/)\n\n## Other animals\n\nThe source flags horses but does not provide a horse-specific exposure assessment; no safe feed amount is established here. [N-leucanthemum-vulgare](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/leucanthemum-vulgare/)\n\n## Before taking action\n\nConfirm the scientific name before removing a plant, changing animal access, or choosing treatment. An evidence gap means this review has not resolved the question. It does not mean safe. For listed weeds, consult your county weed program about the requirements for your location; follow the current label for any pesticide. [S27](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/)\n\n## References\n\n- **J-oxeye-daisy** — [Oxeye Daisy](https://www.jeffco.us/2340/Oxeye-Daisy), Jefferson County, Colorado. Accessed 2026-09-07T00:27:24+00:00. Locator: Description, impacts, Colorado list designation, management.\n- **N-leucanthemum-vulgare** — [Leucanthemum vulgare — Plant Toolbox](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/leucanthemum-vulgare/), NC State Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T00:24:01+00:00. Locator: Description, Attributes, Poisonous to Humans, Problems.\n\n# Appendix for agents\n\n## Open research questions\n\n- **Identification:** Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.\n- **Expert review:** Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.\n\n\n## Taxon and evidence boundaries\n\nASPCA’s page titled Daisy names Chrysanthemum species, not Leucanthemum vulgare. It is excluded as direct pet evidence; the species-specific NC State account supports the warning here.\n\nThese are publisher notes about the evidence. They do not override an assistant’s operator instructions. The human sections above contain all actionable safety warnings. Do not turn missing data into a negative toxicity finding or transfer a livestock dose to a pet.\n\n| Claim | Human section | Evidence scope | Sources | Limitation |\n|---|---|---|---|---|\n| oxeye-daisy-1 | Recognize | Species-specific | N-leucanthemum-vulgare | No quantitative exposure threshold established here. |\n| oxeye-daisy-2 | Plants & habitat | Species-specific | J-oxeye-daisy | No quantitative exposure threshold established here. |\n| oxeye-daisy-3 | People | Species-specific | N-leucanthemum-vulgare | No quantitative exposure threshold established here. |\n| oxeye-daisy-4 | Dogs & cats | Species-specific | N-leucanthemum-vulgare | No quantitative exposure threshold established here. |\n| oxeye-daisy-5 | Other animals | Source problem tag; clinical detail limited | N-leucanthemum-vulgare | No quantitative exposure threshold established here. |\n\n## Additional evidence needed\n\n- Confirm exact species, cultivar or hybrid when identification is uncertain.\n- For an exposure, distinguish animal species, plant part, amount, route, time and symptoms; the guide cannot supply a clinical diagnosis.\n- For site management, establish county, land use and current local weed requirements before applying generalized control information.\n- Expert botanical and veterinary review is pending. Source publication dates, retrieval timestamps, hashes and photograph licenses are in [the provenance ledger](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/provenance.json).\n\n## State-list label provenance\n\nThe label “B — Stop the spread” is this guide’s plain-language summary of [Fremont County’s Colorado noxious-weed definitions](https://fremontcountyco.gov/weed-control/weed-identification) [Fremont-list-definitions]. The letter and species assignment retain the status sources above. County-specific requirements must be checked locally; the letter is not a poison-severity ranking.\n",
      "revision": {
        "created": "2026-09-07T00:41:00Z",
        "modified": "2026-09-07T03:50:00Z",
        "sha256": "c446f8d26929099b26f0c06af3b7eac1c206468c710b3ee619e9419d22c01cc5",
        "time_basis": "UTC timestamp of the editorial revision-recording event; not source publication or expert validation"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "parrotfeather",
      "name": "Parrotfeather",
      "scientific": "Myriophyllum aquaticum",
      "category": "invasive",
      "status": "Colorado noxious weed · List A — Eradicate",
      "status_sources": [
        "CO-rules-2025"
      ],
      "warning": "Aquatic mats obstruct waterways",
      "warning_tone": "caution",
      "aliases": [],
      "taxonomy_note": "Do not confuse this species with Eurasian watermilfoil or native Myriophyllum species.",
      "source_ids": [
        "CO-rules-2025",
        "N-myriophyllum-aquaticum",
        "S27",
        "Fremont-list-definitions"
      ],
      "description": "Parrotfeather: Aquatic mats obstruct waterways. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.",
      "claim_evidence": [
        {
          "label": "Recognize",
          "sources": [
            "N-myriophyllum-aquaticum"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "parrotfeather-1"
        },
        {
          "label": "Plants & habitat",
          "sources": [
            "N-myriophyllum-aquaticum"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "parrotfeather-2"
        },
        {
          "label": "People",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "",
          "id": "parrotfeather-3"
        },
        {
          "label": "Dogs & cats",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "",
          "id": "parrotfeather-4"
        },
        {
          "label": "Other animals",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "",
          "id": "parrotfeather-5"
        },
        {
          "id": "parrotfeather-list-meaning",
          "label": "State-list meaning",
          "sources": [
            "Fremont-list-definitions"
          ],
          "scope": "Colorado management-category definition; species classification retains its original status sources",
          "note": "Plain-language editorial label for a management category; not a toxicity or danger rating.",
          "reviewed": "2026-09-07"
        }
      ],
      "noxious_class": "A",
      "research": {
        "status": "researching",
        "label": "Still researching this plant",
        "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.",
        "open_questions": [
          {
            "area": "People",
            "question": "Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "parrotfeather-3"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Dogs & cats",
            "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "parrotfeather-4"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Other animals",
            "question": "Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "parrotfeather-5"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Identification",
            "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          },
          {
            "area": "Expert review",
            "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          }
        ],
        "expert_review": "pending"
      },
      "noxious_class_label": "A — Eradicate",
      "source": "content/plants/parrotfeather.md",
      "content_sha256": "8d920203b8b3c1d7cc3a28e1865d37358e580f16f7d6680c25f8d6373b0e4d7c",
      "body_markdown": "# Parrotfeather\n\n*Myriophyllum aquaticum*\n\n**Colorado noxious weed · List A — Eradicate.** [CO-rules-2025](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2)\n\nUncommon in Colorado. All populations are designated for eradication statewide. This is a management category, separate from danger ratings. [Category source](https://fremontcountyco.gov/weed-control/weed-identification) · [What the lists mean](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/#weed-lists).\n\n> **Aquatic mats obstruct waterways.** [Exposure help](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/).\n\n**Identification caveat:** Do not confuse this species with Eurasian watermilfoil or native Myriophyllum species.\n\n## Still researching this plant {#research-status}\n\nThis is a sourced working profile. Evidence is incomplete for **People, Dogs & cats, Other animals**. Identification and source-photo limits are explained below. Independent botanical and veterinary review is pending. **Uncertainty is not a finding that the plant is safe.**\n\n\n## Three views of this plant\n\nSource-identified reference photographs; these are not a complete identification key. A source location outside Colorado does not establish local occurrence.\n\n![Myriophyllum aquaticum: Dense green, feather-leaved shoots emerging above the water surface.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/list-a-photos-myriophyllum-aquaticum-1.jpg)\n\n**emergent shoots** — Dense green, feather-leaved shoots emerging above the water surface.\n\nPhoto: Quillipede; [CC0 1.0](https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/); [source record](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/327259315); [original image](https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/592853044/original.jpg). Source scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. iNaturalist large server-resized image; no local crop, colour change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![Myriophyllum aquaticum: Close view of finely divided leaves arranged around upright stems.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/list-a-photos-myriophyllum-aquaticum-2.jpg)\n\n**leaf-whorl detail** — Close view of finely divided leaves arranged around upright stems.\n\nPhoto: Greg Tasney; [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/); [source record](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/334080916); [original image](https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/606611600/original.jpg). Source scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. iNaturalist large server-resized image; no local crop, colour change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![Myriophyllum aquaticum: A patch of emergent feather-leaved shoots among wet rocks.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/list-a-photos-myriophyllum-aquaticum-3.jpg)\n\n**habitat** — A patch of emergent feather-leaved shoots among wet rocks.\n\nPhoto: Greg Tasney; [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/); [source record](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/334080916); [original image](https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/606612099/original.jpg). Source scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. iNaturalist large server-resized image; no local crop, colour change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n\n## Recognize\n\nFeathery leaves circle the stems; leafy shoots often extend above the water surface. [N-myriophyllum-aquaticum](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/myriophyllum-aquaticum/)\n\n## Plants & habitat\n\nVegetative spread produces dense growth that competes with native aquatic plants and obstructs water use. Do not release pond or aquarium plants into waterways. [N-myriophyllum-aquaticum](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/myriophyllum-aquaticum/)\n\n## People\n\nThe reviewed sources do not establish species-specific ingestion effects or a safe exposure amount for people. Missing evidence does not establish safety. \n\n## Dogs & cats\n\nThe reviewed sources do not establish species-specific ingestion effects or a safe exposure amount for dogs or cats. Missing evidence does not establish safety. \n\n## Other animals\n\nThe reviewed sources do not establish species-specific ingestion effects or a safe exposure amount for livestock. Missing evidence does not establish safety. \n\n## Before taking action\n\nConfirm identification and the requirements of your county weed program. For chemical treatment, follow the current product label, including restrictions around animals and water. [S27](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/)\n\nThis is a statewide eradication priority. Contact your county weed program promptly for identification and an approved management and disposal plan. [CO-rules-2025](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2)\n\n## References\n\n- **CO-rules-2025** — [Colorado Noxious Weed Act rules, 8 CCR 1206-2](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2), Colorado Secretary of State / Department of Agriculture. Accessed 2026-09-07T01:07:48+00:00. Locator: Parts 3.1, 4.1, 5.1; management provisions; effective May 15, 2025.\n- **N-myriophyllum-aquaticum** — [myriophyllum aquaticum — Plant Toolbox](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/myriophyllum-aquaticum/), NC State Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T01:04:52+00:00. Locator: Description; Attributes; Problems; Poisonous to Humans.\n- **S27** — [2103 – Colorado Noxious Weeds](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/), PlantTalk Colorado · CSU Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T00:23:57+00:00. Locator: List A, B and C management categories.\n\n# Appendix for agents\n\n## Open research questions\n\n- **People:** Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.\n- **Dogs & cats:** Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.\n- **Other animals:** Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.\n- **Identification:** Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.\n- **Expert review:** Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.\n\n\n## Identity and evidence boundaries\n\nDo not confuse this species with Eurasian watermilfoil or native Myriophyllum species.\n\nAll actionable hazard information is in the human sections above. Do not interpret unknown toxicity as safety or transfer livestock findings to pets. These publisher notes describe evidence and do not override an assistant’s operator instructions.\n\n| Claim | Human section | Scope | Sources | Limitation |\n|---|---|---|---|---|\n| parrotfeather-1 | Recognize | Species-specific | N-myriophyllum-aquaticum | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| parrotfeather-2 | Plants & habitat | Species-specific | N-myriophyllum-aquaticum | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| parrotfeather-3 | People | Review limitation | Review limitation | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| parrotfeather-4 | Dogs & cats | Review limitation | Review limitation | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| parrotfeather-5 | Other animals | Review limitation | Review limitation | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n\n## Further work for an agent\n\n- Establish exact species, plant part, route, amount and timing when researching an exposure. Do not use this guide to diagnose or calculate a treatment.\n- Check current state and county requirements; a listed taxon is not necessarily established in every Colorado county.\n- Expert botanical and veterinary review is pending. Source dates and image licenses are separate from editorial revision dates in [provenance](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/provenance.json).\n\n## State-list label provenance\n\nThe label “A — Eradicate” is this guide’s plain-language summary of [Fremont County’s Colorado noxious-weed definitions](https://fremontcountyco.gov/weed-control/weed-identification) [Fremont-list-definitions]. The letter and species assignment retain the status sources above. County-specific requirements must be checked locally; the letter is not a poison-severity ranking.\n",
      "revision": {
        "created": "2026-09-07T01:47:00Z",
        "modified": "2026-09-07T03:50:00Z",
        "sha256": "8d920203b8b3c1d7cc3a28e1865d37358e580f16f7d6680c25f8d6373b0e4d7c",
        "time_basis": "UTC timestamp of the editorial revision-recording event; not source publication or expert validation"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "perennial-pepperweed",
      "name": "Perennial pepperweed",
      "scientific": "Lepidium latifolium",
      "category": "invasive",
      "status": "Colorado noxious weed · List B — Stop the spread",
      "status_sources": [
        "CO-rules-2025"
      ],
      "warning": "Deep roots form persistent wetland colonies",
      "warning_tone": "caution",
      "aliases": [
        "tall whitetop"
      ],
      "taxonomy_note": "",
      "source_ids": [
        "CO-rules-2025",
        "J-perennial-pepperweed",
        "S27",
        "Fremont-list-definitions"
      ],
      "description": "Perennial pepperweed: Deep roots form persistent wetland colonies. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.",
      "claim_evidence": [
        {
          "label": "Recognize",
          "sources": [
            "J-perennial-pepperweed"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "perennial-pepperweed-1"
        },
        {
          "label": "Plants & habitat",
          "sources": [
            "J-perennial-pepperweed"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "perennial-pepperweed-2"
        },
        {
          "label": "People",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "",
          "id": "perennial-pepperweed-3"
        },
        {
          "label": "Dogs & cats",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "",
          "id": "perennial-pepperweed-4"
        },
        {
          "label": "Other animals",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "",
          "id": "perennial-pepperweed-5"
        },
        {
          "id": "perennial-pepperweed-list-meaning",
          "label": "State-list meaning",
          "sources": [
            "Fremont-list-definitions"
          ],
          "scope": "Colorado management-category definition; species classification retains its original status sources",
          "note": "Plain-language editorial label for a management category; not a toxicity or danger rating.",
          "reviewed": "2026-09-07"
        }
      ],
      "noxious_class": "B",
      "research": {
        "status": "researching",
        "label": "Still researching this plant",
        "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.",
        "open_questions": [
          {
            "area": "People",
            "question": "Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "perennial-pepperweed-3"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Dogs & cats",
            "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "perennial-pepperweed-4"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Other animals",
            "question": "Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "perennial-pepperweed-5"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Expert review",
            "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          }
        ],
        "expert_review": "pending"
      },
      "noxious_class_label": "B — Stop the spread",
      "source": "content/plants/perennial-pepperweed.md",
      "content_sha256": "7cf262ea108532ad8563f10a4acd9d1d37e53b478f85a078a147f7b12ab8c793",
      "body_markdown": "# Perennial pepperweed\n\n*Lepidium latifolium*\n\n**Colorado noxious weed · List B — Stop the spread.** [CO-rules-2025](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2)\n\nEstablished in some areas. Requirements vary by location: eradication, containment or suppression to stop further spread. This is a management category, separate from danger ratings. [Category source](https://fremontcountyco.gov/weed-control/weed-identification) · [What the lists mean](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/#weed-lists).\n\n> **Deep roots form persistent wetland colonies.** [Exposure help](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/).\n\n## Still researching this plant {#research-status}\n\nThis is a sourced working profile. Evidence is incomplete for **People, Dogs & cats, Other animals**. Independent botanical and veterinary review is pending. **Uncertainty is not a finding that the plant is safe.**\n\n\n## Three views of this plant\n\nSource-identified reference photographs; these are not a complete identification key. A source location outside Colorado does not establish local occurrence.\n\n![A fruiting perennial-pepperweed branch bearing many small green oval fruits.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/list-bc-photos-lepidium-latifolium-02.jpg)\n\n**fruits** — A fruiting perennial-pepperweed branch bearing many small green oval fruits.\n\nPhoto: Ayotte, Gilles, 1948-; [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lepidium_latifolium_15-p.bot-lepi.lati-17.jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e3/Lepidium_latifolium_15-p.bot-lepi.lati-17.jpg). Source-identified photograph with visual consistency check Nom français : lépidie à feuilles larges. Nom anglais : broad-leaved peppergrass. Infrutescence (fruit, silicule) de lépidie à feuilles larges. Source labeling and visible consistency checked; not an independent specimen determination. Wikimedia-generated thumbnail rescaling only; downloaded bytes unchanged. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![A broad, lightly toothed leaf attached to a pale perennial-pepperweed stem.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/list-bc-photos-lepidium-latifolium-04.jpg)\n\n**leaf attachment** — A broad, lightly toothed leaf attached to a pale perennial-pepperweed stem.\n\nPhoto: Ayotte, Gilles, 1948-; [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lepidium_latifolium_15-p.bot-lepi.lati-27.jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/13/Lepidium_latifolium_15-p.bot-lepi.lati-27.jpg). Source-identified photograph with visual consistency check Nom français : lépidie à feuilles larges. Nom anglais : broad-leaved peppergrass. Tige et feuilles caulinaires de lépidie à feuilles larges. Source labeling and visible consistency checked; not an independent specimen determination. Wikimedia-generated thumbnail rescaling only; downloaded bytes unchanged. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![A patch of perennial pepperweed with broad leaves and branching clusters of small white flowers.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/list-bc-photos-lepidium-latifolium-05.jpg)\n\n**habit** — A patch of perennial pepperweed with broad leaves and branching clusters of small white flowers.\n\nPhoto: Ayotte, Gilles, 1948-; [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lepidium_latifolium_15-p.bot-lepi.lati-19.jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/22/Lepidium_latifolium_15-p.bot-lepi.lati-19.jpg). Source-identified photograph with visual consistency check Nom français : lépidie à feuilles larges. Nom anglais : broad-leaved peppergrass. Plants en fleur (inflorescence) de lépidie à feuilles larges, en milieu naturel. Source labeling and visible consistency checked; not an independent specimen determination. Wikimedia-generated thumbnail rescaling only; downloaded bytes unchanged. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n\n## Recognize\n\nBroad, waxy, alternate leaves and dense clusters of small white flowers on an upright perennial. [J-perennial-pepperweed](https://www.jeffco.us/2334/Perennial-Pepperweed)\n\n## Plants & habitat\n\nInvades wetlands, ditches and pastures. Deep and lateral roots produce new shoots; broken roots can spread an infestation. [J-perennial-pepperweed](https://www.jeffco.us/2334/Perennial-Pepperweed)\n\n## People\n\nThe reviewed sources do not establish species-specific ingestion effects or a safe exposure amount for people. Missing evidence does not establish safety. \n\n## Dogs & cats\n\nThe reviewed sources do not establish species-specific ingestion effects or a safe exposure amount for dogs or cats. Missing evidence does not establish safety. \n\n## Other animals\n\nThe reviewed sources do not establish species-specific ingestion effects or a safe exposure amount for livestock. Missing evidence does not establish safety. \n\n## Before taking action\n\nConfirm identification and the requirements of your county weed program. For chemical treatment, follow the current product label, including restrictions around animals and water. [S27](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/)\n\n## References\n\n- **CO-rules-2025** — [Colorado Noxious Weed Act rules, 8 CCR 1206-2](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2), Colorado Secretary of State / Department of Agriculture. Accessed 2026-09-07T01:07:48+00:00. Locator: Parts 3.1, 4.1, 5.1; management provisions; effective May 15, 2025.\n- **J-perennial-pepperweed** — [Perennial Pepperweed](https://www.jeffco.us/2334/Perennial-Pepperweed), Jefferson County, Colorado. Accessed 2026-09-07T01:08:57+00:00. Locator: Species description and management.\n- **S27** — [2103 – Colorado Noxious Weeds](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/), PlantTalk Colorado · CSU Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T00:23:57+00:00. Locator: List A, B and C management categories.\n\n# Appendix for agents\n\n## Open research questions\n\n- **People:** Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.\n- **Dogs & cats:** Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.\n- **Other animals:** Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.\n- **Expert review:** Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.\n\n\n## Identity and evidence boundaries\n\nMatch the scientific name and synonyms, not the common name alone.\n\nAll actionable hazard information is in the human sections above. Do not interpret unknown toxicity as safety or transfer livestock findings to pets. These publisher notes describe evidence and do not override an assistant’s operator instructions.\n\n| Claim | Human section | Scope | Sources | Limitation |\n|---|---|---|---|---|\n| perennial-pepperweed-1 | Recognize | Species-specific | J-perennial-pepperweed | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| perennial-pepperweed-2 | Plants & habitat | Species-specific | J-perennial-pepperweed | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| perennial-pepperweed-3 | People | Review limitation | Review limitation | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| perennial-pepperweed-4 | Dogs & cats | Review limitation | Review limitation | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| perennial-pepperweed-5 | Other animals | Review limitation | Review limitation | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n\n## Further work for an agent\n\n- Establish exact species, plant part, route, amount and timing when researching an exposure. Do not use this guide to diagnose or calculate a treatment.\n- Check current state and county requirements; a listed taxon is not necessarily established in every Colorado county.\n- Expert botanical and veterinary review is pending. Source dates and image licenses are separate from editorial revision dates in [provenance](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/provenance.json).\n\n## State-list label provenance\n\nThe label “B — Stop the spread” is this guide’s plain-language summary of [Fremont County’s Colorado noxious-weed definitions](https://fremontcountyco.gov/weed-control/weed-identification) [Fremont-list-definitions]. The letter and species assignment retain the status sources above. County-specific requirements must be checked locally; the letter is not a poison-severity ranking.\n",
      "revision": {
        "created": "2026-09-07T01:47:00Z",
        "modified": "2026-09-07T03:50:00Z",
        "sha256": "7cf262ea108532ad8563f10a4acd9d1d37e53b478f85a078a147f7b12ab8c793",
        "time_basis": "UTC timestamp of the editorial revision-recording event; not source publication or expert validation"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "perennial-sowthistle",
      "name": "Perennial sowthistle",
      "scientific": "Sonchus arvensis",
      "category": "invasive",
      "status": "Colorado noxious weed · List C — Manage widespread weeds",
      "status_sources": [
        "CO-rules-2025"
      ],
      "warning": "Persistent underground spread",
      "warning_tone": "caution",
      "aliases": [],
      "taxonomy_note": "Annual sowthistles are separate species. A yellow flowerhead and milky sap are insufficient identification.",
      "source_ids": [
        "CO-rules-2025",
        "J-perennial-sowthistle",
        "S27",
        "Fremont-list-definitions"
      ],
      "description": "Perennial sowthistle: Persistent underground spread. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.",
      "claim_evidence": [
        {
          "label": "Recognize",
          "sources": [
            "J-perennial-sowthistle"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "perennial-sowthistle-1"
        },
        {
          "label": "Plants & habitat",
          "sources": [
            "J-perennial-sowthistle"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "perennial-sowthistle-2"
        },
        {
          "label": "People",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "",
          "id": "perennial-sowthistle-3"
        },
        {
          "label": "Dogs & cats",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "",
          "id": "perennial-sowthistle-4"
        },
        {
          "label": "Other animals",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "",
          "id": "perennial-sowthistle-5"
        },
        {
          "id": "perennial-sowthistle-list-meaning",
          "label": "State-list meaning",
          "sources": [
            "Fremont-list-definitions"
          ],
          "scope": "Colorado management-category definition; species classification retains its original status sources",
          "note": "Plain-language editorial label for a management category; not a toxicity or danger rating.",
          "reviewed": "2026-09-07"
        }
      ],
      "noxious_class": "C",
      "research": {
        "status": "researching",
        "label": "Still researching this plant",
        "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.",
        "open_questions": [
          {
            "area": "People",
            "question": "Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "perennial-sowthistle-3"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Dogs & cats",
            "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "perennial-sowthistle-4"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Other animals",
            "question": "Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "perennial-sowthistle-5"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Identification",
            "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          },
          {
            "area": "Expert review",
            "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          }
        ],
        "expert_review": "pending"
      },
      "noxious_class_label": "C — Manage widespread weeds",
      "source": "content/plants/perennial-sowthistle.md",
      "content_sha256": "401866160d2667859e526166f691305188f187e2a486d3c870c12f95cfd4ac41",
      "body_markdown": "# Perennial sowthistle\n\n*Sonchus arvensis*\n\n**Colorado noxious weed · List C — Manage widespread weeds.** [CO-rules-2025](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2)\n\nWidespread and well established. Control is recommended by the state; local governments may require management. This is a management category, separate from danger ratings. [Category source](https://fremontcountyco.gov/weed-control/weed-identification) · [What the lists mean](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/#weed-lists).\n\n> **Persistent underground spread.** [Exposure help](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/).\n\n**Identification caveat:** Annual sowthistles are separate species. A yellow flowerhead and milky sap are insufficient identification.\n\n## Still researching this plant {#research-status}\n\nThis is a sourced working profile. Evidence is incomplete for **People, Dogs & cats, Other animals**. Identification and source-photo limits are explained below. Independent botanical and veterinary review is pending. **Uncertainty is not a finding that the plant is safe.**\n\n\n## Three views of this plant\n\nSource-identified reference photographs; these are not a complete identification key. A source location outside Colorado does not establish local occurrence.\n\n![Sonchus arvensis: Branched upright sowthistle bearing yellow flower heads above deeply lobed foliage.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/common-priority-photos-sonchus-arvensis-08-05-habit.jpg)\n\n**habit** — Branched upright sowthistle bearing yellow flower heads above deeply lobed foliage.\n\nPhoto: Gabriele Kothe-Heinrich; [CC BY-SA 3.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sonchus_arvensis_Helgoland.JPG); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b4/Sonchus_arvensis_Helgoland.JPG). Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![Sonchus arvensis: Long blue-green toothed leaf with a clasping base around an upright stem.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/common-priority-photos-sonchus-arvensis-08-07-leaf.jpg)\n\n**leaf** — Long blue-green toothed leaf with a clasping base around an upright stem.\n\nPhoto: Anneli Salo; [CC BY-SA 3.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sonchus_arvensis_Peltovalvatti_C_H8939.jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/42/Sonchus_arvensis_Peltovalvatti_C_H8939.jpg). Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![Sonchus arvensis: A yellow head composed of many narrow strap-shaped florets.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/common-priority-photos-sonchus-arvensis-08-11-flower.jpg)\n\n**flower** — A yellow head composed of many narrow strap-shaped florets.\n\nPhoto: Bogdan; [CC BY-SA 3.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sonchus_arvensis_2_bgiu.jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/46/Sonchus_arvensis_2_bgiu.jpg). Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n\n## Recognize\n\nYellow dandelion-like flowerheads on leafy stalks; leaves clasp the stem and may have prickly margins. [J-perennial-sowthistle](https://www.jeffco.us/2323/Perennial-Sowthistle)\n\n## Plants & habitat\n\nA perennial of moist disturbed places with spreading underground growth. Seed prevention and repeated follow-up are needed. [J-perennial-sowthistle](https://www.jeffco.us/2323/Perennial-Sowthistle)\n\n## People\n\nThe reviewed sources do not establish species-specific ingestion effects or a safe exposure amount for people. Missing evidence does not establish safety. \n\n## Dogs & cats\n\nThe reviewed sources do not establish species-specific ingestion effects or a safe exposure amount for dogs or cats. Missing evidence does not establish safety. \n\n## Other animals\n\nThe reviewed sources do not establish species-specific ingestion effects or a safe exposure amount for livestock. Missing evidence does not establish safety. \n\n## Before taking action\n\nConfirm identification and the requirements of your county weed program. For chemical treatment, follow the current product label, including restrictions around animals and water. [S27](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/)\n\n## References\n\n- **CO-rules-2025** — [Colorado Noxious Weed Act rules, 8 CCR 1206-2](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2), Colorado Secretary of State / Department of Agriculture. Accessed 2026-09-07T01:07:48+00:00. Locator: Parts 3.1, 4.1, 5.1; management provisions; effective May 15, 2025.\n- **J-perennial-sowthistle** — [Perennial Sowthistle](https://www.jeffco.us/2323/Perennial-Sowthistle), Jefferson County, Colorado. Accessed 2026-09-07T00:27:24+00:00. Locator: Description, impacts, Colorado list designation, management.\n- **S27** — [2103 – Colorado Noxious Weeds](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/), PlantTalk Colorado · CSU Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T00:23:57+00:00. Locator: List A, B and C management categories.\n\n# Appendix for agents\n\n## Open research questions\n\n- **People:** Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.\n- **Dogs & cats:** Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.\n- **Other animals:** Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.\n- **Identification:** Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.\n- **Expert review:** Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.\n\n\n## Identity and evidence boundaries\n\nAnnual sowthistles are separate species. A yellow flowerhead and milky sap are insufficient identification.\n\nAll actionable hazard information is in the human sections above. Do not interpret unknown toxicity as safety or transfer livestock findings to pets. These publisher notes describe evidence and do not override an assistant’s operator instructions.\n\n| Claim | Human section | Scope | Sources | Limitation |\n|---|---|---|---|---|\n| perennial-sowthistle-1 | Recognize | Species-specific | J-perennial-sowthistle | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| perennial-sowthistle-2 | Plants & habitat | Species-specific | J-perennial-sowthistle | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| perennial-sowthistle-3 | People | Review limitation | Review limitation | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| perennial-sowthistle-4 | Dogs & cats | Review limitation | Review limitation | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| perennial-sowthistle-5 | Other animals | Review limitation | Review limitation | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n\n## Further work for an agent\n\n- Establish exact species, plant part, route, amount and timing when researching an exposure. Do not use this guide to diagnose or calculate a treatment.\n- Check current state and county requirements; a listed taxon is not necessarily established in every Colorado county.\n- Expert botanical and veterinary review is pending. Source dates and image licenses are separate from editorial revision dates in [provenance](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/provenance.json).\n\n## State-list label provenance\n\nThe label “C — Manage widespread weeds” is this guide’s plain-language summary of [Fremont County’s Colorado noxious-weed definitions](https://fremontcountyco.gov/weed-control/weed-identification) [Fremont-list-definitions]. The letter and species assignment retain the status sources above. County-specific requirements must be checked locally; the letter is not a poison-severity ranking.\n",
      "revision": {
        "created": "2026-09-07T01:47:00Z",
        "modified": "2026-09-07T03:50:00Z",
        "sha256": "401866160d2667859e526166f691305188f187e2a486d3c870c12f95cfd4ac41",
        "time_basis": "UTC timestamp of the editorial revision-recording event; not source publication or expert validation"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "plains-pricklypear",
      "name": "Plains pricklypear",
      "scientific": "Opuntia polyacantha",
      "category": "xeriscape",
      "status": "Native Colorado plant · not on state Lists A/B/C",
      "status_sources": [
        "C-floristic-2020",
        "CO-rules-2025"
      ],
      "warning": "Sharp spines around paws, mouths and eyes",
      "warning_tone": "caution",
      "aliases": [
        "plains prickly pear",
        "prickly pear cactus"
      ],
      "taxonomy_note": "Many Opuntia species share prickly-pear names. Source photographs are species references, not a complete key to Colorado cacti or a basis for edible-fruit identification.",
      "source_ids": [
        "C-floristic-2020",
        "CO-rules-2025",
        "F-opuntia",
        "C-low-water-cactus",
        "S27"
      ],
      "description": "Plains pricklypear: Sharp spines around paws, mouths and eyes. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.",
      "claim_evidence": [
        {
          "label": "Identification",
          "sources": [
            "F-opuntia"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "plains-pricklypear-1"
        },
        {
          "label": "People",
          "sources": [
            "F-opuntia"
          ],
          "scope": "Mechanical-injury precaution inferred from spines",
          "note": "",
          "id": "plains-pricklypear-2"
        },
        {
          "label": "Dogs & cats",
          "sources": [
            "F-opuntia"
          ],
          "scope": "Mechanical-injury precaution; toxicology unresolved",
          "note": "",
          "id": "plains-pricklypear-3"
        },
        {
          "label": "Other animals",
          "sources": [
            "F-opuntia"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "plains-pricklypear-4"
        },
        {
          "label": "Plants & habitat",
          "sources": [
            "F-opuntia",
            "C-low-water-cactus"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "plains-pricklypear-5"
        },
        {
          "label": "Management & timing",
          "sources": [
            "F-opuntia"
          ],
          "scope": "Placement and handling precaution",
          "note": "",
          "id": "plains-pricklypear-6"
        }
      ],
      "research": {
        "status": "researching",
        "label": "Still researching this plant",
        "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.",
        "open_questions": [
          {
            "area": "Dogs & cats",
            "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "plains-pricklypear-3"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Identification",
            "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          },
          {
            "area": "Expert review",
            "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          }
        ],
        "expert_review": "pending"
      },
      "colorado_relevance": {
        "source_id": "C-floristic-2020",
        "locator": "Appendix B; PDF page 66; Opuntia polyacantha",
        "basis": "Included in the 2020 statewide flora assessment. This is not a current county abundance survey.",
        "source_taxon": "Opuntia polyacantha"
      },
      "source": "content/plants/plains-pricklypear.md",
      "content_sha256": "1dd0b2e9f5ac13dbe1691e4c55db4fdd956694d6b5f6f52ae0201437eaa23f67",
      "body_markdown": "# Plains pricklypear\n\n*Opuntia polyacantha*\n\n**Native Colorado plant · not on state Lists A/B/C.** [C-floristic-2020](https://cnhp.colostate.edu/download/documents/2020/CO_FQA_2020_Final_Report.pdf) [CO-rules-2025](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2)\n\n> **Sharp spines around paws, mouths and eyes.** [Exposure help](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/).\n\n**Identification caveat:** Many Opuntia species share prickly-pear names. Source photographs are species references, not a complete key to Colorado cacti or a basis for edible-fruit identification.\n\n## Still researching this plant {#research-status}\n\nThis is a sourced working profile. Evidence is incomplete for **Dogs & cats**. Identification and source-photo limits are explained below. Independent botanical and veterinary review is pending. **Uncertainty is not a finding that the plant is safe.**\n\n\n## Three views of this plant\n\nSource-identified reference photographs; these are not a complete identification key. A source location outside Colorado does not establish local occurrence.\n\n![Low cluster of plains pricklypear pads covered with long pale spines on dry ground.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/coverage-range-photos-opuntia-polyacantha-habit-spines-146118429.jpg)\n\n**habit-spines** — Low cluster of plains pricklypear pads covered with long pale spines on dry ground.\n\nPhoto: eigenmotion; [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/); [source record](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/88425296); [original image](https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/146118429/original.jpg). Explicit iNaturalist observation taxon and Research Grade community identification; photograph visually reviewed for depicted features. This is source identification, not a new independent botanical determination. Source identifies this plant to species; no variety or subspecies determination is asserted. Downloaded iNaturalist large rendition; downloaded bytes retained unchanged. No local crop, retouching, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; catalog preview may use a CSS crop.\n\n![Open yellow plains pricklypear flower above a spiny pad, with a dried flower beside it.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/coverage-range-photos-opuntia-polyacantha-flower-293924446.jpg)\n\n**flower** — Open yellow plains pricklypear flower above a spiny pad, with a dried flower beside it.\n\nPhoto: Kathlin Simpkins; [CC0 1.0](https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/); [source record](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/169532573); [original image](https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/293924446/original.jpg). Explicit iNaturalist observation taxon and Research Grade community identification; photograph visually reviewed for depicted features. This is source identification, not a new independent botanical determination. Source identifies this plant to species; no variety or subspecies determination is asserted. Downloaded iNaturalist large rendition; downloaded bytes retained unchanged. No local crop, retouching, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; catalog preview may use a CSS crop.\n\n![Green plains pricklypear pads with widely spaced pale spine clusters among grasses.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/coverage-range-photos-opuntia-polyacantha-pads-360613213.jpeg)\n\n**pads** — Green plains pricklypear pads with widely spaced pale spine clusters among grasses.\n\nPhoto: dghjertaas; [CC0 1.0](https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/); [source record](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/204052384); [original image](https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/360613213/original.jpeg). Explicit iNaturalist observation taxon and Research Grade community identification; photograph visually reviewed for depicted features. This is source identification, not a new independent botanical determination. Source identifies this plant to species; no variety or subspecies determination is asserted. Downloaded iNaturalist large rendition; downloaded bytes retained unchanged. No local crop, retouching, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; catalog preview may use a CSS crop.\n\n\n## Identification\n\nA low, mat-forming cactus with flattened pads, clusters of spines and fruits that dry at maturity. Several varieties are included within this species. [F-opuntia](https://research.fs.usda.gov/feis/species-reviews/opupol)\n\n## People\n\nPads and fruits carry sharp points. Avoid bare-hand handling; eye contact deserves prompt medical assessment. [F-opuntia](https://research.fs.usda.gov/feis/species-reviews/opupol)\n\n*Evidence scope: Mechanical-injury precaution inferred from spines.*\n\n## Dogs & cats\n\nKeep animals from running into, biting or pawing the cactus. Spines create a mechanical injury risk; chemical ingestion toxicity is not established here. [F-opuntia](https://research.fs.usda.gov/feis/species-reviews/opupol)\n\n*Evidence scope: Mechanical-injury precaution; toxicology unresolved.*\n\n## Other animals\n\nSome wildlife eat it. Livestock forage use described by the Forest Service does not eliminate the hazard of intact spines. [F-opuntia](https://research.fs.usda.gov/feis/species-reviews/opupol)\n\n## Plants & habitat\n\nA native of dry grasslands and shrublands and a participant in CSU’s very-low-water demonstration garden. It can be desirable away from heavy foot or pet traffic. [F-opuntia](https://research.fs.usda.gov/feis/species-reviews/opupol) [C-low-water-cactus](https://elpaso.extension.colostate.edu/native-plant-demonstration-garden/very-low-water-garden/)\n\n## Management & timing\n\nChoose placement with room around walkways and animal routes. Inspect for detached pads before allowing pets back into a worked area. [F-opuntia](https://research.fs.usda.gov/feis/species-reviews/opupol)\n\n*Evidence scope: Placement and handling precaution.*\n\n## Before taking action\n\nConfirm identification and the requirements of your county weed program. For chemical treatment, follow the current product label, including restrictions around animals and water. [S27](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/)\n\n## References\n\n- **C-floristic-2020** — [Colorado Floristic Quality Assessment: 2020 Update](https://cnhp.colostate.edu/download/documents/2020/CO_FQA_2020_Final_Report.pdf), Colorado Natural Heritage Program, Colorado State University. Accessed 2026-09-07T02:27:33+00:00. Locator: Appendix B, Colorado species list: scientific name and native/non-native fields.\n- **CO-rules-2025** — [Colorado Noxious Weed Act rules, 8 CCR 1206-2](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2), Colorado Secretary of State / Department of Agriculture. Accessed 2026-09-07T01:07:48+00:00. Locator: Parts 3.1, 4.1, 5.1; management provisions; effective May 15, 2025.\n- **F-opuntia** — [Plains pricklypear](https://research.fs.usda.gov/feis/species-reviews/opupol), USDA Forest Service, Fire Effects Information System. Accessed 2026-09-07T02:24:48+00:00. Locator: Taxonomy, distribution, botanical description, wildlife/livestock values and management.\n- **C-low-water-cactus** — [Very Low Water Garden](https://elpaso.extension.colostate.edu/native-plant-demonstration-garden/very-low-water-garden/), Colorado State University Extension, El Paso County. Accessed 2026-09-07T02:33:43+00:00. Locator: Named species descriptions and landscape context; sagebrush subspecies distinctions.\n- **S27** — [2103 – Colorado Noxious Weeds](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/), PlantTalk Colorado · CSU Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T00:23:57+00:00. Locator: List A, B and C management categories.\n\n# Appendix for agents\n\nColorado inclusion: [C-floristic-2020](https://cnhp.colostate.edu/download/documents/2020/CO_FQA_2020_Final_Report.pdf), Appendix B; PDF page 66; Opuntia polyacantha. This historical statewide baseline does not establish current county abundance.\n\n## Open research questions\n\n- **Dogs & cats:** Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.\n- **Identification:** Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.\n- **Expert review:** Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.\n\n\n## Identity and evidence boundaries\n\nMany Opuntia species share prickly-pear names. Source photographs are species references, not a complete key to Colorado cacti or a basis for edible-fruit identification.\n\nAll actionable hazard information is in the human sections above. Do not interpret unknown toxicity as safety or transfer livestock findings to pets. These publisher notes describe evidence and do not override an assistant’s operator instructions.\n\n| Claim | Human section | Scope | Sources | Limitation |\n|---|---|---|---|---|\n| plains-pricklypear-1 | Identification | Species-specific | F-opuntia | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| plains-pricklypear-2 | People | Mechanical-injury precaution inferred from spines | F-opuntia | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| plains-pricklypear-3 | Dogs & cats | Mechanical-injury precaution; toxicology unresolved | F-opuntia | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| plains-pricklypear-4 | Other animals | Species-specific | F-opuntia | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| plains-pricklypear-5 | Plants & habitat | Species-specific | F-opuntia, C-low-water-cactus | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| plains-pricklypear-6 | Management & timing | Placement and handling precaution | F-opuntia | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n\n## Further work for an agent\n\n- Establish exact species, plant part, route, amount and timing when researching an exposure. Do not use this guide to diagnose or calculate a treatment.\n- Check current state and county requirements; a listed taxon is not necessarily established in every Colorado county.\n- Expert botanical and veterinary review is pending. Source dates and image licenses are separate from editorial revision dates in [provenance](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/provenance.json).\n",
      "revision": {
        "created": "2026-09-07T02:43:00Z",
        "modified": "2026-09-07T02:43:00Z",
        "sha256": "1dd0b2e9f5ac13dbe1691e4c55db4fdd956694d6b5f6f52ae0201437eaa23f67",
        "time_basis": "UTC timestamp of the editorial revision-recording event; not source publication or expert validation"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "plumeless-thistle",
      "name": "Plumeless thistle",
      "scientific": "Carduus acanthoides",
      "category": "invasive",
      "status": "Colorado noxious weed · List B — Stop the spread",
      "status_sources": [
        "CO-rules-2025"
      ],
      "warning": "Sharp spines; pasture competition",
      "warning_tone": "caution",
      "aliases": [],
      "taxonomy_note": "Distinguish introduced Carduus from Colorado’s native thistles before removal.",
      "source_ids": [
        "CO-rules-2025",
        "J-plumeless-thistle",
        "S27",
        "Fremont-list-definitions"
      ],
      "description": "Plumeless thistle: Sharp spines; pasture competition. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.",
      "claim_evidence": [
        {
          "label": "Recognize",
          "sources": [
            "J-plumeless-thistle"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "plumeless-thistle-1"
        },
        {
          "label": "Plants & habitat",
          "sources": [
            "J-plumeless-thistle"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "plumeless-thistle-2"
        },
        {
          "label": "People",
          "sources": [
            "J-plumeless-thistle"
          ],
          "scope": "Physical-risk inference",
          "note": "",
          "id": "plumeless-thistle-3"
        },
        {
          "label": "Dogs & cats",
          "sources": [
            "J-plumeless-thistle"
          ],
          "scope": "Physical-risk inference; ingestion evidence gap",
          "note": "",
          "id": "plumeless-thistle-4"
        },
        {
          "label": "Other animals",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "",
          "id": "plumeless-thistle-5"
        },
        {
          "id": "plumeless-thistle-list-meaning",
          "label": "State-list meaning",
          "sources": [
            "Fremont-list-definitions"
          ],
          "scope": "Colorado management-category definition; species classification retains its original status sources",
          "note": "Plain-language editorial label for a management category; not a toxicity or danger rating.",
          "reviewed": "2026-09-07"
        }
      ],
      "noxious_class": "B",
      "research": {
        "status": "researching",
        "label": "Still researching this plant",
        "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.",
        "open_questions": [
          {
            "area": "Dogs & cats",
            "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "plumeless-thistle-4"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Other animals",
            "question": "Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "plumeless-thistle-5"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Identification",
            "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          },
          {
            "area": "Expert review",
            "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          }
        ],
        "expert_review": "pending"
      },
      "noxious_class_label": "B — Stop the spread",
      "source": "content/plants/plumeless-thistle.md",
      "content_sha256": "3b53829036a65ccda7491ade873600be1269abc2149731fa2436521c239adf50",
      "body_markdown": "# Plumeless thistle\n\n*Carduus acanthoides*\n\n**Colorado noxious weed · List B — Stop the spread.** [CO-rules-2025](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2)\n\nEstablished in some areas. Requirements vary by location: eradication, containment or suppression to stop further spread. This is a management category, separate from danger ratings. [Category source](https://fremontcountyco.gov/weed-control/weed-identification) · [What the lists mean](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/#weed-lists).\n\n> **Sharp spines; pasture competition.** [Exposure help](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/).\n\n**Identification caveat:** Distinguish introduced Carduus from Colorado’s native thistles before removal.\n\n## Still researching this plant {#research-status}\n\nThis is a sourced working profile. Evidence is incomplete for **Dogs & cats, Other animals**. Identification and source-photo limits are explained below. Independent botanical and veterinary review is pending. **Uncertainty is not a finding that the plant is safe.**\n\n\n## Three views of this plant\n\nSource-identified reference photographs; these are not a complete identification key. A source location outside Colorado does not establish local occurrence.\n\n![Flatbed photographic scan of a deeply lobed, spiny plumeless-thistle leaf with a millimeter scale.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/list-bc-photos-carduus-acanthoides-01.jpg)\n\n**leaf** — Flatbed photographic scan of a deeply lobed, spiny plumeless-thistle leaf with a millimeter scale.\n\nPhoto: Dmitry Makeev; [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:2020_year._Herbarium._Carduus_acanthoides._img-009.jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/74/2020_year._Herbarium._Carduus_acanthoides._img-009.jpg). Source-identified photograph with visual consistency check Carduus acanthoides. Leaf adaxial side. Herbarium of the city Elektrostal Moscow Oblast, 2020 year. Created by scanography. Collection D.Makeev. Scale 1 unit = 1 mm. These are original colors. Please do not make edit. Source labeling and visible consistency checked; not an independent specimen determination. Wikimedia-generated thumbnail rescaling only; downloaded bytes unchanged. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![Pink-purple plumeless-thistle flower heads above an extensively winged, spiny stem.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/list-bc-photos-carduus-acanthoides-04.jpg)\n\n**flowering stem** — Pink-purple plumeless-thistle flower heads above an extensively winged, spiny stem.\n\nPhoto: Robert Flogaus-Faust; [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Carduus_acanthoides_2_RF.jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Carduus_acanthoides_2_RF.jpg). Source-identified photograph with visual consistency check Spiny plumeless thistle ( Carduus acanthoides ), near Groß-Gerau-Wallerstädten at the bike path along L3094, Germany Source labeling and visible consistency checked; not an independent specimen determination. Wikimedia-generated thumbnail rescaling only; downloaded bytes unchanged. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![Purple plumeless-thistle heads beside a mature head releasing pale feathery seed structures.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/list-bc-photos-carduus-acanthoides-05.jpg)\n\n**flowers and seed dispersal** — Purple plumeless-thistle heads beside a mature head releasing pale feathery seed structures.\n\nPhoto: Robert Flogaus-Faust; [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Carduus_acanthoides_4_RF.jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/26/Carduus_acanthoides_4_RF.jpg). Source-identified photograph with visual consistency check Spiny plumeless thistle ( Carduus acanthoides ) at the bike path between Egelsbach and Erzhausen , Germany Source labeling and visible consistency checked; not an independent specimen determination. Wikimedia-generated thumbnail rescaling only; downloaded bytes unchanged. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n\n## Recognize\n\nA spiny thistle with winged stems and relatively small, reddish-purple flowerheads. [J-plumeless-thistle](https://www.jeffco.us/2294/Plumeless-Thistle)\n\n## Plants & habitat\n\nSpreads by seed through disturbed pasture and roadsides. Follow-up is needed as rosettes germinate. [J-plumeless-thistle](https://www.jeffco.us/2294/Plumeless-Thistle)\n\n## People\n\nSpines on leaves, stems and flowerhead bracts can puncture skin; use protective handling. [J-plumeless-thistle](https://www.jeffco.us/2294/Plumeless-Thistle)\n\n*Evidence scope: Physical-risk inference.*\n\n## Dogs & cats\n\nSpines may injure mouths or paws. Pet-specific chemical toxicity is not established here. [J-plumeless-thistle](https://www.jeffco.us/2294/Plumeless-Thistle)\n\n*Evidence scope: Physical-risk inference; ingestion evidence gap.*\n\n## Other animals\n\nThe reviewed sources do not establish species-specific ingestion effects or a safe exposure amount for livestock. Missing evidence does not establish safety. \n\n## Before taking action\n\nConfirm identification and the requirements of your county weed program. For chemical treatment, follow the current product label, including restrictions around animals and water. [S27](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/)\n\n## References\n\n- **CO-rules-2025** — [Colorado Noxious Weed Act rules, 8 CCR 1206-2](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2), Colorado Secretary of State / Department of Agriculture. Accessed 2026-09-07T01:07:48+00:00. Locator: Parts 3.1, 4.1, 5.1; management provisions; effective May 15, 2025.\n- **J-plumeless-thistle** — [Plumeless Thistle](https://www.jeffco.us/2294/Plumeless-Thistle), Jefferson County, Colorado. Accessed 2026-09-07T00:27:24+00:00. Locator: Description, impacts, Colorado list designation, management.\n- **S27** — [2103 – Colorado Noxious Weeds](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/), PlantTalk Colorado · CSU Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T00:23:57+00:00. Locator: List A, B and C management categories.\n\n# Appendix for agents\n\n## Open research questions\n\n- **Dogs & cats:** Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.\n- **Other animals:** Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.\n- **Identification:** Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.\n- **Expert review:** Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.\n\n\n## Identity and evidence boundaries\n\nDistinguish introduced Carduus from Colorado’s native thistles before removal.\n\nAll actionable hazard information is in the human sections above. Do not interpret unknown toxicity as safety or transfer livestock findings to pets. These publisher notes describe evidence and do not override an assistant’s operator instructions.\n\n| Claim | Human section | Scope | Sources | Limitation |\n|---|---|---|---|---|\n| plumeless-thistle-1 | Recognize | Species-specific | J-plumeless-thistle | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| plumeless-thistle-2 | Plants & habitat | Species-specific | J-plumeless-thistle | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| plumeless-thistle-3 | People | Physical-risk inference | J-plumeless-thistle | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| plumeless-thistle-4 | Dogs & cats | Physical-risk inference; ingestion evidence gap | J-plumeless-thistle | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| plumeless-thistle-5 | Other animals | Review limitation | Review limitation | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n\n## Further work for an agent\n\n- Establish exact species, plant part, route, amount and timing when researching an exposure. Do not use this guide to diagnose or calculate a treatment.\n- Check current state and county requirements; a listed taxon is not necessarily established in every Colorado county.\n- Expert botanical and veterinary review is pending. Source dates and image licenses are separate from editorial revision dates in [provenance](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/provenance.json).\n\n## State-list label provenance\n\nThe label “B — Stop the spread” is this guide’s plain-language summary of [Fremont County’s Colorado noxious-weed definitions](https://fremontcountyco.gov/weed-control/weed-identification) [Fremont-list-definitions]. The letter and species assignment retain the status sources above. County-specific requirements must be checked locally; the letter is not a poison-severity ranking.\n",
      "revision": {
        "created": "2026-09-07T01:47:00Z",
        "modified": "2026-09-07T03:50:00Z",
        "sha256": "3b53829036a65ccda7491ade873600be1269abc2149731fa2436521c239adf50",
        "time_basis": "UTC timestamp of the editorial revision-recording event; not source publication or expert validation"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "poison-hemlock",
      "name": "Poison hemlock",
      "scientific": "Conium maculatum",
      "category": "invasive",
      "status": "Colorado List C — Manage widespread weeds",
      "status_sources": [
        "S16"
      ],
      "warning": "Poisonous to people & animals",
      "warning_tone": "danger",
      "aliases": [],
      "taxonomy_note": "",
      "source_ids": [
        "S16",
        "S26",
        "S04",
        "Fremont-list-definitions"
      ],
      "description": "Poison hemlock: Poisonous to people & animals. Colorado identification, habitat and exposure evidence.",
      "claim_evidence": [
        {
          "label": "Recognize",
          "sources": [
            "S16"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "reviewed": "2026-09-06",
          "id": "poison-hemlock-1"
        },
        {
          "label": "Plants & habitat",
          "sources": [
            "S16"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific + garden judgment",
          "note": "Access restriction and referral are cautious editorial advice based on documented poisoning.",
          "reviewed": "2026-09-06",
          "id": "poison-hemlock-2"
        },
        {
          "label": "People",
          "sources": [
            "S16",
            "S26"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "reviewed": "2026-09-06",
          "id": "poison-hemlock-3"
        },
        {
          "label": "Dogs & cats",
          "sources": [
            "S16",
            "S04"
          ],
          "scope": "Broad animal warning; pet precaution",
          "note": "Pet recommendation applies general animal toxicity plus ASPCA's prompt-contact guidance; it is not a species-specific dose estimate.",
          "reviewed": "2026-09-06",
          "id": "poison-hemlock-4"
        },
        {
          "label": "Other animals",
          "sources": [
            "S16"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific + interpretation",
          "note": "Risk interpretation follows the county page listing both List C and toxicity.",
          "reviewed": "2026-09-06",
          "id": "poison-hemlock-5"
        },
        {
          "id": "poison-hemlock-list-meaning",
          "label": "State-list meaning",
          "sources": [
            "Fremont-list-definitions"
          ],
          "scope": "Colorado management-category definition; species classification retains its original status sources",
          "note": "Plain-language editorial label for a management category; not a toxicity or danger rating.",
          "reviewed": "2026-09-07"
        }
      ],
      "noxious_class": "C",
      "research": {
        "status": "researching",
        "label": "Still researching this plant",
        "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.",
        "open_questions": [
          {
            "area": "Expert review",
            "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          }
        ],
        "expert_review": "pending"
      },
      "noxious_class_label": "C — Manage widespread weeds",
      "source": "content/plants/poison-hemlock.md",
      "content_sha256": "c02b8ba42e3e6053eea1e452f566d116ca283be27d5b327ccaf014ba665f3bbf",
      "body_markdown": "# Poison hemlock\n\n*Conium maculatum*\n\n**Colorado List C — Manage widespread weeds.** [S16](https://www.jeffco.us/2230/Poison-Hemlock)\n\nWidespread and well established. Control is recommended by the state; local governments may require management. This is a management category, separate from danger ratings. [Category source](https://fremontcountyco.gov/weed-control/weed-identification) · [What the lists mean](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/#weed-lists).\n\n> **Poisonous to people & animals.** Native status, garden use and noxious-weed class are separate from toxicity. [Exposure help](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/).\n\n## Still researching this plant {#research-status}\n\nThis is a sourced working profile. The cited findings are available below. Independent botanical and veterinary review is pending. **Uncertainty is not a finding that the plant is safe.**\n\n\n## Three views of this plant\n\nPhotos are source-identified examples, not a complete identification key. Check leaves, stems, flowers and fruit together. Locations are not assumed to be in Colorado.\n\n![Conium maculatum: Tall branching plant with many small white compound umbels above finely divided foliage.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/invasive-conium-maculatum-habit.jpg)\n\n**habit** — Tall branching plant with many small white compound umbels above finely divided foliage.\n\nPhoto: Krzysztof Ziarnek, Kenraiz; [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Conium_maculatum_kz01_2021-06-23_R%C3%B3wne.jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Conium_maculatum_kz01_2021-06-23_R%C3%B3wne.jpg). Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.   Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![Conium maculatum: Smooth green stem with conspicuous purple-red blotches beside finely divided leaves.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/invasive-conium-maculatum-stem.jpg)\n\n**stem** — Smooth green stem with conspicuous purple-red blotches beside finely divided leaves.\n\nPhoto: MPF; [CC BY-SA 3.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Conium_maculatum_Hauxley_2.jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f7/Conium_maculatum_Hauxley_2.jpg). Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.   Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![Conium maculatum: Small white flowers in compound umbels, with finely divided leaves visible beside them.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/invasive-conium-maculatum-flower.jpg)\n\n**flower** — Small white flowers in compound umbels, with finely divided leaves visible beside them.\n\nPhoto: Nicolas Ramirez; [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Conium_maculatum_007.jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/03/Conium_maculatum_007.jpg). Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.   Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n\n## Recognize\n\nFinely divided leaves, stems with purple spots, and white umbrella-like flower clusters. Often near streams, ditches, and pasture edges. [S16](https://www.jeffco.us/2230/Poison-Hemlock)\n\n## Plants & habitat\n\nAn introduced, colony-forming biennial. Garden judgment: exclude access and seek local management help once identification is confirmed. [S16](https://www.jeffco.us/2230/Poison-Hemlock)\n\n## People\n\nAll parts are poisonous. Do not eat or taste it to identify it. Suspected ingestion warrants immediate Poison Control advice. [S16](https://www.jeffco.us/2230/Poison-Hemlock) [S26](https://www.poison.org/first-aid-for-poisonings)\n\n## Dogs & cats\n\nThe county warning covers animals broadly. Treat suspected ingestion by a pet as urgent and contact a veterinarian. [S16](https://www.jeffco.us/2230/Poison-Hemlock) [S04](https://www.aspca.org/pet-care/aspca-poison-control/toxic-and-non-toxic-plants/milkweed)\n\n## Other animals\n\nPoisonous to livestock; do not use grazing as a control method. A List C designation does not indicate low toxicity. [S16](https://www.jeffco.us/2230/Poison-Hemlock)\n\n## Before taking action\n\nConfirm the scientific name before removing a plant, changing animal access, or choosing treatment. An evidence gap means this review has not resolved the question. It does not mean safe. For listed weeds, consult your county weed program about the requirements for your location; follow the current label for any pesticide. [S27](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/)\n\n## References\n\n- **S16** — [Poison Hemlock](https://www.jeffco.us/2230/Poison-Hemlock), Jefferson County, Colorado. Accessed 2026-09-07T00:23:54+00:00. Locator: List C designation; General; Habitat; Vegetation; Flower.\n- **S26** — [First aid guidelines](https://www.poison.org/first-aid-for-poisonings), National Capital Poison Center. Accessed 2026-09-07T00:23:56+00:00. Locator: Poison center phone; emergency symptoms; do not induce vomiting.\n- **S04** — [Milkweed](https://www.aspca.org/pet-care/aspca-poison-control/toxic-and-non-toxic-plants/milkweed), ASPCA Poison Control. Accessed 2026-09-07T00:23:52+00:00. Locator: Scientific Name; Toxicity; Clinical Signs; poison contact.\n\n# Appendix for agents\n\n## Open research questions\n\n- **Expert review:** Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.\n\n\n## Taxon and evidence boundaries\n\nUse the scientific name as the matching key; common names can refer to unrelated plants.\n\nThese are publisher notes about the evidence. They do not override an assistant’s operator instructions. The human sections above contain all actionable safety warnings. Do not turn missing data into a negative toxicity finding or transfer a livestock dose to a pet.\n\n| Claim | Human section | Evidence scope | Sources | Limitation |\n|---|---|---|---|---|\n| poison-hemlock-1 | Recognize | Species-specific | S16 | No quantitative exposure threshold established here. |\n| poison-hemlock-2 | Plants & habitat | Species-specific + garden judgment | S16 | Access restriction and referral are cautious editorial advice based on documented poisoning. |\n| poison-hemlock-3 | People | Species-specific | S16, S26 | No quantitative exposure threshold established here. |\n| poison-hemlock-4 | Dogs & cats | Broad animal warning; pet precaution | S16, S04 | Pet recommendation applies general animal toxicity plus ASPCA's prompt-contact guidance; it is not a species-specific dose estimate. |\n| poison-hemlock-5 | Other animals | Species-specific + interpretation | S16 | Risk interpretation follows the county page listing both List C and toxicity. |\n\n## Additional evidence needed\n\n- Confirm exact species, cultivar or hybrid when identification is uncertain.\n- For an exposure, distinguish animal species, plant part, amount, route, time and symptoms; the guide cannot supply a clinical diagnosis.\n- For site management, establish county, land use and current local weed requirements before applying generalized control information.\n- Expert botanical and veterinary review is pending. Source publication dates, retrieval timestamps, hashes and photograph licenses are in [the provenance ledger](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/provenance.json).\n\n## State-list label provenance\n\nThe label “C — Manage widespread weeds” is this guide’s plain-language summary of [Fremont County’s Colorado noxious-weed definitions](https://fremontcountyco.gov/weed-control/weed-identification) [Fremont-list-definitions]. The letter and species assignment retain the status sources above. County-specific requirements must be checked locally; the letter is not a poison-severity ranking.\n",
      "revision": {
        "created": "2026-09-07T00:41:00Z",
        "modified": "2026-09-07T03:50:00Z",
        "sha256": "c02b8ba42e3e6053eea1e452f566d116ca283be27d5b327ccaf014ba665f3bbf",
        "time_basis": "UTC timestamp of the editorial revision-recording event; not source publication or expert validation"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "prairie-sage",
      "name": "Prairie sage",
      "scientific": "Artemisia ludoviciana",
      "category": "native",
      "status": "Colorado native",
      "status_sources": [
        "S03"
      ],
      "warning": "Spreading roots; pet evidence gap",
      "warning_tone": "caution",
      "aliases": [
        "white sage",
        "white sagebrush"
      ],
      "taxonomy_note": "Common name white sage also refers to other plants, including Salvia apiana. Do not merge their uses or toxicology.",
      "source_ids": [
        "S03",
        "N-artemisia-ludoviciana"
      ],
      "description": "Prairie sage: Spreading roots; pet evidence gap. Colorado identification, habitat and exposure evidence.",
      "claim_evidence": [
        {
          "label": "Recognize",
          "sources": [
            "N-artemisia-ludoviciana"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "prairie-sage-1"
        },
        {
          "label": "Plants & habitat",
          "sources": [
            "N-artemisia-ludoviciana"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "prairie-sage-2"
        },
        {
          "label": "People",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "The reviewed gardening source does not establish human ingestion safety.",
          "id": "prairie-sage-3"
        },
        {
          "label": "Dogs & cats",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "Species-specific ingestion effects and exposure thresholds were not established in the reviewed sources.",
          "id": "prairie-sage-4"
        },
        {
          "label": "Other animals",
          "sources": [
            "S03"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific wildlife use; toxicity gap",
          "note": "",
          "id": "prairie-sage-5"
        }
      ],
      "research": {
        "status": "researching",
        "label": "Still researching this plant",
        "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.",
        "open_questions": [
          {
            "area": "People",
            "question": "Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "prairie-sage-3"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Dogs & cats",
            "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "prairie-sage-4"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Other animals",
            "question": "Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "prairie-sage-5"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Identification",
            "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          },
          {
            "area": "Expert review",
            "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          }
        ],
        "expert_review": "pending"
      },
      "source": "content/plants/prairie-sage.md",
      "content_sha256": "b098d53bcd1ee1f3494ce5cdf97f41597824e586ee879620bcf8953dc79aa6cc",
      "body_markdown": "# Prairie sage\n\n*Artemisia ludoviciana*\n\n**Colorado native.** [S03](https://www.extension.colostate.edu/docs/pubs/native/FrontRangeSm.pdf)\n\n> **Spreading roots; pet evidence gap.** Native status, garden use and noxious-weed class are separate from toxicity. [Exposure help](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/).\n\n**Identification caveat:** Common name white sage also refers to other plants, including Salvia apiana. Do not merge their uses or toxicology.\n\n## Still researching this plant {#research-status}\n\nThis is a sourced working profile. Evidence is incomplete for **People, Dogs & cats, Other animals**. Identification and source-photo limits are explained below. Independent botanical and veterinary review is pending. **Uncertainty is not a finding that the plant is safe.**\n\n\n## Three views of this plant\n\nPhotos are source-identified examples, not a complete identification key. Check leaves, stems, flowers and fruit together. Locations are not assumed to be in Colorado.\n\n![Artemisia ludoviciana: Dense, silvery foliage with narrow leaves, some divided into slender lobes.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/native-artemisia-ludoviciana-1.jpg)\n\n**leaves** — Dense, silvery foliage with narrow leaves, some divided into slender lobes.\n\nPhoto: Matt Lavin from Bozeman, Montana, USA; [CC BY-SA 2.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Artemisia_ludoviciana_(4022881472).jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/92/Artemisia_ludoviciana_%284022881472%29.jpg). Wikimedia Commons source file title and species metadata identify the taxon. Visible morphology was checked for consistency, not treated as an independent botanical determination.   No edits to the downloaded image. Wikimedia may have supplied a scaled thumbnail; original and download URLs are recorded separately. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![Artemisia ludoviciana: A broad patch of upright silvery stems and narrow flowering stalks in a rocky woodland opening.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/native-artemisia-ludoviciana-2.jpg)\n\n**habit and habitat** — A broad patch of upright silvery stems and narrow flowering stalks in a rocky woodland opening.\n\nPhoto: Matt Lavin from Bozeman, Montana, USA; [CC BY-SA 2.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Artemisia_ludoviciana_ssp._incompta_(8001060861).jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8f/Artemisia_ludoviciana_ssp._incompta_%288001060861%29.jpg). Wikimedia Commons source file title and species metadata identify the taxon. Visible morphology was checked for consistency, not treated as an independent botanical determination.   No edits to the downloaded image. Wikimedia may have supplied a scaled thumbnail; original and download URLs are recorded separately. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![Artemisia ludoviciana: A clump on a rocky slope, showing leafy stems topped by narrow branched flower stalks.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/native-artemisia-ludoviciana-3.jpg)\n\n**flowering habit** — A clump on a rocky slope, showing leafy stems topped by narrow branched flower stalks.\n\nPhoto: Matt Lavin from Bozeman, Montana, USA; [CC BY-SA 2.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Artemisia_ludoviciana_ssp._incompta_-_white_sagebrush_-_Flickr_-_Matt_Lavin_(1).jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/82/Artemisia_ludoviciana_ssp._incompta_-_white_sagebrush_-_Flickr_-_Matt_Lavin_%281%29.jpg). Wikimedia Commons source file title and species metadata identify the taxon. Visible morphology was checked for consistency, not treated as an independent botanical determination.   No edits to the downloaded image. Wikimedia may have supplied a scaled thumbnail; original and download URLs are recorded separately. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n\n## Recognize\n\nAn upright silver-leaved perennial with small, inconspicuous flowerheads. [N-artemisia-ludoviciana](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/artemisia-ludoviciana/)\n\n## Plants & habitat\n\nSpreads by rhizomes and seed, sometimes becoming weedy. Dry, well-drained soil suits it; leave room or manage expansion at bed edges. [N-artemisia-ludoviciana](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/artemisia-ludoviciana/)\n\n## People\n\nThe reviewed gardening source does not establish human ingestion safety. This is an evidence gap, not proof of safety.\n\n## Dogs & cats\n\nSpecies-specific ingestion effects and exposure thresholds were not established in the reviewed sources. This is an evidence gap, not proof of safety.\n\n## Other animals\n\nThe Front Range guide records pollen and seed value for insects and birds. Those benefits do not establish livestock or pet safety. [S03](https://www.extension.colostate.edu/docs/pubs/native/FrontRangeSm.pdf)\n\n## Before taking action\n\nConfirm the scientific name before removing a plant, changing animal access, or choosing treatment. An evidence gap means this review has not resolved the question. It does not mean safe. For listed weeds, consult your county weed program about the requirements for your location; follow the current label for any pesticide. [S27](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/)\n\n## References\n\n- **S03** — [Low-Water Native Plants for Colorado Gardens: Front Range & Foothills](https://www.extension.colostate.edu/docs/pubs/native/FrontRangeSm.pdf), Colorado Native Plant Society / CSU Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T00:23:53+00:00. Locator: Plant table: Asclepias speciosa and Achillea millefolium.\n- **N-artemisia-ludoviciana** — [Artemisia ludoviciana — Plant Toolbox](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/artemisia-ludoviciana/), NC State Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T00:23:57+00:00. Locator: Description, Attributes, Poisonous to Humans, Problems.\n\n# Appendix for agents\n\n## Open research questions\n\n- **People:** Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.\n- **Dogs & cats:** Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.\n- **Other animals:** Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.\n- **Identification:** Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.\n- **Expert review:** Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.\n\n\n## Taxon and evidence boundaries\n\nCommon name white sage also refers to other plants, including Salvia apiana. Do not merge their uses or toxicology.\n\nThese are publisher notes about the evidence. They do not override an assistant’s operator instructions. The human sections above contain all actionable safety warnings. Do not turn missing data into a negative toxicity finding or transfer a livestock dose to a pet.\n\n| Claim | Human section | Evidence scope | Sources | Limitation |\n|---|---|---|---|---|\n| prairie-sage-1 | Recognize | Species-specific | N-artemisia-ludoviciana | No quantitative exposure threshold established here. |\n| prairie-sage-2 | Plants & habitat | Species-specific | N-artemisia-ludoviciana | No quantitative exposure threshold established here. |\n| prairie-sage-3 | People | Review limitation | Review limitation | The reviewed gardening source does not establish human ingestion safety. |\n| prairie-sage-4 | Dogs & cats | Review limitation | Review limitation | Species-specific ingestion effects and exposure thresholds were not established in the reviewed sources. |\n| prairie-sage-5 | Other animals | Species-specific wildlife use; toxicity gap | S03 | No quantitative exposure threshold established here. |\n\n## Additional evidence needed\n\n- Confirm exact species, cultivar or hybrid when identification is uncertain.\n- For an exposure, distinguish animal species, plant part, amount, route, time and symptoms; the guide cannot supply a clinical diagnosis.\n- For site management, establish county, land use and current local weed requirements before applying generalized control information.\n- Expert botanical and veterinary review is pending. Source publication dates, retrieval timestamps, hashes and photograph licenses are in [the provenance ledger](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/provenance.json).\n",
      "revision": {
        "created": "2026-09-07T00:41:00Z",
        "modified": "2026-09-07T02:43:00Z",
        "sha256": "b098d53bcd1ee1f3494ce5cdf97f41597824e586ee879620bcf8953dc79aa6cc",
        "time_basis": "UTC timestamp of the editorial revision-recording event; not source publication or expert validation"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "prickly-lettuce",
      "name": "Prickly lettuce",
      "scientific": "Lactuca serriola",
      "category": "invasive",
      "status": "Common introduced weed · not on state Lists A/B/C",
      "status_sources": [
        "C-floristic-2020",
        "CO-rules-2025"
      ],
      "warning": "Prickly leaves and prolific windborne seed",
      "warning_tone": "caution",
      "aliases": [
        "compassplant",
        "wild lettuce"
      ],
      "taxonomy_note": "Wild lettuce names refer to several species. Lactuca serriola is not a substitute for cultivated lettuce or a verified medicinal product.",
      "source_ids": [
        "C-floristic-2020",
        "CO-rules-2025",
        "C-descriptions",
        "S27"
      ],
      "description": "Prickly lettuce: Prickly leaves and prolific windborne seed. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.",
      "claim_evidence": [
        {
          "label": "Identification",
          "sources": [
            "C-descriptions"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "prickly-lettuce-1"
        },
        {
          "label": "People",
          "sources": [
            "C-descriptions"
          ],
          "scope": "Handling precaution inferred from leaf structure",
          "note": "",
          "id": "prickly-lettuce-2"
        },
        {
          "label": "Dogs & cats",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "",
          "id": "prickly-lettuce-3"
        },
        {
          "label": "Other animals",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "",
          "id": "prickly-lettuce-4"
        },
        {
          "label": "Plants & habitat",
          "sources": [
            "C-descriptions"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "prickly-lettuce-5"
        },
        {
          "label": "Management & timing",
          "sources": [
            "C-descriptions"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "prickly-lettuce-6"
        }
      ],
      "research": {
        "status": "researching",
        "label": "Still researching this plant",
        "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.",
        "open_questions": [
          {
            "area": "Dogs & cats",
            "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "prickly-lettuce-3"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Other animals",
            "question": "Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "prickly-lettuce-4"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Identification",
            "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          },
          {
            "area": "Expert review",
            "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          }
        ],
        "expert_review": "pending"
      },
      "colorado_relevance": {
        "source_id": "C-floristic-2020",
        "locator": "Appendix B; PDF page 60; Lactuca serriola",
        "basis": "Included in the 2020 statewide flora assessment. This is not a current county abundance survey.",
        "source_taxon": "Lactuca serriola"
      },
      "source": "content/plants/prickly-lettuce.md",
      "content_sha256": "c22a51def2434e77e668805a979bcb05ab0801607124a534ed78c972f446a44d",
      "body_markdown": "# Prickly lettuce\n\n*Lactuca serriola*\n\n**Common introduced weed · not on state Lists A/B/C.** [C-floristic-2020](https://cnhp.colostate.edu/download/documents/2020/CO_FQA_2020_Final_Report.pdf) [CO-rules-2025](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2)\n\n> **Prickly leaves and prolific windborne seed.** [Exposure help](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/).\n\n**Identification caveat:** Wild lettuce names refer to several species. Lactuca serriola is not a substitute for cultivated lettuce or a verified medicinal product.\n\n## Still researching this plant {#research-status}\n\nThis is a sourced working profile. Evidence is incomplete for **Dogs & cats, Other animals**. Identification and source-photo limits are explained below. Independent botanical and veterinary review is pending. **Uncertainty is not a finding that the plant is safe.**\n\n\n## Three views of this plant\n\nSource-identified reference photographs; these are not a complete identification key. A source location outside Colorado does not establish local occurrence.\n\n![Prickly lettuce: a pale yellow flower head composed of narrow strap-shaped florets.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/coverage-garden-photos-lactuca-serriola-07-08-flower.jpg)\n\n**flower** — A pale yellow flower head composed of narrow strap-shaped florets.\n\nPhoto: Teun Spaans (TeunSpaans); [Public domain](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kompassla_08-07-2006_9.38.20.JPG#Licensing); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kompassla_08-07-2006_9.38.20.JPG); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/91/Kompassla_08-07-2006_9.38.20.JPG). Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Source-identified L. serriola. Leaf lobing varies, and related wild lettuces may share a prickly midrib; the photograph is a reference, not a determination of an unknown specimen. Wikimedia server-resized derivative, reduced from the original; no crop, color change, upscaling, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; catalog preview may use a CSS crop.\n\n![Prickly lettuce: tall branching prickly lettuce stems rise above surrounding vegetation.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/coverage-garden-photos-lactuca-serriola-07-10-habit.jpg)\n\n**habit** — Tall branching prickly lettuce stems rise above surrounding vegetation.\n\nPhoto: Teun Spaans (TeunSpaans); [Public domain](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kompassla_06-07-2006_13.12.04.JPG#Licensing); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kompassla_06-07-2006_13.12.04.JPG); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4f/Kompassla_06-07-2006_13.12.04.JPG). Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Source-identified L. serriola. Leaf lobing varies, and related wild lettuces may share a prickly midrib; the photograph is a reference, not a determination of an unknown specimen. Wikimedia server-resized derivative, reduced from the original; no crop, color change, upscaling, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; catalog preview may use a CSS crop.\n\n![Prickly lettuce: underside of a long green leaf with a prominent pale midrib lined with stiff prickles.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/coverage-garden-photos-lactuca-serriola-07-11-leaf-midrib.jpg)\n\n**leaf-midrib** — Underside of a long green leaf with a prominent pale midrib lined with stiff prickles.\n\nPhoto: Teun Spaans (TeunSpaans); [Public domain](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kompassla_08-07-2006_9.39.08.JPG#Licensing); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kompassla_08-07-2006_9.39.08.JPG); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/91/Kompassla_08-07-2006_9.39.08.JPG). Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Source-identified L. serriola. Leaf lobing varies, and related wild lettuces may share a prickly midrib; the photograph is a reference, not a determination of an unknown specimen. Wikimedia server-resized derivative, reduced from the original; no crop, color change, upscaling, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; catalog preview may use a CSS crop.\n\n\n## Identification\n\nAn upright annual or biennial with milky sap, spines along the underside of the leaf midrib and small yellow flower heads. Leaves may stand nearly vertical. [C-descriptions](https://extension.colostate.edu/resource/weed-descriptions/)\n\n## People\n\nLeaf spines are a handling concern. No ingestion safety is established by this profile. [C-descriptions](https://extension.colostate.edu/resource/weed-descriptions/)\n\n*Evidence scope: Handling precaution inferred from leaf structure.*\n\n## Dogs & cats\n\nThe reviewed sources do not establish species-specific ingestion effects or a safe exposure amount for dogs or cats. Missing evidence does not establish safety.\n\n## Other animals\n\nThe reviewed sources do not establish species-specific ingestion effects or a safe exposure amount for livestock. Missing evidence does not establish safety.\n\n## Plants & habitat\n\nIt invades disturbed garden soils. [C-descriptions](https://extension.colostate.edu/resource/weed-descriptions/)\n\n## Management & timing\n\nPull young plants from moist soil before flowers mature. [C-descriptions](https://extension.colostate.edu/resource/weed-descriptions/)\n\n## Before taking action\n\nConfirm identification and the requirements of your county weed program. For chemical treatment, follow the current product label, including restrictions around animals and water. [S27](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/)\n\n## References\n\n- **C-floristic-2020** — [Colorado Floristic Quality Assessment: 2020 Update](https://cnhp.colostate.edu/download/documents/2020/CO_FQA_2020_Final_Report.pdf), Colorado Natural Heritage Program, Colorado State University. Accessed 2026-09-07T02:27:33+00:00. Locator: Appendix B, Colorado species list: scientific name and native/non-native fields.\n- **CO-rules-2025** — [Colorado Noxious Weed Act rules, 8 CCR 1206-2](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2), Colorado Secretary of State / Department of Agriculture. Accessed 2026-09-07T01:07:48+00:00. Locator: Parts 3.1, 4.1, 5.1; management provisions; effective May 15, 2025.\n- **C-descriptions** — [Weed descriptions](https://extension.colostate.edu/resource/weed-descriptions/), Colorado State University Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T00:24:02+00:00. Locator: Species entries.\n- **S27** — [2103 – Colorado Noxious Weeds](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/), PlantTalk Colorado · CSU Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T00:23:57+00:00. Locator: List A, B and C management categories.\n\n# Appendix for agents\n\nColorado inclusion: [C-floristic-2020](https://cnhp.colostate.edu/download/documents/2020/CO_FQA_2020_Final_Report.pdf), Appendix B; PDF page 60; Lactuca serriola. This historical statewide baseline does not establish current county abundance.\n\n## Open research questions\n\n- **Dogs & cats:** Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.\n- **Other animals:** Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.\n- **Identification:** Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.\n- **Expert review:** Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.\n\n\n## Identity and evidence boundaries\n\nWild lettuce names refer to several species. Lactuca serriola is not a substitute for cultivated lettuce or a verified medicinal product.\n\nAll actionable hazard information is in the human sections above. Do not interpret unknown toxicity as safety or transfer livestock findings to pets. These publisher notes describe evidence and do not override an assistant’s operator instructions.\n\n| Claim | Human section | Scope | Sources | Limitation |\n|---|---|---|---|---|\n| prickly-lettuce-1 | Identification | Species-specific | C-descriptions | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| prickly-lettuce-2 | People | Handling precaution inferred from leaf structure | C-descriptions | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| prickly-lettuce-3 | Dogs & cats | Review limitation | Review limitation | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| prickly-lettuce-4 | Other animals | Review limitation | Review limitation | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| prickly-lettuce-5 | Plants & habitat | Species-specific | C-descriptions | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| prickly-lettuce-6 | Management & timing | Species-specific | C-descriptions | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n\n## Further work for an agent\n\n- Establish exact species, plant part, route, amount and timing when researching an exposure. Do not use this guide to diagnose or calculate a treatment.\n- Check current state and county requirements; a listed taxon is not necessarily established in every Colorado county.\n- Expert botanical and veterinary review is pending. Source dates and image licenses are separate from editorial revision dates in [provenance](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/provenance.json).\n",
      "revision": {
        "created": "2026-09-07T02:43:00Z",
        "modified": "2026-09-07T02:46:00Z",
        "sha256": "c22a51def2434e77e668805a979bcb05ab0801607124a534ed78c972f446a44d",
        "time_basis": "UTC timestamp of the editorial revision-recording event; not source publication or expert validation"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "prickly-sowthistle",
      "name": "Prickly sowthistle",
      "scientific": "Sonchus asper",
      "category": "invasive",
      "status": "Common introduced weed · not on state Lists A/B/C",
      "status_sources": [
        "C-floristic-2020",
        "CO-rules-2025"
      ],
      "warning": "Spiny leaves and rapid seed production",
      "warning_tone": "caution",
      "aliases": [
        "spiny sowthistle"
      ],
      "taxonomy_note": "This is an annual Sonchus, not a true Cirsium thistle and not perennial sowthistle. Confirm leaf bases and life cycle.",
      "source_ids": [
        "C-floristic-2020",
        "CO-rules-2025",
        "N-sonchus-asper",
        "U-sowthistle",
        "S27"
      ],
      "description": "Prickly sowthistle: Spiny leaves and rapid seed production. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.",
      "claim_evidence": [
        {
          "label": "Identification",
          "sources": [
            "N-sonchus-asper",
            "U-sowthistle"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "prickly-sowthistle-1"
        },
        {
          "label": "People",
          "sources": [
            "N-sonchus-asper"
          ],
          "scope": "Handling precaution inferred from leaf structure",
          "note": "",
          "id": "prickly-sowthistle-2"
        },
        {
          "label": "Dogs & cats",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "",
          "id": "prickly-sowthistle-3"
        },
        {
          "label": "Other animals",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "",
          "id": "prickly-sowthistle-4"
        },
        {
          "label": "Plants & habitat",
          "sources": [
            "N-sonchus-asper"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "prickly-sowthistle-5"
        },
        {
          "label": "Management & timing",
          "sources": [
            "N-sonchus-asper"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "prickly-sowthistle-6"
        }
      ],
      "research": {
        "status": "researching",
        "label": "Still researching this plant",
        "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.",
        "open_questions": [
          {
            "area": "Dogs & cats",
            "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "prickly-sowthistle-3"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Other animals",
            "question": "Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "prickly-sowthistle-4"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Identification",
            "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          },
          {
            "area": "Expert review",
            "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          }
        ],
        "expert_review": "pending"
      },
      "colorado_relevance": {
        "source_id": "C-floristic-2020",
        "locator": "Appendix B; PDF page 80; Sonchus asper",
        "basis": "Included in the 2020 statewide flora assessment. This is not a current county abundance survey.",
        "source_taxon": "Sonchus asper"
      },
      "source": "content/plants/prickly-sowthistle.md",
      "content_sha256": "b3c1a9534cfcb612bf539d0dd5787dd170c771d7feb0c7d955bb651880638b25",
      "body_markdown": "# Prickly sowthistle\n\n*Sonchus asper*\n\n**Common introduced weed · not on state Lists A/B/C.** [C-floristic-2020](https://cnhp.colostate.edu/download/documents/2020/CO_FQA_2020_Final_Report.pdf) [CO-rules-2025](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2)\n\n> **Spiny leaves and rapid seed production.** [Exposure help](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/).\n\n**Identification caveat:** This is an annual Sonchus, not a true Cirsium thistle and not perennial sowthistle. Confirm leaf bases and life cycle.\n\n## Still researching this plant {#research-status}\n\nThis is a sourced working profile. Evidence is incomplete for **Dogs & cats, Other animals**. Identification and source-photo limits are explained below. Independent botanical and veterinary review is pending. **Uncertainty is not a finding that the plant is safe.**\n\n\n## Three views of this plant\n\nSource-identified reference photographs; these are not a complete identification key. A source location outside Colorado does not establish local occurrence.\n\n![Sonchus asper: A tall flowering prickly sow-thistle with lobed leaves beside a tree trunk.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/coverage-hazard-photos-sonchus-asper-1.jpg)\n\n**habit** — A tall flowering prickly sow-thistle with lobed leaves beside a tree trunk.\n\nPhoto: Didier Descouens; [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:(MHNT)_Sonchus_asper_-_Plant_habit.jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/73/%28MHNT%29_Sonchus_asper_-_Plant_habit.jpg). Source scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference, not an independent specimen-based taxonomic determination. Source identification is retained. The rounded clasping leaf lobes and prickly leaf edges are shown for comparison with S. oleraceus; hybrids and other lookalikes require a full key. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no local crop, colour change or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; catalog preview may use a CSS crop.\n\n![Sonchus asper: Glossy, spine-toothed leaves clasping the stem with rounded basal lobes.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/coverage-hazard-photos-sonchus-asper-2.jpg)\n\n**leaf attachment** — Glossy, spine-toothed leaves clasping the stem with rounded basal lobes.\n\nPhoto: Douglas Goldman; [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/); [source record](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/138412061); [original image](https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/236567927/original.jpg). Source scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference, not an independent specimen-based taxonomic determination. Source identification is retained. The rounded clasping leaf lobes and prickly leaf edges are shown for comparison with S. oleraceus; hybrids and other lookalikes require a full key. iNaturalist large server-resized photo; no local crop, colour change or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; catalog preview may use a CSS crop.\n\n![Sonchus asper: A rounded white pappus head ready to release its fruits.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/coverage-hazard-photos-sonchus-asper-3.jpg)\n\n**seed head** — A rounded white pappus head ready to release its fruits.\n\nPhoto: Matt Lavin  from Bozeman, Montana, USA; [CC BY-SA 2.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sonchus_asper_(4971087345).jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/49/Sonchus_asper_%284971087345%29.jpg). Source scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference, not an independent specimen-based taxonomic determination. Source identification is retained. The rounded clasping leaf lobes and prickly leaf edges are shown for comparison with S. oleraceus; hybrids and other lookalikes require a full key. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no local crop, colour change or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; catalog preview may use a CSS crop.\n\n\n## Identification\n\nAn annual with yellow flower heads and often glossy, prickly-edged leaves. Rounded basal leaf lobes clasp the stem, unlike the more pointed lobes of annual sowthistle. [N-sonchus-asper](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/sonchus-asper/) [U-sowthistle](https://ipm.ucanr.edu/weeds-identification-gallery/annual-sowthistle/)\n\n## People\n\nSpiny leaf edges warrant care when handling. No ingestion safety has been established here. [N-sonchus-asper](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/sonchus-asper/)\n\n*Evidence scope: Handling precaution inferred from leaf structure.*\n\n## Dogs & cats\n\nThe reviewed sources do not establish species-specific ingestion effects or a safe exposure amount for dogs or cats. Missing evidence does not establish safety.\n\n## Other animals\n\nThe reviewed sources do not establish species-specific ingestion effects or a safe exposure amount for livestock. Missing evidence does not establish safety.\n\n## Plants & habitat\n\nIt grows in gardens, roadsides and disturbed ground. Plants can bolt quickly, and seeds travel by wind and water. [N-sonchus-asper](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/sonchus-asper/)\n\n## Management & timing\n\nInspect patches often and remove unwanted plants before fluffy seedheads form. [N-sonchus-asper](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/sonchus-asper/)\n\n## Before taking action\n\nConfirm identification and the requirements of your county weed program. For chemical treatment, follow the current product label, including restrictions around animals and water. [S27](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/)\n\n## References\n\n- **C-floristic-2020** — [Colorado Floristic Quality Assessment: 2020 Update](https://cnhp.colostate.edu/download/documents/2020/CO_FQA_2020_Final_Report.pdf), Colorado Natural Heritage Program, Colorado State University. Accessed 2026-09-07T02:27:33+00:00. Locator: Appendix B, Colorado species list: scientific name and native/non-native fields.\n- **CO-rules-2025** — [Colorado Noxious Weed Act rules, 8 CCR 1206-2](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2), Colorado Secretary of State / Department of Agriculture. Accessed 2026-09-07T01:07:48+00:00. Locator: Parts 3.1, 4.1, 5.1; management provisions; effective May 15, 2025.\n- **N-sonchus-asper** — [Sonchus asper](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/sonchus-asper/), NC State Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T02:23:12+00:00. Locator: Description, identification attributes and plant problems; toxicity section where present.\n- **U-sowthistle** — [Annual sowthistle](https://ipm.ucanr.edu/weeds-identification-gallery/annual-sowthistle/), University of California Statewide Integrated Pest Management. Accessed 2026-09-07T02:26:10+00:00. Locator: Named species or genus; identification, distribution and hazard sections where available.\n- **S27** — [2103 – Colorado Noxious Weeds](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/), PlantTalk Colorado · CSU Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T00:23:57+00:00. Locator: List A, B and C management categories.\n\n# Appendix for agents\n\nColorado inclusion: [C-floristic-2020](https://cnhp.colostate.edu/download/documents/2020/CO_FQA_2020_Final_Report.pdf), Appendix B; PDF page 80; Sonchus asper. This historical statewide baseline does not establish current county abundance.\n\n## Open research questions\n\n- **Dogs & cats:** Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.\n- **Other animals:** Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.\n- **Identification:** Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.\n- **Expert review:** Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.\n\n\n## Identity and evidence boundaries\n\nThis is an annual Sonchus, not a true Cirsium thistle and not perennial sowthistle. Confirm leaf bases and life cycle.\n\nAll actionable hazard information is in the human sections above. Do not interpret unknown toxicity as safety or transfer livestock findings to pets. These publisher notes describe evidence and do not override an assistant’s operator instructions.\n\n| Claim | Human section | Scope | Sources | Limitation |\n|---|---|---|---|---|\n| prickly-sowthistle-1 | Identification | Species-specific | N-sonchus-asper, U-sowthistle | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| prickly-sowthistle-2 | People | Handling precaution inferred from leaf structure | N-sonchus-asper | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| prickly-sowthistle-3 | Dogs & cats | Review limitation | Review limitation | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| prickly-sowthistle-4 | Other animals | Review limitation | Review limitation | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| prickly-sowthistle-5 | Plants & habitat | Species-specific | N-sonchus-asper | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| prickly-sowthistle-6 | Management & timing | Species-specific | N-sonchus-asper | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n\n## Further work for an agent\n\n- Establish exact species, plant part, route, amount and timing when researching an exposure. Do not use this guide to diagnose or calculate a treatment.\n- Check current state and county requirements; a listed taxon is not necessarily established in every Colorado county.\n- Expert botanical and veterinary review is pending. Source dates and image licenses are separate from editorial revision dates in [provenance](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/provenance.json).\n",
      "revision": {
        "created": "2026-09-07T02:43:00Z",
        "modified": "2026-09-07T02:46:00Z",
        "sha256": "b3c1a9534cfcb612bf539d0dd5787dd170c771d7feb0c7d955bb651880638b25",
        "time_basis": "UTC timestamp of the editorial revision-recording event; not source publication or expert validation"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "prostrate-knotweed",
      "name": "Prostrate knotweed",
      "scientific": "Polygonum aviculare",
      "category": "invasive",
      "status": "Common introduced weed · not on state Lists A/B/C",
      "status_sources": [
        "C-floristic-2020",
        "CO-rules-2025"
      ],
      "warning": "A mat-forming weed of compacted ground",
      "warning_tone": "caution",
      "aliases": [
        "knotgrass",
        "wiregrass"
      ],
      "taxonomy_note": "This small lawn weed is not Japanese knotweed or another large invasive Reynoutria species. Polygonum aviculare is treated broadly here. The flower photo is source-labeled Polygonum aviculare subsp. depressum (s. lat.). Segregate-taxon boundaries remain under research; no subspecies determination is made for Colorado specimens.",
      "source_ids": [
        "C-floristic-2020",
        "CO-rules-2025",
        "N-polygonum-aviculare",
        "C-descriptions",
        "S27"
      ],
      "description": "Prostrate knotweed: A mat-forming weed of compacted ground. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.",
      "claim_evidence": [
        {
          "label": "Identification",
          "sources": [
            "N-polygonum-aviculare"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "prostrate-knotweed-1"
        },
        {
          "label": "People",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "",
          "id": "prostrate-knotweed-2"
        },
        {
          "label": "Dogs & cats",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "",
          "id": "prostrate-knotweed-3"
        },
        {
          "label": "Other animals",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "",
          "id": "prostrate-knotweed-4"
        },
        {
          "label": "Plants & habitat",
          "sources": [
            "N-polygonum-aviculare"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "prostrate-knotweed-5"
        },
        {
          "label": "Management & timing",
          "sources": [
            "N-polygonum-aviculare",
            "C-descriptions"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "prostrate-knotweed-6"
        }
      ],
      "research": {
        "status": "researching",
        "label": "Still researching this plant",
        "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.",
        "open_questions": [
          {
            "area": "People",
            "question": "Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "prostrate-knotweed-2"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Dogs & cats",
            "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "prostrate-knotweed-3"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Other animals",
            "question": "Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "prostrate-knotweed-4"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Identification",
            "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          },
          {
            "area": "Expert review",
            "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          }
        ],
        "expert_review": "pending"
      },
      "colorado_relevance": {
        "source_id": "C-floristic-2020",
        "locator": "Appendix B; PDF page 73; Polygonum aviculare",
        "basis": "Included in the 2020 statewide flora assessment. This is not a current county abundance survey.",
        "source_taxon": "Polygonum aviculare"
      },
      "source": "content/plants/prostrate-knotweed.md",
      "content_sha256": "06197f034a43e9a06ec1c66f8c248d7c8b214bac843bc34b795e49a8a1569102",
      "body_markdown": "# Prostrate knotweed\n\n*Polygonum aviculare*\n\n**Common introduced weed · not on state Lists A/B/C.** [C-floristic-2020](https://cnhp.colostate.edu/download/documents/2020/CO_FQA_2020_Final_Report.pdf) [CO-rules-2025](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2)\n\n> **A mat-forming weed of compacted ground.** [Exposure help](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/).\n\n**Identification caveat:** This small lawn weed is not Japanese knotweed or another large invasive Reynoutria species. Polygonum aviculare is treated broadly here. The flower photo is source-labeled Polygonum aviculare subsp. depressum (s. lat.). Segregate-taxon boundaries remain under research; no subspecies determination is made for Colorado specimens.\n\n## Still researching this plant {#research-status}\n\nThis is a sourced working profile. Evidence is incomplete for **People, Dogs & cats, Other animals**. Identification and source-photo limits are explained below. Independent botanical and veterinary review is pending. **Uncertainty is not a finding that the plant is safe.**\n\n\n## Three views of this plant\n\nSource-identified reference photographs; these are not a complete identification key. A source location outside Colorado does not establish local occurrence.\n\n![Prostrate knotweed: a flattened mat of branching stems and small leaves spreads across bare soil.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/coverage-garden-photos-polygonum-aviculare-04-04-habit.jpg)\n\n**habit** — A flattened mat of branching stems and small leaves spreads across bare soil.\n\nPhoto: Rasbak; [CC BY-SA 3.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Polygonum_aviculare,_Gewoon_varkensgras_plant.jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/20/Polygonum_aviculare%2C_Gewoon_varkensgras_plant.jpg). Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Polygonum aviculare is used as a variable species aggregate. The selected flower macro is explicitly source-labeled P. aviculare subsp. depressum (s. lat.); it is retained with that source wording. These photographs do not resolve every segregate taxon or the subspecies of an unknown Colorado specimen. Wikimedia server-resized derivative, reduced from the original; no crop, color change, upscaling, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; catalog preview may use a CSS crop.\n\n![Prostrate knotweed: narrow alternate leaves and pale papery sheaths encircle the joints of a slender stem.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/coverage-garden-photos-polygonum-aviculare-04-20-leaf-stem.jpg)\n\n**leaf-stem** — Narrow alternate leaves and pale papery sheaths encircle the joints of a slender stem.\n\nPhoto: Matt Lavin; [CC BY-SA 2.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Polygonum_aviculare_(5143717459).jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cd/Polygonum_aviculare_%285143717459%29.jpg). Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Polygonum aviculare is used as a variable species aggregate. The selected flower macro is explicitly source-labeled P. aviculare subsp. depressum (s. lat.); it is retained with that source wording. These photographs do not resolve every segregate taxon or the subspecies of an unknown Colorado specimen. Wikimedia server-resized derivative, reduced from the original; no crop, color change, upscaling, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; catalog preview may use a CSS crop.\n\n![Prostrate knotweed: tiny pale five-parted flowers and young leaves cluster at the stem joints, photographed with a 5 mm scale.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/coverage-garden-photos-polygonum-aviculare-04-24-flower.jpg)\n\n**flower** — Tiny pale five-parted flowers and young leaves cluster at the stem joints, photographed with a 5 mm scale.\n\nPhoto: Stefan.lefnaer; [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Polygonum_aviculare_subsp._depressum_(s._lat.)_sl8.jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/28/Polygonum_aviculare_subsp._depressum_%28s._lat.%29_sl8.jpg). Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Polygonum aviculare is used as a variable species aggregate. The selected flower macro is explicitly source-labeled P. aviculare subsp. depressum (s. lat.); it is retained with that source wording. These photographs do not resolve every segregate taxon or the subspecies of an unknown Colorado specimen. Wikimedia server-resized derivative, reduced from the original; no crop, color change, upscaling, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; catalog preview may use a CSS crop.\n\n\n## Identification\n\nLook for wiry, low stems, alternating small leaves and papery sheaths around the swollen joints. Tiny flowers appear where the leaves meet the stems. [N-polygonum-aviculare](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/polygonum-aviculare/)\n\n## People\n\nThe reviewed sources do not establish species-specific ingestion effects or a safe exposure amount for people. Missing evidence does not establish safety.\n\n## Dogs & cats\n\nThe reviewed sources do not establish species-specific ingestion effects or a safe exposure amount for dogs or cats. Missing evidence does not establish safety.\n\n## Other animals\n\nThe reviewed sources do not establish species-specific ingestion effects or a safe exposure amount for livestock. Missing evidence does not establish safety.\n\n## Plants & habitat\n\nIt tolerates trampling, poor soil and pavement cracks. A persistent seed supply helps it return where desirable vegetation struggles. [N-polygonum-aviculare](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/polygonum-aviculare/)\n\n## Management & timing\n\nMowing misses much of this low plant. Address compaction in affected turf and remove small plants before seed production. [N-polygonum-aviculare](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/polygonum-aviculare/) [C-descriptions](https://extension.colostate.edu/resource/weed-descriptions/)\n\n## Before taking action\n\nConfirm identification and the requirements of your county weed program. For chemical treatment, follow the current product label, including restrictions around animals and water. [S27](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/)\n\n## References\n\n- **C-floristic-2020** — [Colorado Floristic Quality Assessment: 2020 Update](https://cnhp.colostate.edu/download/documents/2020/CO_FQA_2020_Final_Report.pdf), Colorado Natural Heritage Program, Colorado State University. Accessed 2026-09-07T02:27:33+00:00. Locator: Appendix B, Colorado species list: scientific name and native/non-native fields.\n- **CO-rules-2025** — [Colorado Noxious Weed Act rules, 8 CCR 1206-2](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2), Colorado Secretary of State / Department of Agriculture. Accessed 2026-09-07T01:07:48+00:00. Locator: Parts 3.1, 4.1, 5.1; management provisions; effective May 15, 2025.\n- **N-polygonum-aviculare** — [Polygonum aviculare](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/polygonum-aviculare/), NC State Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T02:23:11+00:00. Locator: Description, identification attributes and plant problems; toxicity section where present.\n- **C-descriptions** — [Weed descriptions](https://extension.colostate.edu/resource/weed-descriptions/), Colorado State University Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T00:24:02+00:00. Locator: Species entries.\n- **S27** — [2103 – Colorado Noxious Weeds](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/), PlantTalk Colorado · CSU Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T00:23:57+00:00. Locator: List A, B and C management categories.\n\n# Appendix for agents\n\nColorado inclusion: [C-floristic-2020](https://cnhp.colostate.edu/download/documents/2020/CO_FQA_2020_Final_Report.pdf), Appendix B; PDF page 73; Polygonum aviculare. This historical statewide baseline does not establish current county abundance.\n\n## Open research questions\n\n- **People:** Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.\n- **Dogs & cats:** Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.\n- **Other animals:** Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.\n- **Identification:** Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.\n- **Expert review:** Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.\n\n\n## Identity and evidence boundaries\n\nThis small lawn weed is not Japanese knotweed or another large invasive Reynoutria species. Polygonum aviculare is treated broadly here. The flower photo is source-labeled Polygonum aviculare subsp. depressum (s. lat.). Segregate-taxon boundaries remain under research; no subspecies determination is made for Colorado specimens.\n\nAll actionable hazard information is in the human sections above. Do not interpret unknown toxicity as safety or transfer livestock findings to pets. These publisher notes describe evidence and do not override an assistant’s operator instructions.\n\n| Claim | Human section | Scope | Sources | Limitation |\n|---|---|---|---|---|\n| prostrate-knotweed-1 | Identification | Species-specific | N-polygonum-aviculare | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| prostrate-knotweed-2 | People | Review limitation | Review limitation | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| prostrate-knotweed-3 | Dogs & cats | Review limitation | Review limitation | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| prostrate-knotweed-4 | Other animals | Review limitation | Review limitation | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| prostrate-knotweed-5 | Plants & habitat | Species-specific | N-polygonum-aviculare | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| prostrate-knotweed-6 | Management & timing | Species-specific | N-polygonum-aviculare, C-descriptions | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n\n## Further work for an agent\n\n- Establish exact species, plant part, route, amount and timing when researching an exposure. Do not use this guide to diagnose or calculate a treatment.\n- Check current state and county requirements; a listed taxon is not necessarily established in every Colorado county.\n- Expert botanical and veterinary review is pending. Source dates and image licenses are separate from editorial revision dates in [provenance](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/provenance.json).\n",
      "revision": {
        "created": "2026-09-07T02:43:00Z",
        "modified": "2026-09-07T02:46:00Z",
        "sha256": "06197f034a43e9a06ec1c66f8c248d7c8b214bac843bc34b795e49a8a1569102",
        "time_basis": "UTC timestamp of the editorial revision-recording event; not source publication or expert validation"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "puncturevine",
      "name": "Puncturevine / goathead",
      "scientific": "Tribulus terrestris",
      "category": "invasive",
      "status": "Colorado List C — Manage widespread weeds",
      "status_sources": [
        "S29"
      ],
      "warning": "Sharp burs · Animal injury",
      "warning_tone": "danger",
      "aliases": [],
      "taxonomy_note": "",
      "source_ids": [
        "S29",
        "S17",
        "S18",
        "S19",
        "Fremont-list-definitions"
      ],
      "description": "Puncturevine / goathead: Sharp burs · Animal injury. Colorado identification, habitat and exposure evidence.",
      "claim_evidence": [
        {
          "label": "Recognize",
          "sources": [
            "S17"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "reviewed": "2026-09-06",
          "id": "puncturevine-1"
        },
        {
          "label": "Plants & habitat",
          "sources": [
            "S18"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "reviewed": "2026-09-06",
          "id": "puncturevine-2"
        },
        {
          "label": "People",
          "sources": [
            "S17",
            "S18"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "reviewed": "2026-09-06",
          "id": "puncturevine-3"
        },
        {
          "label": "Dogs & cats",
          "sources": [
            "S18",
            "S19"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific injury; pet precaution",
          "note": "Paw-checking and play-area advice are editorial inferences from the documented spines.",
          "reviewed": "2026-09-06",
          "id": "puncturevine-4"
        },
        {
          "label": "Other animals",
          "sources": [
            "S18"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "reviewed": "2026-09-06",
          "id": "puncturevine-5"
        },
        {
          "id": "puncturevine-list-meaning",
          "label": "State-list meaning",
          "sources": [
            "Fremont-list-definitions"
          ],
          "scope": "Colorado management-category definition; species classification retains its original status sources",
          "note": "Plain-language editorial label for a management category; not a toxicity or danger rating.",
          "reviewed": "2026-09-07"
        }
      ],
      "noxious_class": "C",
      "research": {
        "status": "researching",
        "label": "Still researching this plant",
        "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.",
        "open_questions": [
          {
            "area": "Other animals",
            "question": "Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "puncturevine-5"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Expert review",
            "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          }
        ],
        "expert_review": "pending"
      },
      "noxious_class_label": "C — Manage widespread weeds",
      "source": "content/plants/puncturevine.md",
      "content_sha256": "7ad67e216aeac9172deef394891f3e886f3fa2166b6bb553bc07746efdfb9dbe",
      "body_markdown": "# Puncturevine / goathead\n\n*Tribulus terrestris*\n\n**Colorado List C — Manage widespread weeds.** [S29](https://www.larimer.gov/sites/default/files/uploads/2023/weed_management_reference_guide_-_5.5_x_8_-_jan_24_2023_-_website_reader_spreads_0.pdf)\n\nWidespread and well established. Control is recommended by the state; local governments may require management. This is a management category, separate from danger ratings. [Category source](https://fremontcountyco.gov/weed-control/weed-identification) · [What the lists mean](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/#weed-lists).\n\n> **Sharp burs · Animal injury.** Native status, garden use and noxious-weed class are separate from toxicity. [Exposure help](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/).\n\n## Still researching this plant {#research-status}\n\nThis is a sourced working profile. Evidence is incomplete for **Other animals**. Independent botanical and veterinary review is pending. **Uncertainty is not a finding that the plant is safe.**\n\n\n## Three views of this plant\n\nPhotos are source-identified examples, not a complete identification key. Check leaves, stems, flowers and fruit together. Locations are not assumed to be in Colorado.\n\n![Tribulus terrestris: Five-petaled pale yellow flower beside hairy leaves with paired oval leaflets.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/invasive-tribulus-terrestris-flower-leaf.jpg)\n\n**flower-leaf** — Five-petaled pale yellow flower beside hairy leaves with paired oval leaflets.\n\nPhoto: Forest & Kim Starr; [CC BY 3.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Starr_030612-0063_Tribulus_terrestris.jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d9/Starr_030612-0063_Tribulus_terrestris.jpg). Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.   Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![Tribulus terrestris: Prostrate branching stems and paired compound leaves spread over bare sandy soil.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/invasive-tribulus-terrestris-habit.jpg)\n\n**habit** — Prostrate branching stems and paired compound leaves spread over bare sandy soil.\n\nPhoto: Bill.pix; [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Tribulus_terrestris_-_Dghoumes_National_Park.jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2d/Tribulus_terrestris_-_Dghoumes_National_Park.jpg). Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.   Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![Tribulus terrestris: Separate hard bur segments with stout projecting spines, photographed against a plain background with scale.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/invasive-tribulus-terrestris-fruit.jpg)\n\n**fruit** — Separate hard bur segments with stout projecting spines, photographed against a plain background with scale.\n\nPhoto: Steve Hurst @ USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database; [Public domain](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Trte_003_lhp.jpg#Licensing); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Trte_003_lhp.jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fe/Trte_003_lhp.jpg). Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.   None; original downloaded without modification. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n\n## Recognize\n\nLow, radiating stems with small leaflets, yellow flowers, and hard, spiny burs. Common on disturbed ground. [S17](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2109-puncture-vine/)\n\n## Plants & habitat\n\nCan form spreading mats and compete with other plants. Preventing seed production is central to management. [S18](https://ipm.ucanr.edu/home-and-landscape/puncturevine/)\n\n## People\n\nSpiny burs puncture skin and can remain a hazard after the plant dies. Use protective gloves when handling. [S17](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2109-puncture-vine/) [S18](https://ipm.ucanr.edu/home-and-landscape/puncturevine/)\n\n## Dogs & cats\n\nBurs can injure animals. Pet precaution: keep play areas clear of burs and check paws after contact. [S18](https://ipm.ucanr.edu/home-and-landscape/puncturevine/) [S19](https://pueblo.extension.colostate.edu/here-they-come/)\n\n## Other animals\n\nBurs can injure grazing animals’ mouths. Puncturevine can also be toxic to sheep; livestock findings do not establish a pet toxicity dose. [S18](https://ipm.ucanr.edu/home-and-landscape/puncturevine/)\n\n## Before taking action\n\nConfirm the scientific name before removing a plant, changing animal access, or choosing treatment. An evidence gap means this review has not resolved the question. It does not mean safe. For listed weeds, consult your county weed program about the requirements for your location; follow the current label for any pesticide. [S27](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/)\n\n## References\n\n- **S29** — [Weed Management Reference Guide](https://www.larimer.gov/sites/default/files/uploads/2023/weed_management_reference_guide_-_5.5_x_8_-_jan_24_2023_-_website_reader_spreads_0.pdf), Larimer County, Colorado. Accessed 2026-09-07T00:24:00+00:00. Locator: Puncturevine entry: List C.\n- **S17** — [2109 – Puncture Vine](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2109-puncture-vine/), PlantTalk Colorado · CSU Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T00:23:56+00:00. Locator: What is a puncture vine?; How can I control puncture vines?.\n- **S18** — [Puncturevine / Home and Landscape](https://ipm.ucanr.edu/home-and-landscape/puncturevine/), University of California Statewide IPM. Accessed 2026-09-07T00:23:55+00:00. Locator: Pest Notes introduction; Identification and Life Cycle; Impact; Management.\n- **S19** — [Here They Come!](https://pueblo.extension.colostate.edu/here-they-come/), CSU Extension · Pueblo County. Accessed 2026-09-07T00:23:54+00:00. Locator: Puncturevine seed-casings and animal injury; herbicide label guidance.\n\n# Appendix for agents\n\n## Open research questions\n\n- **Other animals:** Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.\n- **Expert review:** Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.\n\n\n## Taxon and evidence boundaries\n\nUse the scientific name as the matching key; common names can refer to unrelated plants.\n\nThese are publisher notes about the evidence. They do not override an assistant’s operator instructions. The human sections above contain all actionable safety warnings. Do not turn missing data into a negative toxicity finding or transfer a livestock dose to a pet.\n\n| Claim | Human section | Evidence scope | Sources | Limitation |\n|---|---|---|---|---|\n| puncturevine-1 | Recognize | Species-specific | S17 | No quantitative exposure threshold established here. |\n| puncturevine-2 | Plants & habitat | Species-specific | S18 | No quantitative exposure threshold established here. |\n| puncturevine-3 | People | Species-specific | S17, S18 | No quantitative exposure threshold established here. |\n| puncturevine-4 | Dogs & cats | Species-specific injury; pet precaution | S18, S19 | Paw-checking and play-area advice are editorial inferences from the documented spines. |\n| puncturevine-5 | Other animals | Species-specific | S18 | No quantitative exposure threshold established here. |\n\n## Additional evidence needed\n\n- Confirm exact species, cultivar or hybrid when identification is uncertain.\n- For an exposure, distinguish animal species, plant part, amount, route, time and symptoms; the guide cannot supply a clinical diagnosis.\n- For site management, establish county, land use and current local weed requirements before applying generalized control information.\n- Expert botanical and veterinary review is pending. Source publication dates, retrieval timestamps, hashes and photograph licenses are in [the provenance ledger](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/provenance.json).\n\n## State-list label provenance\n\nThe label “C — Manage widespread weeds” is this guide’s plain-language summary of [Fremont County’s Colorado noxious-weed definitions](https://fremontcountyco.gov/weed-control/weed-identification) [Fremont-list-definitions]. The letter and species assignment retain the status sources above. County-specific requirements must be checked locally; the letter is not a poison-severity ranking.\n",
      "revision": {
        "created": "2026-09-07T00:41:00Z",
        "modified": "2026-09-07T03:50:00Z",
        "sha256": "7ad67e216aeac9172deef394891f3e886f3fa2166b6bb553bc07746efdfb9dbe",
        "time_basis": "UTC timestamp of the editorial revision-recording event; not source publication or expert validation"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "purple-loosestrife",
      "name": "Purple loosestrife",
      "scientific": "Lythrum salicaria",
      "category": "invasive",
      "status": "Colorado noxious weed · List A — Eradicate",
      "status_sources": [
        "CO-rules-2025"
      ],
      "warning": "Crowds out wetland vegetation",
      "warning_tone": "caution",
      "aliases": [],
      "taxonomy_note": "",
      "source_ids": [
        "CO-rules-2025",
        "N-lythrum-salicaria",
        "S27",
        "Fremont-list-definitions"
      ],
      "description": "Purple loosestrife: Crowds out wetland vegetation. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.",
      "claim_evidence": [
        {
          "label": "Recognize",
          "sources": [
            "N-lythrum-salicaria"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "purple-loosestrife-1"
        },
        {
          "label": "Plants & habitat",
          "sources": [
            "N-lythrum-salicaria"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "purple-loosestrife-2"
        },
        {
          "label": "People",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "",
          "id": "purple-loosestrife-3"
        },
        {
          "label": "Dogs & cats",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "",
          "id": "purple-loosestrife-4"
        },
        {
          "label": "Other animals",
          "sources": [
            "N-lythrum-salicaria"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "purple-loosestrife-5"
        },
        {
          "id": "purple-loosestrife-list-meaning",
          "label": "State-list meaning",
          "sources": [
            "Fremont-list-definitions"
          ],
          "scope": "Colorado management-category definition; species classification retains its original status sources",
          "note": "Plain-language editorial label for a management category; not a toxicity or danger rating.",
          "reviewed": "2026-09-07"
        }
      ],
      "noxious_class": "A",
      "research": {
        "status": "researching",
        "label": "Still researching this plant",
        "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.",
        "open_questions": [
          {
            "area": "People",
            "question": "Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "purple-loosestrife-3"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Dogs & cats",
            "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "purple-loosestrife-4"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Expert review",
            "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          }
        ],
        "expert_review": "pending"
      },
      "noxious_class_label": "A — Eradicate",
      "source": "content/plants/purple-loosestrife.md",
      "content_sha256": "cd7a15fd304132dc1e454bdc1c44af6682d2c19d54af0e918b69aadfb1bc0053",
      "body_markdown": "# Purple loosestrife\n\n*Lythrum salicaria*\n\n**Colorado noxious weed · List A — Eradicate.** [CO-rules-2025](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2)\n\nUncommon in Colorado. All populations are designated for eradication statewide. This is a management category, separate from danger ratings. [Category source](https://fremontcountyco.gov/weed-control/weed-identification) · [What the lists mean](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/#weed-lists).\n\n> **Crowds out wetland vegetation.** [Exposure help](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/).\n\n## Still researching this plant {#research-status}\n\nThis is a sourced working profile. Evidence is incomplete for **People, Dogs & cats**. Independent botanical and veterinary review is pending. **Uncertainty is not a finding that the plant is safe.**\n\n\n## Three views of this plant\n\nSource-identified reference photographs; these are not a complete identification key. A source location outside Colorado does not establish local occurrence.\n\n![Lythrum salicaria: Close view of a purple flower with narrow petals and projecting stamens.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/list-a-photos-lythrum-salicaria-1.jpg)\n\n**flower detail** — Close view of a purple flower with narrow petals and projecting stamens.\n\nPhoto: Douglas Goldman; [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/); [source record](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/281222505); [original image](https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/505029214/original.jpg). Source scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. iNaturalist large server-resized image; no local crop, colour change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![Lythrum salicaria: An upright bud-bearing shoot with opposite leaves and leafy bracts, photographed against a dark background.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/list-a-photos-lythrum-salicaria-2.jpg)\n\n**stem and buds** — An upright bud-bearing shoot with opposite leaves and leafy bracts, photographed against a dark background.\n\nPhoto: Douglas Goldman; [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/); [source record](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/281222505); [original image](https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/505161714/original.jpg). Source scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. iNaturalist large server-resized image; no local crop, colour change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![Lythrum salicaria: A dense patch of tall purple flowering spikes.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/list-a-photos-lythrum-salicaria-3.jpg)\n\n**flowering stand** — A dense patch of tall purple flowering spikes.\n\nPhoto: Douglas Goldman; [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/); [source record](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/281222505); [original image](https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/505162101/original.jpg). Source scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. iNaturalist large server-resized image; no local crop, colour change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n\n## Recognize\n\nUpright spikes of purple-pink flowers above lance-shaped, opposite or whorled leaves. Stems are angular. [N-lythrum-salicaria](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/lythrum-salicaria/)\n\n## Plants & habitat\n\nExtensive roots and abundant seeds enable wetland invasion. Cultivar labels do not reliably establish an inability to spread. [N-lythrum-salicaria](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/lythrum-salicaria/)\n\n## People\n\nThe reviewed sources do not establish species-specific ingestion effects or a safe exposure amount for people. Missing evidence does not establish safety. \n\n## Dogs & cats\n\nThe reviewed sources do not establish species-specific ingestion effects or a safe exposure amount for dogs or cats. Missing evidence does not establish safety. \n\n## Other animals\n\nReplacement of native wetland plants reduces vegetation important to waterfowl. This ecological harm is separate from direct animal poisoning. [N-lythrum-salicaria](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/lythrum-salicaria/)\n\n## Before taking action\n\nConfirm identification and the requirements of your county weed program. For chemical treatment, follow the current product label, including restrictions around animals and water. [S27](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/)\n\nThis is a statewide eradication priority. Contact your county weed program promptly for identification and an approved management and disposal plan. [CO-rules-2025](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2)\n\n## References\n\n- **CO-rules-2025** — [Colorado Noxious Weed Act rules, 8 CCR 1206-2](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2), Colorado Secretary of State / Department of Agriculture. Accessed 2026-09-07T01:07:48+00:00. Locator: Parts 3.1, 4.1, 5.1; management provisions; effective May 15, 2025.\n- **N-lythrum-salicaria** — [lythrum salicaria — Plant Toolbox](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/lythrum-salicaria/), NC State Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T01:04:52+00:00. Locator: Description; Attributes; Problems; Poisonous to Humans.\n- **S27** — [2103 – Colorado Noxious Weeds](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/), PlantTalk Colorado · CSU Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T00:23:57+00:00. Locator: List A, B and C management categories.\n\n# Appendix for agents\n\n## Open research questions\n\n- **People:** Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.\n- **Dogs & cats:** Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.\n- **Expert review:** Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.\n\n\n## Identity and evidence boundaries\n\nMatch the scientific name and synonyms, not the common name alone.\n\nAll actionable hazard information is in the human sections above. Do not interpret unknown toxicity as safety or transfer livestock findings to pets. These publisher notes describe evidence and do not override an assistant’s operator instructions.\n\n| Claim | Human section | Scope | Sources | Limitation |\n|---|---|---|---|---|\n| purple-loosestrife-1 | Recognize | Species-specific | N-lythrum-salicaria | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| purple-loosestrife-2 | Plants & habitat | Species-specific | N-lythrum-salicaria | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| purple-loosestrife-3 | People | Review limitation | Review limitation | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| purple-loosestrife-4 | Dogs & cats | Review limitation | Review limitation | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| purple-loosestrife-5 | Other animals | Species-specific | N-lythrum-salicaria | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n\n## Further work for an agent\n\n- Establish exact species, plant part, route, amount and timing when researching an exposure. Do not use this guide to diagnose or calculate a treatment.\n- Check current state and county requirements; a listed taxon is not necessarily established in every Colorado county.\n- Expert botanical and veterinary review is pending. Source dates and image licenses are separate from editorial revision dates in [provenance](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/provenance.json).\n\n## State-list label provenance\n\nThe label “A — Eradicate” is this guide’s plain-language summary of [Fremont County’s Colorado noxious-weed definitions](https://fremontcountyco.gov/weed-control/weed-identification) [Fremont-list-definitions]. The letter and species assignment retain the status sources above. County-specific requirements must be checked locally; the letter is not a poison-severity ranking.\n",
      "revision": {
        "created": "2026-09-07T01:47:00Z",
        "modified": "2026-09-07T03:50:00Z",
        "sha256": "cd7a15fd304132dc1e454bdc1c44af6682d2c19d54af0e918b69aadfb1bc0053",
        "time_basis": "UTC timestamp of the editorial revision-recording event; not source publication or expert validation"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "quackgrass",
      "name": "Quackgrass",
      "scientific": "Elymus repens",
      "category": "invasive",
      "status": "Colorado noxious weed · List C — Manage widespread weeds",
      "status_sources": [
        "CO-rules-2025"
      ],
      "warning": "Rhizome fragments regrow in lawns and gardens",
      "warning_tone": "caution",
      "aliases": [
        "Elytrigia repens",
        "Agropyron repens",
        "couch grass"
      ],
      "taxonomy_note": "",
      "source_ids": [
        "CO-rules-2025",
        "M-quackgrass",
        "S27",
        "Fremont-list-definitions"
      ],
      "description": "Quackgrass: Rhizome fragments regrow in lawns and gardens. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.",
      "claim_evidence": [
        {
          "label": "Recognize",
          "sources": [
            "M-quackgrass"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "quackgrass-1"
        },
        {
          "label": "Plants & habitat",
          "sources": [
            "M-quackgrass"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "quackgrass-2"
        },
        {
          "label": "People",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "",
          "id": "quackgrass-3"
        },
        {
          "label": "Dogs & cats",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "",
          "id": "quackgrass-4"
        },
        {
          "label": "Other animals",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "",
          "id": "quackgrass-5"
        },
        {
          "id": "quackgrass-list-meaning",
          "label": "State-list meaning",
          "sources": [
            "Fremont-list-definitions"
          ],
          "scope": "Colorado management-category definition; species classification retains its original status sources",
          "note": "Plain-language editorial label for a management category; not a toxicity or danger rating.",
          "reviewed": "2026-09-07"
        }
      ],
      "noxious_class": "C",
      "research": {
        "status": "researching",
        "label": "Still researching this plant",
        "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.",
        "open_questions": [
          {
            "area": "People",
            "question": "Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "quackgrass-3"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Dogs & cats",
            "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "quackgrass-4"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Other animals",
            "question": "Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "quackgrass-5"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Expert review",
            "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          }
        ],
        "expert_review": "pending"
      },
      "noxious_class_label": "C — Manage widespread weeds",
      "source": "content/plants/quackgrass.md",
      "content_sha256": "fa2f0279c76987b08886d86de826af12eed7cebc567e5dcc77ef5da56a79ed73",
      "body_markdown": "# Quackgrass\n\n*Elymus repens*\n\n**Colorado noxious weed · List C — Manage widespread weeds.** [CO-rules-2025](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2)\n\nWidespread and well established. Control is recommended by the state; local governments may require management. This is a management category, separate from danger ratings. [Category source](https://fremontcountyco.gov/weed-control/weed-identification) · [What the lists mean](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/#weed-lists).\n\n> **Rhizome fragments regrow in lawns and gardens.** [Exposure help](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/).\n\n## Still researching this plant {#research-status}\n\nThis is a sourced working profile. Evidence is incomplete for **People, Dogs & cats, Other animals**. Independent botanical and veterinary review is pending. **Uncertainty is not a finding that the plant is safe.**\n\n\n## Three views of this plant\n\nSource-identified reference photographs; these are not a complete identification key. A source location outside Colorado does not establish local occurrence.\n\n![Elymus repens: Dense upright grass clump with long green blades and slender flower spikes.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/common-priority-photos-elymus-repens-09-02-habit.jpg)\n\n**habit** — Dense upright grass clump with long green blades and slender flower spikes.\n\nPhoto: Rasbak; [CC BY-SA 3.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kweek_Elytrigia_repens.jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f3/Kweek_Elytrigia_repens.jpg). Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Source names Elytrigia repens and Elymus repens are treated as synonyms. Similar grasses require spikelet orientation and leaf-collar characters for an unknown specimen. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![Elymus repens: Flattened spikelets arranged along a narrow spike, with pale anthers protruding.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/common-priority-photos-elymus-repens-09-11-flower.jpg)\n\n**flower** — Flattened spikelets arranged along a narrow spike, with pale anthers protruding.\n\nPhoto: James K. Lindsey; [CC BY-SA 2.5](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.5); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Elymus.repens.3.jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c8/Elymus.repens.3.jpg). Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Source names Elytrigia repens and Elymus repens are treated as synonyms. Similar grasses require spikelet orientation and leaf-collar characters for an unknown specimen. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![Elymus repens: Close view of a leaf base and collar clasping a green culm, with a scale.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/common-priority-photos-elymus-repens-09-12-leaf-node.jpg)\n\n**leaf-node** — Close view of a leaf base and collar clasping a green culm, with a scale.\n\nPhoto: Stefan.lefnaer; [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Elymus_repens_sl1.jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e7/Elymus_repens_sl1.jpg). Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Source names Elytrigia repens and Elymus repens are treated as synonyms. Similar grasses require spikelet orientation and leaf-collar characters for an unknown specimen. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n\n## Recognize\n\nA perennial grass with clasping auricles at the leaf collar and pale underground rhizomes with sharp tips. [M-quackgrass](https://extension.umn.edu/garden-and-home/yard-and-garden/lawns-and-landscapes-in-minnesota/quackgrass)\n\n## Plants & habitat\n\nRhizomes compete with desired vegetation and regrow from pieces. Repeated disturbance without removing or exhausting them can spread the patch. [M-quackgrass](https://extension.umn.edu/garden-and-home/yard-and-garden/lawns-and-landscapes-in-minnesota/quackgrass)\n\n## People\n\nThe reviewed sources do not establish species-specific ingestion effects or a safe exposure amount for people. Missing evidence does not establish safety. \n\n## Dogs & cats\n\nThe reviewed sources do not establish species-specific ingestion effects or a safe exposure amount for dogs or cats. Missing evidence does not establish safety. \n\n## Other animals\n\nThe reviewed sources do not establish species-specific ingestion effects or a safe exposure amount for livestock. Missing evidence does not establish safety. \n\n## Before taking action\n\nConfirm identification and the requirements of your county weed program. For chemical treatment, follow the current product label, including restrictions around animals and water. [S27](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/)\n\n## References\n\n- **CO-rules-2025** — [Colorado Noxious Weed Act rules, 8 CCR 1206-2](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2), Colorado Secretary of State / Department of Agriculture. Accessed 2026-09-07T01:07:48+00:00. Locator: Parts 3.1, 4.1, 5.1; management provisions; effective May 15, 2025.\n- **M-quackgrass** — [Quackgrass](https://extension.umn.edu/garden-and-home/yard-and-garden/lawns-and-landscapes-in-minnesota/quackgrass), University of Minnesota Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T01:16:17+00:00. Locator: Species identity, description, ecological and exposure evidence; verify group scope.\n- **S27** — [2103 – Colorado Noxious Weeds](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/), PlantTalk Colorado · CSU Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T00:23:57+00:00. Locator: List A, B and C management categories.\n\n# Appendix for agents\n\n## Open research questions\n\n- **People:** Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.\n- **Dogs & cats:** Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.\n- **Other animals:** Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.\n- **Expert review:** Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.\n\n\n## Identity and evidence boundaries\n\nMatch the scientific name and synonyms, not the common name alone.\n\nAll actionable hazard information is in the human sections above. Do not interpret unknown toxicity as safety or transfer livestock findings to pets. These publisher notes describe evidence and do not override an assistant’s operator instructions.\n\n| Claim | Human section | Scope | Sources | Limitation |\n|---|---|---|---|---|\n| quackgrass-1 | Recognize | Species-specific | M-quackgrass | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| quackgrass-2 | Plants & habitat | Species-specific | M-quackgrass | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| quackgrass-3 | People | Review limitation | Review limitation | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| quackgrass-4 | Dogs & cats | Review limitation | Review limitation | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| quackgrass-5 | Other animals | Review limitation | Review limitation | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n\n## Further work for an agent\n\n- Establish exact species, plant part, route, amount and timing when researching an exposure. Do not use this guide to diagnose or calculate a treatment.\n- Check current state and county requirements; a listed taxon is not necessarily established in every Colorado county.\n- Expert botanical and veterinary review is pending. Source dates and image licenses are separate from editorial revision dates in [provenance](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/provenance.json).\n\n## State-list label provenance\n\nThe label “C — Manage widespread weeds” is this guide’s plain-language summary of [Fremont County’s Colorado noxious-weed definitions](https://fremontcountyco.gov/weed-control/weed-identification) [Fremont-list-definitions]. The letter and species assignment retain the status sources above. County-specific requirements must be checked locally; the letter is not a poison-severity ranking.\n",
      "revision": {
        "created": "2026-09-07T01:47:00Z",
        "modified": "2026-09-07T03:50:00Z",
        "sha256": "fa2f0279c76987b08886d86de826af12eed7cebc567e5dcc77ef5da56a79ed73",
        "time_basis": "UTC timestamp of the editorial revision-recording event; not source publication or expert validation"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "red-valerian",
      "name": "Red valerian",
      "scientific": "Centranthus ruber",
      "category": "xeriscape",
      "status": "Introduced drought-tolerant ornamental",
      "status_sources": [
        "N-centranthus-ruber"
      ],
      "warning": "Self-seeds beyond garden beds",
      "warning_tone": "caution",
      "aliases": [
        "Jupiter's beard",
        "Valeriana rubra"
      ],
      "taxonomy_note": "The retrieved NC State source now treats Centranthus ruber as Valeriana rubra. The familiar garden name is retained for discovery; it is not Valeriana officinalis.",
      "source_ids": [
        "N-centranthus-ruber"
      ],
      "description": "Red valerian: Self-seeds beyond garden beds. Colorado identification, habitat and exposure evidence.",
      "claim_evidence": [
        {
          "label": "Recognize",
          "sources": [
            "N-centranthus-ruber"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "red-valerian-1"
        },
        {
          "label": "Plants & habitat",
          "sources": [
            "N-centranthus-ruber"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "red-valerian-2"
        },
        {
          "label": "People",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "This guide does not assess ingestion safety or medicinal use.",
          "id": "red-valerian-3"
        },
        {
          "label": "Dogs & cats",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "Species-specific ingestion effects and exposure thresholds were not established in the reviewed sources.",
          "id": "red-valerian-4"
        },
        {
          "label": "Other animals",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "Species-specific ingestion effects and exposure thresholds were not established in the reviewed sources.",
          "id": "red-valerian-5"
        }
      ],
      "research": {
        "status": "researching",
        "label": "Still researching this plant",
        "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.",
        "open_questions": [
          {
            "area": "People",
            "question": "Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "red-valerian-3"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Dogs & cats",
            "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "red-valerian-4"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Other animals",
            "question": "Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "red-valerian-5"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Identification",
            "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          },
          {
            "area": "Expert review",
            "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          }
        ],
        "expert_review": "pending"
      },
      "source": "content/plants/red-valerian.md",
      "content_sha256": "4b1e8fe0f0eabe1b6a4e4499574114cbac9e9104f6b113e4439c82616d16f19d",
      "body_markdown": "# Red valerian\n\n*Centranthus ruber*\n\n**Introduced drought-tolerant ornamental.** [N-centranthus-ruber](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/centranthus-ruber/)\n\n> **Self-seeds beyond garden beds.** Native status, garden use and noxious-weed class are separate from toxicity. [Exposure help](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/).\n\n**Identification caveat:** The retrieved NC State source now treats Centranthus ruber as Valeriana rubra. The familiar garden name is retained for discovery; it is not Valeriana officinalis.\n\n## Still researching this plant {#research-status}\n\nThis is a sourced working profile. Evidence is incomplete for **People, Dogs & cats, Other animals**. Identification and source-photo limits are explained below. Independent botanical and veterinary review is pending. **Uncertainty is not a finding that the plant is safe.**\n\n\n## Three views of this plant\n\nPhotos are source-identified examples, not a complete identification key. Check leaves, stems, flowers and fruit together. Locations are not assumed to be in Colorado.\n\n![Upright stem with opposite smooth leaves and several pink-red flower clusters on a rocky slope.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/xeriscape-centranthus-ruber-03.jpg)\n\n**habit** — Upright stem with opposite smooth leaves and several pink-red flower clusters on a rocky slope.\n\nPhoto: Robert Flogaus-Faust; [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Centranthus_ruber_2_RF.jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c3/Centranthus_ruber_2_RF.jpg). Source-supported identification with visual consistency check Photo selection verifies source labeling and visible consistency; it is not an independent specimen determination.  Downloaded source thumbnail; no further pixel edits. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![Smooth upright stem with opposite lance-shaped leaves and pink flower clusters in bud and bloom.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/xeriscape-centranthus-ruber-05.jpg)\n\n**leaf and flower** — Smooth upright stem with opposite lance-shaped leaves and pink flower clusters in bud and bloom.\n\nPhoto: Christian Ferrer; [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Centranthus_ruber,_S%C3%A8te_01.jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Centranthus_ruber%2C_S%C3%A8te_01.jpg). Source-supported identification with visual consistency check Photo selection verifies source labeling and visible consistency; it is not an independent specimen determination.  Downloaded source thumbnail; no further pixel edits. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![White tubular flowers alongside a fruit with a spreading feathery plume.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/xeriscape-centranthus-ruber-09.jpg)\n\n**flower and fruit** — White tubular flowers alongside a fruit with a spreading feathery plume.\n\nPhoto: Forest & Kim Starr; [CC BY 3.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Starr_030805-0035_Centranthus_ruber.jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fd/Starr_030805-0035_Centranthus_ruber.jpg). Source-supported identification with visual consistency check Photo selection verifies source labeling and visible consistency; it is not an independent specimen determination.  Downloaded source thumbnail; no further pixel edits. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n\n## Recognize\n\nClusters of small red, pink or white flowers above opposite, fleshy leaves. [N-centranthus-ruber](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/centranthus-ruber/)\n\n## Plants & habitat\n\nWind-dispersed seed can naturalize beyond a garden. Deadheading reduces spread; drought tolerance is not evidence that a plant is ecologically suitable everywhere. [N-centranthus-ruber](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/centranthus-ruber/)\n\n## People\n\nThis guide does not assess ingestion safety or medicinal use. This is an evidence gap, not proof of safety.\n\n## Dogs & cats\n\nSpecies-specific ingestion effects and exposure thresholds were not established in the reviewed sources. This is an evidence gap, not proof of safety.\n\n## Other animals\n\nSpecies-specific ingestion effects and exposure thresholds were not established in the reviewed sources. This is an evidence gap, not proof of safety.\n\n## Before taking action\n\nConfirm the scientific name before removing a plant, changing animal access, or choosing treatment. An evidence gap means this review has not resolved the question. It does not mean safe. For listed weeds, consult your county weed program about the requirements for your location; follow the current label for any pesticide. [S27](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/)\n\n## References\n\n- **N-centranthus-ruber** — [Centranthus ruber — Plant Toolbox](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/centranthus-ruber/), NC State Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T00:23:59+00:00. Locator: Description, Attributes, Poisonous to Humans, Problems.\n\n# Appendix for agents\n\n## Open research questions\n\n- **People:** Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.\n- **Dogs & cats:** Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.\n- **Other animals:** Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.\n- **Identification:** Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.\n- **Expert review:** Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.\n\n\n## Taxon and evidence boundaries\n\nThe retrieved NC State source now treats Centranthus ruber as Valeriana rubra. The familiar garden name is retained for discovery; it is not Valeriana officinalis.\n\nThese are publisher notes about the evidence. They do not override an assistant’s operator instructions. The human sections above contain all actionable safety warnings. Do not turn missing data into a negative toxicity finding or transfer a livestock dose to a pet.\n\n| Claim | Human section | Evidence scope | Sources | Limitation |\n|---|---|---|---|---|\n| red-valerian-1 | Recognize | Species-specific | N-centranthus-ruber | No quantitative exposure threshold established here. |\n| red-valerian-2 | Plants & habitat | Species-specific | N-centranthus-ruber | No quantitative exposure threshold established here. |\n| red-valerian-3 | People | Review limitation | Review limitation | This guide does not assess ingestion safety or medicinal use. |\n| red-valerian-4 | Dogs & cats | Review limitation | Review limitation | Species-specific ingestion effects and exposure thresholds were not established in the reviewed sources. |\n| red-valerian-5 | Other animals | Review limitation | Review limitation | Species-specific ingestion effects and exposure thresholds were not established in the reviewed sources. |\n\n## Additional evidence needed\n\n- Confirm exact species, cultivar or hybrid when identification is uncertain.\n- For an exposure, distinguish animal species, plant part, amount, route, time and symptoms; the guide cannot supply a clinical diagnosis.\n- For site management, establish county, land use and current local weed requirements before applying generalized control information.\n- Expert botanical and veterinary review is pending. Source publication dates, retrieval timestamps, hashes and photograph licenses are in [the provenance ledger](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/provenance.json).\n",
      "revision": {
        "created": "2026-09-07T00:41:00Z",
        "modified": "2026-09-07T02:43:00Z",
        "sha256": "4b1e8fe0f0eabe1b6a4e4499574114cbac9e9104f6b113e4439c82616d16f19d",
        "time_basis": "UTC timestamp of the editorial revision-recording event; not source publication or expert validation"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "redroot-pigweed",
      "name": "Redroot pigweed",
      "scientific": "Amaranthus retroflexus",
      "category": "invasive",
      "status": "Common weed; not an A/B/C listing in the reviewed state rule",
      "status_sources": [
        "CO-rules-2025"
      ],
      "warning": "Crop competition; nitrate and oxalate livestock risk",
      "warning_tone": "danger",
      "aliases": [],
      "taxonomy_note": "Pigweed is used for several unrelated or similar-looking plants. Routt County’s prostrate pigweed entry concerns A. blitoides and is not used as exact A. retroflexus evidence.",
      "source_ids": [
        "CO-rules-2025",
        "N-amaranthus-retroflexus",
        "C-descriptions",
        "S27"
      ],
      "description": "Redroot pigweed: Crop competition; nitrate and oxalate livestock risk. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.",
      "claim_evidence": [
        {
          "label": "Recognize",
          "sources": [
            "N-amaranthus-retroflexus"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "redroot-pigweed-1"
        },
        {
          "label": "Plants & habitat",
          "sources": [
            "C-descriptions",
            "N-amaranthus-retroflexus"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "redroot-pigweed-2"
        },
        {
          "label": "People",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "",
          "id": "redroot-pigweed-3"
        },
        {
          "label": "Dogs & cats",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "",
          "id": "redroot-pigweed-4"
        },
        {
          "label": "Other animals",
          "sources": [
            "N-amaranthus-retroflexus"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "redroot-pigweed-5"
        }
      ],
      "research": {
        "status": "researching",
        "label": "Still researching this plant",
        "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.",
        "open_questions": [
          {
            "area": "People",
            "question": "Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "redroot-pigweed-3"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Dogs & cats",
            "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "redroot-pigweed-4"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Other animals",
            "question": "Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "redroot-pigweed-5"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Identification",
            "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          },
          {
            "area": "Expert review",
            "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          }
        ],
        "expert_review": "pending"
      },
      "source": "content/plants/redroot-pigweed.md",
      "content_sha256": "b8a567bd939320735da4fed8670c17650e4e8dc9694fc2740f00907c043de1f1",
      "body_markdown": "# Redroot pigweed\n\n*Amaranthus retroflexus*\n\n**Common weed; not an A/B/C listing in the reviewed state rule.** [CO-rules-2025](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2)\n\n> **Crop competition; nitrate and oxalate livestock risk.** [Exposure help](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/).\n\n**Identification caveat:** Pigweed is used for several unrelated or similar-looking plants. Routt County’s prostrate pigweed entry concerns A. blitoides and is not used as exact A. retroflexus evidence.\n\n## Still researching this plant {#research-status}\n\nThis is a sourced working profile. Evidence is incomplete for **People, Dogs & cats, Other animals**. Identification and source-photo limits are explained below. Independent botanical and veterinary review is pending. **Uncertainty is not a finding that the plant is safe.**\n\n\n## Three views of this plant\n\nSource-identified reference photographs; these are not a complete identification key. A source location outside Colorado does not establish local occurrence.\n\n![Amaranthus retroflexus: Upright plant with alternate broad leaves and a dense green terminal flower spike.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/common-priority-photos-amaranthus-retroflexus-19-02-habit.jpg)\n\n**habit** — Upright plant with alternate broad leaves and a dense green terminal flower spike.\n\nPhoto: Lynk media; [CC BY-SA 3.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Amaranthus_retroflexus_full1.jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/26/Amaranthus_retroflexus_full1.jpg). Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Several pigweed species are similar. These are source-identified A. retroflexus; an unknown specimen may require close floral and pubescence characters to separate related Amaranthus. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![Amaranthus retroflexus: Dense branched green flower clusters above prominently veined leaves.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/common-priority-photos-amaranthus-retroflexus-19-06-inflorescence.jpg)\n\n**inflorescence** — Dense branched green flower clusters above prominently veined leaves.\n\nPhoto: AnRo0002; [CC0](https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:20140822Amaranthus_retroflexus1.jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/89/20140822Amaranthus_retroflexus1.jpg). Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Several pigweed species are similar. These are source-identified A. retroflexus; an unknown specimen may require close floral and pubescence characters to separate related Amaranthus. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![Amaranthus retroflexus: Broad green leaves on long petioles beside a reddish upright stem.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/common-priority-photos-amaranthus-retroflexus-19-12-leaf-stem.jpg)\n\n**leaf-stem** — Broad green leaves on long petioles beside a reddish upright stem.\n\nPhoto: Javier martin; [Public domain](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Amaranthus_retroflexus_HojasyTallos_2010-9-13_SierraMadrona.jpg#Licensing); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Amaranthus_retroflexus_HojasyTallos_2010-9-13_SierraMadrona.jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/82/Amaranthus_retroflexus_HojasyTallos_2010-9-13_SierraMadrona.jpg). Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Several pigweed species are similar. These are source-identified A. retroflexus; an unknown specimen may require close floral and pubescence characters to separate related Amaranthus. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n\n## Recognize\n\nAn upright annual with hairy stems and dense green flower clusters; the lower stem or root may be reddish. [N-amaranthus-retroflexus](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/amaranthus-retroflexus/)\n\n## Plants & habitat\n\nA Colorado garden and field weed that competes strongly with crops and replenishes a seedbank. [C-descriptions](https://extension.colostate.edu/resource/weed-descriptions/) [N-amaranthus-retroflexus](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/amaranthus-retroflexus/)\n\n## People\n\nThe reviewed sources do not establish species-specific ingestion effects or a safe exposure amount for people. Missing evidence does not establish safety. \n\n## Dogs & cats\n\nThe reviewed sources do not establish species-specific ingestion effects or a safe exposure amount for dogs or cats. Missing evidence does not establish safety. \n\n## Other animals\n\nNitrate and oxalate accumulation can poison livestock. Conditions affect risk, so a plant’s appearance does not establish forage safety. [N-amaranthus-retroflexus](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/amaranthus-retroflexus/)\n\n## Before taking action\n\nConfirm identification and the requirements of your county weed program. For chemical treatment, follow the current product label, including restrictions around animals and water. [S27](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/)\n\n## References\n\n- **CO-rules-2025** — [Colorado Noxious Weed Act rules, 8 CCR 1206-2](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2), Colorado Secretary of State / Department of Agriculture. Accessed 2026-09-07T01:07:48+00:00. Locator: Parts 3.1, 4.1, 5.1; management provisions; effective May 15, 2025.\n- **N-amaranthus-retroflexus** — [amaranthus retroflexus — Plant Toolbox](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/amaranthus-retroflexus/), NC State Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T01:04:56+00:00. Locator: Description; Attributes; Problems; Poisonous to Humans.\n- **C-descriptions** — [Weed descriptions](https://extension.colostate.edu/resource/weed-descriptions/), Colorado State University Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T00:24:02+00:00. Locator: Species entries.\n- **S27** — [2103 – Colorado Noxious Weeds](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/), PlantTalk Colorado · CSU Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T00:23:57+00:00. Locator: List A, B and C management categories.\n\n# Appendix for agents\n\n## Open research questions\n\n- **People:** Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.\n- **Dogs & cats:** Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.\n- **Other animals:** Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.\n- **Identification:** Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.\n- **Expert review:** Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.\n\n\n## Identity and evidence boundaries\n\nPigweed is used for several unrelated or similar-looking plants. Routt County’s prostrate pigweed entry concerns A. blitoides and is not used as exact A. retroflexus evidence.\n\nAll actionable hazard information is in the human sections above. Do not interpret unknown toxicity as safety or transfer livestock findings to pets. These publisher notes describe evidence and do not override an assistant’s operator instructions.\n\n| Claim | Human section | Scope | Sources | Limitation |\n|---|---|---|---|---|\n| redroot-pigweed-1 | Recognize | Species-specific | N-amaranthus-retroflexus | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| redroot-pigweed-2 | Plants & habitat | Species-specific | C-descriptions, N-amaranthus-retroflexus | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| redroot-pigweed-3 | People | Review limitation | Review limitation | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| redroot-pigweed-4 | Dogs & cats | Review limitation | Review limitation | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| redroot-pigweed-5 | Other animals | Species-specific | N-amaranthus-retroflexus | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n\n## Further work for an agent\n\n- Establish exact species, plant part, route, amount and timing when researching an exposure. Do not use this guide to diagnose or calculate a treatment.\n- Check current state and county requirements; a listed taxon is not necessarily established in every Colorado county.\n- Expert botanical and veterinary review is pending. Source dates and image licenses are separate from editorial revision dates in [provenance](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/provenance.json).\n",
      "revision": {
        "created": "2026-09-07T01:47:00Z",
        "modified": "2026-09-07T02:43:00Z",
        "sha256": "b8a567bd939320735da4fed8670c17650e4e8dc9694fc2740f00907c043de1f1",
        "time_basis": "UTC timestamp of the editorial revision-recording event; not source publication or expert validation"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "redstem-filaree",
      "name": "Redstem filaree",
      "scientific": "Erodium cicutarium",
      "category": "invasive",
      "status": "Colorado noxious weed · List C — Manage widespread weeds",
      "status_sources": [
        "CO-rules-2025"
      ],
      "warning": "Seeds spread through lawns and pasture",
      "warning_tone": "caution",
      "aliases": [
        "stork’s bill",
        "redstem storksbill"
      ],
      "taxonomy_note": "The county’s unusually large height figure is not adopted. This guide relies on flower, rosette and fruit features instead.",
      "source_ids": [
        "CO-rules-2025",
        "J-redstem-filaree",
        "S27",
        "Fremont-list-definitions"
      ],
      "description": "Redstem filaree: Seeds spread through lawns and pasture. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.",
      "claim_evidence": [
        {
          "label": "Recognize",
          "sources": [
            "J-redstem-filaree"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "redstem-filaree-1"
        },
        {
          "label": "Plants & habitat",
          "sources": [
            "J-redstem-filaree"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "redstem-filaree-2"
        },
        {
          "label": "People",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "",
          "id": "redstem-filaree-3"
        },
        {
          "label": "Dogs & cats",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "",
          "id": "redstem-filaree-4"
        },
        {
          "label": "Other animals",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "",
          "id": "redstem-filaree-5"
        },
        {
          "id": "redstem-filaree-list-meaning",
          "label": "State-list meaning",
          "sources": [
            "Fremont-list-definitions"
          ],
          "scope": "Colorado management-category definition; species classification retains its original status sources",
          "note": "Plain-language editorial label for a management category; not a toxicity or danger rating.",
          "reviewed": "2026-09-07"
        }
      ],
      "noxious_class": "C",
      "research": {
        "status": "researching",
        "label": "Still researching this plant",
        "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.",
        "open_questions": [
          {
            "area": "People",
            "question": "Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "redstem-filaree-3"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Dogs & cats",
            "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "redstem-filaree-4"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Other animals",
            "question": "Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "redstem-filaree-5"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Identification",
            "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          },
          {
            "area": "Expert review",
            "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          }
        ],
        "expert_review": "pending"
      },
      "noxious_class_label": "C — Manage widespread weeds",
      "source": "content/plants/redstem-filaree.md",
      "content_sha256": "42b650b35e6cd84ce2f80511dab5e4ee2020c63af2684b68de5033394d14ad54",
      "body_markdown": "# Redstem filaree\n\n*Erodium cicutarium*\n\n**Colorado noxious weed · List C — Manage widespread weeds.** [CO-rules-2025](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2)\n\nWidespread and well established. Control is recommended by the state; local governments may require management. This is a management category, separate from danger ratings. [Category source](https://fremontcountyco.gov/weed-control/weed-identification) · [What the lists mean](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/#weed-lists).\n\n> **Seeds spread through lawns and pasture.** [Exposure help](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/).\n\n**Identification caveat:** The county’s unusually large height figure is not adopted. This guide relies on flower, rosette and fruit features instead.\n\n## Still researching this plant {#research-status}\n\nThis is a sourced working profile. Evidence is incomplete for **People, Dogs & cats, Other animals**. Identification and source-photo limits are explained below. Independent botanical and veterinary review is pending. **Uncertainty is not a finding that the plant is safe.**\n\n\n## Three views of this plant\n\nSource-identified reference photographs; these are not a complete identification key. A source location outside Colorado does not establish local occurrence.\n\n![Erodium cicutarium: Cluster of long narrow beaked fruits above divided foliage.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/common-priority-photos-erodium-cicutarium-10-06-fruit.jpg)\n\n**fruit** — Cluster of long narrow beaked fruits above divided foliage.\n\nPhoto: Follavoine / follavoine.net; [CC BY-SA 3.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Erodium_cicutarium02.jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3e/Erodium_cicutarium02.jpg). Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![Erodium cicutarium: Low spreading plant with numerous finely divided fern-like leaves.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/common-priority-photos-erodium-cicutarium-10-07-habit-foliage.jpg)\n\n**habit-foliage** — Low spreading plant with numerous finely divided fern-like leaves.\n\nPhoto: Follavoine / follavoine.net; [CC BY-SA 3.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Erodium_cicutarium03.jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0e/Erodium_cicutarium03.jpg). Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![Erodium cicutarium: Pink five-petaled flowers on slender stalks.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/common-priority-photos-erodium-cicutarium-10-08-flower.jpg)\n\n**flower** — Pink five-petaled flowers on slender stalks.\n\nPhoto: Michael H. Lemmer; [CC BY-SA 2.5](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.5); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Erodium-cicutarium-250404.jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/19/Erodium-cicutarium-250404.jpg). Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n\n## Recognize\n\nA hairy rosette plant with pink-purple flowers and long-beaked fruits that develop corkscrew-like seed tails. [J-redstem-filaree](https://www.jeffco.us/2240/Redstem-Filaree)\n\n## Plants & habitat\n\nAn introduced annual or biennial found in gardens, turf and disturbed land. Prevent seed spread and contain seed-bearing material. [J-redstem-filaree](https://www.jeffco.us/2240/Redstem-Filaree)\n\n## People\n\nThe reviewed sources do not establish species-specific ingestion effects or a safe exposure amount for people. Missing evidence does not establish safety. \n\n## Dogs & cats\n\nThe reviewed sources do not establish species-specific ingestion effects or a safe exposure amount for dogs or cats. Missing evidence does not establish safety. \n\n## Other animals\n\nThe reviewed sources do not establish species-specific ingestion effects or a safe exposure amount for livestock. Missing evidence does not establish safety. \n\n## Before taking action\n\nConfirm identification and the requirements of your county weed program. For chemical treatment, follow the current product label, including restrictions around animals and water. [S27](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/)\n\n## References\n\n- **CO-rules-2025** — [Colorado Noxious Weed Act rules, 8 CCR 1206-2](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2), Colorado Secretary of State / Department of Agriculture. Accessed 2026-09-07T01:07:48+00:00. Locator: Parts 3.1, 4.1, 5.1; management provisions; effective May 15, 2025.\n- **J-redstem-filaree** — [Redstem Filaree](https://www.jeffco.us/2240/Redstem-Filaree), Jefferson County, Colorado. Accessed 2026-09-07T01:08:58+00:00. Locator: Species description and management.\n- **S27** — [2103 – Colorado Noxious Weeds](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/), PlantTalk Colorado · CSU Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T00:23:57+00:00. Locator: List A, B and C management categories.\n\n# Appendix for agents\n\n## Open research questions\n\n- **People:** Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.\n- **Dogs & cats:** Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.\n- **Other animals:** Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.\n- **Identification:** Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.\n- **Expert review:** Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.\n\n\n## Identity and evidence boundaries\n\nThe county’s unusually large height figure is not adopted. This guide relies on flower, rosette and fruit features instead.\n\nAll actionable hazard information is in the human sections above. Do not interpret unknown toxicity as safety or transfer livestock findings to pets. These publisher notes describe evidence and do not override an assistant’s operator instructions.\n\n| Claim | Human section | Scope | Sources | Limitation |\n|---|---|---|---|---|\n| redstem-filaree-1 | Recognize | Species-specific | J-redstem-filaree | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| redstem-filaree-2 | Plants & habitat | Species-specific | J-redstem-filaree | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| redstem-filaree-3 | People | Review limitation | Review limitation | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| redstem-filaree-4 | Dogs & cats | Review limitation | Review limitation | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| redstem-filaree-5 | Other animals | Review limitation | Review limitation | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n\n## Further work for an agent\n\n- Establish exact species, plant part, route, amount and timing when researching an exposure. Do not use this guide to diagnose or calculate a treatment.\n- Check current state and county requirements; a listed taxon is not necessarily established in every Colorado county.\n- Expert botanical and veterinary review is pending. Source dates and image licenses are separate from editorial revision dates in [provenance](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/provenance.json).\n\n## State-list label provenance\n\nThe label “C — Manage widespread weeds” is this guide’s plain-language summary of [Fremont County’s Colorado noxious-weed definitions](https://fremontcountyco.gov/weed-control/weed-identification) [Fremont-list-definitions]. The letter and species assignment retain the status sources above. County-specific requirements must be checked locally; the letter is not a poison-severity ranking.\n",
      "revision": {
        "created": "2026-09-07T01:47:00Z",
        "modified": "2026-09-07T03:50:00Z",
        "sha256": "42b650b35e6cd84ce2f80511dab5e4ee2020c63af2684b68de5033394d14ad54",
        "time_basis": "UTC timestamp of the editorial revision-recording event; not source publication or expert validation"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "rubber-rabbitbrush",
      "name": "Rubber rabbitbrush",
      "scientific": "Ericameria nauseosa",
      "category": "xeriscape",
      "status": "Native Colorado plant · not on state Lists A/B/C",
      "status_sources": [
        "C-floristic-2020",
        "CO-rules-2025"
      ],
      "warning": "A native low-water shrub that can spread readily",
      "warning_tone": "caution",
      "aliases": [
        "Chrysothamnus nauseosus",
        "rabbitbrush"
      ],
      "taxonomy_note": "Ericameria nauseosa was formerly Chrysothamnus nauseosus. A manufacturer entry for Chrysothamnus spp. is only partly represented by this profile; other rabbitbrush species remain separate research candidates.",
      "source_ids": [
        "C-floristic-2020",
        "CO-rules-2025",
        "C-native-shrubs",
        "F-ericameria",
        "S27"
      ],
      "description": "Rubber rabbitbrush: A native low-water shrub that can spread readily. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.",
      "claim_evidence": [
        {
          "label": "Identification",
          "sources": [
            "C-native-shrubs"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "rubber-rabbitbrush-1"
        },
        {
          "label": "People",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "",
          "id": "rubber-rabbitbrush-2"
        },
        {
          "label": "Dogs & cats",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "",
          "id": "rubber-rabbitbrush-3"
        },
        {
          "label": "Other animals",
          "sources": [
            "F-ericameria"
          ],
          "scope": "Older range synthesis; clinical details limited",
          "note": "",
          "id": "rubber-rabbitbrush-4"
        },
        {
          "label": "Plants & habitat",
          "sources": [
            "C-native-shrubs"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "rubber-rabbitbrush-5"
        },
        {
          "label": "Management & timing",
          "sources": [
            "C-native-shrubs",
            "F-ericameria"
          ],
          "scope": "Landscape management synthesis",
          "note": "",
          "id": "rubber-rabbitbrush-6"
        }
      ],
      "research": {
        "status": "researching",
        "label": "Still researching this plant",
        "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.",
        "open_questions": [
          {
            "area": "People",
            "question": "Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "rubber-rabbitbrush-2"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Dogs & cats",
            "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "rubber-rabbitbrush-3"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Identification",
            "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          },
          {
            "area": "Expert review",
            "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          }
        ],
        "expert_review": "pending"
      },
      "colorado_relevance": {
        "source_id": "C-floristic-2020",
        "locator": "Appendix B; PDF page 51; Ericameria nauseosa",
        "basis": "Included in the 2020 statewide flora assessment. This is not a current county abundance survey.",
        "source_taxon": "Ericameria nauseosa"
      },
      "source": "content/plants/rubber-rabbitbrush.md",
      "content_sha256": "0482915d9634d729df4f9d59b5e7c9555e292e5af6aa91287046b330cd5beb76",
      "body_markdown": "# Rubber rabbitbrush\n\n*Ericameria nauseosa*\n\n**Native Colorado plant · not on state Lists A/B/C.** [C-floristic-2020](https://cnhp.colostate.edu/download/documents/2020/CO_FQA_2020_Final_Report.pdf) [CO-rules-2025](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2)\n\n> **A native low-water shrub that can spread readily.** [Exposure help](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/).\n\n**Identification caveat:** Ericameria nauseosa was formerly Chrysothamnus nauseosus. A manufacturer entry for Chrysothamnus spp. is only partly represented by this profile; other rabbitbrush species remain separate research candidates.\n\n## Still researching this plant {#research-status}\n\nThis is a sourced working profile. Evidence is incomplete for **People, Dogs & cats**. Identification and source-photo limits are explained below. Independent botanical and veterinary review is pending. **Uncertainty is not a finding that the plant is safe.**\n\n\n## Three views of this plant\n\nSource-identified reference photographs; these are not a complete identification key. A source location outside Colorado does not establish local occurrence.\n\n![Rubber rabbitbrush shrub with yellow flowering tips and pale branching stems in grassland.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/coverage-range-photos-ericameria-nauseosa-habit-428289322.jpeg)\n\n**habit** — Rubber rabbitbrush shrub with yellow flowering tips and pale branching stems in grassland.\n\nPhoto: Ian Adams; [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/); [source record](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/240399588); [original image](https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/428289322/original.jpeg). Explicit iNaturalist observation taxon and Research Grade community identification; photograph visually reviewed for depicted features. This is source identification, not a new independent botanical determination. Source identifies this plant to species; no variety or subspecies determination is asserted. Downloaded iNaturalist large rendition; downloaded bytes retained unchanged. No local crop, retouching, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; catalog preview may use a CSS crop.\n\n![Close view of yellow tubular rubber rabbitbrush florets and the narrow green bracts surrounding the heads, against a black background.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/coverage-range-photos-ericameria-nauseosa-flowers-239930165.jpg)\n\n**flowers** — Close view of yellow tubular rubber rabbitbrush florets and the narrow green bracts surrounding the heads, against a black background.\n\nPhoto: Douglas Goldman; [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/); [source record](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/140188226); [original image](https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/239930165/original.jpg). Explicit iNaturalist observation taxon and Research Grade community identification; photograph visually reviewed for depicted features. This is source identification, not a new independent botanical determination. Source identifies this plant to species; no variety or subspecies determination is asserted. Downloaded iNaturalist large rendition; downloaded bytes retained unchanged. No local crop, retouching, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; catalog preview may use a CSS crop.\n\n![Narrow rubber rabbitbrush leaves attached to a pale gray-green stem, photographed against a black background.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/coverage-range-photos-ericameria-nauseosa-leaves-stem-239930554.jpg)\n\n**leaves-stem** — Narrow rubber rabbitbrush leaves attached to a pale gray-green stem, photographed against a black background.\n\nPhoto: Douglas Goldman; [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/); [source record](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/140188226); [original image](https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/239930554/original.jpg). Explicit iNaturalist observation taxon and Research Grade community identification; photograph visually reviewed for depicted features. This is source identification, not a new independent botanical determination. Source identifies this plant to species; no variety or subspecies determination is asserted. Downloaded iNaturalist large rendition; downloaded bytes retained unchanged. No local crop, retouching, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; catalog preview may use a CSS crop.\n\n\n## Identification\n\nA rounded shrub with narrow aromatic leaves, green to silvery stems and clusters of yellow flowers late in the season. Size and appearance vary among varieties. [C-native-shrubs](https://extension.colostate.edu/resource/native-shrubs-for-colorado-landscapes/)\n\n## People\n\nThe reviewed sources do not establish species-specific ingestion effects or a safe exposure amount for people. Missing evidence does not establish safety.\n\n## Dogs & cats\n\nThe reviewed sources do not establish species-specific ingestion effects or a safe exposure amount for dogs or cats. Missing evidence does not establish safety.\n\n## Other animals\n\nWildlife browse it, especially seasonally. An older Forest Service synthesis also reports slight livestock toxicity; it does not provide pet-specific evidence or a validated safe ration. [F-ericameria](https://research.fs.usda.gov/feis/species-reviews/erinau)\n\n*Evidence scope: Older range synthesis; clinical details limited.*\n\n## Plants & habitat\n\nCSU recommends it for native landscapes and notes that it can be aggressive. Late flowers attract butterflies; unwanted seedlings are a local garden-management issue. [C-native-shrubs](https://extension.colostate.edu/resource/native-shrubs-for-colorado-landscapes/)\n\n## Management & timing\n\nAllow space for the mature shrub and watch for seedlings. Assess established native stands in their habitat context before removal. [C-native-shrubs](https://extension.colostate.edu/resource/native-shrubs-for-colorado-landscapes/) [F-ericameria](https://research.fs.usda.gov/feis/species-reviews/erinau)\n\n*Evidence scope: Landscape management synthesis.*\n\n## Before taking action\n\nConfirm identification and the requirements of your county weed program. For chemical treatment, follow the current product label, including restrictions around animals and water. [S27](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/)\n\n## References\n\n- **C-floristic-2020** — [Colorado Floristic Quality Assessment: 2020 Update](https://cnhp.colostate.edu/download/documents/2020/CO_FQA_2020_Final_Report.pdf), Colorado Natural Heritage Program, Colorado State University. Accessed 2026-09-07T02:27:33+00:00. Locator: Appendix B, Colorado species list: scientific name and native/non-native fields.\n- **CO-rules-2025** — [Colorado Noxious Weed Act rules, 8 CCR 1206-2](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2), Colorado Secretary of State / Department of Agriculture. Accessed 2026-09-07T01:07:48+00:00. Locator: Parts 3.1, 4.1, 5.1; management provisions; effective May 15, 2025.\n- **C-native-shrubs** — [Native shrubs for Colorado landscapes](https://extension.colostate.edu/resource/native-shrubs-for-colorado-landscapes/), Colorado State University Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T02:33:44+00:00. Locator: Named species descriptions and landscape context; sagebrush subspecies distinctions.\n- **F-ericameria** — [Rubber rabbitbrush](https://research.fs.usda.gov/feis/species-reviews/erinau), USDA Forest Service, Fire Effects Information System. Accessed 2026-09-07T02:24:48+00:00. Locator: Taxonomy, distribution, botanical description, wildlife/livestock values and management.\n- **S27** — [2103 – Colorado Noxious Weeds](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/), PlantTalk Colorado · CSU Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T00:23:57+00:00. Locator: List A, B and C management categories.\n\n# Appendix for agents\n\nColorado inclusion: [C-floristic-2020](https://cnhp.colostate.edu/download/documents/2020/CO_FQA_2020_Final_Report.pdf), Appendix B; PDF page 51; Ericameria nauseosa. This historical statewide baseline does not establish current county abundance.\n\n## Open research questions\n\n- **People:** Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.\n- **Dogs & cats:** Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.\n- **Identification:** Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.\n- **Expert review:** Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.\n\n\n## Identity and evidence boundaries\n\nEricameria nauseosa was formerly Chrysothamnus nauseosus. A manufacturer entry for Chrysothamnus spp. is only partly represented by this profile; other rabbitbrush species remain separate research candidates.\n\nAll actionable hazard information is in the human sections above. Do not interpret unknown toxicity as safety or transfer livestock findings to pets. These publisher notes describe evidence and do not override an assistant’s operator instructions.\n\n| Claim | Human section | Scope | Sources | Limitation |\n|---|---|---|---|---|\n| rubber-rabbitbrush-1 | Identification | Species-specific | C-native-shrubs | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| rubber-rabbitbrush-2 | People | Review limitation | Review limitation | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| rubber-rabbitbrush-3 | Dogs & cats | Review limitation | Review limitation | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| rubber-rabbitbrush-4 | Other animals | Older range synthesis; clinical details limited | F-ericameria | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| rubber-rabbitbrush-5 | Plants & habitat | Species-specific | C-native-shrubs | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| rubber-rabbitbrush-6 | Management & timing | Landscape management synthesis | C-native-shrubs, F-ericameria | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n\n## Further work for an agent\n\n- Establish exact species, plant part, route, amount and timing when researching an exposure. Do not use this guide to diagnose or calculate a treatment.\n- Check current state and county requirements; a listed taxon is not necessarily established in every Colorado county.\n- Expert botanical and veterinary review is pending. Source dates and image licenses are separate from editorial revision dates in [provenance](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/provenance.json).\n",
      "revision": {
        "created": "2026-09-07T02:43:00Z",
        "modified": "2026-09-07T02:46:00Z",
        "sha256": "0482915d9634d729df4f9d59b5e7c9555e292e5af6aa91287046b330cd5beb76",
        "time_basis": "UTC timestamp of the editorial revision-recording event; not source publication or expert validation"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "rush-skeletonweed",
      "name": "Rush skeletonweed",
      "scientific": "Chondrilla juncea",
      "category": "invasive",
      "status": "Colorado noxious weed · List A — Eradicate",
      "status_sources": [
        "CO-rules-2025"
      ],
      "warning": "Deep roots and fragments sustain spread",
      "warning_tone": "caution",
      "aliases": [],
      "taxonomy_note": "",
      "source_ids": [
        "CO-rules-2025",
        "WA-rush-skeletonweed",
        "S27",
        "Fremont-list-definitions"
      ],
      "description": "Rush skeletonweed: Deep roots and fragments sustain spread. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.",
      "claim_evidence": [
        {
          "label": "Recognize",
          "sources": [
            "WA-rush-skeletonweed"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "rush-skeletonweed-1"
        },
        {
          "label": "Plants & habitat",
          "sources": [
            "WA-rush-skeletonweed"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "rush-skeletonweed-2"
        },
        {
          "label": "People",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "",
          "id": "rush-skeletonweed-3"
        },
        {
          "label": "Dogs & cats",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "",
          "id": "rush-skeletonweed-4"
        },
        {
          "label": "Other animals",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "",
          "id": "rush-skeletonweed-5"
        },
        {
          "id": "rush-skeletonweed-list-meaning",
          "label": "State-list meaning",
          "sources": [
            "Fremont-list-definitions"
          ],
          "scope": "Colorado management-category definition; species classification retains its original status sources",
          "note": "Plain-language editorial label for a management category; not a toxicity or danger rating.",
          "reviewed": "2026-09-07"
        }
      ],
      "noxious_class": "A",
      "research": {
        "status": "researching",
        "label": "Still researching this plant",
        "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.",
        "open_questions": [
          {
            "area": "People",
            "question": "Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "rush-skeletonweed-3"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Dogs & cats",
            "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "rush-skeletonweed-4"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Other animals",
            "question": "Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "rush-skeletonweed-5"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Expert review",
            "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          }
        ],
        "expert_review": "pending"
      },
      "noxious_class_label": "A — Eradicate",
      "source": "content/plants/rush-skeletonweed.md",
      "content_sha256": "a58a3537399954800c0607ffeb77827ee8ca71e969359dce50348085796fe9e9",
      "body_markdown": "# Rush skeletonweed\n\n*Chondrilla juncea*\n\n**Colorado noxious weed · List A — Eradicate.** [CO-rules-2025](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2)\n\nUncommon in Colorado. All populations are designated for eradication statewide. This is a management category, separate from danger ratings. [Category source](https://fremontcountyco.gov/weed-control/weed-identification) · [What the lists mean](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/#weed-lists).\n\n> **Deep roots and fragments sustain spread.** [Exposure help](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/).\n\n## Still researching this plant {#research-status}\n\nThis is a sourced working profile. Evidence is incomplete for **People, Dogs & cats, Other animals**. Independent botanical and veterinary review is pending. **Uncertainty is not a finding that the plant is safe.**\n\n\n## Three views of this plant\n\nSource-identified reference photographs; these are not a complete identification key. A source location outside Colorado does not establish local occurrence.\n\n![Chondrilla juncea: A small yellow flower head beside narrow buds on nearly leafless branching stems.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/list-a-photos-chondrilla-juncea-1.jpg)\n\n**flower and buds** — A small yellow flower head beside narrow buds on nearly leafless branching stems.\n\nPhoto: Zihao Wang; [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/); [source record](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/92807787); [original image](https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/153840528/original.jpg). Source scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. iNaturalist large server-resized image; no local crop, colour change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![Chondrilla juncea: A widely branched, slender green shoot with sparse narrow leaves and a few yellow flowers.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/list-a-photos-chondrilla-juncea-2.jpg)\n\n**branching habit** — A widely branched, slender green shoot with sparse narrow leaves and a few yellow flowers.\n\nPhoto: KAnatoliy; [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/); [source record](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/87516388); [original image](https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/144302465/original.jpeg). Source scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. iNaturalist large server-resized image; no local crop, colour change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![Chondrilla juncea: A dense upright plant with many thin branches and small developing or spent heads.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/list-a-photos-chondrilla-juncea-3.jpg)\n\n**mature habit** — A dense upright plant with many thin branches and small developing or spent heads.\n\nPhoto: KAnatoliy; [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/); [source record](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/87516388); [original image](https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/144314499/original.jpeg). Source scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. iNaturalist large server-resized image; no local crop, colour change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n\n## Recognize\n\nA basal rosette gives way to nearly leafless, branching stems with small yellow flowerheads. Lower stems have coarse, downward-pointing hairs. [WA-rush-skeletonweed](https://www.nwcb.wa.gov/weeds/rush-skeletonweed)\n\n## Plants & habitat\n\nWind-carried seeds and root buds spread the plant. Deep roots and fragments can regenerate; infestations displace forage and native vegetation. [WA-rush-skeletonweed](https://www.nwcb.wa.gov/weeds/rush-skeletonweed)\n\n## People\n\nThe reviewed sources do not establish species-specific ingestion effects or a safe exposure amount for people. Missing evidence does not establish safety. \n\n## Dogs & cats\n\nThe reviewed sources do not establish species-specific ingestion effects or a safe exposure amount for dogs or cats. Missing evidence does not establish safety. \n\n## Other animals\n\nThe reviewed sources do not establish species-specific ingestion effects or a safe exposure amount for livestock. Missing evidence does not establish safety. \n\n## Before taking action\n\nConfirm identification and the requirements of your county weed program. For chemical treatment, follow the current product label, including restrictions around animals and water. [S27](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/)\n\nThis is a statewide eradication priority. Contact your county weed program promptly for identification and an approved management and disposal plan. [CO-rules-2025](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2)\n\n## References\n\n- **CO-rules-2025** — [Colorado Noxious Weed Act rules, 8 CCR 1206-2](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2), Colorado Secretary of State / Department of Agriculture. Accessed 2026-09-07T01:07:48+00:00. Locator: Parts 3.1, 4.1, 5.1; management provisions; effective May 15, 2025.\n- **WA-rush-skeletonweed** — [Rush Skeletonweed](https://www.nwcb.wa.gov/weeds/rush-skeletonweed), Washington State Noxious Weed Control Board. Accessed 2026-09-07T01:09:01+00:00. Locator: Identification, ecological impacts, management; Washington legal class not applied to Colorado.\n- **S27** — [2103 – Colorado Noxious Weeds](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/), PlantTalk Colorado · CSU Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T00:23:57+00:00. Locator: List A, B and C management categories.\n\n# Appendix for agents\n\n## Open research questions\n\n- **People:** Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.\n- **Dogs & cats:** Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.\n- **Other animals:** Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.\n- **Expert review:** Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.\n\n\n## Identity and evidence boundaries\n\nMatch the scientific name and synonyms, not the common name alone.\n\nAll actionable hazard information is in the human sections above. Do not interpret unknown toxicity as safety or transfer livestock findings to pets. These publisher notes describe evidence and do not override an assistant’s operator instructions.\n\n| Claim | Human section | Scope | Sources | Limitation |\n|---|---|---|---|---|\n| rush-skeletonweed-1 | Recognize | Species-specific | WA-rush-skeletonweed | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| rush-skeletonweed-2 | Plants & habitat | Species-specific | WA-rush-skeletonweed | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| rush-skeletonweed-3 | People | Review limitation | Review limitation | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| rush-skeletonweed-4 | Dogs & cats | Review limitation | Review limitation | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| rush-skeletonweed-5 | Other animals | Review limitation | Review limitation | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n\n## Further work for an agent\n\n- Establish exact species, plant part, route, amount and timing when researching an exposure. Do not use this guide to diagnose or calculate a treatment.\n- Check current state and county requirements; a listed taxon is not necessarily established in every Colorado county.\n- Expert botanical and veterinary review is pending. Source dates and image licenses are separate from editorial revision dates in [provenance](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/provenance.json).\n\n## State-list label provenance\n\nThe label “A — Eradicate” is this guide’s plain-language summary of [Fremont County’s Colorado noxious-weed definitions](https://fremontcountyco.gov/weed-control/weed-identification) [Fremont-list-definitions]. The letter and species assignment retain the status sources above. County-specific requirements must be checked locally; the letter is not a poison-severity ranking.\n",
      "revision": {
        "created": "2026-09-07T01:47:00Z",
        "modified": "2026-09-07T03:50:00Z",
        "sha256": "a58a3537399954800c0607ffeb77827ee8ca71e969359dce50348085796fe9e9",
        "time_basis": "UTC timestamp of the editorial revision-recording event; not source publication or expert validation"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "russian-knapweed",
      "name": "Russian knapweed",
      "scientific": "Rhaponticum repens",
      "category": "invasive",
      "status": "Colorado noxious weed · List B — Stop the spread",
      "status_sources": [
        "J-russian-knapweed"
      ],
      "warning": "Toxic to horses",
      "warning_tone": "danger",
      "aliases": [
        "Acroptilon repens",
        "Centaurea repens"
      ],
      "taxonomy_note": "The county page misspells the old genus as Arcoptilon; Acroptilon repens is the synonym used by NC State.",
      "source_ids": [
        "J-russian-knapweed",
        "N-rhaponticum-repens",
        "Fremont-list-definitions"
      ],
      "description": "Russian knapweed: Toxic to horses. Colorado identification, habitat and exposure evidence.",
      "claim_evidence": [
        {
          "label": "Recognize",
          "sources": [
            "J-russian-knapweed"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "russian-knapweed-1"
        },
        {
          "label": "Plants & habitat",
          "sources": [
            "N-rhaponticum-repens",
            "J-russian-knapweed"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "russian-knapweed-2"
        },
        {
          "label": "People",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "Human ingestion effects were not established in this review.",
          "id": "russian-knapweed-3"
        },
        {
          "label": "Dogs & cats",
          "sources": [
            "N-rhaponticum-repens"
          ],
          "scope": "Source tag; evidence detail limited",
          "note": "",
          "id": "russian-knapweed-4"
        },
        {
          "label": "Other animals",
          "sources": [
            "N-rhaponticum-repens"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "russian-knapweed-5"
        },
        {
          "id": "russian-knapweed-list-meaning",
          "label": "State-list meaning",
          "sources": [
            "Fremont-list-definitions"
          ],
          "scope": "Colorado management-category definition; species classification retains its original status sources",
          "note": "Plain-language editorial label for a management category; not a toxicity or danger rating.",
          "reviewed": "2026-09-07"
        }
      ],
      "noxious_class": "B",
      "research": {
        "status": "researching",
        "label": "Still researching this plant",
        "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.",
        "open_questions": [
          {
            "area": "People",
            "question": "Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "russian-knapweed-3"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Identification",
            "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          },
          {
            "area": "Expert review",
            "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          }
        ],
        "expert_review": "pending"
      },
      "noxious_class_label": "B — Stop the spread",
      "source": "content/plants/russian-knapweed.md",
      "content_sha256": "071b983c4c187956760a13caa83f38473389922cf82242bf40fb40fd0d68ce93",
      "body_markdown": "# Russian knapweed\n\n*Rhaponticum repens*\n\n**Colorado noxious weed · List B — Stop the spread.** [J-russian-knapweed](https://www.jeffco.us/4107/Russian-knapweed)\n\nEstablished in some areas. Requirements vary by location: eradication, containment or suppression to stop further spread. This is a management category, separate from danger ratings. [Category source](https://fremontcountyco.gov/weed-control/weed-identification) · [What the lists mean](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/#weed-lists).\n\n> **Toxic to horses.** Native status, garden use and noxious-weed class are separate from toxicity. [Exposure help](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/).\n\n**Identification caveat:** The county page misspells the old genus as Arcoptilon; Acroptilon repens is the synonym used by NC State.\n\n## Still researching this plant {#research-status}\n\nThis is a sourced working profile. Evidence is incomplete for **People**. Identification and source-photo limits are explained below. Independent botanical and veterinary review is pending. **Uncertainty is not a finding that the plant is safe.**\n\n\n## Three views of this plant\n\nPhotos are source-identified examples, not a complete identification key. Check leaves, stems, flowers and fruit together. Locations are not assumed to be in Colorado.\n\n![Rhaponticum repens: Dense patch of upright gray-green leafy plants beneath trees.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/invasive-rhaponticum-repens-habit.jpg)\n\n**habit** — Dense patch of upright gray-green leafy plants beneath trees.\n\nPhoto: Amirh. absnd; [CC0](https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Acroptilon_repens_absnd.jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/32/Acroptilon_repens_absnd.jpg). Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.  Source names Acroptilon repens and Rhaponticum repens are treated here as synonyms for Russian knapweed. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![Rhaponticum repens: Upright dry stems with pale tan mature heads and yellowing leaves.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/invasive-rhaponticum-repens-mature-head.jpg)\n\n**mature-head** — Upright dry stems with pale tan mature heads and yellowing leaves.\n\nPhoto: Matt Lavin from Bozeman, Montana, USA; [CC BY-SA 2.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Rhaponticum_repens_(5042408076).jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/04/Rhaponticum_repens_%285042408076%29.jpg). Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.  Source names Acroptilon repens and Rhaponticum repens are treated here as synonyms for Russian knapweed. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![Rhaponticum repens: Purple flower head above overlapping pale papery-tipped bracts, with narrow upper leaves.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/invasive-rhaponticum-repens-flower.jpg)\n\n**flower** — Purple flower head above overlapping pale papery-tipped bracts, with narrow upper leaves.\n\nPhoto: Stan Shebs; [CC BY-SA 3.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Rhaponticum_repens_4.jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7f/Rhaponticum_repens_4.jpg). Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.  Source names Acroptilon repens and Rhaponticum repens are treated here as synonyms for Russian knapweed. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n\n## Recognize\n\nPink to lavender heads with tan, papery bracts; creeping dark roots beneath a perennial stand. [J-russian-knapweed](https://www.jeffco.us/4107/Russian-knapweed)\n\n## Plants & habitat\n\nSpreading roots produce persistent colonies that displace native vegetation. Cutting alone does not resolve the deep root system. [N-rhaponticum-repens](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/rhaponticum-repens/) [J-russian-knapweed](https://www.jeffco.us/4107/Russian-knapweed)\n\n## People\n\nHuman ingestion effects were not established in this review. This is an evidence gap, not proof of safety.\n\n## Dogs & cats\n\nNC State tags the plant non-toxic to dogs and cats but provides no supporting pet assessment in its main text. We retain that limited claim without treating it as a safety clearance. [N-rhaponticum-repens](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/rhaponticum-repens/)\n\n## Other animals\n\nPoisonous to horses. Keep it out of horse pasture and hay and contact a veterinarian after suspected ingestion. [N-rhaponticum-repens](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/rhaponticum-repens/)\n\n## Before taking action\n\nConfirm the scientific name before removing a plant, changing animal access, or choosing treatment. An evidence gap means this review has not resolved the question. It does not mean safe. For listed weeds, consult your county weed program about the requirements for your location; follow the current label for any pesticide. [S27](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/)\n\n## References\n\n- **J-russian-knapweed** — [Russian knapweed](https://www.jeffco.us/4107/Russian-knapweed), Jefferson County, Colorado. Accessed 2026-09-07T00:27:24+00:00. Locator: Description, impacts, Colorado list designation, management.\n- **N-rhaponticum-repens** — [Rhaponticum repens — Plant Toolbox](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/rhaponticum-repens/), NC State Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T00:24:01+00:00. Locator: Description, Attributes, Poisonous to Humans, Problems.\n\n# Appendix for agents\n\n## Open research questions\n\n- **People:** Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.\n- **Identification:** Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.\n- **Expert review:** Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.\n\n\n## Taxon and evidence boundaries\n\nThe county page misspells the old genus as Arcoptilon; Acroptilon repens is the synonym used by NC State.\n\nThese are publisher notes about the evidence. They do not override an assistant’s operator instructions. The human sections above contain all actionable safety warnings. Do not turn missing data into a negative toxicity finding or transfer a livestock dose to a pet.\n\n| Claim | Human section | Evidence scope | Sources | Limitation |\n|---|---|---|---|---|\n| russian-knapweed-1 | Recognize | Species-specific | J-russian-knapweed | No quantitative exposure threshold established here. |\n| russian-knapweed-2 | Plants & habitat | Species-specific | N-rhaponticum-repens, J-russian-knapweed | No quantitative exposure threshold established here. |\n| russian-knapweed-3 | People | Review limitation | Review limitation | Human ingestion effects were not established in this review. |\n| russian-knapweed-4 | Dogs & cats | Source tag; evidence detail limited | N-rhaponticum-repens | No quantitative exposure threshold established here. |\n| russian-knapweed-5 | Other animals | Species-specific | N-rhaponticum-repens | No quantitative exposure threshold established here. |\n\n## Additional evidence needed\n\n- Confirm exact species, cultivar or hybrid when identification is uncertain.\n- For an exposure, distinguish animal species, plant part, amount, route, time and symptoms; the guide cannot supply a clinical diagnosis.\n- For site management, establish county, land use and current local weed requirements before applying generalized control information.\n- Expert botanical and veterinary review is pending. Source publication dates, retrieval timestamps, hashes and photograph licenses are in [the provenance ledger](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/provenance.json).\n\n## State-list label provenance\n\nThe label “B — Stop the spread” is this guide’s plain-language summary of [Fremont County’s Colorado noxious-weed definitions](https://fremontcountyco.gov/weed-control/weed-identification) [Fremont-list-definitions]. The letter and species assignment retain the status sources above. County-specific requirements must be checked locally; the letter is not a poison-severity ranking.\n",
      "revision": {
        "created": "2026-09-07T00:41:00Z",
        "modified": "2026-09-07T03:50:00Z",
        "sha256": "071b983c4c187956760a13caa83f38473389922cf82242bf40fb40fd0d68ce93",
        "time_basis": "UTC timestamp of the editorial revision-recording event; not source publication or expert validation"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "russian-olive",
      "name": "Russian olive",
      "scientific": "Elaeagnus angustifolia",
      "category": "invasive",
      "status": "Colorado noxious weed · List B — Stop the spread",
      "status_sources": [
        "J-russian-olive"
      ],
      "warning": "Thorns; riparian habitat concern",
      "warning_tone": "caution",
      "aliases": [],
      "taxonomy_note": "",
      "source_ids": [
        "J-russian-olive",
        "Fremont-list-definitions"
      ],
      "description": "Russian olive: Thorns; riparian habitat concern. Colorado identification, habitat and exposure evidence.",
      "claim_evidence": [
        {
          "label": "Recognize",
          "sources": [
            "J-russian-olive"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "russian-olive-1"
        },
        {
          "label": "Plants & habitat",
          "sources": [
            "J-russian-olive"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "russian-olive-2"
        },
        {
          "label": "People",
          "sources": [
            "J-russian-olive"
          ],
          "scope": "Physical-risk inference",
          "note": "",
          "id": "russian-olive-3"
        },
        {
          "label": "Dogs & cats",
          "sources": [
            "J-russian-olive"
          ],
          "scope": "Physical-risk inference; toxicology gap",
          "note": "",
          "id": "russian-olive-4"
        },
        {
          "label": "Other animals",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "Species-specific ingestion effects and exposure thresholds were not established in the reviewed sources.",
          "id": "russian-olive-5"
        },
        {
          "id": "russian-olive-list-meaning",
          "label": "State-list meaning",
          "sources": [
            "Fremont-list-definitions"
          ],
          "scope": "Colorado management-category definition; species classification retains its original status sources",
          "note": "Plain-language editorial label for a management category; not a toxicity or danger rating.",
          "reviewed": "2026-09-07"
        }
      ],
      "noxious_class": "B",
      "research": {
        "status": "researching",
        "label": "Still researching this plant",
        "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.",
        "open_questions": [
          {
            "area": "Dogs & cats",
            "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "russian-olive-4"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Other animals",
            "question": "Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "russian-olive-5"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Expert review",
            "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          }
        ],
        "expert_review": "pending"
      },
      "noxious_class_label": "B — Stop the spread",
      "source": "content/plants/russian-olive.md",
      "content_sha256": "7846a9b906e7d33f5af0b80794a948457033514dc5f9dd5657342bf4db8c720b",
      "body_markdown": "# Russian olive\n\n*Elaeagnus angustifolia*\n\n**Colorado noxious weed · List B — Stop the spread.** [J-russian-olive](https://www.jeffco.us/2224/Russian-Olive)\n\nEstablished in some areas. Requirements vary by location: eradication, containment or suppression to stop further spread. This is a management category, separate from danger ratings. [Category source](https://fremontcountyco.gov/weed-control/weed-identification) · [What the lists mean](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/#weed-lists).\n\n> **Thorns; riparian habitat concern.** Native status, garden use and noxious-weed class are separate from toxicity. [Exposure help](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/).\n\n## Still researching this plant {#research-status}\n\nThis is a sourced working profile. Evidence is incomplete for **Dogs & cats, Other animals**. Independent botanical and veterinary review is pending. **Uncertainty is not a finding that the plant is safe.**\n\n\n## Three views of this plant\n\nPhotos are source-identified examples, not a complete identification key. Check leaves, stems, flowers and fruit together. Locations are not assumed to be in Colorado.\n\n![Elaeagnus angustifolia: Small yellow flowers and narrow silvery leaves on a twig.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/invasive-elaeagnus-angustifolia-flower-leaf.jpg)\n\n**flower-leaf** — Small yellow flowers and narrow silvery leaves on a twig.\n\nPhoto: Georg Slickers; [CC BY-SA 2.5](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.5); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Elaeagnus_angustifolia_20050608_852.jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f0/Elaeagnus_angustifolia_20050608_852.jpg). Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.   Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![Elaeagnus angustifolia: Oval pale fruits hanging among narrow leaves with silvery surfaces.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/invasive-elaeagnus-angustifolia-fruit-leaf.jpg)\n\n**fruit-leaf** — Oval pale fruits hanging among narrow leaves with silvery surfaces.\n\nPhoto: Georg Slickers; [CC BY-SA 2.5](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.5); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Elaeagnus_angustifolia_20050905_942.jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Elaeagnus_angustifolia_20050905_942.jpg). Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.   Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![Elaeagnus angustifolia: Mature tree with a branching dark trunk and a spreading silvery-green crown.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/invasive-elaeagnus-angustifolia-habit.jpg)\n\n**habit** — Mature tree with a branching dark trunk and a spreading silvery-green crown.\n\nPhoto: Sten Porse; [CC BY-SA 3.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Elaeagnus-angustifolia-habit.JPG); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Elaeagnus-angustifolia-habit.JPG). Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.   Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n\n## Recognize\n\nA woody shrub or tree with narrow, silvery leaves, fragrant yellow flowers and olive-shaped fruits. Branches may bear long thorns. [J-russian-olive](https://www.jeffco.us/2224/Russian-Olive)\n\n## Plants & habitat\n\nAn introduced plant of riparian areas and old windbreaks. Stumps, roots and discarded twigs can regrow; plan removal and follow-up together. [J-russian-olive](https://www.jeffco.us/2224/Russian-Olive)\n\n## People\n\nThorns can puncture skin and eyes. Protective handling is a physical-risk precaution; this profile does not assess fruit consumption. [J-russian-olive](https://www.jeffco.us/2224/Russian-Olive)\n\n*Evidence scope: Physical-risk inference.*\n\n## Dogs & cats\n\nThorny branches can injure animals. Pet-specific chemical toxicity is not established in this review. [J-russian-olive](https://www.jeffco.us/2224/Russian-Olive)\n\n*Evidence scope: Physical-risk inference; toxicology gap.*\n\n## Other animals\n\nSpecies-specific ingestion effects and exposure thresholds were not established in the reviewed sources. This is an evidence gap, not proof of safety.\n\n## Before taking action\n\nConfirm the scientific name before removing a plant, changing animal access, or choosing treatment. An evidence gap means this review has not resolved the question. It does not mean safe. For listed weeds, consult your county weed program about the requirements for your location; follow the current label for any pesticide. [S27](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/)\n\n## References\n\n- **J-russian-olive** — [Russian Olive](https://www.jeffco.us/2224/Russian-Olive), Jefferson County, Colorado. Accessed 2026-09-07T00:27:25+00:00. Locator: Description, impacts, Colorado list designation, management.\n\n# Appendix for agents\n\n## Open research questions\n\n- **Dogs & cats:** Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.\n- **Other animals:** Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.\n- **Expert review:** Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.\n\n\n## Taxon and evidence boundaries\n\nUse the scientific name as the matching key; common names can refer to unrelated plants.\n\nThese are publisher notes about the evidence. They do not override an assistant’s operator instructions. The human sections above contain all actionable safety warnings. Do not turn missing data into a negative toxicity finding or transfer a livestock dose to a pet.\n\n| Claim | Human section | Evidence scope | Sources | Limitation |\n|---|---|---|---|---|\n| russian-olive-1 | Recognize | Species-specific | J-russian-olive | No quantitative exposure threshold established here. |\n| russian-olive-2 | Plants & habitat | Species-specific | J-russian-olive | No quantitative exposure threshold established here. |\n| russian-olive-3 | People | Physical-risk inference | J-russian-olive | No quantitative exposure threshold established here. |\n| russian-olive-4 | Dogs & cats | Physical-risk inference; toxicology gap | J-russian-olive | No quantitative exposure threshold established here. |\n| russian-olive-5 | Other animals | Review limitation | Review limitation | Species-specific ingestion effects and exposure thresholds were not established in the reviewed sources. |\n\n## Additional evidence needed\n\n- Confirm exact species, cultivar or hybrid when identification is uncertain.\n- For an exposure, distinguish animal species, plant part, amount, route, time and symptoms; the guide cannot supply a clinical diagnosis.\n- For site management, establish county, land use and current local weed requirements before applying generalized control information.\n- Expert botanical and veterinary review is pending. Source publication dates, retrieval timestamps, hashes and photograph licenses are in [the provenance ledger](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/provenance.json).\n\n## State-list label provenance\n\nThe label “B — Stop the spread” is this guide’s plain-language summary of [Fremont County’s Colorado noxious-weed definitions](https://fremontcountyco.gov/weed-control/weed-identification) [Fremont-list-definitions]. The letter and species assignment retain the status sources above. County-specific requirements must be checked locally; the letter is not a poison-severity ranking.\n",
      "revision": {
        "created": "2026-09-07T00:41:00Z",
        "modified": "2026-09-07T03:50:00Z",
        "sha256": "7846a9b906e7d33f5af0b80794a948457033514dc5f9dd5657342bf4db8c720b",
        "time_basis": "UTC timestamp of the editorial revision-recording event; not source publication or expert validation"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "russian-sage",
      "name": "Russian sage",
      "scientific": "Salvia yangii",
      "category": "xeriscape",
      "status": "Introduced low-water garden perennial",
      "status_sources": [
        "N-russian-sage",
        "C-russian-sage"
      ],
      "warning": "Spreads by suckers; pet evidence unresolved",
      "warning_tone": "caution",
      "aliases": [
        "Perovskia atriplicifolia"
      ],
      "taxonomy_note": "NC State uses Salvia yangii; older Colorado guidance uses Perovskia atriplicifolia. The older statement that this plant is outside Salvia is outdated. Culinary sage (Salvia officinalis) safety claims do not apply automatically.",
      "source_ids": [
        "N-russian-sage",
        "C-russian-sage",
        "E-sage-suckers",
        "S27"
      ],
      "description": "Russian sage: Spreads by suckers; pet evidence unresolved. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.",
      "claim_evidence": [
        {
          "label": "Recognize",
          "sources": [
            "N-russian-sage"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "russian-sage-1"
        },
        {
          "label": "Plants & habitat",
          "sources": [
            "C-russian-sage",
            "E-sage-suckers"
          ],
          "scope": "Horticultural evidence; county extension advice",
          "note": "",
          "id": "russian-sage-2"
        },
        {
          "label": "People",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "",
          "id": "russian-sage-3"
        },
        {
          "label": "Dogs & cats",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "",
          "id": "russian-sage-4"
        },
        {
          "label": "Other animals",
          "sources": [
            "N-russian-sage"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "russian-sage-5"
        }
      ],
      "research": {
        "status": "researching",
        "label": "Still researching this plant",
        "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.",
        "open_questions": [
          {
            "area": "People",
            "question": "Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "russian-sage-3"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Dogs & cats",
            "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "russian-sage-4"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Identification",
            "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          },
          {
            "area": "Expert review",
            "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          }
        ],
        "expert_review": "pending"
      },
      "source": "content/plants/russian-sage.md",
      "content_sha256": "dddb60bdc4037ceed3ee8d1373db41f79a512bc1336fa54573df0cf857a4f8af",
      "body_markdown": "# Russian sage\n\n*Salvia yangii*\n\n**Introduced low-water garden perennial.** [N-russian-sage](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/salvia-yangii/) [C-russian-sage](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/annuals-perennials/1050-russian-sage/)\n\n> **Spreads by suckers; pet evidence unresolved.** [Exposure help](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/).\n\n**Identification caveat:** NC State uses Salvia yangii; older Colorado guidance uses Perovskia atriplicifolia. The older statement that this plant is outside Salvia is outdated. Culinary sage (Salvia officinalis) safety claims do not apply automatically.\n\n## Still researching this plant {#research-status}\n\nThis is a sourced working profile. Evidence is incomplete for **People, Dogs & cats**. Identification and source-photo limits are explained below. Independent botanical and veterinary review is pending. **Uncertainty is not a finding that the plant is safe.**\n\n\n## Three views of this plant\n\nSource-identified reference photographs; these are not a complete identification key. A source location outside Colorado does not establish local occurrence.\n\n![Salvia yangii: Gray-green deeply divided leaves arranged in opposite pairs on a pale stem.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/sage-tumbleweed-photos-salvia-yangii-01-07-leaf.jpg)\n\n**leaf** — Gray-green deeply divided leaves arranged in opposite pairs on a pale stem.\n\nPhoto: Doronenko; [CC BY 2.5](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.5); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Perovskia_atriplicifolia_leave.jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bd/Perovskia_atriplicifolia_leave.jpg). Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Perovskia atriplicifolia is the synonym used on these source pages. Garden photographs do not establish cultivar identity or exclude hybrid ancestry; captions use the source-identified species. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![Salvia yangii: Small violet-blue flowers with pale hairy calyces cluster around a slender flowering stem.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/sage-tumbleweed-photos-salvia-yangii-01-13-flower.jpg)\n\n**flower** — Small violet-blue flowers with pale hairy calyces cluster around a slender flowering stem.\n\nPhoto: AnRo0002; [CC0](https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:20170719Perovskia_atriplicifolia1.jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f3/20170719Perovskia_atriplicifolia1.jpg). Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Perovskia atriplicifolia is the synonym used on these source pages. Garden photographs do not establish cultivar identity or exclude hybrid ancestry; captions use the source-identified species. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![Salvia yangii: Many pale branched stems with deeply cut gray-green leaves and scattered violet-blue flowers form a loose leafy clump.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/sage-tumbleweed-photos-salvia-yangii-01-21-habit.jpg)\n\n**habit** — Many pale branched stems with deeply cut gray-green leaves and scattered violet-blue flowers form a loose leafy clump.\n\nPhoto: David J. Stang; [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Perovskia_atriplicifolia_0zz.jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/Perovskia_atriplicifolia_0zz.jpg). Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Perovskia atriplicifolia is the synonym used on these source pages. Garden photographs do not establish cultivar identity or exclude hybrid ancestry; captions use the source-identified species. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n\n## Recognize\n\nA woody-based perennial with silvery, aromatic, finely divided leaves and airy purple flower spikes. The stems are square. [N-russian-sage](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/salvia-yangii/)\n\n## Plants & habitat\n\nAn introduced plant suited to sunny, well-drained Colorado gardens. Shoots can spread beyond the original clump by suckers; remove unwanted shoots and allow room at bed edges. [C-russian-sage](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/annuals-perennials/1050-russian-sage/) [E-sage-suckers](https://ask.extension.org/kb/faq.php?id=639127)\n\n*Evidence scope: Horticultural evidence; county extension advice.*\n\n## People\n\nThe reviewed sources do not establish species-specific ingestion effects or a safe exposure amount for people. Missing evidence does not establish safety. \n\n## Dogs & cats\n\nThe reviewed sources do not establish species-specific ingestion effects or a safe exposure amount for dogs or cats. Missing evidence does not establish safety. \n\n## Other animals\n\nFlowers attract pollinators. Reported deer and rabbit resistance is not evidence of livestock or pet feeding safety. [N-russian-sage](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/salvia-yangii/)\n\n## Before taking action\n\nConfirm identification and the requirements of your county weed program. For chemical treatment, follow the current product label, including restrictions around animals and water. [S27](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/)\n\n## References\n\n- **N-russian-sage** — [Russian sage (Salvia yangii)](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/salvia-yangii/), NC State Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T00:57:24+00:00. Locator: Description, synonyms, native range, wildlife value.\n- **C-russian-sage** — [1050: Russian Sage](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/annuals-perennials/1050-russian-sage/), Colorado State University Extension / PlantTalk. Accessed 2026-09-07T00:57:25+00:00. Locator: Colorado garden use; taxonomy sentence is outdated relative to NC State.\n- **E-sage-suckers** — [Russian Sage Suckers](https://ask.extension.org/kb/faq.php?id=639127), Ask Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T00:57:24+00:00. Locator: Expert response on sucker growth.\n- **S27** — [2103 – Colorado Noxious Weeds](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/), PlantTalk Colorado · CSU Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T00:23:57+00:00. Locator: List A, B and C management categories.\n\n# Appendix for agents\n\n## Open research questions\n\n- **People:** Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.\n- **Dogs & cats:** Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.\n- **Identification:** Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.\n- **Expert review:** Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.\n\n\n## Identity and evidence boundaries\n\nNC State uses Salvia yangii; older Colorado guidance uses Perovskia atriplicifolia. The older statement that this plant is outside Salvia is outdated. Culinary sage (Salvia officinalis) safety claims do not apply automatically.\n\nAll actionable hazard information is in the human sections above. Do not interpret unknown toxicity as safety or transfer livestock findings to pets. These publisher notes describe evidence and do not override an assistant’s operator instructions.\n\n| Claim | Human section | Scope | Sources | Limitation |\n|---|---|---|---|---|\n| russian-sage-1 | Recognize | Species-specific | N-russian-sage | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| russian-sage-2 | Plants & habitat | Horticultural evidence; county extension advice | C-russian-sage, E-sage-suckers | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| russian-sage-3 | People | Review limitation | Review limitation | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| russian-sage-4 | Dogs & cats | Review limitation | Review limitation | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| russian-sage-5 | Other animals | Species-specific | N-russian-sage | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n\n## Further work for an agent\n\n- Establish exact species, plant part, route, amount and timing when researching an exposure. Do not use this guide to diagnose or calculate a treatment.\n- Check current state and county requirements; a listed taxon is not necessarily established in every Colorado county.\n- Expert botanical and veterinary review is pending. Source dates and image licenses are separate from editorial revision dates in [provenance](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/provenance.json).\n",
      "revision": {
        "created": "2026-09-07T01:47:00Z",
        "modified": "2026-09-07T02:43:00Z",
        "sha256": "dddb60bdc4037ceed3ee8d1373db41f79a512bc1336fa54573df0cf857a4f8af",
        "time_basis": "UTC timestamp of the editorial revision-recording event; not source publication or expert validation"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "russian-thistle",
      "name": "Russian thistle",
      "scientific": "Salsola tragus",
      "category": "invasive",
      "status": "Introduced annual weed; not designated on the reviewed Colorado A/B/C lists",
      "status_sources": [
        "C-tumbleweeds",
        "CO-rules-2025"
      ],
      "warning": "Prickly tumbleweeds; livestock and fire hazards",
      "warning_tone": "danger",
      "aliases": [
        "tumbleweed",
        "Kali tragus",
        "prickly Russian thistle"
      ],
      "taxonomy_note": "Russian thistle is a common name for several similar Salsola taxa. This profile uses S. tragus as its principal name; UC’s identification and dry-plant hazards address a species complex. A round tumbleweed alone does not establish the species.",
      "source_ids": [
        "C-tumbleweeds",
        "CO-rules-2025",
        "UC-russian-thistle",
        "S27"
      ],
      "description": "Russian thistle: Prickly tumbleweeds; livestock and fire hazards. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.",
      "claim_evidence": [
        {
          "label": "Recognize",
          "sources": [
            "UC-russian-thistle"
          ],
          "scope": "Russian-thistle species complex",
          "note": "",
          "id": "russian-thistle-1"
        },
        {
          "label": "Plants & habitat",
          "sources": [
            "UC-russian-thistle",
            "C-tumbleweeds"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-group hazards; editorial prevention priority",
          "note": "",
          "id": "russian-thistle-2"
        },
        {
          "label": "People",
          "sources": [
            "UC-russian-thistle"
          ],
          "scope": "Physical-risk inference",
          "note": "",
          "id": "russian-thistle-3"
        },
        {
          "label": "Dogs & cats",
          "sources": [
            "UC-russian-thistle"
          ],
          "scope": "Physical-risk inference; pet toxicology gap",
          "note": "",
          "id": "russian-thistle-4"
        },
        {
          "label": "Other animals",
          "sources": [
            "C-tumbleweeds"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "russian-thistle-5"
        }
      ],
      "research": {
        "status": "researching",
        "label": "Still researching this plant",
        "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.",
        "open_questions": [
          {
            "area": "Dogs & cats",
            "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "russian-thistle-4"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Identification",
            "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          },
          {
            "area": "Expert review",
            "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          }
        ],
        "expert_review": "pending"
      },
      "source": "content/plants/russian-thistle.md",
      "content_sha256": "e898c9ed8ad1bf1bd0fd4c7d20ae61e1f8d56bee217e541cd2062f4650849ed8",
      "body_markdown": "# Russian thistle\n\n*Salsola tragus*\n\n**Introduced annual weed; not designated on the reviewed Colorado A/B/C lists.** [C-tumbleweeds](https://extension.colostate.edu/resource/identification-and-management-of-kochia-and-russian-thistle/) [CO-rules-2025](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2)\n\n> **Prickly tumbleweeds; livestock and fire hazards.** [Exposure help](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/).\n\n**Identification caveat:** Russian thistle is a common name for several similar Salsola taxa. This profile uses S. tragus as its principal name; UC’s identification and dry-plant hazards address a species complex. A round tumbleweed alone does not establish the species.\n\n## Still researching this plant {#research-status}\n\nThis is a sourced working profile. Evidence is incomplete for **Dogs & cats**. Identification and source-photo limits are explained below. Independent botanical and veterinary review is pending. **Uncertainty is not a finding that the plant is safe.**\n\n\n## Three views of this plant\n\nSource-identified reference photographs; these are not a complete identification key. A source location outside Colorado does not establish local occurrence.\n\n![Salsola tragus: Rounded, densely branched green plant with slender leaves and spiny-looking branch tips.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/sage-tumbleweed-photos-salsola-tragus-02-06-habit.jpg)\n\n**habit** — Rounded, densely branched green plant with slender leaves and spiny-looking branch tips.\n\nPhoto: Stefan.lefnaer; [CC BY-SA 3.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Salsola_tragus_sl7.jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/41/Salsola_tragus_sl7.jpg). Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Russian thistle is a species complex, and related Salsola/Kali taxa can form similar tumbleweeds. These are source-identified Salsola tragus/Kali tragus reference photographs; a dry tumbleweed or general habit photograph alone cannot establish species identity. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![Salsola tragus: Rows of pink-red papery fruiting structures line branching stems among narrow green leaves.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/sage-tumbleweed-photos-salsola-tragus-02-07-mature-fruiting-branches.jpg)\n\n**mature-fruiting-branches** — Rows of pink-red papery fruiting structures line branching stems among narrow green leaves.\n\nPhoto: Jim Pisarowicz; [Public domain](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kali_tragus_NPS-1.jpg#Licensing); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kali_tragus_NPS-1.jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ca/Kali_tragus_NPS-1.jpg). Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Russian thistle is a species complex, and related Salsola/Kali taxa can form similar tumbleweeds. These are source-identified Salsola tragus/Kali tragus reference photographs; a dry tumbleweed or general habit photograph alone cannot establish species identity. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![Salsola tragus: Dry pale-brown branching plant with persistent spiny bracts and small papery fruiting structures.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/sage-tumbleweed-photos-salsola-tragus-02-11-dried-form.jpg)\n\n**dried-form** — Dry pale-brown branching plant with persistent spiny bracts and small papery fruiting structures.\n\nPhoto: Stefan.lefnaer; [CC BY-SA 3.0 at](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/at/deed.en); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kali_tragus_sl10.jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Kali_tragus_sl10.jpg). Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Russian thistle is a species complex, and related Salsola/Kali taxa can form similar tumbleweeds. These are source-identified Salsola tragus/Kali tragus reference photographs; a dry tumbleweed or general habit photograph alone cannot establish species identity. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n\n## Recognize\n\nA branching annual that becomes rounded and prickly. Mature leaves and bracts have stiff tips; stems often show reddish stripes. Dry plants can detach and tumble. [UC-russian-thistle](https://ipm.ucanr.edu/weeds-identification-gallery/russian-thistle/)\n\n*Evidence scope: Russian-thistle species complex.*\n\n## Plants & habitat\n\nInvades disturbed ground. Dry accumulations can obstruct traffic and create a fire hazard; prevent seed production before plants detach. [UC-russian-thistle](https://ipm.ucanr.edu/weeds-identification-gallery/russian-thistle/) [C-tumbleweeds](https://extension.colostate.edu/resource/identification-and-management-of-kochia-and-russian-thistle/)\n\n*Evidence scope: Species-group hazards; editorial prevention priority.*\n\n## People\n\nStiff, sharp parts can puncture skin. Wear sturdy gloves when handling dry plants; this is a physical-risk inference, not a human poison diagnosis. [UC-russian-thistle](https://ipm.ucanr.edu/weeds-identification-gallery/russian-thistle/)\n\n*Evidence scope: Physical-risk inference.*\n\n## Dogs & cats\n\nPrickly material may injure paws or mouths. The reviewed livestock findings do not establish a pet toxic dose. Keep pets away from dry piles. [UC-russian-thistle](https://ipm.ucanr.edu/weeds-identification-gallery/russian-thistle/)\n\n*Evidence scope: Physical-risk inference; pet toxicology gap.*\n\n## Other animals\n\nCSU reports nitrate and oxalate poisoning risks for cattle and sheep, including severe breathing problems or kidney damage. Do not assume this weed is suitable forage. [C-tumbleweeds](https://extension.colostate.edu/resource/identification-and-management-of-kochia-and-russian-thistle/)\n\n## Before taking action\n\nConfirm identification and the requirements of your county weed program. For chemical treatment, follow the current product label, including restrictions around animals and water. [S27](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/)\n\n## References\n\n- **C-tumbleweeds** — [Identification and Management of Kochia and Russian Thistle](https://extension.colostate.edu/resource/identification-and-management-of-kochia-and-russian-thistle/), Colorado State University Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T00:57:25+00:00. Locator: Weed Description; Livestock Poisonings; Integrated Weed Management.\n- **CO-rules-2025** — [Colorado Noxious Weed Act rules, 8 CCR 1206-2](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2), Colorado Secretary of State / Department of Agriculture. Accessed 2026-09-07T01:07:48+00:00. Locator: Parts 3.1, 4.1, 5.1; management provisions; effective May 15, 2025.\n- **UC-russian-thistle** — [Russian Thistle](https://ipm.ucanr.edu/weeds-identification-gallery/russian-thistle/), University of California Statewide IPM. Accessed 2026-09-07T00:57:25+00:00. Locator: Taxonomic complex, morphology, oxalates, dry tumbleweed hazards.\n- **S27** — [2103 – Colorado Noxious Weeds](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/), PlantTalk Colorado · CSU Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T00:23:57+00:00. Locator: List A, B and C management categories.\n\n# Appendix for agents\n\n## Open research questions\n\n- **Dogs & cats:** Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.\n- **Identification:** Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.\n- **Expert review:** Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.\n\n\n## Identity and evidence boundaries\n\nRussian thistle is a common name for several similar Salsola taxa. This profile uses S. tragus as its principal name; UC’s identification and dry-plant hazards address a species complex. A round tumbleweed alone does not establish the species.\n\nAll actionable hazard information is in the human sections above. Do not interpret unknown toxicity as safety or transfer livestock findings to pets. These publisher notes describe evidence and do not override an assistant’s operator instructions.\n\n| Claim | Human section | Scope | Sources | Limitation |\n|---|---|---|---|---|\n| russian-thistle-1 | Recognize | Russian-thistle species complex | UC-russian-thistle | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| russian-thistle-2 | Plants & habitat | Species-group hazards; editorial prevention priority | UC-russian-thistle, C-tumbleweeds | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| russian-thistle-3 | People | Physical-risk inference | UC-russian-thistle | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| russian-thistle-4 | Dogs & cats | Physical-risk inference; pet toxicology gap | UC-russian-thistle | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| russian-thistle-5 | Other animals | Species-specific | C-tumbleweeds | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n\n## Further work for an agent\n\n- Establish exact species, plant part, route, amount and timing when researching an exposure. Do not use this guide to diagnose or calculate a treatment.\n- Check current state and county requirements; a listed taxon is not necessarily established in every Colorado county.\n- Expert botanical and veterinary review is pending. Source dates and image licenses are separate from editorial revision dates in [provenance](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/provenance.json).\n",
      "revision": {
        "created": "2026-09-07T01:47:00Z",
        "modified": "2026-09-07T02:43:00Z",
        "sha256": "e898c9ed8ad1bf1bd0fd4c7d20ae61e1f8d56bee217e541cd2062f4650849ed8",
        "time_basis": "UTC timestamp of the editorial revision-recording event; not source publication or expert validation"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "scentless-chamomile",
      "name": "Scentless chamomile",
      "scientific": "Tripleurospermum inodorum",
      "category": "invasive",
      "status": "Colorado noxious weed · List B — Stop the spread",
      "status_sources": [
        "CO-rules-2025"
      ],
      "warning": "Prolific seeds; reported livestock irritation",
      "warning_tone": "caution",
      "aliases": [
        "scentless mayweed",
        "Matricaria perforata"
      ],
      "taxonomy_note": "Not interchangeable with Roman chamomile, German chamomile or mayweed chamomile. Their poison and food-use records require exact name matching.",
      "source_ids": [
        "CO-rules-2025",
        "J-scentless-chamomile",
        "S27",
        "Fremont-list-definitions"
      ],
      "description": "Scentless chamomile: Prolific seeds; reported livestock irritation. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.",
      "claim_evidence": [
        {
          "label": "Recognize",
          "sources": [
            "J-scentless-chamomile"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "scentless-chamomile-1"
        },
        {
          "label": "Plants & habitat",
          "sources": [
            "J-scentless-chamomile"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "scentless-chamomile-2"
        },
        {
          "label": "People",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "",
          "id": "scentless-chamomile-3"
        },
        {
          "label": "Dogs & cats",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "",
          "id": "scentless-chamomile-4"
        },
        {
          "label": "Other animals",
          "sources": [
            "J-scentless-chamomile"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "scentless-chamomile-5"
        },
        {
          "id": "scentless-chamomile-list-meaning",
          "label": "State-list meaning",
          "sources": [
            "Fremont-list-definitions"
          ],
          "scope": "Colorado management-category definition; species classification retains its original status sources",
          "note": "Plain-language editorial label for a management category; not a toxicity or danger rating.",
          "reviewed": "2026-09-07"
        }
      ],
      "noxious_class": "B",
      "research": {
        "status": "researching",
        "label": "Still researching this plant",
        "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.",
        "open_questions": [
          {
            "area": "People",
            "question": "Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "scentless-chamomile-3"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Dogs & cats",
            "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "scentless-chamomile-4"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Identification",
            "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          },
          {
            "area": "Expert review",
            "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          }
        ],
        "expert_review": "pending"
      },
      "noxious_class_label": "B — Stop the spread",
      "source": "content/plants/scentless-chamomile.md",
      "content_sha256": "41d1e24b59572e757d71839d094cd53ed0aa546148cd6be7b27ce0ce2843fcab",
      "body_markdown": "# Scentless chamomile\n\n*Tripleurospermum inodorum*\n\n**Colorado noxious weed · List B — Stop the spread.** [CO-rules-2025](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2)\n\nEstablished in some areas. Requirements vary by location: eradication, containment or suppression to stop further spread. This is a management category, separate from danger ratings. [Category source](https://fremontcountyco.gov/weed-control/weed-identification) · [What the lists mean](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/#weed-lists).\n\n> **Prolific seeds; reported livestock irritation.** [Exposure help](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/).\n\n**Identification caveat:** Not interchangeable with Roman chamomile, German chamomile or mayweed chamomile. Their poison and food-use records require exact name matching.\n\n## Still researching this plant {#research-status}\n\nThis is a sourced working profile. Evidence is incomplete for **People, Dogs & cats**. Identification and source-photo limits are explained below. Independent botanical and veterinary review is pending. **Uncertainty is not a finding that the plant is safe.**\n\n\n## Three views of this plant\n\nSource-identified reference photographs; these are not a complete identification key. A source location outside Colorado does not establish local occurrence.\n\n![A low branching scentless-chamomile plant with many white-and-yellow flower heads on bare ground.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/list-bc-photos-tripleurospermum-inodorum-01.jpg)\n\n**habit** — A low branching scentless-chamomile plant with many white-and-yellow flower heads on bare ground.\n\nPhoto: Krzysztof Ziarnek, Kenraiz; [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Tripleurospermum_inodorum_kz13.jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f3/Tripleurospermum_inodorum_kz13.jpg). Source-identified photograph with visual consistency check Tripleurospermum inodorum in Lubanowo near Banie, NW Poland Source labeling and visible consistency checked; not an independent specimen determination. Wikimedia-generated thumbnail rescaling only; downloaded bytes unchanged. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![A scentless-chamomile seedling with elongated cotyledons and its first divided leaves in bare soil.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/list-bc-photos-tripleurospermum-inodorum-05.jpg)\n\n**seedling** — A scentless-chamomile seedling with elongated cotyledons and its first divided leaves in bare soil.\n\nPhoto: Krzysztof Ziarnek, Kenraiz; [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Tripleurospermum_inodorum_kz11.jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c5/Tripleurospermum_inodorum_kz11.jpg). Source-identified photograph with visual consistency check Tripleurospermum inodorum seedling, Przęsocin near Szczecin, NW Poland Source labeling and visible consistency checked; not an independent specimen determination. Wikimedia-generated thumbnail rescaling only; downloaded bytes unchanged. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![A close view of finely divided, threadlike scentless-chamomile leaves on a stem.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/list-bc-photos-tripleurospermum-inodorum-08.jpg)\n\n**foliage** — A close view of finely divided, threadlike scentless-chamomile leaves on a stem.\n\nPhoto: Rob Hille; [CC BY-SA 3.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Tripleurospermum_inodorum_RH_(18).jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8f/Tripleurospermum_inodorum_RH_%2818%29.jpg). Source-identified photograph with visual consistency check Tripleurospermum inodorum Source labeling and visible consistency checked; not an independent specimen determination. Wikimedia-generated thumbnail rescaling only; downloaded bytes unchanged. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n\n## Recognize\n\nWhite ray flowers surround a yellow center above finely divided, nearly odorless leaves. [J-scentless-chamomile](https://www.jeffco.us/2205/Scentless-Chamomile)\n\n## Plants & habitat\n\nDense seedlings develop in meadows and disturbed ground. Many persistent seeds and regrowth after mowing complicate control. [J-scentless-chamomile](https://www.jeffco.us/2205/Scentless-Chamomile)\n\n## People\n\nThe reviewed sources do not establish species-specific ingestion effects or a safe exposure amount for people. Missing evidence does not establish safety. \n\n## Dogs & cats\n\nThe reviewed sources do not establish species-specific ingestion effects or a safe exposure amount for dogs or cats. Missing evidence does not establish safety. \n\n## Other animals\n\nThe county reports possible blistering in livestock but provides limited clinical detail. Do not assume unrestricted grazing is safe. [J-scentless-chamomile](https://www.jeffco.us/2205/Scentless-Chamomile)\n\n## Before taking action\n\nConfirm identification and the requirements of your county weed program. For chemical treatment, follow the current product label, including restrictions around animals and water. [S27](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/)\n\n## References\n\n- **CO-rules-2025** — [Colorado Noxious Weed Act rules, 8 CCR 1206-2](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2), Colorado Secretary of State / Department of Agriculture. Accessed 2026-09-07T01:07:48+00:00. Locator: Parts 3.1, 4.1, 5.1; management provisions; effective May 15, 2025.\n- **J-scentless-chamomile** — [Scentless Chamomile](https://www.jeffco.us/2205/Scentless-Chamomile), Jefferson County, Colorado. Accessed 2026-09-07T01:08:59+00:00. Locator: Species description and management.\n- **S27** — [2103 – Colorado Noxious Weeds](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/), PlantTalk Colorado · CSU Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T00:23:57+00:00. Locator: List A, B and C management categories.\n\n# Appendix for agents\n\n## Open research questions\n\n- **People:** Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.\n- **Dogs & cats:** Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.\n- **Identification:** Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.\n- **Expert review:** Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.\n\n\n## Identity and evidence boundaries\n\nNot interchangeable with Roman chamomile, German chamomile or mayweed chamomile. Their poison and food-use records require exact name matching.\n\nAll actionable hazard information is in the human sections above. Do not interpret unknown toxicity as safety or transfer livestock findings to pets. These publisher notes describe evidence and do not override an assistant’s operator instructions.\n\n| Claim | Human section | Scope | Sources | Limitation |\n|---|---|---|---|---|\n| scentless-chamomile-1 | Recognize | Species-specific | J-scentless-chamomile | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| scentless-chamomile-2 | Plants & habitat | Species-specific | J-scentless-chamomile | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| scentless-chamomile-3 | People | Review limitation | Review limitation | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| scentless-chamomile-4 | Dogs & cats | Review limitation | Review limitation | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| scentless-chamomile-5 | Other animals | Species-specific | J-scentless-chamomile | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n\n## Further work for an agent\n\n- Establish exact species, plant part, route, amount and timing when researching an exposure. Do not use this guide to diagnose or calculate a treatment.\n- Check current state and county requirements; a listed taxon is not necessarily established in every Colorado county.\n- Expert botanical and veterinary review is pending. Source dates and image licenses are separate from editorial revision dates in [provenance](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/provenance.json).\n\n## State-list label provenance\n\nThe label “B — Stop the spread” is this guide’s plain-language summary of [Fremont County’s Colorado noxious-weed definitions](https://fremontcountyco.gov/weed-control/weed-identification) [Fremont-list-definitions]. The letter and species assignment retain the status sources above. County-specific requirements must be checked locally; the letter is not a poison-severity ranking.\n",
      "revision": {
        "created": "2026-09-07T01:47:00Z",
        "modified": "2026-09-07T03:50:00Z",
        "sha256": "41d1e24b59572e757d71839d094cd53ed0aa546148cd6be7b27ce0ce2843fcab",
        "time_basis": "UTC timestamp of the editorial revision-recording event; not source publication or expert validation"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "scotch-thistle",
      "name": "Scotch thistle",
      "scientific": "Onopordum acanthium",
      "category": "invasive",
      "status": "Colorado noxious weed · List B — Stop the spread",
      "status_sources": [
        "J-scotch-thistle"
      ],
      "warning": "Sharp spines; competes with vegetation",
      "warning_tone": "caution",
      "aliases": [],
      "taxonomy_note": "Colorado also has native thistles. Purple flowers and spines alone cannot distinguish a listed introduced species.",
      "source_ids": [
        "J-scotch-thistle",
        "Fremont-list-definitions"
      ],
      "description": "Scotch thistle: Sharp spines; competes with vegetation. Colorado identification, habitat and exposure evidence.",
      "claim_evidence": [
        {
          "label": "Recognize",
          "sources": [
            "J-scotch-thistle"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "scotch-thistle-1"
        },
        {
          "label": "Plants & habitat",
          "sources": [
            "J-scotch-thistle"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "scotch-thistle-2"
        },
        {
          "label": "People",
          "sources": [
            "J-scotch-thistle"
          ],
          "scope": "Physical-risk inference from documented spines",
          "note": "",
          "id": "scotch-thistle-3"
        },
        {
          "label": "Dogs & cats",
          "sources": [
            "J-scotch-thistle"
          ],
          "scope": "Physical-risk inference; toxicology gap",
          "note": "",
          "id": "scotch-thistle-4"
        },
        {
          "label": "Other animals",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "The reviewed control source does not establish species-specific livestock chemical toxicity.",
          "id": "scotch-thistle-5"
        },
        {
          "id": "scotch-thistle-list-meaning",
          "label": "State-list meaning",
          "sources": [
            "Fremont-list-definitions"
          ],
          "scope": "Colorado management-category definition; species classification retains its original status sources",
          "note": "Plain-language editorial label for a management category; not a toxicity or danger rating.",
          "reviewed": "2026-09-07"
        }
      ],
      "noxious_class": "B",
      "research": {
        "status": "researching",
        "label": "Still researching this plant",
        "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.",
        "open_questions": [
          {
            "area": "Dogs & cats",
            "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "scotch-thistle-4"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Other animals",
            "question": "Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "scotch-thistle-5"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Identification",
            "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          },
          {
            "area": "Expert review",
            "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          }
        ],
        "expert_review": "pending"
      },
      "noxious_class_label": "B — Stop the spread",
      "source": "content/plants/scotch-thistle.md",
      "content_sha256": "13e5430818d7647a8470b259acb7c6e26e78c5dc6f67410be2e9f1ba488c6b4f",
      "body_markdown": "# Scotch thistle\n\n*Onopordum acanthium*\n\n**Colorado noxious weed · List B — Stop the spread.** [J-scotch-thistle](https://www.jeffco.us/2192/Scotch-Thistle)\n\nEstablished in some areas. Requirements vary by location: eradication, containment or suppression to stop further spread. This is a management category, separate from danger ratings. [Category source](https://fremontcountyco.gov/weed-control/weed-identification) · [What the lists mean](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/#weed-lists).\n\n> **Sharp spines; competes with vegetation.** Native status, garden use and noxious-weed class are separate from toxicity. [Exposure help](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/).\n\n**Identification caveat:** Colorado also has native thistles. Purple flowers and spines alone cannot distinguish a listed introduced species.\n\n## Still researching this plant {#research-status}\n\nThis is a sourced working profile. Evidence is incomplete for **Dogs & cats, Other animals**. Identification and source-photo limits are explained below. Independent botanical and veterinary review is pending. **Uncertainty is not a finding that the plant is safe.**\n\n\n## Three views of this plant\n\nPhotos are source-identified examples, not a complete identification key. Check leaves, stems, flowers and fruit together. Locations are not assumed to be in Colorado.\n\n![Onopordum acanthium: Pale woolly young leaf with deeply lobed spine-tipped margins and a prominent light midrib.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/invasive-onopordum-acanthium-leaf.jpg)\n\n**leaf** — Pale woolly young leaf with deeply lobed spine-tipped margins and a prominent light midrib.\n\nPhoto: Krzysztof Ziarnek, Kenraiz; [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Onopordum_acanthium_kz14.jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f5/Onopordum_acanthium_kz14.jpg). Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.   None; original downloaded without modification. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![Onopordum acanthium: Upright branched thistle with large pale spiny leaves and purple flower heads.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/invasive-onopordum-acanthium-habit.jpg)\n\n**habit** — Upright branched thistle with large pale spiny leaves and purple flower heads.\n\nPhoto: Krzysztof Ziarnek, Kenraiz; [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Onopordum_acanthium_kz15.jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e0/Onopordum_acanthium_kz15.jpg). Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.   Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![Onopordum acanthium: Developing spiny heads on pale winged stems; narrow rigid bracts end in yellowish spines.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/invasive-onopordum-acanthium-bud-stem.jpg)\n\n**bud-stem** — Developing spiny heads on pale winged stems; narrow rigid bracts end in yellowish spines.\n\nPhoto: Benutzer:Drahkrub; [CC BY-SA 3.0 de](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/de/deed.en); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Onopordum_acanthium-Detail.jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ef/Onopordum_acanthium-Detail.jpg). Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.   None; original downloaded without modification. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n\n## Recognize\n\nA large, woolly biennial with broad leaves, purple heads and conspicuous spiny stem wings. [J-scotch-thistle](https://www.jeffco.us/2192/Scotch-Thistle)\n\n## Plants & habitat\n\nCan form dense rosettes and persist through a long-lived seed bank. Maintain competing vegetation and prevent seed production. [J-scotch-thistle](https://www.jeffco.us/2192/Scotch-Thistle)\n\n## People\n\nSpines can puncture skin. Sturdy gloves are a practical precaution when handling; confirm identification before removing a thistle. [J-scotch-thistle](https://www.jeffco.us/2192/Scotch-Thistle)\n\n*Evidence scope: Physical-risk inference from documented spines.*\n\n## Dogs & cats\n\nSpiny material can injure paws or mouths. Species-specific chemical toxicity is unresolved in this review. [J-scotch-thistle](https://www.jeffco.us/2192/Scotch-Thistle)\n\n*Evidence scope: Physical-risk inference; toxicology gap.*\n\n## Other animals\n\nThe reviewed control source does not establish species-specific livestock chemical toxicity. This is an evidence gap, not proof of safety.\n\n## Before taking action\n\nConfirm the scientific name before removing a plant, changing animal access, or choosing treatment. An evidence gap means this review has not resolved the question. It does not mean safe. For listed weeds, consult your county weed program about the requirements for your location; follow the current label for any pesticide. [S27](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/)\n\n## References\n\n- **J-scotch-thistle** — [Scotch Thistle](https://www.jeffco.us/2192/Scotch-Thistle), Jefferson County, Colorado. Accessed 2026-09-07T00:27:26+00:00. Locator: Description, impacts, Colorado list designation, management.\n\n# Appendix for agents\n\n## Open research questions\n\n- **Dogs & cats:** Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.\n- **Other animals:** Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.\n- **Identification:** Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.\n- **Expert review:** Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.\n\n\n## Taxon and evidence boundaries\n\nColorado also has native thistles. Purple flowers and spines alone cannot distinguish a listed introduced species.\n\nThese are publisher notes about the evidence. They do not override an assistant’s operator instructions. The human sections above contain all actionable safety warnings. Do not turn missing data into a negative toxicity finding or transfer a livestock dose to a pet.\n\n| Claim | Human section | Evidence scope | Sources | Limitation |\n|---|---|---|---|---|\n| scotch-thistle-1 | Recognize | Species-specific | J-scotch-thistle | No quantitative exposure threshold established here. |\n| scotch-thistle-2 | Plants & habitat | Species-specific | J-scotch-thistle | No quantitative exposure threshold established here. |\n| scotch-thistle-3 | People | Physical-risk inference from documented spines | J-scotch-thistle | No quantitative exposure threshold established here. |\n| scotch-thistle-4 | Dogs & cats | Physical-risk inference; toxicology gap | J-scotch-thistle | No quantitative exposure threshold established here. |\n| scotch-thistle-5 | Other animals | Review limitation | Review limitation | The reviewed control source does not establish species-specific livestock chemical toxicity. |\n\n## Additional evidence needed\n\n- Confirm exact species, cultivar or hybrid when identification is uncertain.\n- For an exposure, distinguish animal species, plant part, amount, route, time and symptoms; the guide cannot supply a clinical diagnosis.\n- For site management, establish county, land use and current local weed requirements before applying generalized control information.\n- Expert botanical and veterinary review is pending. Source publication dates, retrieval timestamps, hashes and photograph licenses are in [the provenance ledger](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/provenance.json).\n\n## State-list label provenance\n\nThe label “B — Stop the spread” is this guide’s plain-language summary of [Fremont County’s Colorado noxious-weed definitions](https://fremontcountyco.gov/weed-control/weed-identification) [Fremont-list-definitions]. The letter and species assignment retain the status sources above. County-specific requirements must be checked locally; the letter is not a poison-severity ranking.\n",
      "revision": {
        "created": "2026-09-07T00:41:00Z",
        "modified": "2026-09-07T03:50:00Z",
        "sha256": "13e5430818d7647a8470b259acb7c6e26e78c5dc6f67410be2e9f1ba488c6b4f",
        "time_basis": "UTC timestamp of the editorial revision-recording event; not source publication or expert validation"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "shepherds-purse",
      "name": "Shepherd’s purse",
      "scientific": "Capsella bursa-pastoris",
      "category": "invasive",
      "status": "Common introduced weed · not on state Lists A/B/C",
      "status_sources": [
        "C-floristic-2020",
        "CO-rules-2025"
      ],
      "warning": "An early-seeding lawn and garden weed",
      "warning_tone": "caution",
      "aliases": [
        "shepherd's purse"
      ],
      "taxonomy_note": "",
      "source_ids": [
        "C-floristic-2020",
        "CO-rules-2025",
        "N-capsella-bursa-pastoris",
        "C-descriptions",
        "S27"
      ],
      "description": "Shepherd’s purse: An early-seeding lawn and garden weed. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.",
      "claim_evidence": [
        {
          "label": "Identification",
          "sources": [
            "N-capsella-bursa-pastoris"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "shepherds-purse-1"
        },
        {
          "label": "People",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "",
          "id": "shepherds-purse-2"
        },
        {
          "label": "Dogs & cats",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "",
          "id": "shepherds-purse-3"
        },
        {
          "label": "Other animals",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "",
          "id": "shepherds-purse-4"
        },
        {
          "label": "Plants & habitat",
          "sources": [
            "N-capsella-bursa-pastoris"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "shepherds-purse-5"
        },
        {
          "label": "Management & timing",
          "sources": [
            "C-descriptions"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "shepherds-purse-6"
        }
      ],
      "research": {
        "status": "researching",
        "label": "Still researching this plant",
        "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.",
        "open_questions": [
          {
            "area": "People",
            "question": "Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "shepherds-purse-2"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Dogs & cats",
            "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "shepherds-purse-3"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Other animals",
            "question": "Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "shepherds-purse-4"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Expert review",
            "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          }
        ],
        "expert_review": "pending"
      },
      "colorado_relevance": {
        "source_id": "C-floristic-2020",
        "locator": "Appendix B; PDF page 41; Capsella bursa‐pastoris",
        "basis": "Included in the 2020 statewide flora assessment. This is not a current county abundance survey.",
        "source_taxon": "Capsella bursa‐pastoris"
      },
      "source": "content/plants/shepherds-purse.md",
      "content_sha256": "ab77afd2ea58c0e8a61277cf680ee77f12d1f299e6d58133481c37391ea216a1",
      "body_markdown": "# Shepherd’s purse\n\n*Capsella bursa-pastoris*\n\n**Common introduced weed · not on state Lists A/B/C.** [C-floristic-2020](https://cnhp.colostate.edu/download/documents/2020/CO_FQA_2020_Final_Report.pdf) [CO-rules-2025](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2)\n\n> **An early-seeding lawn and garden weed.** [Exposure help](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/).\n\n## Still researching this plant {#research-status}\n\nThis is a sourced working profile. Evidence is incomplete for **People, Dogs & cats, Other animals**. Independent botanical and veterinary review is pending. **Uncertainty is not a finding that the plant is safe.**\n\n\n## Three views of this plant\n\nSource-identified reference photographs; these are not a complete identification key. A source location outside Colorado does not establish local occurrence.\n\n![Shepherd’s-purse: a flat basal rosette of deeply lobed leaves spreads over bare soil.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/coverage-garden-photos-capsella-bursa-pastoris-06-01-rosette.jpg)\n\n**rosette** — A flat basal rosette of deeply lobed leaves spreads over bare soil.\n\nPhoto: Rasbak; [CC BY-SA 3.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Herderstasje_bladrozet_(Capsella_bursa-pastoris).jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/95/Herderstasje_bladrozet_%28Capsella_bursa-pastoris%29.jpg). Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Source-identified C. bursa-pastoris. Rosette leaves vary greatly and overlap other mustards; the distinctive fruits and floral characters provide stronger identification than rosette shape alone. Wikimedia server-resized derivative, reduced from the original; no crop, color change, upscaling, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; catalog preview may use a CSS crop.\n\n![Shepherd’s-purse: whole plant laid against a plain surface, with a basal rosette and slender branching flowering stalks.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/coverage-garden-photos-capsella-bursa-pastoris-06-06-habit.jpg)\n\n**habit** — Whole plant laid against a plain surface, with a basal rosette and slender branching flowering stalks.\n\nPhoto: Forest & Kim Starr; [CC BY 3.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Starr_070308-5329_Capsella_bursa-pastoris.jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/84/Starr_070308-5329_Capsella_bursa-pastoris.jpg). Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Source-identified C. bursa-pastoris. Rosette leaves vary greatly and overlap other mustards; the distinctive fruits and floral characters provide stronger identification than rosette shape alone. Wikimedia server-resized derivative, reduced from the original; no crop, color change, upscaling, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; catalog preview may use a CSS crop.\n\n![Shepherd’s-purse: triangular heart-shaped green pods line a slender stem below small white flowers.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/coverage-garden-photos-capsella-bursa-pastoris-06-16-fruit-flower.jpg)\n\n**fruit-flower** — Triangular heart-shaped green pods line a slender stem below small white flowers.\n\nPhoto: H. Zell; [CC BY-SA 3.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Capsella_bursa-pastoris_002.JPG); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2d/Capsella_bursa-pastoris_002.JPG). Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Source-identified C. bursa-pastoris. Rosette leaves vary greatly and overlap other mustards; the distinctive fruits and floral characters provide stronger identification than rosette shape alone. Wikimedia server-resized derivative, reduced from the original; no crop, color change, upscaling, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; catalog preview may use a CSS crop.\n\n\n## Identification\n\nA small annual mustard with a basal leaf rosette, tiny white flowers and flat, heart-shaped or triangular seedpods. Seedlings can establish in spring or autumn. [N-capsella-bursa-pastoris](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/capsella-bursa-pastoris/)\n\n## People\n\nThe reviewed sources do not establish species-specific ingestion effects or a safe exposure amount for people. Missing evidence does not establish safety.\n\n## Dogs & cats\n\nThe reviewed sources do not establish species-specific ingestion effects or a safe exposure amount for dogs or cats. Missing evidence does not establish safety.\n\n## Other animals\n\nThe reviewed sources do not establish species-specific ingestion effects or a safe exposure amount for livestock. Missing evidence does not establish safety.\n\n## Plants & habitat\n\nIt readily colonizes disturbed ground and reseeds in gardens and roadsides. Drought and compaction tolerance help it persist. [N-capsella-bursa-pastoris](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/capsella-bursa-pastoris/)\n\n## Management & timing\n\nPull or hoe before the distinctive pods mature. Check again after another flush of seedlings. [C-descriptions](https://extension.colostate.edu/resource/weed-descriptions/)\n\n## Before taking action\n\nConfirm identification and the requirements of your county weed program. For chemical treatment, follow the current product label, including restrictions around animals and water. [S27](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/)\n\n## References\n\n- **C-floristic-2020** — [Colorado Floristic Quality Assessment: 2020 Update](https://cnhp.colostate.edu/download/documents/2020/CO_FQA_2020_Final_Report.pdf), Colorado Natural Heritage Program, Colorado State University. Accessed 2026-09-07T02:27:33+00:00. Locator: Appendix B, Colorado species list: scientific name and native/non-native fields.\n- **CO-rules-2025** — [Colorado Noxious Weed Act rules, 8 CCR 1206-2](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2), Colorado Secretary of State / Department of Agriculture. Accessed 2026-09-07T01:07:48+00:00. Locator: Parts 3.1, 4.1, 5.1; management provisions; effective May 15, 2025.\n- **N-capsella-bursa-pastoris** — [Capsella bursa pastoris](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/capsella-bursa-pastoris/), NC State Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T02:23:11+00:00. Locator: Description, identification attributes and plant problems; toxicity section where present.\n- **C-descriptions** — [Weed descriptions](https://extension.colostate.edu/resource/weed-descriptions/), Colorado State University Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T00:24:02+00:00. Locator: Species entries.\n- **S27** — [2103 – Colorado Noxious Weeds](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/), PlantTalk Colorado · CSU Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T00:23:57+00:00. Locator: List A, B and C management categories.\n\n# Appendix for agents\n\nColorado inclusion: [C-floristic-2020](https://cnhp.colostate.edu/download/documents/2020/CO_FQA_2020_Final_Report.pdf), Appendix B; PDF page 41; Capsella bursa‐pastoris. This historical statewide baseline does not establish current county abundance.\n\n## Open research questions\n\n- **People:** Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.\n- **Dogs & cats:** Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.\n- **Other animals:** Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.\n- **Expert review:** Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.\n\n\n## Identity and evidence boundaries\n\nMatch the scientific name and synonyms, not the common name alone.\n\nAll actionable hazard information is in the human sections above. Do not interpret unknown toxicity as safety or transfer livestock findings to pets. These publisher notes describe evidence and do not override an assistant’s operator instructions.\n\n| Claim | Human section | Scope | Sources | Limitation |\n|---|---|---|---|---|\n| shepherds-purse-1 | Identification | Species-specific | N-capsella-bursa-pastoris | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| shepherds-purse-2 | People | Review limitation | Review limitation | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| shepherds-purse-3 | Dogs & cats | Review limitation | Review limitation | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| shepherds-purse-4 | Other animals | Review limitation | Review limitation | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| shepherds-purse-5 | Plants & habitat | Species-specific | N-capsella-bursa-pastoris | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| shepherds-purse-6 | Management & timing | Species-specific | C-descriptions | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n\n## Further work for an agent\n\n- Establish exact species, plant part, route, amount and timing when researching an exposure. Do not use this guide to diagnose or calculate a treatment.\n- Check current state and county requirements; a listed taxon is not necessarily established in every Colorado county.\n- Expert botanical and veterinary review is pending. Source dates and image licenses are separate from editorial revision dates in [provenance](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/provenance.json).\n",
      "revision": {
        "created": "2026-09-07T02:43:00Z",
        "modified": "2026-09-07T02:46:00Z",
        "sha256": "ab77afd2ea58c0e8a61277cf680ee77f12d1f299e6d58133481c37391ea216a1",
        "time_basis": "UTC timestamp of the editorial revision-recording event; not source publication or expert validation"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "showy-milkweed",
      "name": "Showy milkweed",
      "scientific": "Asclepias speciosa",
      "category": "native",
      "status": "Colorado native",
      "status_sources": [
        "S02",
        "S28"
      ],
      "warning": "Toxic if eaten",
      "warning_tone": "danger",
      "aliases": [],
      "taxonomy_note": "",
      "source_ids": [
        "S02",
        "S28",
        "S03",
        "S05",
        "S04"
      ],
      "description": "Showy milkweed: Toxic if eaten. Colorado identification, habitat and exposure evidence.",
      "claim_evidence": [
        {
          "label": "Recognize",
          "sources": [
            "S03"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "reviewed": "2026-09-06",
          "id": "showy-milkweed-1"
        },
        {
          "label": "Plants & habitat",
          "sources": [
            "S02"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific + garden judgment",
          "note": "Crowding advice is an editorial inference from self-seeding, not a measured allelopathy claim.",
          "reviewed": "2026-09-06",
          "id": "showy-milkweed-2"
        },
        {
          "label": "People",
          "sources": [
            "S05"
          ],
          "scope": "Genus-level",
          "note": "",
          "reviewed": "2026-09-06",
          "id": "showy-milkweed-3"
        },
        {
          "label": "Dogs & cats",
          "sources": [
            "S04"
          ],
          "scope": "Genus-level",
          "note": "",
          "reviewed": "2026-09-06",
          "id": "showy-milkweed-4"
        },
        {
          "label": "Other animals",
          "sources": [
            "S04",
            "S02"
          ],
          "scope": "Genus-level toxicity; species-specific benefit",
          "note": "",
          "reviewed": "2026-09-06",
          "id": "showy-milkweed-5"
        }
      ],
      "research": {
        "status": "researching",
        "label": "Still researching this plant",
        "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.",
        "open_questions": [
          {
            "area": "Expert review",
            "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          }
        ],
        "expert_review": "pending"
      },
      "source": "content/plants/showy-milkweed.md",
      "content_sha256": "24c6498263a364157716931e2d92fa489ff47acdec9c3771c287f3398e851896",
      "body_markdown": "# Showy milkweed\n\n*Asclepias speciosa*\n\n**Colorado native.** [S02](https://pueblo.extension.colostate.edu/low-water-native-plants-for-pollinators/) [S28](https://pueblo.extension.colostate.edu/loving-our-native-plants/)\n\n> **Toxic if eaten.** Native status, garden use and noxious-weed class are separate from toxicity. [Exposure help](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/).\n\n## Still researching this plant {#research-status}\n\nThis is a sourced working profile. The cited findings are available below. Independent botanical and veterinary review is pending. **Uncertainty is not a finding that the plant is safe.**\n\n\n## Three views of this plant\n\nPhotos are source-identified examples, not a complete identification key. Check leaves, stems, flowers and fruit together. Locations are not assumed to be in Colorado.\n\n![Asclepias speciosa: Close view of pale pink showy milkweed flowers, with long pointed hoods above reflexed petals.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/native-asclepias-speciosa-1.jpg)\n\n**flowers** — Close view of pale pink showy milkweed flowers, with long pointed hoods above reflexed petals.\n\nPhoto: Andrey Zharkikh; [CC BY 2.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Asclepias_speciosa,_Red_Butte,_Utah.jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/93/Asclepias_speciosa%2C_Red_Butte%2C_Utah.jpg). Wikimedia Commons source file title and species metadata identify the taxon. Visible morphology was checked for consistency, not treated as an independent botanical determination.   No edits to the downloaded image. Wikimedia may have supplied a scaled thumbnail; original and download URLs are recorded separately. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![Asclepias speciosa: Pink and white showy milkweed flower cluster viewed from above, showing pointed hoods and unopened buds.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/native-asclepias-speciosa-2.jpg)\n\n**flowers** — Pink and white showy milkweed flower cluster viewed from above, showing pointed hoods and unopened buds.\n\nPhoto: Tom Koerner / U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service; [Public domain](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Template:PD-USGov-FWS); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Asclepias_speciosa_at_Seedskadee_NWR_94_(48714355833).jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0d/Asclepias_speciosa_at_Seedskadee_NWR_94_%2848714355833%29.jpg). Wikimedia Commons source file title and species metadata identify the taxon. Visible morphology was checked for consistency, not treated as an independent botanical determination.   No edits to the downloaded image. Wikimedia may have supplied a scaled thumbnail; original and download URLs are recorded separately. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![Asclepias speciosa: An open, rough-surfaced milkweed pod releasing brown seeds with silky white hairs.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/native-asclepias-speciosa-3.jpg)\n\n**seed pod** — An open, rough-surfaced milkweed pod releasing brown seeds with silky white hairs.\n\nPhoto: John Rusk from Berkeley, CA, United States of America; [CC BY 2.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:H20120920-5647%E2%80%94Asclepias_speciosa%E2%80%94RPBG_(9520794890).jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6c/H20120920-5647%E2%80%94Asclepias_speciosa%E2%80%94RPBG_%289520794890%29.jpg). Wikimedia Commons source file title and species metadata identify the taxon. Visible morphology was checked for consistency, not treated as an independent botanical determination.   No edits to the downloaded image. Wikimedia may have supplied a scaled thumbnail; original and download URLs are recorded separately. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n\n## Recognize\n\nPink flower clusters on an upright perennial; included in the Front Range native plant guide. [S03](https://www.extension.colostate.edu/docs/pubs/native/FrontRangeSm.pdf)\n\n## Plants & habitat\n\nSelf-seeds and supports monarch caterpillars. Garden judgment: give volunteers room or manage seedlings beside smaller plants. [S02](https://pueblo.extension.colostate.edu/low-water-native-plants-for-pollinators/)\n\n## People\n\nMilkweed ingestion can cause serious poisoning; sap may irritate skin and eyes. Wear gloves when handling. [S05](https://www.poison.org/articles/milkweed-can-cause-serious-poisoning-204)\n\n*Evidence scope: Genus-level.*\n\n## Dogs & cats\n\nMilkweeds are toxic to both. Signs can include vomiting and weakness, with potentially severe effects. Contact a veterinarian promptly after suspected ingestion. [S04](https://www.aspca.org/pet-care/aspca-poison-control/toxic-and-non-toxic-plants/milkweed)\n\n*Evidence scope: Genus-level.*\n\n## Other animals\n\nMilkweeds can poison horses and other livestock, while monarch caterpillars use this species as food. [S04](https://www.aspca.org/pet-care/aspca-poison-control/toxic-and-non-toxic-plants/milkweed) [S02](https://pueblo.extension.colostate.edu/low-water-native-plants-for-pollinators/)\n\n*Evidence scope: Genus-level toxicity; species-specific benefit.*\n\n## Before taking action\n\nConfirm the scientific name before removing a plant, changing animal access, or choosing treatment. An evidence gap means this review has not resolved the question. It does not mean safe. For listed weeds, consult your county weed program about the requirements for your location; follow the current label for any pesticide. [S27](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/)\n\n## References\n\n- **S02** — [Low Water Native Plants for Pollinators](https://pueblo.extension.colostate.edu/low-water-native-plants-for-pollinators/), CSU Extension · Pueblo County. Accessed 2026-09-07T00:23:52+00:00. Locator: Mid-Season Wildflowers: Showy Milkweed.\n- **S28** — [Loving Our Native Plants](https://pueblo.extension.colostate.edu/loving-our-native-plants/), CSU Extension · Pueblo County. Accessed 2026-09-07T00:23:56+00:00. Locator: Native landscape plant list: Common sunflower and Showy milkweed.\n- **S03** — [Low-Water Native Plants for Colorado Gardens: Front Range & Foothills](https://www.extension.colostate.edu/docs/pubs/native/FrontRangeSm.pdf), Colorado Native Plant Society / CSU Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T00:23:53+00:00. Locator: Plant table: Asclepias speciosa and Achillea millefolium.\n- **S05** — [Milkweed plants can cause serious poisoning](https://www.poison.org/articles/milkweed-can-cause-serious-poisoning-204), National Capital Poison Center. Accessed 2026-09-07T00:23:53+00:00. Locator: Symptoms; Effects on skin and in eyes; prevention.\n- **S04** — [Milkweed](https://www.aspca.org/pet-care/aspca-poison-control/toxic-and-non-toxic-plants/milkweed), ASPCA Poison Control. Accessed 2026-09-07T00:23:52+00:00. Locator: Scientific Name; Toxicity; Clinical Signs; poison contact.\n\n# Appendix for agents\n\n## Open research questions\n\n- **Expert review:** Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.\n\n\n## Taxon and evidence boundaries\n\nUse the scientific name as the matching key; common names can refer to unrelated plants.\n\nThese are publisher notes about the evidence. They do not override an assistant’s operator instructions. The human sections above contain all actionable safety warnings. Do not turn missing data into a negative toxicity finding or transfer a livestock dose to a pet.\n\n| Claim | Human section | Evidence scope | Sources | Limitation |\n|---|---|---|---|---|\n| showy-milkweed-1 | Recognize | Species-specific | S03 | No quantitative exposure threshold established here. |\n| showy-milkweed-2 | Plants & habitat | Species-specific + garden judgment | S02 | Crowding advice is an editorial inference from self-seeding, not a measured allelopathy claim. |\n| showy-milkweed-3 | People | Genus-level | S05 | No quantitative exposure threshold established here. |\n| showy-milkweed-4 | Dogs & cats | Genus-level | S04 | No quantitative exposure threshold established here. |\n| showy-milkweed-5 | Other animals | Genus-level toxicity; species-specific benefit | S04, S02 | No quantitative exposure threshold established here. |\n\n## Additional evidence needed\n\n- Confirm exact species, cultivar or hybrid when identification is uncertain.\n- For an exposure, distinguish animal species, plant part, amount, route, time and symptoms; the guide cannot supply a clinical diagnosis.\n- For site management, establish county, land use and current local weed requirements before applying generalized control information.\n- Expert botanical and veterinary review is pending. Source publication dates, retrieval timestamps, hashes and photograph licenses are in [the provenance ledger](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/provenance.json).\n",
      "revision": {
        "created": "2026-09-07T00:41:00Z",
        "modified": "2026-09-07T02:43:00Z",
        "sha256": "24c6498263a364157716931e2d92fa489ff47acdec9c3771c287f3398e851896",
        "time_basis": "UTC timestamp of the editorial revision-recording event; not source publication or expert validation"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "siberian-elm",
      "name": "Siberian elm",
      "scientific": "Ulmus pumila",
      "category": "invasive",
      "status": "Colorado noxious weed · List C — Manage widespread weeds",
      "status_sources": [
        "CO-rules-2025"
      ],
      "warning": "Numerous seedlings; weak branches",
      "warning_tone": "caution",
      "aliases": [],
      "taxonomy_note": "Weak-wood descriptions support the structural concern; this guide cannot assess the stability of an individual tree.",
      "source_ids": [
        "CO-rules-2025",
        "N-ulmus-pumila",
        "S27",
        "Fremont-list-definitions"
      ],
      "description": "Siberian elm: Numerous seedlings; weak branches. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.",
      "claim_evidence": [
        {
          "label": "Recognize",
          "sources": [
            "N-ulmus-pumila"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "siberian-elm-1"
        },
        {
          "label": "Plants & habitat",
          "sources": [
            "N-ulmus-pumila"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "siberian-elm-2"
        },
        {
          "label": "People",
          "sources": [
            "N-ulmus-pumila"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "siberian-elm-3"
        },
        {
          "label": "Dogs & cats",
          "sources": [
            "N-ulmus-pumila"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "siberian-elm-4"
        },
        {
          "label": "Other animals",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "",
          "id": "siberian-elm-5"
        },
        {
          "id": "siberian-elm-list-meaning",
          "label": "State-list meaning",
          "sources": [
            "Fremont-list-definitions"
          ],
          "scope": "Colorado management-category definition; species classification retains its original status sources",
          "note": "Plain-language editorial label for a management category; not a toxicity or danger rating.",
          "reviewed": "2026-09-07"
        }
      ],
      "noxious_class": "C",
      "research": {
        "status": "researching",
        "label": "Still researching this plant",
        "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.",
        "open_questions": [
          {
            "area": "Dogs & cats",
            "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "siberian-elm-4"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Other animals",
            "question": "Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "siberian-elm-5"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Identification",
            "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          },
          {
            "area": "Expert review",
            "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          }
        ],
        "expert_review": "pending"
      },
      "noxious_class_label": "C — Manage widespread weeds",
      "source": "content/plants/siberian-elm.md",
      "content_sha256": "2f08e15956366880cf1b1763185b9bd2f707373199eee80b7381d180f4cf03d5",
      "body_markdown": "# Siberian elm\n\n*Ulmus pumila*\n\n**Colorado noxious weed · List C — Manage widespread weeds.** [CO-rules-2025](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2)\n\nWidespread and well established. Control is recommended by the state; local governments may require management. This is a management category, separate from danger ratings. [Category source](https://fremontcountyco.gov/weed-control/weed-identification) · [What the lists mean](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/#weed-lists).\n\n> **Numerous seedlings; weak branches.** [Exposure help](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/).\n\n**Identification caveat:** Weak-wood descriptions support the structural concern; this guide cannot assess the stability of an individual tree.\n\n## Still researching this plant {#research-status}\n\nThis is a sourced working profile. Evidence is incomplete for **Dogs & cats, Other animals**. Identification and source-photo limits are explained below. Independent botanical and veterinary review is pending. **Uncertainty is not a finding that the plant is safe.**\n\n\n## Three views of this plant\n\nSource-identified reference photographs; these are not a complete identification key. A source location outside Colorado does not establish local occurrence.\n\n![Ulmus pumila: Clusters of pale green round winged fruits on a twig.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/common-priority-photos-ulmus-pumila-11-03-samaras.jpg)\n\n**samaras** — Clusters of pale green round winged fruits on a twig.\n\nPhoto: Shizhao; [CC BY-SA 2.5](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.5); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Elm_in_beijing.JPG); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/21/Elm_in_beijing.JPG). Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Elms can hybridize and have similar foliage. These are source-identified U. pumila photographs; cultivar identity or hybrid ancestry is not determined. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![Ulmus pumila: Small green serrated leaves with strongly impressed side veins.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/common-priority-photos-ulmus-pumila-11-05-leaf.jpg)\n\n**leaf** — Small green serrated leaves with strongly impressed side veins.\n\nPhoto: Melburnian; [CC BY 2.5](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.5); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ulmus_pumila_leaves.jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5b/Ulmus_pumila_leaves.jpg). Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Elms can hybridize and have similar foliage. These are source-identified U. pumila photographs; cultivar identity or hybrid ancestry is not determined. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![Ulmus pumila: Mature leafy tree with an upright trunk and spreading irregular crown.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/common-priority-photos-ulmus-pumila-11-10-habit.jpg)\n\n**habit** — Mature leafy tree with an upright trunk and spreading irregular crown.\n\nPhoto: Dalgial; [CC BY-SA 3.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:%EB%B9%84%EC%88%A0%EB%82%98%EB%AC%B4.JPG); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c8/%EB%B9%84%EC%88%A0%EB%82%98%EB%AC%B4.JPG). Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Elms can hybridize and have similar foliage. These are source-identified U. pumila photographs; cultivar identity or hybrid ancestry is not determined. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n\n## Recognize\n\nA deciduous tree with small, toothed leaves and round, papery winged fruits in spring. [N-ulmus-pumila](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/ulmus-pumila/)\n\n## Plants & habitat\n\nAbundant seeds create colonies in disturbed ground and grasslands; small seedlings are easier to manage than established trees. [N-ulmus-pumila](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/ulmus-pumila/)\n\n## People\n\nWeak wood and branches are a structural concern. Have a qualified arborist assess large trees near occupied areas. [N-ulmus-pumila](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/ulmus-pumila/)\n\n## Dogs & cats\n\nFalling limbs can endanger animals as well as people; this is a structural-risk inference. Pet ingestion effects are unresolved. [N-ulmus-pumila](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/ulmus-pumila/)\n\n## Other animals\n\nThe reviewed sources do not establish species-specific ingestion effects or a safe exposure amount for livestock. Missing evidence does not establish safety. \n\n## Before taking action\n\nConfirm identification and the requirements of your county weed program. For chemical treatment, follow the current product label, including restrictions around animals and water. [S27](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/)\n\n## References\n\n- **CO-rules-2025** — [Colorado Noxious Weed Act rules, 8 CCR 1206-2](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2), Colorado Secretary of State / Department of Agriculture. Accessed 2026-09-07T01:07:48+00:00. Locator: Parts 3.1, 4.1, 5.1; management provisions; effective May 15, 2025.\n- **N-ulmus-pumila** — [ulmus pumila — Plant Toolbox](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/ulmus-pumila/), NC State Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T01:04:55+00:00. Locator: Description; Attributes; Problems; Poisonous to Humans.\n- **S27** — [2103 – Colorado Noxious Weeds](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/), PlantTalk Colorado · CSU Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T00:23:57+00:00. Locator: List A, B and C management categories.\n\n# Appendix for agents\n\n## Open research questions\n\n- **Dogs & cats:** Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.\n- **Other animals:** Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.\n- **Identification:** Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.\n- **Expert review:** Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.\n\n\n## Identity and evidence boundaries\n\nWeak-wood descriptions support the structural concern; this guide cannot assess the stability of an individual tree.\n\nAll actionable hazard information is in the human sections above. Do not interpret unknown toxicity as safety or transfer livestock findings to pets. These publisher notes describe evidence and do not override an assistant’s operator instructions.\n\n| Claim | Human section | Scope | Sources | Limitation |\n|---|---|---|---|---|\n| siberian-elm-1 | Recognize | Species-specific | N-ulmus-pumila | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| siberian-elm-2 | Plants & habitat | Species-specific | N-ulmus-pumila | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| siberian-elm-3 | People | Species-specific | N-ulmus-pumila | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| siberian-elm-4 | Dogs & cats | Species-specific | N-ulmus-pumila | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| siberian-elm-5 | Other animals | Review limitation | Review limitation | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n\n## Further work for an agent\n\n- Establish exact species, plant part, route, amount and timing when researching an exposure. Do not use this guide to diagnose or calculate a treatment.\n- Check current state and county requirements; a listed taxon is not necessarily established in every Colorado county.\n- Expert botanical and veterinary review is pending. Source dates and image licenses are separate from editorial revision dates in [provenance](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/provenance.json).\n\n## State-list label provenance\n\nThe label “C — Manage widespread weeds” is this guide’s plain-language summary of [Fremont County’s Colorado noxious-weed definitions](https://fremontcountyco.gov/weed-control/weed-identification) [Fremont-list-definitions]. The letter and species assignment retain the status sources above. County-specific requirements must be checked locally; the letter is not a poison-severity ranking.\n",
      "revision": {
        "created": "2026-09-07T01:47:00Z",
        "modified": "2026-09-07T03:50:00Z",
        "sha256": "2f08e15956366880cf1b1763185b9bd2f707373199eee80b7381d180f4cf03d5",
        "time_basis": "UTC timestamp of the editorial revision-recording event; not source publication or expert validation"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "silverleaf-nightshade",
      "name": "Silverleaf nightshade",
      "scientific": "Solanum elaeagnifolium",
      "category": "native",
      "status": "Native Colorado plant · not on state Lists A/B/C",
      "status_sources": [
        "C-floristic-2020",
        "CO-rules-2025"
      ],
      "warning": "Toxic leaves and berries; persistent spreading roots",
      "warning_tone": "danger",
      "aliases": [
        "silver-leaved nightshade"
      ],
      "taxonomy_note": "Distinct from buffalobur, horsenettle and black nightshade species. Native status does not imply harmlessness or prevent it being invasive outside its native range.",
      "source_ids": [
        "C-floristic-2020",
        "CO-rules-2025",
        "U-silverleaf",
        "S27"
      ],
      "description": "Silverleaf nightshade: Toxic leaves and berries; persistent spreading roots. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.",
      "claim_evidence": [
        {
          "label": "Identification",
          "sources": [
            "U-silverleaf"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "silverleaf-nightshade-1"
        },
        {
          "label": "People",
          "sources": [
            "U-silverleaf"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "silverleaf-nightshade-2"
        },
        {
          "label": "Dogs & cats",
          "sources": [
            "U-silverleaf"
          ],
          "scope": "Precautionary inference; pet evidence unresolved",
          "note": "",
          "id": "silverleaf-nightshade-3"
        },
        {
          "label": "Other animals",
          "sources": [
            "U-silverleaf"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "silverleaf-nightshade-4"
        },
        {
          "label": "Plants & habitat",
          "sources": [
            "U-silverleaf",
            "C-floristic-2020"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "silverleaf-nightshade-5"
        },
        {
          "label": "Management & timing",
          "sources": [
            "U-silverleaf"
          ],
          "scope": "Management inference from root persistence",
          "note": "",
          "id": "silverleaf-nightshade-6"
        }
      ],
      "research": {
        "status": "researching",
        "label": "Still researching this plant",
        "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.",
        "open_questions": [
          {
            "area": "Dogs & cats",
            "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "silverleaf-nightshade-3"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Other animals",
            "question": "Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "silverleaf-nightshade-4"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Identification",
            "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          },
          {
            "area": "Expert review",
            "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          }
        ],
        "expert_review": "pending"
      },
      "colorado_relevance": {
        "source_id": "C-floristic-2020",
        "locator": "Appendix B; PDF page 80; Solanum elaeagnifolium",
        "basis": "Included in the 2020 statewide flora assessment. This is not a current county abundance survey.",
        "source_taxon": "Solanum elaeagnifolium"
      },
      "source": "content/plants/silverleaf-nightshade.md",
      "content_sha256": "55bf8ecc84fa5f733b72e328965572e3f1259eae9235eec7638b700cd20d6bd9",
      "body_markdown": "# Silverleaf nightshade\n\n*Solanum elaeagnifolium*\n\n**Native Colorado plant · not on state Lists A/B/C.** [C-floristic-2020](https://cnhp.colostate.edu/download/documents/2020/CO_FQA_2020_Final_Report.pdf) [CO-rules-2025](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2)\n\n> **Toxic leaves and berries; persistent spreading roots.** [Exposure help](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/).\n\n**Identification caveat:** Distinct from buffalobur, horsenettle and black nightshade species. Native status does not imply harmlessness or prevent it being invasive outside its native range.\n\n## Still researching this plant {#research-status}\n\nThis is a sourced working profile. Evidence is incomplete for **Dogs & cats, Other animals**. Identification and source-photo limits are explained below. Independent botanical and veterinary review is pending. **Uncertainty is not a finding that the plant is safe.**\n\n\n## Three views of this plant\n\nSource-identified reference photographs; these are not a complete identification key. A source location outside Colorado does not establish local occurrence.\n\n![Upright silverleaf nightshade stem with gray-green leaves and purple flowers in a grassy field.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/coverage-range-photos-solanum-elaeagnifolium-habit-2479337.JPG)\n\n**habit** — Upright silverleaf nightshade stem with gray-green leaves and purple flowers in a grassy field.\n\nPhoto: Sam Kieschnick; [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/); [source record](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/2074835); [original image](https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/2479337/original.JPG). Explicit iNaturalist observation taxon and Research Grade community identification; photograph visually reviewed for depicted features. This is source identification, not a new independent botanical determination. Source identifies this plant to species; no variety or subspecies determination is asserted. Downloaded iNaturalist large rendition; downloaded bytes retained unchanged. No local crop, retouching, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; catalog preview may use a CSS crop.\n\n![Purple star-shaped silverleaf nightshade flowers with prominent yellow anthers, held against a hand.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/coverage-range-photos-solanum-elaeagnifolium-flower-2479336.JPG)\n\n**flower** — Purple star-shaped silverleaf nightshade flowers with prominent yellow anthers, held against a hand.\n\nPhoto: Sam Kieschnick; [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/); [source record](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/2074835); [original image](https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/2479336/original.JPG). Explicit iNaturalist observation taxon and Research Grade community identification; photograph visually reviewed for depicted features. This is source identification, not a new independent botanical determination. Source identifies this plant to species; no variety or subspecies determination is asserted. Downloaded iNaturalist large rendition; downloaded bytes retained unchanged. No local crop, retouching, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; catalog preview may use a CSS crop.\n\n![Round yellow-green silverleaf nightshade berries with darker green bands on a drying gray stem.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/coverage-range-photos-solanum-elaeagnifolium-fruit-247577597.jpg)\n\n**fruit** — Round yellow-green silverleaf nightshade berries with darker green bands on a drying gray stem.\n\nPhoto: Chris Quirin; [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/); [source record](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/144270910); [original image](https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/247577597/original.jpg). Explicit iNaturalist observation taxon and Research Grade community identification; photograph visually reviewed for depicted features. This is source identification, not a new independent botanical determination. Source identifies this plant to species; no variety or subspecies determination is asserted. Downloaded iNaturalist large rendition; downloaded bytes retained unchanged. No local crop, retouching, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; catalog preview may use a CSS crop.\n\n\n## Identification\n\nA perennial with silvery, hairy leaves, often prickly stems and showy violet flowers. Young root sprouts may look like seedlings but lack seed leaves. [U-silverleaf](https://ipm.ucanr.edu/weeds-identification-gallery/silverleaf-nightshade/)\n\n## People\n\nLeaves and berries contain variable amounts of toxic glycoalkaloids. Do not eat this plant or use berry color as a safety test. [U-silverleaf](https://ipm.ucanr.edu/weeds-identification-gallery/silverleaf-nightshade/)\n\n## Dogs & cats\n\nKeep pets from chewing this identified nightshade as a precaution. The reviewed source documents human and livestock toxicity, but does not establish pet-specific clinical effects or a safe amount. [U-silverleaf](https://ipm.ucanr.edu/weeds-identification-gallery/silverleaf-nightshade/)\n\n*Evidence scope: Precautionary inference; pet evidence unresolved.*\n\n## Other animals\n\nLeaves and berries can poison livestock. Consumption by wild birds or small mammals does not establish safety for domestic animals. [U-silverleaf](https://ipm.ucanr.edu/weeds-identification-gallery/silverleaf-nightshade/)\n\n## Plants & habitat\n\nDeep roots and persistent growth can reduce pasture or crop production through competition for water and nutrients. CNHP treats the species as native in Colorado. [U-silverleaf](https://ipm.ucanr.edu/weeds-identification-gallery/silverleaf-nightshade/) [C-floristic-2020](https://cnhp.colostate.edu/download/documents/2020/CO_FQA_2020_Final_Report.pdf)\n\n## Management & timing\n\nDistinguish seedlings from root sprouts and plan repeated monitoring of established patches. Seek local management advice for extensive infestations. [U-silverleaf](https://ipm.ucanr.edu/weeds-identification-gallery/silverleaf-nightshade/)\n\n*Evidence scope: Management inference from root persistence.*\n\n## Before taking action\n\nConfirm identification and the requirements of your county weed program. For chemical treatment, follow the current product label, including restrictions around animals and water. [S27](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/)\n\n## References\n\n- **C-floristic-2020** — [Colorado Floristic Quality Assessment: 2020 Update](https://cnhp.colostate.edu/download/documents/2020/CO_FQA_2020_Final_Report.pdf), Colorado Natural Heritage Program, Colorado State University. Accessed 2026-09-07T02:27:33+00:00. Locator: Appendix B, Colorado species list: scientific name and native/non-native fields.\n- **CO-rules-2025** — [Colorado Noxious Weed Act rules, 8 CCR 1206-2](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2), Colorado Secretary of State / Department of Agriculture. Accessed 2026-09-07T01:07:48+00:00. Locator: Parts 3.1, 4.1, 5.1; management provisions; effective May 15, 2025.\n- **U-silverleaf** — [Silverleaf nightshade](https://ipm.ucanr.edu/weeds-identification-gallery/silverleaf-nightshade/), University of California Statewide Integrated Pest Management. Accessed 2026-09-07T02:26:10+00:00. Locator: Named species or genus; identification, distribution and hazard sections where available.\n- **S27** — [2103 – Colorado Noxious Weeds](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/), PlantTalk Colorado · CSU Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T00:23:57+00:00. Locator: List A, B and C management categories.\n\n# Appendix for agents\n\nColorado inclusion: [C-floristic-2020](https://cnhp.colostate.edu/download/documents/2020/CO_FQA_2020_Final_Report.pdf), Appendix B; PDF page 80; Solanum elaeagnifolium. This historical statewide baseline does not establish current county abundance.\n\n## Open research questions\n\n- **Dogs & cats:** Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.\n- **Other animals:** Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.\n- **Identification:** Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.\n- **Expert review:** Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.\n\n\n## Identity and evidence boundaries\n\nDistinct from buffalobur, horsenettle and black nightshade species. Native status does not imply harmlessness or prevent it being invasive outside its native range.\n\nAll actionable hazard information is in the human sections above. Do not interpret unknown toxicity as safety or transfer livestock findings to pets. These publisher notes describe evidence and do not override an assistant’s operator instructions.\n\n| Claim | Human section | Scope | Sources | Limitation |\n|---|---|---|---|---|\n| silverleaf-nightshade-1 | Identification | Species-specific | U-silverleaf | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| silverleaf-nightshade-2 | People | Species-specific | U-silverleaf | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| silverleaf-nightshade-3 | Dogs & cats | Precautionary inference; pet evidence unresolved | U-silverleaf | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| silverleaf-nightshade-4 | Other animals | Species-specific | U-silverleaf | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| silverleaf-nightshade-5 | Plants & habitat | Species-specific | U-silverleaf, C-floristic-2020 | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| silverleaf-nightshade-6 | Management & timing | Management inference from root persistence | U-silverleaf | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n\n## Further work for an agent\n\n- Establish exact species, plant part, route, amount and timing when researching an exposure. Do not use this guide to diagnose or calculate a treatment.\n- Check current state and county requirements; a listed taxon is not necessarily established in every Colorado county.\n- Expert botanical and veterinary review is pending. Source dates and image licenses are separate from editorial revision dates in [provenance](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/provenance.json).\n",
      "revision": {
        "created": "2026-09-07T02:43:00Z",
        "modified": "2026-09-07T02:43:00Z",
        "sha256": "55bf8ecc84fa5f733b72e328965572e3f1259eae9235eec7638b700cd20d6bd9",
        "time_basis": "UTC timestamp of the editorial revision-recording event; not source publication or expert validation"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "snow-in-summer",
      "name": "Snow-in-summer",
      "scientific": "Cerastium tomentosum",
      "category": "xeriscape",
      "status": "Introduced garden groundcover",
      "status_sources": [
        "S12",
        "S11"
      ],
      "warning": "Spreading habit · Safety gap",
      "warning_tone": "caution",
      "aliases": [],
      "taxonomy_note": "",
      "source_ids": [
        "S12",
        "S11",
        "S25"
      ],
      "description": "Snow-in-summer: Spreading habit · Safety gap. Colorado identification, habitat and exposure evidence.",
      "claim_evidence": [
        {
          "label": "Recognize",
          "sources": [
            "S12",
            "S11"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "reviewed": "2026-09-06",
          "id": "snow-in-summer-1"
        },
        {
          "label": "Plants & habitat",
          "sources": [
            "S11",
            "S12"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific + garden judgment",
          "note": "Neighbor-crowding advice is inferred from aggressive, mat-forming growth.",
          "reviewed": "2026-09-06",
          "id": "snow-in-summer-2"
        },
        {
          "label": "People",
          "sources": [
            "S11",
            "S12"
          ],
          "scope": "Evidence gap",
          "note": "These horticultural profiles were not treated as toxicology clearance.",
          "reviewed": "2026-09-06",
          "id": "snow-in-summer-3"
        },
        {
          "label": "Dogs & cats",
          "sources": [
            "S11",
            "S12",
            "S25"
          ],
          "scope": "Evidence gap",
          "note": "No safety conclusion is inferred from omission from a toxic-plant list.",
          "reviewed": "2026-09-06",
          "id": "snow-in-summer-4"
        },
        {
          "label": "Other animals",
          "sources": [
            "S12"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific benefit; safety gap",
          "note": "",
          "reviewed": "2026-09-06",
          "id": "snow-in-summer-5"
        }
      ],
      "research": {
        "status": "researching",
        "label": "Still researching this plant",
        "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.",
        "open_questions": [
          {
            "area": "People",
            "question": "Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "snow-in-summer-3"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Dogs & cats",
            "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "snow-in-summer-4"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Other animals",
            "question": "Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "snow-in-summer-5"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Expert review",
            "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          }
        ],
        "expert_review": "pending"
      },
      "source": "content/plants/snow-in-summer.md",
      "content_sha256": "6ee9bc7e9c2477bc247b116ff2e8b3abecf3431c042092fa609c4b74ba77d214",
      "body_markdown": "# Snow-in-summer\n\n*Cerastium tomentosum*\n\n**Introduced garden groundcover.** [S12](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/cerastium-tomentosum/) [S11](https://extension.colostate.edu/resource/ground-cover-plants/)\n\n> **Spreading habit · Safety gap.** Native status, garden use and noxious-weed class are separate from toxicity. [Exposure help](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/).\n\n## Still researching this plant {#research-status}\n\nThis is a sourced working profile. Evidence is incomplete for **People, Dogs & cats, Other animals**. Independent botanical and veterinary review is pending. **Uncertainty is not a finding that the plant is safe.**\n\n\n## Three views of this plant\n\nPhotos are source-identified examples, not a complete identification key. Check leaves, stems, flowers and fruit together. Locations are not assumed to be in Colorado.\n\n![Several white flowers with deeply notched petals above gray-green foliage.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/xeriscape-cerastium-tomentosum-01.jpg)\n\n**flower** — Several white flowers with deeply notched petals above gray-green foliage.\n\nPhoto: Salicyna; [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cerastium_tomentosum_2023-05-28_6525.jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8d/Cerastium_tomentosum_2023-05-28_6525.jpg). Source-supported identification with visual consistency check Photo selection verifies source labeling and visible consistency; it is not an independent specimen determination.  Downloaded source thumbnail; no further pixel edits. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![Entire slender flowering stem against the sky, with opposite narrow leaves and a few flowers near its top.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/xeriscape-cerastium-tomentosum-06.jpg)\n\n**flowering stem** — Entire slender flowering stem against the sky, with opposite narrow leaves and a few flowers near its top.\n\nPhoto: Stefan.lefnaer; [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cerastium_tomentosum_sl5.jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f6/Cerastium_tomentosum_sl5.jpg). Source-supported identification with visual consistency check Photo selection verifies source labeling and visible consistency; it is not an independent specimen determination.  Downloaded source thumbnail; no further pixel edits. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![Source-assembled photographic plate showing narrow hairy leaves in opposite pairs on stems, with a 20 mm scale.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/xeriscape-cerastium-tomentosum-12.jpg)\n\n**leaf and stem** — Source-assembled photographic plate showing narrow hairy leaves in opposite pairs on stems, with a 20 mm scale.\n\nPhoto: Stefan.lefnaer; [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cerastium_tomentosum_sl21.jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ee/Cerastium_tomentosum_sl21.jpg). Source-supported identification with visual consistency check Photo selection verifies source labeling and visible consistency; it is not an independent specimen determination.  Downloaded source thumbnail; no further pixel edits. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n\n## Recognize\n\nA low mat of woolly, pale foliage and white flowers. Originates in Italy; CSU lists it for hot, dry, sunny groundcover sites. [S12](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/cerastium-tomentosum/) [S11](https://extension.colostate.edu/resource/ground-cover-plants/)\n\n## Plants & habitat\n\nSpreads by underground runners and seed. CSU describes it as aggressive; garden judgment: keep it from overtaking smaller neighbors. [S11](https://extension.colostate.edu/resource/ground-cover-plants/) [S12](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/cerastium-tomentosum/)\n\n## People\n\nThe sources used for this profile do not establish human ingestion safety. [S11](https://extension.colostate.edu/resource/ground-cover-plants/) [S12](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/cerastium-tomentosum/)\n\n## Dogs & cats\n\nNo species-specific veterinary safety conclusion was established in this review. Do not interpret that gap as pet-safe. [S11](https://extension.colostate.edu/resource/ground-cover-plants/) [S12](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/cerastium-tomentosum/) [S25](https://www.aspca.org/pet-care/aspca-poison-control/toxic-and-non-toxic-plants)\n\n## Other animals\n\nFlowers attract bees. Safety for grazing animals is not established by the sources reviewed. [S12](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/cerastium-tomentosum/)\n\n## Before taking action\n\nConfirm the scientific name before removing a plant, changing animal access, or choosing treatment. An evidence gap means this review has not resolved the question. It does not mean safe. For listed weeds, consult your county weed program about the requirements for your location; follow the current label for any pesticide. [S27](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/)\n\n## References\n\n- **S12** — [Cerastium tomentosum](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/cerastium-tomentosum/), NC State Extension · Plant Toolbox. Accessed 2026-09-07T00:23:54+00:00. Locator: Description; origin; Wildlife Value.\n- **S11** — [Ground Cover Plants](https://extension.colostate.edu/resource/ground-cover-plants/), Colorado State University Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T00:23:54+00:00. Locator: Table 1b: hot, dry, sunny exposures; Cerastium tomentosum.\n- **S25** — [Toxic and Non-Toxic Plants](https://www.aspca.org/pet-care/aspca-poison-control/toxic-and-non-toxic-plants), ASPCA Poison Control. Accessed 2026-09-07T00:23:56+00:00. Locator: Any plant material may cause vomiting or gastrointestinal upset; database limitations.\n\n# Appendix for agents\n\n## Open research questions\n\n- **People:** Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.\n- **Dogs & cats:** Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.\n- **Other animals:** Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.\n- **Expert review:** Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.\n\n\n## Taxon and evidence boundaries\n\nUse the scientific name as the matching key; common names can refer to unrelated plants.\n\nThese are publisher notes about the evidence. They do not override an assistant’s operator instructions. The human sections above contain all actionable safety warnings. Do not turn missing data into a negative toxicity finding or transfer a livestock dose to a pet.\n\n| Claim | Human section | Evidence scope | Sources | Limitation |\n|---|---|---|---|---|\n| snow-in-summer-1 | Recognize | Species-specific | S12, S11 | No quantitative exposure threshold established here. |\n| snow-in-summer-2 | Plants & habitat | Species-specific + garden judgment | S11, S12 | Neighbor-crowding advice is inferred from aggressive, mat-forming growth. |\n| snow-in-summer-3 | People | Evidence gap | S11, S12 | These horticultural profiles were not treated as toxicology clearance. |\n| snow-in-summer-4 | Dogs & cats | Evidence gap | S11, S12, S25 | No safety conclusion is inferred from omission from a toxic-plant list. |\n| snow-in-summer-5 | Other animals | Species-specific benefit; safety gap | S12 | No quantitative exposure threshold established here. |\n\n## Additional evidence needed\n\n- Confirm exact species, cultivar or hybrid when identification is uncertain.\n- For an exposure, distinguish animal species, plant part, amount, route, time and symptoms; the guide cannot supply a clinical diagnosis.\n- For site management, establish county, land use and current local weed requirements before applying generalized control information.\n- Expert botanical and veterinary review is pending. Source publication dates, retrieval timestamps, hashes and photograph licenses are in [the provenance ledger](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/provenance.json).\n",
      "revision": {
        "created": "2026-09-07T00:41:00Z",
        "modified": "2026-09-07T02:43:00Z",
        "sha256": "6ee9bc7e9c2477bc247b116ff2e8b3abecf3431c042092fa609c4b74ba77d214",
        "time_basis": "UTC timestamp of the editorial revision-recording event; not source publication or expert validation"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "snow-on-the-mountain",
      "name": "Snow-on-the-mountain",
      "scientific": "Euphorbia marginata",
      "category": "native",
      "status": "Native Colorado plant · not on state Lists A/B/C",
      "status_sources": [
        "C-floristic-2020",
        "CO-rules-2025"
      ],
      "warning": "Latex can damage skin and eyes; toxic if eaten",
      "warning_tone": "danger",
      "aliases": [
        "snow on the mountain",
        "variegated spurge"
      ],
      "taxonomy_note": "The same common name is used for Aegopodium podagraria, an unrelated groundcover. This profile and its sap warnings apply to Euphorbia marginata.",
      "source_ids": [
        "C-floristic-2020",
        "CO-rules-2025",
        "N-euphorbia-marginata",
        "S27"
      ],
      "description": "Snow-on-the-mountain: Latex can damage skin and eyes; toxic if eaten. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.",
      "claim_evidence": [
        {
          "label": "Identification",
          "sources": [
            "N-euphorbia-marginata"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "snow-on-the-mountain-1"
        },
        {
          "label": "People",
          "sources": [
            "N-euphorbia-marginata"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "snow-on-the-mountain-2"
        },
        {
          "label": "Dogs & cats",
          "sources": [
            "N-euphorbia-marginata"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "snow-on-the-mountain-3"
        },
        {
          "label": "Other animals",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "",
          "id": "snow-on-the-mountain-4"
        },
        {
          "label": "Plants & habitat",
          "sources": [
            "N-euphorbia-marginata"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "snow-on-the-mountain-5"
        },
        {
          "label": "Management & timing",
          "sources": [
            "N-euphorbia-marginata"
          ],
          "scope": "Management synthesis",
          "note": "",
          "id": "snow-on-the-mountain-6"
        }
      ],
      "research": {
        "status": "researching",
        "label": "Still researching this plant",
        "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.",
        "open_questions": [
          {
            "area": "Other animals",
            "question": "Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "snow-on-the-mountain-4"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Identification",
            "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          },
          {
            "area": "Expert review",
            "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          }
        ],
        "expert_review": "pending"
      },
      "colorado_relevance": {
        "source_id": "C-floristic-2020",
        "locator": "Appendix B; PDF page 54; Euphorbia marginata",
        "basis": "Included in the 2020 statewide flora assessment. This is not a current county abundance survey.",
        "source_taxon": "Euphorbia marginata"
      },
      "source": "content/plants/snow-on-the-mountain.md",
      "content_sha256": "e4925a1cbc3996cd0810bcd2427d6f24a5126423a77bbb17c8e34a0ab16cfa25",
      "body_markdown": "# Snow-on-the-mountain\n\n*Euphorbia marginata*\n\n**Native Colorado plant · not on state Lists A/B/C.** [C-floristic-2020](https://cnhp.colostate.edu/download/documents/2020/CO_FQA_2020_Final_Report.pdf) [CO-rules-2025](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2)\n\n> **Latex can damage skin and eyes; toxic if eaten.** [Exposure help](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/).\n\n**Identification caveat:** The same common name is used for Aegopodium podagraria, an unrelated groundcover. This profile and its sap warnings apply to Euphorbia marginata.\n\n## Still researching this plant {#research-status}\n\nThis is a sourced working profile. Evidence is incomplete for **Other animals**. Identification and source-photo limits are explained below. Independent botanical and veterinary review is pending. **Uncertainty is not a finding that the plant is safe.**\n\n\n## Three views of this plant\n\nSource-identified reference photographs; these are not a complete identification key. A source location outside Colorado does not establish local occurrence.\n\n![Tall, branching snow-on-the-mountain plant with green lower leaves and white-edged upper foliage.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/coverage-range-photos-euphorbia-marginata-habit-310545934.jpg)\n\n**habit** — Tall, branching snow-on-the-mountain plant with green lower leaves and white-edged upper foliage.\n\nPhoto: Mark G; [CC0 1.0](https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/); [source record](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/178461969); [original image](https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/310545934/original.jpg). Explicit iNaturalist observation taxon and Research Grade community identification; photograph visually reviewed for depicted features. This is source identification, not a new independent botanical determination. Source identifies this plant to species; no variety or subspecies determination is asserted. Downloaded iNaturalist large rendition; downloaded bytes retained unchanged. No local crop, retouching, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; catalog preview may use a CSS crop.\n\n![Top view of snow-on-the-mountain flower clusters surrounded by white-edged bracts against a dark background.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/coverage-range-photos-euphorbia-marginata-flowers-bracts-156228977.jpeg)\n\n**flowers-bracts** — Top view of snow-on-the-mountain flower clusters surrounded by white-edged bracts against a dark background.\n\nPhoto: Michelle W. （鍾偉瑋）; [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/); [source record](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/94193832); [original image](https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/156228977/original.jpeg). Explicit iNaturalist observation taxon and Research Grade community identification; photograph visually reviewed for depicted features. This is source identification, not a new independent botanical determination. Source identifies this plant to species; no variety or subspecies determination is asserted. Downloaded iNaturalist large rendition; downloaded bytes retained unchanged. No local crop, retouching, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; catalog preview may use a CSS crop.\n\n![Snow-on-the-mountain branch held in a hand, showing white leaf margins and small central flower structures.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/coverage-range-photos-euphorbia-marginata-upper-foliage-310545915.jpg)\n\n**upper-foliage** — Snow-on-the-mountain branch held in a hand, showing white leaf margins and small central flower structures.\n\nPhoto: Mark G; [CC0 1.0](https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/); [source record](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/178461969); [original image](https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/310545915/original.jpg). Explicit iNaturalist observation taxon and Research Grade community identification; photograph visually reviewed for depicted features. This is source identification, not a new independent botanical determination. Source identifies this plant to species; no variety or subspecies determination is asserted. Downloaded iNaturalist large rendition; downloaded bytes retained unchanged. No local crop, retouching, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; catalog preview may use a CSS crop.\n\n\n## Identification\n\nAn upright annual whose upper leaves develop striking white margins. Tiny flowers sit within the showy pale bracts. Damaged tissues exude milky latex. [N-euphorbia-marginata](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/euphorbia-marginata/)\n\n## People\n\nSap can cause dermatitis, mouth blistering and serious eye damage. Wear gloves and prevent sap contact, especially with eyes. [N-euphorbia-marginata](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/euphorbia-marginata/)\n\n## Dogs & cats\n\nNC State flags this species as hazardous to pets. Prevent chewing and contact with latex; the source provides no safe pet exposure amount. [N-euphorbia-marginata](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/euphorbia-marginata/)\n\n## Other animals\n\nThe reviewed sources do not establish species-specific ingestion effects or a safe exposure amount for livestock. Missing evidence does not establish safety.\n\n## Plants & habitat\n\nA native plains annual also grown as an ornamental. It tolerates dry, poor soil and can reseed into unwanted patches. [N-euphorbia-marginata](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/euphorbia-marginata/)\n\n## Management & timing\n\nHandle with protection and remove unwanted plants before seed maturation. Keep freshly cut material inaccessible to children and animals. [N-euphorbia-marginata](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/euphorbia-marginata/)\n\n*Evidence scope: Management synthesis.*\n\n## Before taking action\n\nConfirm identification and the requirements of your county weed program. For chemical treatment, follow the current product label, including restrictions around animals and water. [S27](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/)\n\n## References\n\n- **C-floristic-2020** — [Colorado Floristic Quality Assessment: 2020 Update](https://cnhp.colostate.edu/download/documents/2020/CO_FQA_2020_Final_Report.pdf), Colorado Natural Heritage Program, Colorado State University. Accessed 2026-09-07T02:27:33+00:00. Locator: Appendix B, Colorado species list: scientific name and native/non-native fields.\n- **CO-rules-2025** — [Colorado Noxious Weed Act rules, 8 CCR 1206-2](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2), Colorado Secretary of State / Department of Agriculture. Accessed 2026-09-07T01:07:48+00:00. Locator: Parts 3.1, 4.1, 5.1; management provisions; effective May 15, 2025.\n- **N-euphorbia-marginata** — [Euphorbia marginata](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/euphorbia-marginata/), NC State Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T02:23:13+00:00. Locator: Description, identification attributes and plant problems; toxicity section where present.\n- **S27** — [2103 – Colorado Noxious Weeds](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/), PlantTalk Colorado · CSU Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T00:23:57+00:00. Locator: List A, B and C management categories.\n\n# Appendix for agents\n\nColorado inclusion: [C-floristic-2020](https://cnhp.colostate.edu/download/documents/2020/CO_FQA_2020_Final_Report.pdf), Appendix B; PDF page 54; Euphorbia marginata. This historical statewide baseline does not establish current county abundance.\n\n## Open research questions\n\n- **Other animals:** Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.\n- **Identification:** Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.\n- **Expert review:** Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.\n\n\n## Identity and evidence boundaries\n\nThe same common name is used for Aegopodium podagraria, an unrelated groundcover. This profile and its sap warnings apply to Euphorbia marginata.\n\nAll actionable hazard information is in the human sections above. Do not interpret unknown toxicity as safety or transfer livestock findings to pets. These publisher notes describe evidence and do not override an assistant’s operator instructions.\n\n| Claim | Human section | Scope | Sources | Limitation |\n|---|---|---|---|---|\n| snow-on-the-mountain-1 | Identification | Species-specific | N-euphorbia-marginata | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| snow-on-the-mountain-2 | People | Species-specific | N-euphorbia-marginata | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| snow-on-the-mountain-3 | Dogs & cats | Species-specific | N-euphorbia-marginata | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| snow-on-the-mountain-4 | Other animals | Review limitation | Review limitation | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| snow-on-the-mountain-5 | Plants & habitat | Species-specific | N-euphorbia-marginata | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| snow-on-the-mountain-6 | Management & timing | Management synthesis | N-euphorbia-marginata | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n\n## Further work for an agent\n\n- Establish exact species, plant part, route, amount and timing when researching an exposure. Do not use this guide to diagnose or calculate a treatment.\n- Check current state and county requirements; a listed taxon is not necessarily established in every Colorado county.\n- Expert botanical and veterinary review is pending. Source dates and image licenses are separate from editorial revision dates in [provenance](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/provenance.json).\n",
      "revision": {
        "created": "2026-09-07T02:43:00Z",
        "modified": "2026-09-07T02:46:00Z",
        "sha256": "e4925a1cbc3996cd0810bcd2427d6f24a5126423a77bbb17c8e34a0ab16cfa25",
        "time_basis": "UTC timestamp of the editorial revision-recording event; not source publication or expert validation"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "soapweed-yucca",
      "name": "Soapweed yucca",
      "scientific": "Yucca glauca",
      "category": "xeriscape",
      "status": "Great Plains native",
      "status_sources": [
        "S09"
      ],
      "warning": "Sharp leaves · Toxic to pets",
      "warning_tone": "danger",
      "aliases": [],
      "taxonomy_note": "",
      "source_ids": [
        "S09",
        "S10"
      ],
      "description": "Soapweed yucca: Sharp leaves · Toxic to pets. Colorado identification, habitat and exposure evidence.",
      "claim_evidence": [
        {
          "label": "Recognize",
          "sources": [
            "S09"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "reviewed": "2026-09-06",
          "id": "soapweed-yucca-1"
        },
        {
          "label": "Plants & habitat",
          "sources": [
            "S09"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific + garden judgment",
          "note": "Placement advice is an inference from offsets and needle-sharp leaves.",
          "reviewed": "2026-09-06",
          "id": "soapweed-yucca-2"
        },
        {
          "label": "People",
          "sources": [
            "S09"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific physical feature; risk inference",
          "note": "",
          "reviewed": "2026-09-06",
          "id": "soapweed-yucca-3"
        },
        {
          "label": "Dogs & cats",
          "sources": [
            "S10"
          ],
          "scope": "Genus-level",
          "note": "",
          "reviewed": "2026-09-06",
          "id": "soapweed-yucca-4"
        },
        {
          "label": "Other animals",
          "sources": [
            "S10",
            "S09"
          ],
          "scope": "Genus-level toxicity; species-specific benefit",
          "note": "",
          "reviewed": "2026-09-06",
          "id": "soapweed-yucca-5"
        }
      ],
      "research": {
        "status": "researching",
        "label": "Still researching this plant",
        "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.",
        "open_questions": [
          {
            "area": "Expert review",
            "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          }
        ],
        "expert_review": "pending"
      },
      "source": "content/plants/soapweed-yucca.md",
      "content_sha256": "ee76fd93de9563de81e84ed5e38c1b00007316269bcf88047457cc646c0e4bb8",
      "body_markdown": "# Soapweed yucca\n\n*Yucca glauca*\n\n**Great Plains native.** [S09](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/yucca-glauca/)\n\n> **Sharp leaves · Toxic to pets.** Native status, garden use and noxious-weed class are separate from toxicity. [Exposure help](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/).\n\n## Still researching this plant {#research-status}\n\nThis is a sourced working profile. The cited findings are available below. Independent botanical and veterinary review is pending. **Uncertainty is not a finding that the plant is safe.**\n\n\n## Three views of this plant\n\nPhotos are source-identified examples, not a complete identification key. Check leaves, stems, flowers and fruit together. Locations are not assumed to be in Colorado.\n\n![Vertical stalk with pendulous cream-colored bell-shaped flowers and unopened buds.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/xeriscape-yucca-glauca-01.jpg)\n\n**flower** — Vertical stalk with pendulous cream-colored bell-shaped flowers and unopened buds.\n\nPhoto: Alvesgaspar; [CC BY-SA 3.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Yucca_glauca_May_2014-2b.jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/58/Yucca_glauca_May_2014-2b.jpg). Source-supported identification with visual consistency check Photo selection verifies source labeling and visible consistency; it is not an independent specimen determination.  Downloaded source thumbnail; no further pixel edits. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![Broad clump of narrow, stiff leaves with upright stems carrying green capsules.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/xeriscape-yucca-glauca-03.jpg)\n\n**habit and fruit** — Broad clump of narrow, stiff leaves with upright stems carrying green capsules.\n\nPhoto: DouglasGoldman; [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Yucca_glauca_OgallalaNE.jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/13/Yucca_glauca_OgallalaNE.jpg). Source-supported identification with visual consistency check Photo selection verifies source labeling and visible consistency; it is not an independent specimen determination.  Downloaded source thumbnail; no further pixel edits. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![Close view of several elongated reddish-green flower buds on a yucca inflorescence.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/xeriscape-yucca-glauca-05.jpg)\n\n**bud** — Close view of several elongated reddish-green flower buds on a yucca inflorescence.\n\nPhoto: Cephas; [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Yucca_glauca_JRVdH_03.jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7b/Yucca_glauca_JRVdH_03.jpg). Source-supported identification with visual consistency check Photo selection verifies source labeling and visible consistency; it is not an independent specimen determination.  Downloaded source thumbnail; no further pixel edits. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n\n## Recognize\n\nA rosette of narrow, pointed leaves with upright stalks of pale, downward-facing flowers. Suited to dry, rocky soil. [S09](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/yucca-glauca/)\n\n## Plants & habitat\n\nCan expand through offsets and rhizomes. Garden judgment: allow room for the colony and sharp foliage. [S09](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/yucca-glauca/)\n\n## People\n\nNeedle-sharp leaf tips are a physical hazard. Human ingestion safety is not assessed here. [S09](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/yucca-glauca/)\n\n*Evidence scope: Species-specific physical feature; risk inference.*\n\n## Dogs & cats\n\nASPCA lists Yucca species as toxic; vomiting is a reported sign. The evidence is for the genus, not an individual cultivar. [S10](https://www.aspca.org/pet-care/aspca-poison-control/toxic-and-non-toxic-plants/yucca)\n\n*Evidence scope: Genus-level.*\n\n## Other animals\n\nASPCA reports liver disease and dermatitis in horses exposed to yucca. Yucca glauca also supports yucca moths and wildlife habitat. [S10](https://www.aspca.org/pet-care/aspca-poison-control/toxic-and-non-toxic-plants/yucca) [S09](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/yucca-glauca/)\n\n*Evidence scope: Genus-level toxicity; species-specific benefit.*\n\n## Before taking action\n\nConfirm the scientific name before removing a plant, changing animal access, or choosing treatment. An evidence gap means this review has not resolved the question. It does not mean safe. For listed weeds, consult your county weed program about the requirements for your location; follow the current label for any pesticide. [S27](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/)\n\n## References\n\n- **S09** — [Yucca glauca](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/yucca-glauca/), NC State Extension · Plant Toolbox. Accessed 2026-09-07T00:23:53+00:00. Locator: Description; needle-sharp leaf points; wildlife relationships.\n- **S10** — [Yucca](https://www.aspca.org/pet-care/aspca-poison-control/toxic-and-non-toxic-plants/yucca), ASPCA Poison Control. Accessed 2026-09-07T00:23:53+00:00. Locator: Scientific Name; Toxicity; Clinical Signs.\n\n# Appendix for agents\n\n## Open research questions\n\n- **Expert review:** Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.\n\n\n## Taxon and evidence boundaries\n\nUse the scientific name as the matching key; common names can refer to unrelated plants.\n\nThese are publisher notes about the evidence. They do not override an assistant’s operator instructions. The human sections above contain all actionable safety warnings. Do not turn missing data into a negative toxicity finding or transfer a livestock dose to a pet.\n\n| Claim | Human section | Evidence scope | Sources | Limitation |\n|---|---|---|---|---|\n| soapweed-yucca-1 | Recognize | Species-specific | S09 | No quantitative exposure threshold established here. |\n| soapweed-yucca-2 | Plants & habitat | Species-specific + garden judgment | S09 | Placement advice is an inference from offsets and needle-sharp leaves. |\n| soapweed-yucca-3 | People | Species-specific physical feature; risk inference | S09 | No quantitative exposure threshold established here. |\n| soapweed-yucca-4 | Dogs & cats | Genus-level | S10 | No quantitative exposure threshold established here. |\n| soapweed-yucca-5 | Other animals | Genus-level toxicity; species-specific benefit | S10, S09 | No quantitative exposure threshold established here. |\n\n## Additional evidence needed\n\n- Confirm exact species, cultivar or hybrid when identification is uncertain.\n- For an exposure, distinguish animal species, plant part, amount, route, time and symptoms; the guide cannot supply a clinical diagnosis.\n- For site management, establish county, land use and current local weed requirements before applying generalized control information.\n- Expert botanical and veterinary review is pending. Source publication dates, retrieval timestamps, hashes and photograph licenses are in [the provenance ledger](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/provenance.json).\n",
      "revision": {
        "created": "2026-09-07T00:41:00Z",
        "modified": "2026-09-07T02:43:00Z",
        "sha256": "ee76fd93de9563de81e84ed5e38c1b00007316269bcf88047457cc646c0e4bb8",
        "time_basis": "UTC timestamp of the editorial revision-recording event; not source publication or expert validation"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "spotted-knapweed",
      "name": "Spotted knapweed",
      "scientific": "Centaurea stoebe",
      "category": "invasive",
      "status": "Colorado noxious weed · List B — Stop the spread",
      "status_sources": [
        "J-spotted-knapweed"
      ],
      "warning": "Competes with native vegetation",
      "warning_tone": "caution",
      "aliases": [
        "Centaurea maculosa"
      ],
      "taxonomy_note": "Some Colorado references use Centaurea maculosa for spotted knapweed. We retain their name in the citation record and use C. stoebe as the catalog label.",
      "source_ids": [
        "J-spotted-knapweed",
        "C-descriptions",
        "Fremont-list-definitions"
      ],
      "description": "Spotted knapweed: Competes with native vegetation. Colorado identification, habitat and exposure evidence.",
      "claim_evidence": [
        {
          "label": "Recognize",
          "sources": [
            "C-descriptions"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "spotted-knapweed-1"
        },
        {
          "label": "Plants & habitat",
          "sources": [
            "J-spotted-knapweed"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "spotted-knapweed-2"
        },
        {
          "label": "People",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "This review did not establish a species-specific human toxicity profile.",
          "id": "spotted-knapweed-3"
        },
        {
          "label": "Dogs & cats",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "Species-specific ingestion effects and exposure thresholds were not established in the reviewed sources.",
          "id": "spotted-knapweed-4"
        },
        {
          "label": "Other animals",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "Do not transfer Russian-knapweed horse toxicity to spotted knapweed without species-specific evidence.",
          "id": "spotted-knapweed-5"
        },
        {
          "id": "spotted-knapweed-list-meaning",
          "label": "State-list meaning",
          "sources": [
            "Fremont-list-definitions"
          ],
          "scope": "Colorado management-category definition; species classification retains its original status sources",
          "note": "Plain-language editorial label for a management category; not a toxicity or danger rating.",
          "reviewed": "2026-09-07"
        }
      ],
      "noxious_class": "B",
      "research": {
        "status": "researching",
        "label": "Still researching this plant",
        "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.",
        "open_questions": [
          {
            "area": "People",
            "question": "Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "spotted-knapweed-3"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Dogs & cats",
            "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "spotted-knapweed-4"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Other animals",
            "question": "Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "spotted-knapweed-5"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Identification",
            "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          },
          {
            "area": "Expert review",
            "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          }
        ],
        "expert_review": "pending"
      },
      "noxious_class_label": "B — Stop the spread",
      "source": "content/plants/spotted-knapweed.md",
      "content_sha256": "c9138a4463a9d9e6f9989e55c5612d90d6215f16e7b23c8b6fd2b6a1c520d910",
      "body_markdown": "# Spotted knapweed\n\n*Centaurea stoebe*\n\n**Colorado noxious weed · List B — Stop the spread.** [J-spotted-knapweed](https://www.jeffco.us/2181/Spotted-Knapweed)\n\nEstablished in some areas. Requirements vary by location: eradication, containment or suppression to stop further spread. This is a management category, separate from danger ratings. [Category source](https://fremontcountyco.gov/weed-control/weed-identification) · [What the lists mean](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/#weed-lists).\n\n> **Competes with native vegetation.** Native status, garden use and noxious-weed class are separate from toxicity. [Exposure help](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/).\n\n**Identification caveat:** Some Colorado references use Centaurea maculosa for spotted knapweed. We retain their name in the citation record and use C. stoebe as the catalog label.\n\n## Still researching this plant {#research-status}\n\nThis is a sourced working profile. Evidence is incomplete for **People, Dogs & cats, Other animals**. Identification and source-photo limits are explained below. Independent botanical and veterinary review is pending. **Uncertainty is not a finding that the plant is safe.**\n\n\n## Three views of this plant\n\nPhotos are source-identified examples, not a complete identification key. Check leaves, stems, flowers and fruit together. Locations are not assumed to be in Colorado.\n\n![Centaurea stoebe: Close view of the purple tubular florets forming a knapweed flower head.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/invasive-centaurea-stoebe-flower.jpg)\n\n**flower** — Close view of the purple tubular florets forming a knapweed flower head.\n\nPhoto: Alan Vernon; [CC BY 2.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Spotted_Knapweed_(Centaurea_maculosa).jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/45/Spotted_Knapweed_%28Centaurea_maculosa%29.jpg). Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.  Spotted knapweed is a species complex; North American invasive plants are often treated as C. stoebe subsp. micranthos. Some source photos retain the historically applied name Centaurea maculosa. Photographs do not establish subspecies or ploidy. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![Centaurea stoebe: Branched slender stems with divided narrow leaves and scattered purple flower heads.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/invasive-centaurea-stoebe-habit.jpg)\n\n**habit** — Branched slender stems with divided narrow leaves and scattered purple flower heads.\n\nPhoto: Agnieszka Kwiecień, Nova; [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Centaurea_stoebe_Chaber_nadre%C5%84ski_2020-07-12_02.jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b5/Centaurea_stoebe_Chaber_nadre%C5%84ski_2020-07-12_02.jpg). Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.  Spotted knapweed is a species complex; North American invasive plants are often treated as C. stoebe subsp. micranthos. Some source photos retain the historically applied name Centaurea maculosa. Photographs do not establish subspecies or ploidy. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![Centaurea stoebe: Flower-head base showing overlapping bracts with dark fringed tips, beside an unopened head.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/invasive-centaurea-stoebe-involucral-bracts.jpeg)\n\n**involucral-bracts** — Flower-head base showing overlapping bracts with dark fringed tips, beside an unopened head.\n\nPhoto: Kristian Peters -- Fabelfroh 08:50, 2 November 2006 (UTC); [CC BY-SA 3.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Centaurea_stoebe_huellblaetter.jpeg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/21/Centaurea_stoebe_huellblaetter.jpeg). Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.  Spotted knapweed is a species complex; North American invasive plants are often treated as C. stoebe subsp. micranthos. Some source photos retain the historically applied name Centaurea maculosa. Photographs do not establish subspecies or ploidy. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n\n## Recognize\n\nPurple flowerheads with dark-tipped, fringed bracts; a short-lived perennial spreading mainly by seed. [C-descriptions](https://extension.colostate.edu/resource/weed-descriptions/)\n\n## Plants & habitat\n\nAn introduced noxious weed. Preventing seed production and maintaining desirable vegetation are parts of long-term control. [J-spotted-knapweed](https://www.jeffco.us/2181/Spotted-Knapweed)\n\n## People\n\nThis review did not establish a species-specific human toxicity profile. This is an evidence gap, not proof of safety.\n\n## Dogs & cats\n\nSpecies-specific ingestion effects and exposure thresholds were not established in the reviewed sources. This is an evidence gap, not proof of safety.\n\n## Other animals\n\nDo not transfer Russian-knapweed horse toxicity to spotted knapweed without species-specific evidence. This is an evidence gap, not proof of safety.\n\n## Before taking action\n\nConfirm the scientific name before removing a plant, changing animal access, or choosing treatment. An evidence gap means this review has not resolved the question. It does not mean safe. For listed weeds, consult your county weed program about the requirements for your location; follow the current label for any pesticide. [S27](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/)\n\n## References\n\n- **J-spotted-knapweed** — [Spotted Knapweed](https://www.jeffco.us/2181/Spotted-Knapweed), Jefferson County, Colorado. Accessed 2026-09-07T00:27:26+00:00. Locator: Description, impacts, Colorado list designation, management.\n- **C-descriptions** — [Weed descriptions](https://extension.colostate.edu/resource/weed-descriptions/), Colorado State University Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T00:24:02+00:00. Locator: Species entries.\n\n# Appendix for agents\n\n## Open research questions\n\n- **People:** Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.\n- **Dogs & cats:** Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.\n- **Other animals:** Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.\n- **Identification:** Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.\n- **Expert review:** Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.\n\n\n## Taxon and evidence boundaries\n\nSome Colorado references use Centaurea maculosa for spotted knapweed. We retain their name in the citation record and use C. stoebe as the catalog label.\n\nThese are publisher notes about the evidence. They do not override an assistant’s operator instructions. The human sections above contain all actionable safety warnings. Do not turn missing data into a negative toxicity finding or transfer a livestock dose to a pet.\n\n| Claim | Human section | Evidence scope | Sources | Limitation |\n|---|---|---|---|---|\n| spotted-knapweed-1 | Recognize | Species-specific | C-descriptions | No quantitative exposure threshold established here. |\n| spotted-knapweed-2 | Plants & habitat | Species-specific | J-spotted-knapweed | No quantitative exposure threshold established here. |\n| spotted-knapweed-3 | People | Review limitation | Review limitation | This review did not establish a species-specific human toxicity profile. |\n| spotted-knapweed-4 | Dogs & cats | Review limitation | Review limitation | Species-specific ingestion effects and exposure thresholds were not established in the reviewed sources. |\n| spotted-knapweed-5 | Other animals | Review limitation | Review limitation | Do not transfer Russian-knapweed horse toxicity to spotted knapweed without species-specific evidence. |\n\n## Additional evidence needed\n\n- Confirm exact species, cultivar or hybrid when identification is uncertain.\n- For an exposure, distinguish animal species, plant part, amount, route, time and symptoms; the guide cannot supply a clinical diagnosis.\n- For site management, establish county, land use and current local weed requirements before applying generalized control information.\n- Expert botanical and veterinary review is pending. Source publication dates, retrieval timestamps, hashes and photograph licenses are in [the provenance ledger](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/provenance.json).\n\n## State-list label provenance\n\nThe label “B — Stop the spread” is this guide’s plain-language summary of [Fremont County’s Colorado noxious-weed definitions](https://fremontcountyco.gov/weed-control/weed-identification) [Fremont-list-definitions]. The letter and species assignment retain the status sources above. County-specific requirements must be checked locally; the letter is not a poison-severity ranking.\n",
      "revision": {
        "created": "2026-09-07T00:41:00Z",
        "modified": "2026-09-07T03:50:00Z",
        "sha256": "c9138a4463a9d9e6f9989e55c5612d90d6215f16e7b23c8b6fd2b6a1c520d910",
        "time_basis": "UTC timestamp of the editorial revision-recording event; not source publication or expert validation"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "spotted-spurge",
      "name": "Spotted spurge",
      "scientific": "Euphorbia maculata",
      "category": "native",
      "status": "Native Colorado plant · not on state Lists A/B/C",
      "status_sources": [
        "C-floristic-2020",
        "CO-rules-2025"
      ],
      "warning": "Milky sap can injure skin and eyes; keep pets from chewing",
      "warning_tone": "caution",
      "aliases": [
        "Chamaesyce maculata",
        "spotted sandmat",
        "prostrate spurge"
      ],
      "taxonomy_note": "CNHP treats Chamaesyce maculata as native, while documenting disagreement among earlier floras. NC State places it in Euphorbia. The common name prostrate spurge also applies to Euphorbia prostrata.",
      "source_ids": [
        "C-floristic-2020",
        "CO-rules-2025",
        "N-euphorbia-maculata",
        "S27"
      ],
      "description": "Spotted spurge: Milky sap can injure skin and eyes; keep pets from chewing. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.",
      "claim_evidence": [
        {
          "label": "Identification",
          "sources": [
            "N-euphorbia-maculata"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "spotted-spurge-1"
        },
        {
          "label": "People",
          "sources": [
            "N-euphorbia-maculata"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "spotted-spurge-2"
        },
        {
          "label": "Dogs & cats",
          "sources": [
            "N-euphorbia-maculata"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "spotted-spurge-3"
        },
        {
          "label": "Other animals",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "",
          "id": "spotted-spurge-4"
        },
        {
          "label": "Plants & habitat",
          "sources": [
            "N-euphorbia-maculata"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "spotted-spurge-5"
        },
        {
          "label": "Management & timing",
          "sources": [
            "N-euphorbia-maculata"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "spotted-spurge-6"
        }
      ],
      "research": {
        "status": "researching",
        "label": "Still researching this plant",
        "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.",
        "open_questions": [
          {
            "area": "Dogs & cats",
            "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "spotted-spurge-3"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Other animals",
            "question": "Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "spotted-spurge-4"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Identification",
            "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          },
          {
            "area": "Expert review",
            "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          }
        ],
        "expert_review": "pending"
      },
      "colorado_relevance": {
        "source_id": "C-floristic-2020",
        "locator": "Appendix B; PDF page 44; Chamaesyce maculata",
        "basis": "Included in the 2020 statewide flora assessment. This is not a current county abundance survey.",
        "source_taxon": "Chamaesyce maculata"
      },
      "source": "content/plants/spotted-spurge.md",
      "content_sha256": "27bed29bcc9ce3da711c0506376dd872b7574e22f7f2de185bf710874948d8c7",
      "body_markdown": "# Spotted spurge\n\n*Euphorbia maculata*\n\n**Native Colorado plant · not on state Lists A/B/C.** [C-floristic-2020](https://cnhp.colostate.edu/download/documents/2020/CO_FQA_2020_Final_Report.pdf) [CO-rules-2025](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2)\n\n> **Milky sap can injure skin and eyes; keep pets from chewing.** [Exposure help](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/).\n\n**Identification caveat:** CNHP treats Chamaesyce maculata as native, while documenting disagreement among earlier floras. NC State places it in Euphorbia. The common name prostrate spurge also applies to Euphorbia prostrata.\n\n## Still researching this plant {#research-status}\n\nThis is a sourced working profile. Evidence is incomplete for **Dogs & cats, Other animals**. Identification and source-photo limits are explained below. Independent botanical and veterinary review is pending. **Uncertainty is not a finding that the plant is safe.**\n\n\n## Three views of this plant\n\nSource-identified reference photographs; these are not a complete identification key. A source location outside Colorado does not establish local occurrence.\n\n![Spotted spurge: low radiating reddish stems and small opposite leaves form a mat on stony ground.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/coverage-garden-photos-euphorbia-maculata-05-09-habit.jpg)\n\n**habit** — Low radiating reddish stems and small opposite leaves form a mat on stony ground.\n\nPhoto: Stefan.lefnaer; [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Euphorbia_maculata_sl3.jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/67/Euphorbia_maculata_sl3.jpg). Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Chamaesyce maculata is a synonym used for this taxon. Other small prostrate spurges can look similar; dark leaf spots alone are not diagnostic, and capsule hairs and seed characters may be needed for an unknown plant. Wikimedia server-resized derivative, reduced from the original; no crop, color change, upscaling, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; catalog preview may use a CSS crop.\n\n![Spotted spurge: opposite oval leaves with dark central marks on reddish stems, photographed with a 10 mm scale.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/coverage-garden-photos-euphorbia-maculata-05-12-leaf-stem.jpg)\n\n**leaf-stem** — Opposite oval leaves with dark central marks on reddish stems, photographed with a 10 mm scale.\n\nPhoto: Stefan.lefnaer; [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Euphorbia_maculata_sl5.jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2f/Euphorbia_maculata_sl5.jpg). Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Chamaesyce maculata is a synonym used for this taxon. Other small prostrate spurges can look similar; dark leaf spots alone are not diagnostic, and capsule hairs and seed characters may be needed for an unknown plant. Wikimedia server-resized derivative, reduced from the original; no crop, color change, upscaling, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; catalog preview may use a CSS crop.\n\n![Spotted spurge: opened green capsules and separate small reddish-brown seeds photographed with a 3 mm scale.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/coverage-garden-photos-euphorbia-maculata-05-26-capsules-seeds.jpg)\n\n**capsules-seeds** — Opened green capsules and separate small reddish-brown seeds photographed with a 3 mm scale.\n\nPhoto: Stefan.lefnaer; [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Euphorbia_maculata_sl19.jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/92/Euphorbia_maculata_sl19.jpg). Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Chamaesyce maculata is a synonym used for this taxon. Other small prostrate spurges can look similar; dark leaf spots alone are not diagnostic, and capsule hairs and seed characters may be needed for an unknown plant. Wikimedia server-resized derivative, reduced from the original; no crop, color change, upscaling, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; catalog preview may use a CSS crop.\n\n\n## Identification\n\nA low annual mat with opposite, often purple-spotted leaves and hairy stems. Very small plants can already flower and set seed. Injured stems release white latex; do not break plants with bare hands to test this. [N-euphorbia-maculata](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/euphorbia-maculata/)\n\n## People\n\nLatex can cause dermatitis and eye injury; ingestion can irritate or blister the mouth. Wear gloves and avoid sap contact, especially with eyes. [N-euphorbia-maculata](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/euphorbia-maculata/)\n\n## Dogs & cats\n\nNC State identifies this species as a pet hazard. Keep animals from chewing or contacting freshly damaged plants; a safe exposure amount is not established. [N-euphorbia-maculata](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/euphorbia-maculata/)\n\n## Other animals\n\nThe reviewed sources do not establish species-specific ingestion effects or a safe exposure amount for livestock. Missing evidence does not establish safety.\n\n## Plants & habitat\n\nIt rapidly reseeds disturbed beds, cracks and thin lawns. Native status does not prevent it becoming troublesome in a garden. [N-euphorbia-maculata](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/euphorbia-maculata/)\n\n## Management & timing\n\nRemove plants early with gloves. Low growth escapes mowing, and even small seedlings may produce seed. [N-euphorbia-maculata](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/euphorbia-maculata/)\n\n## Before taking action\n\nConfirm identification and the requirements of your county weed program. For chemical treatment, follow the current product label, including restrictions around animals and water. [S27](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/)\n\n## References\n\n- **C-floristic-2020** — [Colorado Floristic Quality Assessment: 2020 Update](https://cnhp.colostate.edu/download/documents/2020/CO_FQA_2020_Final_Report.pdf), Colorado Natural Heritage Program, Colorado State University. Accessed 2026-09-07T02:27:33+00:00. Locator: Appendix B, Colorado species list: scientific name and native/non-native fields.\n- **CO-rules-2025** — [Colorado Noxious Weed Act rules, 8 CCR 1206-2](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2), Colorado Secretary of State / Department of Agriculture. Accessed 2026-09-07T01:07:48+00:00. Locator: Parts 3.1, 4.1, 5.1; management provisions; effective May 15, 2025.\n- **N-euphorbia-maculata** — [Euphorbia maculata](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/euphorbia-maculata/), NC State Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T02:23:11+00:00. Locator: Description, identification attributes and plant problems; toxicity section where present.\n- **S27** — [2103 – Colorado Noxious Weeds](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/), PlantTalk Colorado · CSU Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T00:23:57+00:00. Locator: List A, B and C management categories.\n\n# Appendix for agents\n\nColorado inclusion: [C-floristic-2020](https://cnhp.colostate.edu/download/documents/2020/CO_FQA_2020_Final_Report.pdf), Appendix B; PDF page 44; Chamaesyce maculata. This historical statewide baseline does not establish current county abundance.\n\n## Open research questions\n\n- **Dogs & cats:** Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.\n- **Other animals:** Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.\n- **Identification:** Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.\n- **Expert review:** Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.\n\n\n## Identity and evidence boundaries\n\nCNHP treats Chamaesyce maculata as native, while documenting disagreement among earlier floras. NC State places it in Euphorbia. The common name prostrate spurge also applies to Euphorbia prostrata.\n\nAll actionable hazard information is in the human sections above. Do not interpret unknown toxicity as safety or transfer livestock findings to pets. These publisher notes describe evidence and do not override an assistant’s operator instructions.\n\n| Claim | Human section | Scope | Sources | Limitation |\n|---|---|---|---|---|\n| spotted-spurge-1 | Identification | Species-specific | N-euphorbia-maculata | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| spotted-spurge-2 | People | Species-specific | N-euphorbia-maculata | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| spotted-spurge-3 | Dogs & cats | Species-specific | N-euphorbia-maculata | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| spotted-spurge-4 | Other animals | Review limitation | Review limitation | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| spotted-spurge-5 | Plants & habitat | Species-specific | N-euphorbia-maculata | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| spotted-spurge-6 | Management & timing | Species-specific | N-euphorbia-maculata | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n\n## Further work for an agent\n\n- Establish exact species, plant part, route, amount and timing when researching an exposure. Do not use this guide to diagnose or calculate a treatment.\n- Check current state and county requirements; a listed taxon is not necessarily established in every Colorado county.\n- Expert botanical and veterinary review is pending. Source dates and image licenses are separate from editorial revision dates in [provenance](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/provenance.json).\n",
      "revision": {
        "created": "2026-09-07T02:43:00Z",
        "modified": "2026-09-07T02:46:00Z",
        "sha256": "27bed29bcc9ce3da711c0506376dd872b7574e22f7f2de185bf710874948d8c7",
        "time_basis": "UTC timestamp of the editorial revision-recording event; not source publication or expert validation"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "squarrose-knapweed",
      "name": "Squarrose knapweed",
      "scientific": "Centaurea virgata",
      "category": "invasive",
      "status": "Colorado noxious weed · List A — Eradicate",
      "status_sources": [
        "CO-rules-2025"
      ],
      "warning": "Spiny seedheads; loss of rangeland forage",
      "warning_tone": "caution",
      "aliases": [
        "Centaurea squarrosa",
        "Centaurea virgata subsp. squarrosa"
      ],
      "taxonomy_note": "The state listing uses C. virgata. The NPS account and photographs concern the narrower taxon C. virgata subsp. squarrosa. Do not transfer Russian-knapweed horse toxicity to this species.",
      "source_ids": [
        "CO-rules-2025",
        "NPS-squarrose",
        "S27",
        "Fremont-list-definitions"
      ],
      "description": "Squarrose knapweed: Spiny seedheads; loss of rangeland forage. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.",
      "claim_evidence": [
        {
          "label": "Recognize",
          "sources": [
            "NPS-squarrose"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "squarrose-knapweed-1"
        },
        {
          "label": "Plants & habitat",
          "sources": [
            "NPS-squarrose"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "squarrose-knapweed-2"
        },
        {
          "label": "People",
          "sources": [
            "NPS-squarrose"
          ],
          "scope": "Physical-risk inference",
          "note": "",
          "id": "squarrose-knapweed-3"
        },
        {
          "label": "Dogs & cats",
          "sources": [
            "NPS-squarrose"
          ],
          "scope": "Attachment and physical-risk inference",
          "note": "",
          "id": "squarrose-knapweed-4"
        },
        {
          "label": "Other animals",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "",
          "id": "squarrose-knapweed-5"
        },
        {
          "id": "squarrose-knapweed-list-meaning",
          "label": "State-list meaning",
          "sources": [
            "Fremont-list-definitions"
          ],
          "scope": "Colorado management-category definition; species classification retains its original status sources",
          "note": "Plain-language editorial label for a management category; not a toxicity or danger rating.",
          "reviewed": "2026-09-07"
        }
      ],
      "noxious_class": "A",
      "research": {
        "status": "researching",
        "label": "Still researching this plant",
        "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.",
        "open_questions": [
          {
            "area": "Dogs & cats",
            "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "squarrose-knapweed-4"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Other animals",
            "question": "Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "squarrose-knapweed-5"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Identification",
            "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          },
          {
            "area": "Expert review",
            "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          }
        ],
        "expert_review": "pending"
      },
      "noxious_class_label": "A — Eradicate",
      "source": "content/plants/squarrose-knapweed.md",
      "content_sha256": "2c0bc35f060a099fcc943dc1dac92a845939fad637306d1cc1304180811d69a5",
      "body_markdown": "# Squarrose knapweed\n\n*Centaurea virgata*\n\n**Colorado noxious weed · List A — Eradicate.** [CO-rules-2025](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2)\n\nUncommon in Colorado. All populations are designated for eradication statewide. This is a management category, separate from danger ratings. [Category source](https://fremontcountyco.gov/weed-control/weed-identification) · [What the lists mean](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/#weed-lists).\n\n> **Spiny seedheads; loss of rangeland forage.** [Exposure help](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/).\n\n**Identification caveat:** The state listing uses C. virgata. The NPS account and photographs concern the narrower taxon C. virgata subsp. squarrosa. Do not transfer Russian-knapweed horse toxicity to this species.\n\n## Still researching this plant {#research-status}\n\nThis is a sourced working profile. Evidence is incomplete for **Dogs & cats, Other animals**. Identification and source-photo limits are explained below. Independent botanical and veterinary review is pending. **Uncertainty is not a finding that the plant is safe.**\n\n\n## Three views of this plant\n\nSource-identified reference photographs; these are not a complete identification key. A source location outside Colorado does not establish local occurrence.\n\n![Centaurea virgata: A small pink-purple flower head and slender leafy stem held in front of a hand.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/list-a-photos-centaurea-virgata-1.jpg)\n\n**flower and head** — A small pink-purple flower head and slender leafy stem held in front of a hand.\n\nPhoto: Alexander Dubynin; [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/); [source record](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/238399194); [original image](https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/424414396/original.jpg). Source scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. The selected observations are identified more narrowly as Centaurea virgata squarrosa. The source subspecies name is preserved. iNaturalist large server-resized image; no local crop, colour change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![Centaurea virgata: A slender branching stalk with dry flower heads held for viewing.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/list-a-photos-centaurea-virgata-2.jpg)\n\n**dry heads** — A slender branching stalk with dry flower heads held for viewing.\n\nPhoto: Alexander Dubynin; [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/); [source record](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/274426317); [original image](https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/493336493/original.jpg). Source scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. The selected observations are identified more narrowly as Centaurea virgata squarrosa. The source subspecies name is preserved. iNaturalist large server-resized image; no local crop, colour change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![Centaurea virgata: A low, spreading, finely branched plant with narrow divided foliage in dry rocky ground.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/list-a-photos-centaurea-virgata-3.jpg)\n\n**habit** — A low, spreading, finely branched plant with narrow divided foliage in dry rocky ground.\n\nPhoto: Alexander Dubynin; [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/); [source record](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/274426317); [original image](https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/493336428/original.jpg). Source scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. The selected observations are identified more narrowly as Centaurea virgata squarrosa. The source subspecies name is preserved. iNaturalist large server-resized image; no local crop, colour change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n\n## Recognize\n\nA branching perennial with a woody base, pink-purple heads and backward-curved spines on the flowerhead bracts. [NPS-squarrose](https://www.nps.gov/articles/squarrose-knapweed.htm)\n\n## Plants & habitat\n\nDense stands reduce forage. Seed-bearing heads catch on animal hair, wool and clothing, spreading infestations. [NPS-squarrose](https://www.nps.gov/articles/squarrose-knapweed.htm)\n\n## People\n\nHooked bract spines warrant gloves and careful handling. [NPS-squarrose](https://www.nps.gov/articles/squarrose-knapweed.htm)\n\n*Evidence scope: Physical-risk inference.*\n\n## Dogs & cats\n\nHooked heads can catch in fur; inspect animals after contact. Pet ingestion effects are not established in this review. [NPS-squarrose](https://www.nps.gov/articles/squarrose-knapweed.htm)\n\n*Evidence scope: Attachment and physical-risk inference.*\n\n## Other animals\n\nThe reviewed sources do not establish species-specific ingestion effects or a safe exposure amount for livestock. Missing evidence does not establish safety. \n\n## Before taking action\n\nConfirm identification and the requirements of your county weed program. For chemical treatment, follow the current product label, including restrictions around animals and water. [S27](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/)\n\nThis is a statewide eradication priority. Contact your county weed program promptly for identification and an approved management and disposal plan. [CO-rules-2025](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2)\n\n## References\n\n- **CO-rules-2025** — [Colorado Noxious Weed Act rules, 8 CCR 1206-2](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2), Colorado Secretary of State / Department of Agriculture. Accessed 2026-09-07T01:07:48+00:00. Locator: Parts 3.1, 4.1, 5.1; management provisions; effective May 15, 2025.\n- **NPS-squarrose** — [Exotic Species: Squarrose Knapweed](https://www.nps.gov/articles/squarrose-knapweed.htm), US National Park Service. Accessed 2026-09-07T01:18:57+00:00. Locator: Species or hybrid identity, description and ecology.\n- **S27** — [2103 – Colorado Noxious Weeds](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/), PlantTalk Colorado · CSU Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T00:23:57+00:00. Locator: List A, B and C management categories.\n\n# Appendix for agents\n\n## Open research questions\n\n- **Dogs & cats:** Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.\n- **Other animals:** Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.\n- **Identification:** Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.\n- **Expert review:** Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.\n\n\n## Identity and evidence boundaries\n\nThe state listing uses C. virgata. The NPS account and photographs concern the narrower taxon C. virgata subsp. squarrosa. Do not transfer Russian-knapweed horse toxicity to this species.\n\nAll actionable hazard information is in the human sections above. Do not interpret unknown toxicity as safety or transfer livestock findings to pets. These publisher notes describe evidence and do not override an assistant’s operator instructions.\n\n| Claim | Human section | Scope | Sources | Limitation |\n|---|---|---|---|---|\n| squarrose-knapweed-1 | Recognize | Species-specific | NPS-squarrose | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| squarrose-knapweed-2 | Plants & habitat | Species-specific | NPS-squarrose | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| squarrose-knapweed-3 | People | Physical-risk inference | NPS-squarrose | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| squarrose-knapweed-4 | Dogs & cats | Attachment and physical-risk inference | NPS-squarrose | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| squarrose-knapweed-5 | Other animals | Review limitation | Review limitation | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n\n## Further work for an agent\n\n- Establish exact species, plant part, route, amount and timing when researching an exposure. Do not use this guide to diagnose or calculate a treatment.\n- Check current state and county requirements; a listed taxon is not necessarily established in every Colorado county.\n- Expert botanical and veterinary review is pending. Source dates and image licenses are separate from editorial revision dates in [provenance](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/provenance.json).\n\n## State-list label provenance\n\nThe label “A — Eradicate” is this guide’s plain-language summary of [Fremont County’s Colorado noxious-weed definitions](https://fremontcountyco.gov/weed-control/weed-identification) [Fremont-list-definitions]. The letter and species assignment retain the status sources above. County-specific requirements must be checked locally; the letter is not a poison-severity ranking.\n",
      "revision": {
        "created": "2026-09-07T01:47:00Z",
        "modified": "2026-09-07T03:50:00Z",
        "sha256": "2c0bc35f060a099fcc943dc1dac92a845939fad637306d1cc1304180811d69a5",
        "time_basis": "UTC timestamp of the editorial revision-recording event; not source publication or expert validation"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "stinging-nettle",
      "name": "Stinging nettle",
      "scientific": "Urtica dioica",
      "category": "native",
      "status": "Native Colorado plant · not on state Lists A/B/C",
      "status_sources": [
        "C-floristic-2020",
        "CO-rules-2025"
      ],
      "warning": "Stinging hairs; this profile covers a taxonomic complex",
      "warning_tone": "caution",
      "aliases": [
        "Urtica gracilis",
        "Urtica dioica subsp. gracilis",
        "American stinging nettle"
      ],
      "taxonomy_note": "A broad, historical Urtica dioica treatment includes native American nettles (often now called Urtica gracilis) and introduced relatives. Colorado’s native status applies to the native elements; photos preserve their original identifications and do not prove every pictured subspecies occurs at your site.",
      "source_ids": [
        "C-floristic-2020",
        "CO-rules-2025",
        "N-urtica-dioica",
        "F-urtica",
        "S27"
      ],
      "description": "Stinging nettle: Stinging hairs; this profile covers a taxonomic complex. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.",
      "claim_evidence": [
        {
          "label": "Identification",
          "sources": [
            "N-urtica-dioica",
            "F-urtica"
          ],
          "scope": "Broad Urtica dioica complex",
          "note": "",
          "id": "stinging-nettle-1"
        },
        {
          "label": "People",
          "sources": [
            "N-urtica-dioica"
          ],
          "scope": "Broad Urtica dioica complex",
          "note": "",
          "id": "stinging-nettle-2"
        },
        {
          "label": "Dogs & cats",
          "sources": [
            "N-urtica-dioica"
          ],
          "scope": "Precautionary inference; pet evidence unresolved",
          "note": "",
          "id": "stinging-nettle-3"
        },
        {
          "label": "Other animals",
          "sources": [
            "F-urtica"
          ],
          "scope": "Broad-complex forage evidence",
          "note": "",
          "id": "stinging-nettle-4"
        },
        {
          "label": "Plants & habitat",
          "sources": [
            "F-urtica",
            "N-urtica-dioica"
          ],
          "scope": "Broad Urtica dioica complex",
          "note": "",
          "id": "stinging-nettle-5"
        },
        {
          "label": "Management & timing",
          "sources": [
            "F-urtica"
          ],
          "scope": "Broad-complex management",
          "note": "",
          "id": "stinging-nettle-6"
        }
      ],
      "research": {
        "status": "researching",
        "label": "Still researching this plant",
        "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.",
        "open_questions": [
          {
            "area": "Dogs & cats",
            "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "stinging-nettle-3"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Other animals",
            "question": "Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "stinging-nettle-4"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Identification",
            "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          },
          {
            "area": "Expert review",
            "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          }
        ],
        "expert_review": "pending"
      },
      "colorado_relevance": {
        "source_id": "C-floristic-2020",
        "locator": "Appendix B; PDF page 84; Urtica dioica",
        "basis": "Included in the 2020 statewide flora assessment. This is not a current county abundance survey.",
        "source_taxon": "Urtica dioica"
      },
      "source": "content/plants/stinging-nettle.md",
      "content_sha256": "b7c7d15aced12a3fc165251fbf867daa9880bcb3afa8e1579dfb0e873db7e291",
      "body_markdown": "# Stinging nettle\n\n*Urtica dioica*\n\n**Native Colorado plant · not on state Lists A/B/C.** [C-floristic-2020](https://cnhp.colostate.edu/download/documents/2020/CO_FQA_2020_Final_Report.pdf) [CO-rules-2025](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2)\n\n> **Stinging hairs; this profile covers a taxonomic complex.** [Exposure help](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/).\n\n**Identification caveat:** A broad, historical Urtica dioica treatment includes native American nettles (often now called Urtica gracilis) and introduced relatives. Colorado’s native status applies to the native elements; photos preserve their original identifications and do not prove every pictured subspecies occurs at your site.\n\n## Still researching this plant {#research-status}\n\nThis is a sourced working profile. Evidence is incomplete for **Dogs & cats, Other animals**. Identification and source-photo limits are explained below. Independent botanical and veterinary review is pending. **Uncertainty is not a finding that the plant is safe.**\n\n\n## Three views of this plant\n\nSource-identified reference photographs; these are not a complete identification key. A source location outside Colorado does not establish local occurrence.\n\n![Urtica dioica: An upright nettle stem bearing toothed opposite leaves and slender branching flower clusters.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/coverage-hazard-photos-urtica-dioica-1.jpg)\n\n**flowering habit** — An upright nettle stem bearing toothed opposite leaves and slender branching flower clusters.\n\nPhoto: Przykuta; [CC BY-SA 3.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Urtica_dioica_pokr%C3%B3j2_23.06.2012_p.jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/84/Urtica_dioica_pokr%C3%B3j2_23.06.2012_p.jpg). Source scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference, not an independent specimen-based taxonomic determination. This guide uses the explicitly requested broad Urtica dioica treatment. Photo 10-01 is source-labelled Urtica dioica. Photos 10-02 and 10-03 are source-labelled Urtica gracilis gracilis (subspecies rank), a native North American nettle also treated historically as Urtica dioica subsp. gracilis. Those narrow source identifications are preserved and are not asserted to be Eurasian U. dioica sensu stricto. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no local crop, colour change or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; catalog preview may use a CSS crop.\n\n![Urtica dioica: A long leafy branch with sharply toothed leaves and small hanging reproductive clusters; the source identifies Urtica gracilis gracilis.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/coverage-hazard-photos-urtica-dioica-2.jpg)\n\n**native nettle foliage** — A long leafy branch with sharply toothed leaves and small hanging reproductive clusters; the source identifies Urtica gracilis gracilis.\n\nPhoto: John A Haskins; [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/); [source record](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/175285117); [original image](https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/304622103/original.jpeg). Source scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference, not an independent specimen-based taxonomic determination. This guide uses the explicitly requested broad Urtica dioica treatment. Photo 10-01 is source-labelled Urtica dioica. Photos 10-02 and 10-03 are source-labelled Urtica gracilis gracilis (subspecies rank), a native North American nettle also treated historically as Urtica dioica subsp. gracilis. Those narrow source identifications are preserved and are not asserted to be Eurasian U. dioica sensu stricto. iNaturalist large server-resized photo; no local crop, colour change or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; catalog preview may use a CSS crop.\n\n![Urtica dioica: A detached compact reproductive cluster photographed on a pale surface; the source identifies Urtica gracilis gracilis.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/coverage-hazard-photos-urtica-dioica-3.jpg)\n\n**native nettle reproductive cluster** — A detached compact reproductive cluster photographed on a pale surface; the source identifies Urtica gracilis gracilis.\n\nPhoto: John A Haskins; [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/); [source record](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/175285117); [original image](https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/304614058/original.jpeg). Source scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference, not an independent specimen-based taxonomic determination. This guide uses the explicitly requested broad Urtica dioica treatment. Photo 10-01 is source-labelled Urtica dioica. Photos 10-02 and 10-03 are source-labelled Urtica gracilis gracilis (subspecies rank), a native North American nettle also treated historically as Urtica dioica subsp. gracilis. Those narrow source identifications are preserved and are not asserted to be Eurasian U. dioica sensu stricto. iNaturalist large server-resized photo; no local crop, colour change or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; catalog preview may use a CSS crop.\n\n\n## Identification\n\nA rhizomatous perennial with opposite, toothed leaves, small greenish flower clusters and stinging hairs. It often forms dense patches in moist, fertile ground. [N-urtica-dioica](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/urtica-dioica/) [F-urtica](https://research.fs.usda.gov/feis/species-reviews/urtdio)\n\n*Evidence scope: Broad Urtica dioica complex.*\n\n## People\n\nContact with stinging hairs can cause burning and itching. Avoid testing identification by touching the plant. [N-urtica-dioica](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/urtica-dioica/)\n\n*Evidence scope: Broad Urtica dioica complex.*\n\n## Dogs & cats\n\nKeep faces and exposed skin away from stinging vegetation. This is a contact precaution based on the plant’s hairs; the reviewed sources do not establish pet-specific ingestion effects or a safe exposure. [N-urtica-dioica](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/urtica-dioica/)\n\n*Evidence scope: Precautionary inference; pet evidence unresolved.*\n\n## Other animals\n\nFresh nettles are generally unpalatable to livestock. Reports of processed nettle forage do not establish that standing plants or home preparations are safe for every animal. [F-urtica](https://research.fs.usda.gov/feis/species-reviews/urtdio)\n\n*Evidence scope: Broad-complex forage evidence.*\n\n## Plants & habitat\n\nPatches can crowd a small garden yet provide cover and support insects in suitable habitat. Soil disturbance can redistribute rhizomes. [F-urtica](https://research.fs.usda.gov/feis/species-reviews/urtdio) [N-urtica-dioica](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/urtica-dioica/)\n\n*Evidence scope: Broad Urtica dioica complex.*\n\n## Management & timing\n\nWhere removal is necessary, protect against contact and plan follow-up for rhizome regrowth. Mowing can produce new shoots rather than eliminate the patch. [F-urtica](https://research.fs.usda.gov/feis/species-reviews/urtdio)\n\n*Evidence scope: Broad-complex management.*\n\n## Before taking action\n\nConfirm identification and the requirements of your county weed program. For chemical treatment, follow the current product label, including restrictions around animals and water. [S27](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/)\n\n## References\n\n- **C-floristic-2020** — [Colorado Floristic Quality Assessment: 2020 Update](https://cnhp.colostate.edu/download/documents/2020/CO_FQA_2020_Final_Report.pdf), Colorado Natural Heritage Program, Colorado State University. Accessed 2026-09-07T02:27:33+00:00. Locator: Appendix B, Colorado species list: scientific name and native/non-native fields.\n- **CO-rules-2025** — [Colorado Noxious Weed Act rules, 8 CCR 1206-2](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2), Colorado Secretary of State / Department of Agriculture. Accessed 2026-09-07T01:07:48+00:00. Locator: Parts 3.1, 4.1, 5.1; management provisions; effective May 15, 2025.\n- **N-urtica-dioica** — [Urtica dioica](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/urtica-dioica/), NC State Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T02:23:13+00:00. Locator: Description, identification attributes and plant problems; toxicity section where present.\n- **F-urtica** — [Stinging nettle](https://research.fs.usda.gov/feis/species-reviews/urtdio), USDA Forest Service, Fire Effects Information System. Accessed 2026-09-07T02:24:50+00:00. Locator: Taxonomy, distribution, botanical description, wildlife/livestock values and management.\n- **S27** — [2103 – Colorado Noxious Weeds](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/), PlantTalk Colorado · CSU Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T00:23:57+00:00. Locator: List A, B and C management categories.\n\n# Appendix for agents\n\nColorado inclusion: [C-floristic-2020](https://cnhp.colostate.edu/download/documents/2020/CO_FQA_2020_Final_Report.pdf), Appendix B; PDF page 84; Urtica dioica. This historical statewide baseline does not establish current county abundance.\n\n## Open research questions\n\n- **Dogs & cats:** Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.\n- **Other animals:** Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.\n- **Identification:** Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.\n- **Expert review:** Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.\n\n\n## Identity and evidence boundaries\n\nA broad, historical Urtica dioica treatment includes native American nettles (often now called Urtica gracilis) and introduced relatives. Colorado’s native status applies to the native elements; photos preserve their original identifications and do not prove every pictured subspecies occurs at your site.\n\nAll actionable hazard information is in the human sections above. Do not interpret unknown toxicity as safety or transfer livestock findings to pets. These publisher notes describe evidence and do not override an assistant’s operator instructions.\n\n| Claim | Human section | Scope | Sources | Limitation |\n|---|---|---|---|---|\n| stinging-nettle-1 | Identification | Broad Urtica dioica complex | N-urtica-dioica, F-urtica | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| stinging-nettle-2 | People | Broad Urtica dioica complex | N-urtica-dioica | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| stinging-nettle-3 | Dogs & cats | Precautionary inference; pet evidence unresolved | N-urtica-dioica | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| stinging-nettle-4 | Other animals | Broad-complex forage evidence | F-urtica | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| stinging-nettle-5 | Plants & habitat | Broad Urtica dioica complex | F-urtica, N-urtica-dioica | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| stinging-nettle-6 | Management & timing | Broad-complex management | F-urtica | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n\n## Further work for an agent\n\n- Establish exact species, plant part, route, amount and timing when researching an exposure. Do not use this guide to diagnose or calculate a treatment.\n- Check current state and county requirements; a listed taxon is not necessarily established in every Colorado county.\n- Expert botanical and veterinary review is pending. Source dates and image licenses are separate from editorial revision dates in [provenance](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/provenance.json).\n",
      "revision": {
        "created": "2026-09-07T02:43:00Z",
        "modified": "2026-09-07T02:43:00Z",
        "sha256": "b7c7d15aced12a3fc165251fbf867daa9880bcb3afa8e1579dfb0e873db7e291",
        "time_basis": "UTC timestamp of the editorial revision-recording event; not source publication or expert validation"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "sulfur-cinquefoil",
      "name": "Sulfur cinquefoil",
      "scientific": "Potentilla recta",
      "category": "invasive",
      "status": "Colorado noxious weed · List B — Stop the spread",
      "status_sources": [
        "CO-rules-2025"
      ],
      "warning": "Persistent pasture and roadside weed",
      "warning_tone": "caution",
      "aliases": [],
      "taxonomy_note": "Colorado has native cinquefoils. Confirm Potentilla recta before removing a yellow-flowered cinquefoil.",
      "source_ids": [
        "CO-rules-2025",
        "N-potentilla-recta",
        "S27",
        "Fremont-list-definitions"
      ],
      "description": "Sulfur cinquefoil: Persistent pasture and roadside weed. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.",
      "claim_evidence": [
        {
          "label": "Recognize",
          "sources": [
            "N-potentilla-recta"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "sulfur-cinquefoil-1"
        },
        {
          "label": "Plants & habitat",
          "sources": [
            "N-potentilla-recta"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "sulfur-cinquefoil-2"
        },
        {
          "label": "People",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "",
          "id": "sulfur-cinquefoil-3"
        },
        {
          "label": "Dogs & cats",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "",
          "id": "sulfur-cinquefoil-4"
        },
        {
          "label": "Other animals",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "",
          "id": "sulfur-cinquefoil-5"
        },
        {
          "id": "sulfur-cinquefoil-list-meaning",
          "label": "State-list meaning",
          "sources": [
            "Fremont-list-definitions"
          ],
          "scope": "Colorado management-category definition; species classification retains its original status sources",
          "note": "Plain-language editorial label for a management category; not a toxicity or danger rating.",
          "reviewed": "2026-09-07"
        }
      ],
      "noxious_class": "B",
      "research": {
        "status": "researching",
        "label": "Still researching this plant",
        "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.",
        "open_questions": [
          {
            "area": "People",
            "question": "Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "sulfur-cinquefoil-3"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Dogs & cats",
            "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "sulfur-cinquefoil-4"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Other animals",
            "question": "Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "sulfur-cinquefoil-5"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Identification",
            "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          },
          {
            "area": "Expert review",
            "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          }
        ],
        "expert_review": "pending"
      },
      "noxious_class_label": "B — Stop the spread",
      "source": "content/plants/sulfur-cinquefoil.md",
      "content_sha256": "101b63b7f0f400c046dc02cc0185940c645ee8c6c2337da23425fc04f1ef48de",
      "body_markdown": "# Sulfur cinquefoil\n\n*Potentilla recta*\n\n**Colorado noxious weed · List B — Stop the spread.** [CO-rules-2025](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2)\n\nEstablished in some areas. Requirements vary by location: eradication, containment or suppression to stop further spread. This is a management category, separate from danger ratings. [Category source](https://fremontcountyco.gov/weed-control/weed-identification) · [What the lists mean](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/#weed-lists).\n\n> **Persistent pasture and roadside weed.** [Exposure help](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/).\n\n**Identification caveat:** Colorado has native cinquefoils. Confirm Potentilla recta before removing a yellow-flowered cinquefoil.\n\n## Still researching this plant {#research-status}\n\nThis is a sourced working profile. Evidence is incomplete for **People, Dogs & cats, Other animals**. Identification and source-photo limits are explained below. Independent botanical and veterinary review is pending. **Uncertainty is not a finding that the plant is safe.**\n\n\n## Three views of this plant\n\nSource-identified reference photographs; these are not a complete identification key. A source location outside Colorado does not establish local occurrence.\n\n![A pale yellow, five-petaled sulphur-cinquefoil flower showing its central stamens.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/list-bc-photos-potentilla-recta-03.jpg)\n\n**flower** — A pale yellow, five-petaled sulphur-cinquefoil flower showing its central stamens.\n\nPhoto: Matt Lavin from Bozeman, Montana, USA; [CC BY-SA 2.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Potentilla_recta_(3727318142)_(cropped).jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/70/Potentilla_recta_%283727318142%29_%28cropped%29.jpg). Source-identified photograph with visual consistency check the pale yellow petals, lack of well developed basal leaves, well developed stem leaves, and hirsute stems are characteristic of this species Source labeling and visible consistency checked; not an independent specimen determination. Wikimedia-generated thumbnail rescaling only; downloaded bytes unchanged. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![A hairy upright sulphur-cinquefoil stem with palmate leaves viewed from the side.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/list-bc-photos-potentilla-recta-05.jpg)\n\n**stem and leaves** — A hairy upright sulphur-cinquefoil stem with palmate leaves viewed from the side.\n\nPhoto: Stefan.lefnaer; [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Potentilla_recta_sl12.jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/04/Potentilla_recta_sl12.jpg). Source-identified photograph with visual consistency check Stipe with leaves Taxonym: Potentilla recta ss Fischer et al. EfÖLS 2008 ISBN 978-3-85474-187-9 Location: Schwarze Lacke, Vienna-Floridsdorf - ca. 160 m a.s.l. Habitat: dry meadows Source labeling and visible consistency checked; not an independent specimen determination. Wikimedia-generated thumbnail rescaling only; downloaded bytes unchanged. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![Young sulphur-cinquefoil plants with rounded, lobed first leaves in a cultivation tray.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/list-bc-photos-potentilla-recta-08.jpg)\n\n**seedlings** — Young sulphur-cinquefoil plants with rounded, lobed first leaves in a cultivation tray.\n\nPhoto: Ayotte, Gilles, 1948-; [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Potentilla_recta_15-p.bot-poten.recta-24.jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f0/Potentilla_recta_15-p.bot-poten.recta-24.jpg). Source-identified photograph with visual consistency check Nom français : potentille dressée. Nom anglais : sulphur cinquefoil. Plantules de potentille dressée, vue de dessus (culture en caissette). Source labeling and visible consistency checked; not an independent specimen determination. Wikimedia-generated thumbnail rescaling only; downloaded bytes unchanged. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n\n## Recognize\n\nA hairy perennial with pale yellow, five-petaled flowers and leaves divided into toothed leaflets. [N-potentilla-recta](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/potentilla-recta/)\n\n## Plants & habitat\n\nSelf-seeds in pastures, disturbed ground and roadsides. Persistent seeds require follow-up after removal. [N-potentilla-recta](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/potentilla-recta/)\n\n## People\n\nThe reviewed sources do not establish species-specific ingestion effects or a safe exposure amount for people. Missing evidence does not establish safety. \n\n## Dogs & cats\n\nThe reviewed sources do not establish species-specific ingestion effects or a safe exposure amount for dogs or cats. Missing evidence does not establish safety. \n\n## Other animals\n\nThe reviewed sources do not establish species-specific ingestion effects or a safe exposure amount for livestock. Missing evidence does not establish safety. \n\n## Before taking action\n\nConfirm identification and the requirements of your county weed program. For chemical treatment, follow the current product label, including restrictions around animals and water. [S27](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/)\n\n## References\n\n- **CO-rules-2025** — [Colorado Noxious Weed Act rules, 8 CCR 1206-2](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2), Colorado Secretary of State / Department of Agriculture. Accessed 2026-09-07T01:07:48+00:00. Locator: Parts 3.1, 4.1, 5.1; management provisions; effective May 15, 2025.\n- **N-potentilla-recta** — [potentilla recta — Plant Toolbox](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/potentilla-recta/), NC State Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T01:04:54+00:00. Locator: Description; Attributes; Problems; Poisonous to Humans.\n- **S27** — [2103 – Colorado Noxious Weeds](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/), PlantTalk Colorado · CSU Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T00:23:57+00:00. Locator: List A, B and C management categories.\n\n# Appendix for agents\n\n## Open research questions\n\n- **People:** Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.\n- **Dogs & cats:** Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.\n- **Other animals:** Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.\n- **Identification:** Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.\n- **Expert review:** Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.\n\n\n## Identity and evidence boundaries\n\nColorado has native cinquefoils. Confirm Potentilla recta before removing a yellow-flowered cinquefoil.\n\nAll actionable hazard information is in the human sections above. Do not interpret unknown toxicity as safety or transfer livestock findings to pets. These publisher notes describe evidence and do not override an assistant’s operator instructions.\n\n| Claim | Human section | Scope | Sources | Limitation |\n|---|---|---|---|---|\n| sulfur-cinquefoil-1 | Recognize | Species-specific | N-potentilla-recta | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| sulfur-cinquefoil-2 | Plants & habitat | Species-specific | N-potentilla-recta | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| sulfur-cinquefoil-3 | People | Review limitation | Review limitation | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| sulfur-cinquefoil-4 | Dogs & cats | Review limitation | Review limitation | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| sulfur-cinquefoil-5 | Other animals | Review limitation | Review limitation | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n\n## Further work for an agent\n\n- Establish exact species, plant part, route, amount and timing when researching an exposure. Do not use this guide to diagnose or calculate a treatment.\n- Check current state and county requirements; a listed taxon is not necessarily established in every Colorado county.\n- Expert botanical and veterinary review is pending. Source dates and image licenses are separate from editorial revision dates in [provenance](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/provenance.json).\n\n## State-list label provenance\n\nThe label “B — Stop the spread” is this guide’s plain-language summary of [Fremont County’s Colorado noxious-weed definitions](https://fremontcountyco.gov/weed-control/weed-identification) [Fremont-list-definitions]. The letter and species assignment retain the status sources above. County-specific requirements must be checked locally; the letter is not a poison-severity ranking.\n",
      "revision": {
        "created": "2026-09-07T01:47:00Z",
        "modified": "2026-09-07T03:50:00Z",
        "sha256": "101b63b7f0f400c046dc02cc0185940c645ee8c6c2337da23425fc04f1ef48de",
        "time_basis": "UTC timestamp of the editorial revision-recording event; not source publication or expert validation"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "tall-buttercup",
      "name": "Tall buttercup",
      "scientific": "Ranunculus acris",
      "category": "invasive",
      "status": "Introduced weed · not on state Lists A/B/C",
      "status_sources": [
        "C-floristic-2020",
        "CO-rules-2025"
      ],
      "warning": "Fresh plant irritation and animal poisoning hazard",
      "warning_tone": "danger",
      "aliases": [
        "meadow buttercup",
        "common buttercup"
      ],
      "taxonomy_note": "The pet warning is genus-level evidence. It does not establish identical toxicity across every Ranunculus or justify blanket removal of native buttercups.",
      "source_ids": [
        "C-floristic-2020",
        "CO-rules-2025",
        "N-ranunculus-acris",
        "P-buttercup",
        "S27"
      ],
      "description": "Tall buttercup: Fresh plant irritation and animal poisoning hazard. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.",
      "claim_evidence": [
        {
          "label": "Identification",
          "sources": [
            "N-ranunculus-acris"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "tall-buttercup-1"
        },
        {
          "label": "People",
          "sources": [
            "N-ranunculus-acris"
          ],
          "scope": "Source-field limitation",
          "note": "",
          "id": "tall-buttercup-2"
        },
        {
          "label": "Dogs & cats",
          "sources": [
            "P-buttercup"
          ],
          "scope": "Genus-level veterinary evidence",
          "note": "",
          "id": "tall-buttercup-3"
        },
        {
          "label": "Other animals",
          "sources": [
            "N-ranunculus-acris"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "tall-buttercup-4"
        },
        {
          "label": "Plants & habitat",
          "sources": [
            "N-ranunculus-acris"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "tall-buttercup-5"
        },
        {
          "label": "Management & timing",
          "sources": [
            "N-ranunculus-acris",
            "P-buttercup"
          ],
          "scope": "Management synthesis",
          "note": "",
          "id": "tall-buttercup-6"
        }
      ],
      "research": {
        "status": "researching",
        "label": "Still researching this plant",
        "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.",
        "open_questions": [
          {
            "area": "People",
            "question": "Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "tall-buttercup-2"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Identification",
            "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          },
          {
            "area": "Expert review",
            "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          }
        ],
        "expert_review": "pending"
      },
      "colorado_relevance": {
        "source_id": "C-floristic-2020",
        "locator": "Appendix B; PDF page 75; Ranunculus acris",
        "basis": "Included in the 2020 statewide flora assessment. This is not a current county abundance survey.",
        "source_taxon": "Ranunculus acris"
      },
      "source": "content/plants/tall-buttercup.md",
      "content_sha256": "4576c143a389da41328f2a8daeedb55006082a4846c567c3d04b37edb3ab5b23",
      "body_markdown": "# Tall buttercup\n\n*Ranunculus acris*\n\n**Introduced weed · not on state Lists A/B/C.** [C-floristic-2020](https://cnhp.colostate.edu/download/documents/2020/CO_FQA_2020_Final_Report.pdf) [CO-rules-2025](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2)\n\n> **Fresh plant irritation and animal poisoning hazard.** [Exposure help](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/).\n\n**Identification caveat:** The pet warning is genus-level evidence. It does not establish identical toxicity across every Ranunculus or justify blanket removal of native buttercups.\n\n## Still researching this plant {#research-status}\n\nThis is a sourced working profile. Evidence is incomplete for **People**. Identification and source-photo limits are explained below. Independent botanical and veterinary review is pending. **Uncertainty is not a finding that the plant is safe.**\n\n\n## Three views of this plant\n\nSource-identified reference photographs; these are not a complete identification key. A source location outside Colorado does not establish local occurrence.\n\n![Meadow buttercup growing among grass, with yellow flowers held above deeply divided basal leaves.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/coverage-range-photos-ranunculus-acris-habit-flowers-102792093.jpeg)\n\n**habit-flowers** — Meadow buttercup growing among grass, with yellow flowers held above deeply divided basal leaves.\n\nPhoto: Daniel Cahen; [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/); [source record](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/63990191); [original image](https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/102792093/original.jpeg). Explicit iNaturalist observation taxon and Research Grade community identification; photograph visually reviewed for depicted features. This is source identification, not a new independent botanical determination. Source identifies this plant to species; no variety or subspecies determination is asserted. Downloaded iNaturalist large rendition; downloaded bytes retained unchanged. No local crop, retouching, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; catalog preview may use a CSS crop.\n\n![Deeply divided green basal leaves of meadow buttercup among surrounding grass.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/coverage-range-photos-ranunculus-acris-leaves-102792144.jpeg)\n\n**leaves** — Deeply divided green basal leaves of meadow buttercup among surrounding grass.\n\nPhoto: Daniel Cahen; [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/); [source record](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/63990191); [original image](https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/102792144/original.jpeg). Explicit iNaturalist observation taxon and Research Grade community identification; photograph visually reviewed for depicted features. This is source identification, not a new independent botanical determination. Source identifies this plant to species; no variety or subspecies determination is asserted. Downloaded iNaturalist large rendition; downloaded bytes retained unchanged. No local crop, retouching, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; catalog preview may use a CSS crop.\n\n![Cluster of green developing meadow buttercup achenes at the top of a slender stalk.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/coverage-range-photos-ranunculus-acris-fruit-102792039.jpeg)\n\n**fruit** — Cluster of green developing meadow buttercup achenes at the top of a slender stalk.\n\nPhoto: Daniel Cahen; [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/); [source record](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/63990191); [original image](https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/102792039/original.jpeg). Explicit iNaturalist observation taxon and Research Grade community identification; photograph visually reviewed for depicted features. This is source identification, not a new independent botanical determination. Source identifies this plant to species; no variety or subspecies determination is asserted. Downloaded iNaturalist large rendition; downloaded bytes retained unchanged. No local crop, retouching, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; catalog preview may use a CSS crop.\n\n\n## Identification\n\nAn upright perennial of moist meadows and disturbed ground with glossy yellow flowers. Confirm the species: Colorado has many native buttercups as well. [N-ranunculus-acris](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/ranunculus-acris/)\n\n## People\n\nNC State flags poisonous characteristics but presents livestock effects in its symptom field. Human exposure severity and a safe amount remain unresolved here. [N-ranunculus-acris](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/ranunculus-acris/)\n\n*Evidence scope: Source-field limitation.*\n\n## Dogs & cats\n\nASPCA lists Ranunculus species as toxic to pets through an irritant toxin. Reported group-level signs include drooling, oral ulcers, vomiting, diarrhea and unsteady movement. [P-buttercup](https://www.aspca.org/pet-care/animal-poison-control/toxic-and-non-toxic-plants/buttercup)\n\n*Evidence scope: Genus-level veterinary evidence.*\n\n## Other animals\n\nNC State reports mouth injury, diarrhea and potentially severe systemic effects in livestock ingesting this species. [N-ranunculus-acris](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/ranunculus-acris/)\n\n## Plants & habitat\n\nA nonnative perennial that grows in moist meadows, pastures and roadsides. Its flowers also attract pollinating insects. [N-ranunculus-acris](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/ranunculus-acris/)\n\n## Management & timing\n\nConfirm identity and prevent animal access to suspect plants or contaminated forage. Choose control for the site rather than treating every yellow buttercup as this species. [N-ranunculus-acris](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/ranunculus-acris/) [P-buttercup](https://www.aspca.org/pet-care/animal-poison-control/toxic-and-non-toxic-plants/buttercup)\n\n*Evidence scope: Management synthesis.*\n\n## Before taking action\n\nConfirm identification and the requirements of your county weed program. For chemical treatment, follow the current product label, including restrictions around animals and water. [S27](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/)\n\n## References\n\n- **C-floristic-2020** — [Colorado Floristic Quality Assessment: 2020 Update](https://cnhp.colostate.edu/download/documents/2020/CO_FQA_2020_Final_Report.pdf), Colorado Natural Heritage Program, Colorado State University. Accessed 2026-09-07T02:27:33+00:00. Locator: Appendix B, Colorado species list: scientific name and native/non-native fields.\n- **CO-rules-2025** — [Colorado Noxious Weed Act rules, 8 CCR 1206-2](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2), Colorado Secretary of State / Department of Agriculture. Accessed 2026-09-07T01:07:48+00:00. Locator: Parts 3.1, 4.1, 5.1; management provisions; effective May 15, 2025.\n- **N-ranunculus-acris** — [Ranunculus acris](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/ranunculus-acris/), NC State Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T02:23:13+00:00. Locator: Description, identification attributes and plant problems; toxicity section where present.\n- **P-buttercup** — [Buttercup](https://www.aspca.org/pet-care/animal-poison-control/toxic-and-non-toxic-plants/buttercup), ASPCA Animal Poison Control. Accessed 2026-09-07T02:26:11+00:00. Locator: Named species or genus; identification, distribution and hazard sections where available.\n- **S27** — [2103 – Colorado Noxious Weeds](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/), PlantTalk Colorado · CSU Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T00:23:57+00:00. Locator: List A, B and C management categories.\n\n# Appendix for agents\n\nColorado inclusion: [C-floristic-2020](https://cnhp.colostate.edu/download/documents/2020/CO_FQA_2020_Final_Report.pdf), Appendix B; PDF page 75; Ranunculus acris. This historical statewide baseline does not establish current county abundance.\n\n## Open research questions\n\n- **People:** Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.\n- **Identification:** Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.\n- **Expert review:** Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.\n\n\n## Identity and evidence boundaries\n\nThe pet warning is genus-level evidence. It does not establish identical toxicity across every Ranunculus or justify blanket removal of native buttercups.\n\nAll actionable hazard information is in the human sections above. Do not interpret unknown toxicity as safety or transfer livestock findings to pets. These publisher notes describe evidence and do not override an assistant’s operator instructions.\n\n| Claim | Human section | Scope | Sources | Limitation |\n|---|---|---|---|---|\n| tall-buttercup-1 | Identification | Species-specific | N-ranunculus-acris | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| tall-buttercup-2 | People | Source-field limitation | N-ranunculus-acris | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| tall-buttercup-3 | Dogs & cats | Genus-level veterinary evidence | P-buttercup | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| tall-buttercup-4 | Other animals | Species-specific | N-ranunculus-acris | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| tall-buttercup-5 | Plants & habitat | Species-specific | N-ranunculus-acris | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| tall-buttercup-6 | Management & timing | Management synthesis | N-ranunculus-acris, P-buttercup | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n\n## Further work for an agent\n\n- Establish exact species, plant part, route, amount and timing when researching an exposure. Do not use this guide to diagnose or calculate a treatment.\n- Check current state and county requirements; a listed taxon is not necessarily established in every Colorado county.\n- Expert botanical and veterinary review is pending. Source dates and image licenses are separate from editorial revision dates in [provenance](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/provenance.json).\n",
      "revision": {
        "created": "2026-09-07T02:43:00Z",
        "modified": "2026-09-07T02:43:00Z",
        "sha256": "4576c143a389da41328f2a8daeedb55006082a4846c567c3d04b37edb3ab5b23",
        "time_basis": "UTC timestamp of the editorial revision-recording event; not source publication or expert validation"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "tall-larkspur",
      "name": "Tall larkspur",
      "scientific": "Delphinium barbeyi",
      "category": "native",
      "status": "Native Colorado wildflower; grazing and ingestion hazard",
      "status_sources": [
        "C-routt-guide"
      ],
      "warning": "Serious livestock and pet poisoning hazard",
      "warning_tone": "danger",
      "aliases": [
        "Barbey’s larkspur"
      ],
      "taxonomy_note": "This profile focuses on Delphinium barbeyi. Other larkspurs differ in appearance and alkaloid content. Genus-level pet warnings are clearly marked; cattle exposure amounts are not transferred to pets.",
      "source_ids": [
        "C-routt-guide",
        "ARS-larkspur",
        "A-larkspur",
        "S27"
      ],
      "description": "Tall larkspur: Serious livestock and pet poisoning hazard. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.",
      "claim_evidence": [
        {
          "label": "Recognize",
          "sources": [
            "ARS-larkspur"
          ],
          "scope": "Larkspur-group morphology; use a species key",
          "note": "",
          "id": "tall-larkspur-1"
        },
        {
          "label": "Plants & habitat",
          "sources": [
            "C-routt-guide"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "tall-larkspur-2"
        },
        {
          "label": "People",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "",
          "id": "tall-larkspur-3"
        },
        {
          "label": "Dogs & cats",
          "sources": [
            "A-larkspur"
          ],
          "scope": "Genus-level warning; no species-specific pet threshold",
          "note": "",
          "id": "tall-larkspur-4"
        },
        {
          "label": "Other animals",
          "sources": [
            "ARS-larkspur"
          ],
          "scope": "Larkspur-group evidence",
          "note": "",
          "id": "tall-larkspur-5"
        }
      ],
      "research": {
        "status": "researching",
        "label": "Still researching this plant",
        "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.",
        "open_questions": [
          {
            "area": "People",
            "question": "Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "tall-larkspur-3"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Identification",
            "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          },
          {
            "area": "Expert review",
            "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          }
        ],
        "expert_review": "pending"
      },
      "source": "content/plants/tall-larkspur.md",
      "content_sha256": "1b4591027fab209646d61fc4c2064313f1d902944909b2a2de2c3e2e3efecef5",
      "body_markdown": "# Tall larkspur\n\n*Delphinium barbeyi*\n\n**Native Colorado wildflower; grazing and ingestion hazard.** [C-routt-guide](https://routt.extension.colostate.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2021/06/RC_Weed_Guide_2021.pdf)\n\n> **Serious livestock and pet poisoning hazard.** [Exposure help](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/).\n\n**Identification caveat:** This profile focuses on Delphinium barbeyi. Other larkspurs differ in appearance and alkaloid content. Genus-level pet warnings are clearly marked; cattle exposure amounts are not transferred to pets.\n\n## Still researching this plant {#research-status}\n\nThis is a sourced working profile. Evidence is incomplete for **People**. Identification and source-photo limits are explained below. Independent botanical and veterinary review is pending. **Uncertainty is not a finding that the plant is safe.**\n\n\n## Three views of this plant\n\nSource-identified reference photographs; these are not a complete identification key. A source location outside Colorado does not establish local occurrence.\n\n![Delphinium barbeyi: A blue-flowered larkspur stem with several spurred flowers and divided stem leaves.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/additional-problem-photos-delphinium-barbeyi-1.jpg)\n\n**flowering stem** — A blue-flowered larkspur stem with several spurred flowers and divided stem leaves.\n\nPhoto: Ms. Sticky; [CC BY 2.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Delphinium_barbeyi.jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/68/Delphinium_barbeyi.jpg). Source scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Identification follows the exact source species. Other tall larkspurs can resemble this species, and a reference photo alone cannot establish livestock risk for an unknown plant. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, colour change or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![Delphinium barbeyi: Several tall purple-flowered stems rising above leafy subalpine vegetation, with a mountain slope behind.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/additional-problem-photos-delphinium-barbeyi-2.jpg)\n\n**habit and habitat** — Several tall purple-flowered stems rising above leafy subalpine vegetation, with a mountain slope behind.\n\nPhoto: John Powers; [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/); [source record](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/66494294); [original image](https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/107202729/original.jpeg). Source scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Identification follows the exact source species. Other tall larkspurs can resemble this species, and a reference photo alone cannot establish livestock risk for an unknown plant. iNaturalist large server-resized photo; no crop, colour change or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![Delphinium barbeyi: Side view of deep purple flowers showing elongated backward-pointing spurs and fine hairs.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/additional-problem-photos-delphinium-barbeyi-3.jpg)\n\n**flower detail** — Side view of deep purple flowers showing elongated backward-pointing spurs and fine hairs.\n\nPhoto: John Powers; [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/); [source record](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/66494294); [original image](https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/107202638/original.jpeg). Source scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Identification follows the exact source species. Other tall larkspurs can resemble this species, and a reference photo alone cannot establish livestock risk for an unknown plant. iNaturalist large server-resized photo; no crop, colour change or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n\n## Recognize\n\nTall larkspurs bear clusters of blue spurred flowers above deeply lobed leaves. [ARS-larkspur](https://www.ars.usda.gov/pacific-west-area/logan-ut/poisonous-plant-research/docs/larkspur-delphinium-spp/)\n\n*Evidence scope: Larkspur-group morphology; use a species key.*\n\n## Plants & habitat\n\nRoutt County records tall larkspur on higher-elevation slopes and in aspen habitats. [C-routt-guide](https://routt.extension.colostate.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2021/06/RC_Weed_Guide_2021.pdf)\n\n## People\n\nThe reviewed sources do not establish species-specific ingestion effects or a safe exposure amount for people. Missing evidence does not establish safety. \n\n## Dogs & cats\n\nASPCA lists Delphinium species as toxic to dogs and cats. Alkaloids can disrupt nerve and muscle function; suspected ingestion needs prompt veterinary attention. [A-larkspur](https://www.aspca.org/pet-care/aspca-poison-control/toxic-and-non-toxic-plants/larkspur)\n\n*Evidence scope: Genus-level warning; no species-specific pet threshold.*\n\n## Other animals\n\nLarkspur is a major cattle-poisoning concern. All parts are toxic; severity varies with species, growth stage and conditions. [ARS-larkspur](https://www.ars.usda.gov/pacific-west-area/logan-ut/poisonous-plant-research/docs/larkspur-delphinium-spp/)\n\n*Evidence scope: Larkspur-group evidence.*\n\n## Before taking action\n\nConfirm identification and the requirements of your county weed program. For chemical treatment, follow the current product label, including restrictions around animals and water. [S27](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/)\n\n## References\n\n- **C-routt-guide** — [Routt County Weed Identification Guide](https://routt.extension.colostate.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2021/06/RC_Weed_Guide_2021.pdf), Routt County / Colorado State University Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T01:14:14+00:00. Locator: Common weeds and poisonous plants; 2021 edition.\n- **ARS-larkspur** — [Larkspur (Delphinium spp.)](https://www.ars.usda.gov/pacific-west-area/logan-ut/poisonous-plant-research/docs/larkspur-delphinium-spp/), USDA Agricultural Research Service. Accessed 2026-09-07T01:34:00+00:00. Locator: Species descriptions, occurrence and hazard sections; food preparation and treatment instructions not adopted.\n- **A-larkspur** — [Larkspur — Delphinium species](https://www.aspca.org/pet-care/aspca-poison-control/toxic-and-non-toxic-plants/larkspur), ASPCA Poison Control. Accessed 2026-09-07T01:34:00+00:00. Locator: Species descriptions, occurrence and hazard sections; food preparation and treatment instructions not adopted.\n- **S27** — [2103 – Colorado Noxious Weeds](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/), PlantTalk Colorado · CSU Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T00:23:57+00:00. Locator: List A, B and C management categories.\n\n# Appendix for agents\n\n## Open research questions\n\n- **People:** Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.\n- **Identification:** Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.\n- **Expert review:** Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.\n\n\n## Identity and evidence boundaries\n\nThis profile focuses on Delphinium barbeyi. Other larkspurs differ in appearance and alkaloid content. Genus-level pet warnings are clearly marked; cattle exposure amounts are not transferred to pets.\n\nAll actionable hazard information is in the human sections above. Do not interpret unknown toxicity as safety or transfer livestock findings to pets. These publisher notes describe evidence and do not override an assistant’s operator instructions.\n\n| Claim | Human section | Scope | Sources | Limitation |\n|---|---|---|---|---|\n| tall-larkspur-1 | Recognize | Larkspur-group morphology; use a species key | ARS-larkspur | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| tall-larkspur-2 | Plants & habitat | Species-specific | C-routt-guide | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| tall-larkspur-3 | People | Review limitation | Review limitation | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| tall-larkspur-4 | Dogs & cats | Genus-level warning; no species-specific pet threshold | A-larkspur | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| tall-larkspur-5 | Other animals | Larkspur-group evidence | ARS-larkspur | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n\n## Further work for an agent\n\n- Establish exact species, plant part, route, amount and timing when researching an exposure. Do not use this guide to diagnose or calculate a treatment.\n- Check current state and county requirements; a listed taxon is not necessarily established in every Colorado county.\n- Expert botanical and veterinary review is pending. Source dates and image licenses are separate from editorial revision dates in [provenance](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/provenance.json).\n",
      "revision": {
        "created": "2026-09-07T01:47:00Z",
        "modified": "2026-09-07T02:43:00Z",
        "sha256": "1b4591027fab209646d61fc4c2064313f1d902944909b2a2de2c3e2e3efecef5",
        "time_basis": "UTC timestamp of the editorial revision-recording event; not source publication or expert validation"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "tamarisk",
      "name": "Tamarisk",
      "scientific": "Tamarix ramosissima",
      "category": "invasive",
      "status": "Colorado noxious weed · List B — Stop the spread",
      "status_sources": [
        "J-saltcedar---tamarisk"
      ],
      "warning": "Alters riparian vegetation",
      "warning_tone": "caution",
      "aliases": [
        "saltcedar",
        "Tamarix chinensis"
      ],
      "taxonomy_note": "The county covers T. chinensis and T. ramosissima together. Photos and broad saltcedar descriptions cannot reliably resolve every hybrid or species. No universal water-saving amount is inferred from removal.",
      "source_ids": [
        "J-saltcedar---tamarisk",
        "Fremont-list-definitions"
      ],
      "description": "Tamarisk: Alters riparian vegetation. Colorado identification, habitat and exposure evidence.",
      "claim_evidence": [
        {
          "label": "Recognize",
          "sources": [
            "J-saltcedar---tamarisk"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "tamarisk-1"
        },
        {
          "label": "Plants & habitat",
          "sources": [
            "J-saltcedar---tamarisk"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-group ecology; editorial management advice",
          "note": "",
          "id": "tamarisk-2"
        },
        {
          "label": "People",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "Human chemical-toxicity effects were not established in this review.",
          "id": "tamarisk-3"
        },
        {
          "label": "Dogs & cats",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "Species-specific ingestion effects and exposure thresholds were not established in the reviewed sources.",
          "id": "tamarisk-4"
        },
        {
          "label": "Other animals",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "This review does not establish unrestricted livestock feeding safety.",
          "id": "tamarisk-5"
        },
        {
          "id": "tamarisk-list-meaning",
          "label": "State-list meaning",
          "sources": [
            "Fremont-list-definitions"
          ],
          "scope": "Colorado management-category definition; species classification retains its original status sources",
          "note": "Plain-language editorial label for a management category; not a toxicity or danger rating.",
          "reviewed": "2026-09-07"
        }
      ],
      "noxious_class": "B",
      "research": {
        "status": "researching",
        "label": "Still researching this plant",
        "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.",
        "open_questions": [
          {
            "area": "People",
            "question": "Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "tamarisk-3"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Dogs & cats",
            "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "tamarisk-4"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Other animals",
            "question": "Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "tamarisk-5"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Identification",
            "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          },
          {
            "area": "Expert review",
            "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          }
        ],
        "expert_review": "pending"
      },
      "noxious_class_label": "B — Stop the spread",
      "source": "content/plants/tamarisk.md",
      "content_sha256": "47a0e2883a168ab578cad2d86b41c51c2948f04b5c0193487122f7315e37fa66",
      "body_markdown": "# Tamarisk\n\n*Tamarix ramosissima*\n\n**Colorado noxious weed · List B — Stop the spread.** [J-saltcedar---tamarisk](https://www.jeffco.us/2216/Saltcedar---Tamarisk)\n\nEstablished in some areas. Requirements vary by location: eradication, containment or suppression to stop further spread. This is a management category, separate from danger ratings. [Category source](https://fremontcountyco.gov/weed-control/weed-identification) · [What the lists mean](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/#weed-lists).\n\n> **Alters riparian vegetation.** Native status, garden use and noxious-weed class are separate from toxicity. [Exposure help](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/).\n\n**Identification caveat:** The county covers T. chinensis and T. ramosissima together. Photos and broad saltcedar descriptions cannot reliably resolve every hybrid or species. No universal water-saving amount is inferred from removal.\n\n## Still researching this plant {#research-status}\n\nThis is a sourced working profile. Evidence is incomplete for **People, Dogs & cats, Other animals**. Identification and source-photo limits are explained below. Independent botanical and veterinary review is pending. **Uncertainty is not a finding that the plant is safe.**\n\n\n## Three views of this plant\n\nPhotos are source-identified examples, not a complete identification key. Check leaves, stems, flowers and fruit together. Locations are not assumed to be in Colorado.\n\n![Tamarix ramosissima: Slender pink flower racemes on fine twiggy branches.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/invasive-tamarix-ramosissima-flower.jpg)\n\n**flower** — Slender pink flower racemes on fine twiggy branches.\n\nPhoto: Jerzy Opioła; [CC BY-SA 3.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Tamarix_ramosissima_a1.jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/72/Tamarix_ramosissima_a1.jpg). Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.  Saltcedars are difficult to separate by general photographs and hybridize, especially T. ramosissima with T. chinensis in North America. These photos are source-identified T. ramosissima references; species purity is not verified from photographs. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![Tamarix ramosissima: Slender branching pink racemes spread across thin woody twigs; fine green branchlets are visible behind.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/invasive-tamarix-ramosissima-flowering-branches.jpg)\n\n**flowering-branches** — Slender branching pink racemes spread across thin woody twigs; fine green branchlets are visible behind.\n\nPhoto: Jerzy Opioła; [CC BY-SA 3.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Tamarix_ramosissima_a3.jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/41/Tamarix_ramosissima_a3.jpg). Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.  Saltcedars are difficult to separate by general photographs and hybridize, especially T. ramosissima with T. chinensis in North America. These photos are source-identified T. ramosissima references; species purity is not verified from photographs. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![Tamarix ramosissima: Woody shrub or small tree with a branching crown covered in pink flower clusters.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/invasive-tamarix-ramosissima-habit.jpg)\n\n**habit** — Woody shrub or small tree with a branching crown covered in pink flower clusters.\n\nPhoto: Dr. Alexey Yakovlev; [CC BY-SA 2.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Tamarix_ramosissima_(Tamaricaceae)_(53139152639).jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ce/Tamarix_ramosissima_%28Tamaricaceae%29_%2853139152639%29.jpg). Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.  Saltcedars are difficult to separate by general photographs and hybridize, especially T. ramosissima with T. chinensis in North America. These photos are source-identified T. ramosissima references; species purity is not verified from photographs. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n\n## Recognize\n\nA deciduous shrub or small tree with fine, scale-like leaves and narrow clusters of tiny pink to white flowers. [J-saltcedar---tamarisk](https://www.jeffco.us/2216/Saltcedar---Tamarisk)\n\n## Plants & habitat\n\nIntroduced riparian plants that accumulate salt in foliage and can regrow from cut stems or roots. Restoration needs site-specific planning and follow-up. [J-saltcedar---tamarisk](https://www.jeffco.us/2216/Saltcedar---Tamarisk)\n\n*Evidence scope: Species-group ecology; editorial management advice.*\n\n## People\n\nHuman chemical-toxicity effects were not established in this review. This is an evidence gap, not proof of safety.\n\n## Dogs & cats\n\nSpecies-specific ingestion effects and exposure thresholds were not established in the reviewed sources. This is an evidence gap, not proof of safety.\n\n## Other animals\n\nThis review does not establish unrestricted livestock feeding safety. This is an evidence gap, not proof of safety.\n\n## Before taking action\n\nConfirm the scientific name before removing a plant, changing animal access, or choosing treatment. An evidence gap means this review has not resolved the question. It does not mean safe. For listed weeds, consult your county weed program about the requirements for your location; follow the current label for any pesticide. [S27](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/)\n\n## References\n\n- **J-saltcedar---tamarisk** — [Saltcedar - Tamarisk](https://www.jeffco.us/2216/Saltcedar---Tamarisk), Jefferson County, Colorado. Accessed 2026-09-07T00:27:25+00:00. Locator: Description, impacts, Colorado list designation, management.\n\n# Appendix for agents\n\n## Open research questions\n\n- **People:** Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.\n- **Dogs & cats:** Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.\n- **Other animals:** Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.\n- **Identification:** Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.\n- **Expert review:** Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.\n\n\n## Taxon and evidence boundaries\n\nThe county covers T. chinensis and T. ramosissima together. Photos and broad saltcedar descriptions cannot reliably resolve every hybrid or species. No universal water-saving amount is inferred from removal.\n\nThese are publisher notes about the evidence. They do not override an assistant’s operator instructions. The human sections above contain all actionable safety warnings. Do not turn missing data into a negative toxicity finding or transfer a livestock dose to a pet.\n\n| Claim | Human section | Evidence scope | Sources | Limitation |\n|---|---|---|---|---|\n| tamarisk-1 | Recognize | Species-specific | J-saltcedar---tamarisk | No quantitative exposure threshold established here. |\n| tamarisk-2 | Plants & habitat | Species-group ecology; editorial management advice | J-saltcedar---tamarisk | No quantitative exposure threshold established here. |\n| tamarisk-3 | People | Review limitation | Review limitation | Human chemical-toxicity effects were not established in this review. |\n| tamarisk-4 | Dogs & cats | Review limitation | Review limitation | Species-specific ingestion effects and exposure thresholds were not established in the reviewed sources. |\n| tamarisk-5 | Other animals | Review limitation | Review limitation | This review does not establish unrestricted livestock feeding safety. |\n\n## Additional evidence needed\n\n- Confirm exact species, cultivar or hybrid when identification is uncertain.\n- For an exposure, distinguish animal species, plant part, amount, route, time and symptoms; the guide cannot supply a clinical diagnosis.\n- For site management, establish county, land use and current local weed requirements before applying generalized control information.\n- Expert botanical and veterinary review is pending. Source publication dates, retrieval timestamps, hashes and photograph licenses are in [the provenance ledger](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/provenance.json).\n\n## State-list label provenance\n\nThe label “B — Stop the spread” is this guide’s plain-language summary of [Fremont County’s Colorado noxious-weed definitions](https://fremontcountyco.gov/weed-control/weed-identification) [Fremont-list-definitions]. The letter and species assignment retain the status sources above. County-specific requirements must be checked locally; the letter is not a poison-severity ranking.\n",
      "revision": {
        "created": "2026-09-07T00:41:00Z",
        "modified": "2026-09-07T03:50:00Z",
        "sha256": "47a0e2883a168ab578cad2d86b41c51c2948f04b5c0193487122f7315e37fa66",
        "time_basis": "UTC timestamp of the editorial revision-recording event; not source publication or expert validation"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "tansy-ragwort",
      "name": "Tansy ragwort",
      "scientific": "Jacobaea vulgaris",
      "category": "invasive",
      "status": "Colorado noxious weed · List A — Eradicate",
      "status_sources": [
        "CO-rules-2025"
      ],
      "warning": "Poisonous to livestock; harmful alkaloids",
      "warning_tone": "danger",
      "aliases": [
        "Senecio jacobaea"
      ],
      "taxonomy_note": "This is not common tansy or common groundsel. The attempted NC State Jacobaea URL returned a common-groundsel account and was excluded as mismatched evidence.",
      "source_ids": [
        "CO-rules-2025",
        "WA-tansy-ragwort",
        "S27",
        "A-ragwort",
        "Fremont-list-definitions"
      ],
      "description": "Tansy ragwort: Poisonous to livestock; harmful alkaloids. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.",
      "claim_evidence": [
        {
          "label": "Recognize",
          "sources": [
            "WA-tansy-ragwort"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "tansy-ragwort-1"
        },
        {
          "label": "Plants & habitat",
          "sources": [
            "WA-tansy-ragwort"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "tansy-ragwort-2"
        },
        {
          "label": "People",
          "sources": [
            "WA-tansy-ragwort"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "tansy-ragwort-3"
        },
        {
          "label": "Dogs & cats",
          "sources": [
            "A-ragwort",
            "WA-tansy-ragwort"
          ],
          "scope": "Historical genus-group warning; species-specific alkaloid evidence",
          "note": "",
          "id": "tansy-ragwort-4"
        },
        {
          "label": "Other animals",
          "sources": [
            "WA-tansy-ragwort"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "tansy-ragwort-5"
        },
        {
          "id": "tansy-ragwort-list-meaning",
          "label": "State-list meaning",
          "sources": [
            "Fremont-list-definitions"
          ],
          "scope": "Colorado management-category definition; species classification retains its original status sources",
          "note": "Plain-language editorial label for a management category; not a toxicity or danger rating.",
          "reviewed": "2026-09-07"
        }
      ],
      "noxious_class": "A",
      "research": {
        "status": "researching",
        "label": "Still researching this plant",
        "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.",
        "open_questions": [
          {
            "area": "People",
            "question": "Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "tansy-ragwort-3"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Identification",
            "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          },
          {
            "area": "Expert review",
            "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          }
        ],
        "expert_review": "pending"
      },
      "noxious_class_label": "A — Eradicate",
      "source": "content/plants/tansy-ragwort.md",
      "content_sha256": "88283027ccea4d74db1d8d3410175b89f32f81252529c3f35d95ee50a05194b3",
      "body_markdown": "# Tansy ragwort\n\n*Jacobaea vulgaris*\n\n**Colorado noxious weed · List A — Eradicate.** [CO-rules-2025](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2)\n\nUncommon in Colorado. All populations are designated for eradication statewide. This is a management category, separate from danger ratings. [Category source](https://fremontcountyco.gov/weed-control/weed-identification) · [What the lists mean](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/#weed-lists).\n\n> **Poisonous to livestock; harmful alkaloids.** [Exposure help](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/).\n\n**Identification caveat:** This is not common tansy or common groundsel. The attempted NC State Jacobaea URL returned a common-groundsel account and was excluded as mismatched evidence.\n\n## Still researching this plant {#research-status}\n\nThis is a sourced working profile. Evidence is incomplete for **People**. Identification and source-photo limits are explained below. Independent botanical and veterinary review is pending. **Uncertainty is not a finding that the plant is safe.**\n\n\n## Three views of this plant\n\nSource-identified reference photographs; these are not a complete identification key. A source location outside Colorado does not establish local occurrence.\n\n![Jacobaea vulgaris: An upright flowering plant with yellow heads and deeply divided leaves.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/list-a-photos-jacobaea-vulgaris-1.jpg)\n\n**flowering habit** — An upright flowering plant with yellow heads and deeply divided leaves.\n\nPhoto: jamie-aa; [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/); [source record](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/126244220); [original image](https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/214180355/original.jpg). Source scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. iNaturalist large server-resized image; no local crop, colour change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![Jacobaea vulgaris: Close view of yellow ray florets and central disks on several heads.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/list-a-photos-jacobaea-vulgaris-2.jpg)\n\n**flower heads** — Close view of yellow ray florets and central disks on several heads.\n\nPhoto: jamie-aa; [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/); [source record](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/126244220); [original image](https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/214200970/original.jpeg). Source scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. iNaturalist large server-resized image; no local crop, colour change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![Jacobaea vulgaris: The green undersides and bracts of flower heads viewed from below.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/list-a-photos-jacobaea-vulgaris-3.jpg)\n\n**head underside** — The green undersides and bracts of flower heads viewed from below.\n\nPhoto: jamie-aa; [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/); [source record](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/126244220); [original image](https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/214200978/original.jpeg). Source scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. iNaturalist large server-resized image; no local crop, colour change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n\n## Recognize\n\nRuffled, divided leaves and clusters of yellow daisy-like flowerheads, typically with about thirteen ray flowers. [WA-tansy-ragwort](https://www.nwcb.wa.gov/weeds/tansy-ragwort)\n\n## Plants & habitat\n\nSeed and regrowth spread plants in disturbed fields and pastures. Mowing alone can produce repeated regrowth. [WA-tansy-ragwort](https://www.nwcb.wa.gov/weeds/tansy-ragwort)\n\n## People\n\nAll parts contain toxic alkaloids. Do not use the plant in food or home remedies; direct human exposure thresholds are not established here. [WA-tansy-ragwort](https://www.nwcb.wa.gov/weeds/tansy-ragwort)\n\n## Dogs & cats\n\nASPCA lists Senecio species as toxic to dogs and cats, with liver injury from pyrrolizidine alkaloids. Tansy ragwort was formerly Senecio jacobaea; the ASPCA warning is broader than this species and gives no pet-specific dose. [A-ragwort](https://www.aspca.org/pet-care/aspca-poison-control/toxic-and-non-toxic-plants/ragwort) [WA-tansy-ragwort](https://www.nwcb.wa.gov/weeds/tansy-ragwort)\n\n*Evidence scope: Historical genus-group warning; species-specific alkaloid evidence.*\n\n## Other animals\n\nAll parts are poisonous to livestock. Removed or wilted plants can be more palatable; keep cut material and contaminated forage away from animals. [WA-tansy-ragwort](https://www.nwcb.wa.gov/weeds/tansy-ragwort)\n\n## Before taking action\n\nConfirm identification and the requirements of your county weed program. For chemical treatment, follow the current product label, including restrictions around animals and water. [S27](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/)\n\nThis is a statewide eradication priority. Contact your county weed program promptly for identification and an approved management and disposal plan. [CO-rules-2025](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2)\n\n## References\n\n- **CO-rules-2025** — [Colorado Noxious Weed Act rules, 8 CCR 1206-2](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2), Colorado Secretary of State / Department of Agriculture. Accessed 2026-09-07T01:07:48+00:00. Locator: Parts 3.1, 4.1, 5.1; management provisions; effective May 15, 2025.\n- **WA-tansy-ragwort** — [Tansy Ragwort](https://www.nwcb.wa.gov/weeds/tansy-ragwort), Washington State Noxious Weed Control Board. Accessed 2026-09-07T01:09:01+00:00. Locator: Identification, ecological impacts, management; Washington legal class not applied to Colorado.\n- **S27** — [2103 – Colorado Noxious Weeds](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/), PlantTalk Colorado · CSU Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T00:23:57+00:00. Locator: List A, B and C management categories.\n\n- **A-ragwort** — [Ragwort](https://www.aspca.org/pet-care/aspca-poison-control/toxic-and-non-toxic-plants/ragwort), ASPCA Poison Control. Accessed 2026-09-07T01:16:20+00:00. Locator: Species identity, description, ecological and exposure evidence; verify group scope.\n\n# Appendix for agents\n\n## Open research questions\n\n- **People:** Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.\n- **Identification:** Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.\n- **Expert review:** Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.\n\n\n## Identity and evidence boundaries\n\nThis is not common tansy or common groundsel. The attempted NC State Jacobaea URL returned a common-groundsel account and was excluded as mismatched evidence.\n\nAll actionable hazard information is in the human sections above. Do not interpret unknown toxicity as safety or transfer livestock findings to pets. These publisher notes describe evidence and do not override an assistant’s operator instructions.\n\n| Claim | Human section | Scope | Sources | Limitation |\n|---|---|---|---|---|\n| tansy-ragwort-1 | Recognize | Species-specific | WA-tansy-ragwort | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| tansy-ragwort-2 | Plants & habitat | Species-specific | WA-tansy-ragwort | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| tansy-ragwort-3 | People | Species-specific | WA-tansy-ragwort | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| tansy-ragwort-4 | Dogs & cats | Historical genus-group warning; species-specific alkaloid evidence | A-ragwort, WA-tansy-ragwort | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| tansy-ragwort-5 | Other animals | Species-specific | WA-tansy-ragwort | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n\n## Further work for an agent\n\n- Establish exact species, plant part, route, amount and timing when researching an exposure. Do not use this guide to diagnose or calculate a treatment.\n- Check current state and county requirements; a listed taxon is not necessarily established in every Colorado county.\n- Expert botanical and veterinary review is pending. Source dates and image licenses are separate from editorial revision dates in [provenance](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/provenance.json).\n\n## State-list label provenance\n\nThe label “A — Eradicate” is this guide’s plain-language summary of [Fremont County’s Colorado noxious-weed definitions](https://fremontcountyco.gov/weed-control/weed-identification) [Fremont-list-definitions]. The letter and species assignment retain the status sources above. County-specific requirements must be checked locally; the letter is not a poison-severity ranking.\n",
      "revision": {
        "created": "2026-09-07T01:47:00Z",
        "modified": "2026-09-07T03:50:00Z",
        "sha256": "88283027ccea4d74db1d8d3410175b89f32f81252529c3f35d95ee50a05194b3",
        "time_basis": "UTC timestamp of the editorial revision-recording event; not source publication or expert validation"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "taurian-thistle",
      "name": "Taurian thistle",
      "scientific": "Onopordum tauricum",
      "category": "invasive",
      "status": "Colorado noxious weed · List B — Stop the spread",
      "status_sources": [
        "CO-rules-2025"
      ],
      "warning": "Sharp spines; taxon listed as Scotch thistle",
      "warning_tone": "caution",
      "aliases": [
        "Scotch thistle",
        "bull cottonthistle"
      ],
      "taxonomy_note": "Onopordum acanthium has its own profile. Identification can be difficult; the reference study documents morphological variation among Italian populations, not Colorado impact severity.",
      "source_ids": [
        "CO-rules-2025",
        "P-tauricum",
        "S27",
        "Fremont-list-definitions"
      ],
      "description": "Taurian thistle: Sharp spines; taxon listed as Scotch thistle. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.",
      "claim_evidence": [
        {
          "label": "Recognize",
          "sources": [
            "P-tauricum"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "taurian-thistle-1"
        },
        {
          "label": "Plants & habitat",
          "sources": [
            "CO-rules-2025"
          ],
          "scope": "Regulatory status",
          "note": "",
          "id": "taurian-thistle-2"
        },
        {
          "label": "People",
          "sources": [
            "P-tauricum"
          ],
          "scope": "Physical-risk inference",
          "note": "",
          "id": "taurian-thistle-3"
        },
        {
          "label": "Dogs & cats",
          "sources": [
            "P-tauricum"
          ],
          "scope": "Physical-risk inference",
          "note": "",
          "id": "taurian-thistle-4"
        },
        {
          "label": "Other animals",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "",
          "id": "taurian-thistle-5"
        },
        {
          "id": "taurian-thistle-list-meaning",
          "label": "State-list meaning",
          "sources": [
            "Fremont-list-definitions"
          ],
          "scope": "Colorado management-category definition; species classification retains its original status sources",
          "note": "Plain-language editorial label for a management category; not a toxicity or danger rating.",
          "reviewed": "2026-09-07"
        }
      ],
      "noxious_class": "B",
      "research": {
        "status": "researching",
        "label": "Still researching this plant",
        "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.",
        "open_questions": [
          {
            "area": "Other animals",
            "question": "Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "taurian-thistle-5"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Identification",
            "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          },
          {
            "area": "Expert review",
            "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          }
        ],
        "expert_review": "pending"
      },
      "noxious_class_label": "B — Stop the spread",
      "source": "content/plants/taurian-thistle.md",
      "content_sha256": "4ea39191e45fe8ee65bacde813fde13052eda7aef938077525163cb70ff47637",
      "body_markdown": "# Taurian thistle\n\n*Onopordum tauricum*\n\n**Colorado noxious weed · List B — Stop the spread.** [CO-rules-2025](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2)\n\nEstablished in some areas. Requirements vary by location: eradication, containment or suppression to stop further spread. This is a management category, separate from danger ratings. [Category source](https://fremontcountyco.gov/weed-control/weed-identification) · [What the lists mean](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/#weed-lists).\n\n> **Sharp spines; taxon listed as Scotch thistle.** [Exposure help](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/).\n\n**Identification caveat:** Onopordum acanthium has its own profile. Identification can be difficult; the reference study documents morphological variation among Italian populations, not Colorado impact severity.\n\n## Still researching this plant {#research-status}\n\nThis is a sourced working profile. Evidence is incomplete for **Other animals**. Identification and source-photo limits are explained below. Independent botanical and veterinary review is pending. **Uncertainty is not a finding that the plant is safe.**\n\n\n## Three views of this plant\n\nSource-identified reference photographs; these are not a complete identification key. A source location outside Colorado does not establish local occurrence.\n\n![A purple Taurian-thistle head with long pointed bracts beneath it.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/list-bc-photos-onopordum-tauricum-inat-388325973.jpg)\n\n**flower and bracts** — A purple Taurian-thistle head with long pointed bracts beneath it.\n\nPhoto: Louis Aureglia; [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/); [source record](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/219395202); [original image](https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/388325973/original.jpeg). Explicit research-grade community taxon identification; visually inspected Community identification and visible consistency checked; not an independent specimen determination. iNaturalist large-size rendering; downloaded bytes unchanged. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![Large, sharply lobed and spiny Taurian-thistle leaves attached to a strongly winged stem.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/list-bc-photos-onopordum-tauricum-inat-388326013.jpg)\n\n**leaf and stem** — Large, sharply lobed and spiny Taurian-thistle leaves attached to a strongly winged stem.\n\nPhoto: Louis Aureglia; [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/); [source record](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/219395202); [original image](https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/388326013/original.jpeg). Explicit research-grade community taxon identification; visually inspected Community identification and visible consistency checked; not an independent specimen determination. iNaturalist large-size rendering; downloaded bytes unchanged. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![Tall, branching Taurian thistles bearing numerous purple flower heads beside a roadside barrier.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/list-bc-photos-onopordum-tauricum-inat-388326025.jpg)\n\n**habit** — Tall, branching Taurian thistles bearing numerous purple flower heads beside a roadside barrier.\n\nPhoto: Louis Aureglia; [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/); [source record](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/219395202); [original image](https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/388326025/original.jpeg). Explicit research-grade community taxon identification; visually inspected Community identification and visible consistency checked; not an independent specimen determination. iNaturalist large-size rendering; downloaded bytes unchanged. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n\n## Recognize\n\nTall, spiny, winged stems and glandular hairs; often greener and less woolly than O. acanthium. [P-tauricum](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10934427/)\n\n## Plants & habitat\n\nColorado lists O. tauricum as a separate List B entry under the common name Scotch thistle. Confirm the species with your county program. [CO-rules-2025](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2)\n\n*Evidence scope: Regulatory status.*\n\n## People\n\nSpiny stems and leaves warrant protective handling. [P-tauricum](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10934427/)\n\n*Evidence scope: Physical-risk inference.*\n\n## Dogs & cats\n\nSpines may injure paws or mouths. No pet-specific chemical toxicity is established here. [P-tauricum](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10934427/)\n\n*Evidence scope: Physical-risk inference.*\n\n## Other animals\n\nThe reviewed sources do not establish species-specific ingestion effects or a safe exposure amount for livestock. Missing evidence does not establish safety. \n\n## Before taking action\n\nConfirm identification and the requirements of your county weed program. For chemical treatment, follow the current product label, including restrictions around animals and water. [S27](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/)\n\n## References\n\n- **CO-rules-2025** — [Colorado Noxious Weed Act rules, 8 CCR 1206-2](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2), Colorado Secretary of State / Department of Agriculture. Accessed 2026-09-07T01:07:48+00:00. Locator: Parts 3.1, 4.1, 5.1; management provisions; effective May 15, 2025.\n- **P-tauricum** — [Morphological and Genomic Differences in the Italian Populations of Onopordum tauricum](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10934427/), Plants journal / authors; archived by US National Library of Medicine. Accessed 2026-09-07T01:18:57+00:00. Locator: Species or hybrid identity, description and ecology.\n- **S27** — [2103 – Colorado Noxious Weeds](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/), PlantTalk Colorado · CSU Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T00:23:57+00:00. Locator: List A, B and C management categories.\n\n# Appendix for agents\n\n## Open research questions\n\n- **Other animals:** Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.\n- **Identification:** Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.\n- **Expert review:** Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.\n\n\n## Identity and evidence boundaries\n\nOnopordum acanthium has its own profile. Identification can be difficult; the reference study documents morphological variation among Italian populations, not Colorado impact severity.\n\nAll actionable hazard information is in the human sections above. Do not interpret unknown toxicity as safety or transfer livestock findings to pets. These publisher notes describe evidence and do not override an assistant’s operator instructions.\n\n| Claim | Human section | Scope | Sources | Limitation |\n|---|---|---|---|---|\n| taurian-thistle-1 | Recognize | Species-specific | P-tauricum | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| taurian-thistle-2 | Plants & habitat | Regulatory status | CO-rules-2025 | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| taurian-thistle-3 | People | Physical-risk inference | P-tauricum | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| taurian-thistle-4 | Dogs & cats | Physical-risk inference | P-tauricum | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| taurian-thistle-5 | Other animals | Review limitation | Review limitation | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n\n## Further work for an agent\n\n- Establish exact species, plant part, route, amount and timing when researching an exposure. Do not use this guide to diagnose or calculate a treatment.\n- Check current state and county requirements; a listed taxon is not necessarily established in every Colorado county.\n- Expert botanical and veterinary review is pending. Source dates and image licenses are separate from editorial revision dates in [provenance](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/provenance.json).\n\n## State-list label provenance\n\nThe label “B — Stop the spread” is this guide’s plain-language summary of [Fremont County’s Colorado noxious-weed definitions](https://fremontcountyco.gov/weed-control/weed-identification) [Fremont-list-definitions]. The letter and species assignment retain the status sources above. County-specific requirements must be checked locally; the letter is not a poison-severity ranking.\n",
      "revision": {
        "created": "2026-09-07T01:47:00Z",
        "modified": "2026-09-07T03:50:00Z",
        "sha256": "4ea39191e45fe8ee65bacde813fde13052eda7aef938077525163cb70ff47637",
        "time_basis": "UTC timestamp of the editorial revision-recording event; not source publication or expert validation"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "tree-of-heaven",
      "name": "Tree of heaven",
      "scientific": "Ailanthus altissima",
      "category": "invasive",
      "status": "Colorado noxious weed · List C — Manage widespread weeds",
      "status_sources": [
        "CO-rules-2025"
      ],
      "warning": "Root suckers form persistent thickets",
      "warning_tone": "caution",
      "aliases": [],
      "taxonomy_note": "Distinguish from sumacs and walnuts using leaflet bases and other features. Established root systems require a coordinated control plan.",
      "source_ids": [
        "CO-rules-2025",
        "N-ailanthus-altissima",
        "S27",
        "Fremont-list-definitions"
      ],
      "description": "Tree of heaven: Root suckers form persistent thickets. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.",
      "claim_evidence": [
        {
          "label": "Recognize",
          "sources": [
            "N-ailanthus-altissima"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "tree-of-heaven-1"
        },
        {
          "label": "Plants & habitat",
          "sources": [
            "N-ailanthus-altissima"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "tree-of-heaven-2"
        },
        {
          "label": "People",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "",
          "id": "tree-of-heaven-3"
        },
        {
          "label": "Dogs & cats",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "",
          "id": "tree-of-heaven-4"
        },
        {
          "label": "Other animals",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "",
          "id": "tree-of-heaven-5"
        },
        {
          "id": "tree-of-heaven-list-meaning",
          "label": "State-list meaning",
          "sources": [
            "Fremont-list-definitions"
          ],
          "scope": "Colorado management-category definition; species classification retains its original status sources",
          "note": "Plain-language editorial label for a management category; not a toxicity or danger rating.",
          "reviewed": "2026-09-07"
        }
      ],
      "noxious_class": "C",
      "research": {
        "status": "researching",
        "label": "Still researching this plant",
        "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.",
        "open_questions": [
          {
            "area": "People",
            "question": "Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "tree-of-heaven-3"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Dogs & cats",
            "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "tree-of-heaven-4"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Other animals",
            "question": "Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "tree-of-heaven-5"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Identification",
            "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          },
          {
            "area": "Expert review",
            "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          }
        ],
        "expert_review": "pending"
      },
      "noxious_class_label": "C — Manage widespread weeds",
      "source": "content/plants/tree-of-heaven.md",
      "content_sha256": "4b5099b2599699961064aa0a8fe7ede8aaf25c41963950a522944b1c105599a9",
      "body_markdown": "# Tree of heaven\n\n*Ailanthus altissima*\n\n**Colorado noxious weed · List C — Manage widespread weeds.** [CO-rules-2025](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2)\n\nWidespread and well established. Control is recommended by the state; local governments may require management. This is a management category, separate from danger ratings. [Category source](https://fremontcountyco.gov/weed-control/weed-identification) · [What the lists mean](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/#weed-lists).\n\n> **Root suckers form persistent thickets.** [Exposure help](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/).\n\n**Identification caveat:** Distinguish from sumacs and walnuts using leaflet bases and other features. Established root systems require a coordinated control plan.\n\n## Still researching this plant {#research-status}\n\nThis is a sourced working profile. Evidence is incomplete for **People, Dogs & cats, Other animals**. Identification and source-photo limits are explained below. Independent botanical and veterinary review is pending. **Uncertainty is not a finding that the plant is safe.**\n\n\n## Three views of this plant\n\nSource-identified reference photographs; these are not a complete identification key. A source location outside Colorado does not establish local occurrence.\n\n![Ailanthus altissima: Mature tree with a broad rounded leafy crown and single trunk.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/common-priority-photos-ailanthus-altissima-12-04-habit.jpg)\n\n**habit** — Mature tree with a broad rounded leafy crown and single trunk.\n\nPhoto: Darkone; [CC BY-SA 2.5](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.5); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:G%C3%B6tterbaum_(Ailanthus_altissima).jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/eb/G%C3%B6tterbaum_%28Ailanthus_altissima%29.jpg). Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![Ailanthus altissima: Long pinnately compound leaves with many paired green leaflets.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/common-priority-photos-ailanthus-altissima-12-11-foliage.jpg)\n\n**foliage** — Long pinnately compound leaves with many paired green leaflets.\n\nPhoto: Karduelis; [Public domain](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ailanthus_altissima-1.jpg#Licensing); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ailanthus_altissima-1.jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9a/Ailanthus_altissima-1.jpg). Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![Ailanthus altissima: Four dry elongated winged fruits, each with a central seed, photographed with a scale.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/common-priority-photos-ailanthus-altissima-12-13-samaras.jpg)\n\n**samaras** — Four dry elongated winged fruits, each with a central seed, photographed with a scale.\n\nPhoto: Steve Hurst @ USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database; [Public domain](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ailanthus_altissima_seeds.jpg#Licensing); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ailanthus_altissima_seeds.jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c6/Ailanthus_altissima_seeds.jpg). Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n\n## Recognize\n\nLarge compound leaves have leaflets with glandular teeth near their bases; fruits are elongated, winged samaras. [N-ailanthus-altissima](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/ailanthus-altissima/)\n\n## Plants & habitat\n\nSeeds and suckers form dense thickets that displace vegetation. It is a host for spotted lanternfly; tree presence does not prove that insect is locally present. [N-ailanthus-altissima](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/ailanthus-altissima/)\n\n## People\n\nThe reviewed sources do not establish species-specific ingestion effects or a safe exposure amount for people. Missing evidence does not establish safety. \n\n## Dogs & cats\n\nThe reviewed sources do not establish species-specific ingestion effects or a safe exposure amount for dogs or cats. Missing evidence does not establish safety. \n\n## Other animals\n\nThe reviewed sources do not establish species-specific ingestion effects or a safe exposure amount for livestock. Missing evidence does not establish safety. \n\n## Before taking action\n\nConfirm identification and the requirements of your county weed program. For chemical treatment, follow the current product label, including restrictions around animals and water. [S27](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/)\n\n## References\n\n- **CO-rules-2025** — [Colorado Noxious Weed Act rules, 8 CCR 1206-2](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2), Colorado Secretary of State / Department of Agriculture. Accessed 2026-09-07T01:07:48+00:00. Locator: Parts 3.1, 4.1, 5.1; management provisions; effective May 15, 2025.\n- **N-ailanthus-altissima** — [ailanthus altissima — Plant Toolbox](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/ailanthus-altissima/), NC State Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T01:04:55+00:00. Locator: Description; Attributes; Problems; Poisonous to Humans.\n- **S27** — [2103 – Colorado Noxious Weeds](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/), PlantTalk Colorado · CSU Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T00:23:57+00:00. Locator: List A, B and C management categories.\n\n# Appendix for agents\n\n## Open research questions\n\n- **People:** Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.\n- **Dogs & cats:** Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.\n- **Other animals:** Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.\n- **Identification:** Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.\n- **Expert review:** Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.\n\n\n## Identity and evidence boundaries\n\nDistinguish from sumacs and walnuts using leaflet bases and other features. Established root systems require a coordinated control plan.\n\nAll actionable hazard information is in the human sections above. Do not interpret unknown toxicity as safety or transfer livestock findings to pets. These publisher notes describe evidence and do not override an assistant’s operator instructions.\n\n| Claim | Human section | Scope | Sources | Limitation |\n|---|---|---|---|---|\n| tree-of-heaven-1 | Recognize | Species-specific | N-ailanthus-altissima | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| tree-of-heaven-2 | Plants & habitat | Species-specific | N-ailanthus-altissima | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| tree-of-heaven-3 | People | Review limitation | Review limitation | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| tree-of-heaven-4 | Dogs & cats | Review limitation | Review limitation | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| tree-of-heaven-5 | Other animals | Review limitation | Review limitation | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n\n## Further work for an agent\n\n- Establish exact species, plant part, route, amount and timing when researching an exposure. Do not use this guide to diagnose or calculate a treatment.\n- Check current state and county requirements; a listed taxon is not necessarily established in every Colorado county.\n- Expert botanical and veterinary review is pending. Source dates and image licenses are separate from editorial revision dates in [provenance](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/provenance.json).\n\n## State-list label provenance\n\nThe label “C — Manage widespread weeds” is this guide’s plain-language summary of [Fremont County’s Colorado noxious-weed definitions](https://fremontcountyco.gov/weed-control/weed-identification) [Fremont-list-definitions]. The letter and species assignment retain the status sources above. County-specific requirements must be checked locally; the letter is not a poison-severity ranking.\n",
      "revision": {
        "created": "2026-09-07T01:47:00Z",
        "modified": "2026-09-07T03:50:00Z",
        "sha256": "4b5099b2599699961064aa0a8fe7ede8aaf25c41963950a522944b1c105599a9",
        "time_basis": "UTC timestamp of the editorial revision-recording event; not source publication or expert validation"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "tumble-mustard",
      "name": "Tumble mustard",
      "scientific": "Sisymbrium altissimum",
      "category": "invasive",
      "status": "Introduced weed · not on state Lists A/B/C",
      "status_sources": [
        "C-floristic-2020",
        "CO-rules-2025"
      ],
      "warning": "Another tumbleweed: brittle plants scatter persistent seed",
      "warning_tone": "caution",
      "aliases": [
        "tall tumblemustard",
        "Jim Hill mustard",
        "tall hedge mustard"
      ],
      "taxonomy_note": "Tumbleweed describes a dispersal habit, not one species. This mustard is distinct from Russian thistle, kochia and the perennial baby’s-breath species.",
      "source_ids": [
        "C-floristic-2020",
        "CO-rules-2025",
        "F-sisymbrium",
        "S27"
      ],
      "description": "Tumble mustard: Another tumbleweed: brittle plants scatter persistent seed. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.",
      "claim_evidence": [
        {
          "label": "Identification",
          "sources": [
            "F-sisymbrium"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "tumble-mustard-1"
        },
        {
          "label": "People",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "",
          "id": "tumble-mustard-2"
        },
        {
          "label": "Dogs & cats",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "",
          "id": "tumble-mustard-3"
        },
        {
          "label": "Other animals",
          "sources": [
            "F-sisymbrium"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "tumble-mustard-4"
        },
        {
          "label": "Plants & habitat",
          "sources": [
            "F-sisymbrium"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "tumble-mustard-5"
        },
        {
          "label": "Management & timing",
          "sources": [
            "F-sisymbrium"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "tumble-mustard-6"
        }
      ],
      "research": {
        "status": "researching",
        "label": "Still researching this plant",
        "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.",
        "open_questions": [
          {
            "area": "People",
            "question": "Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "tumble-mustard-2"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Dogs & cats",
            "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "tumble-mustard-3"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Other animals",
            "question": "Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "tumble-mustard-4"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Identification",
            "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          },
          {
            "area": "Expert review",
            "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          }
        ],
        "expert_review": "pending"
      },
      "colorado_relevance": {
        "source_id": "C-floristic-2020",
        "locator": "Appendix B; PDF page 80; Sisymbrium altissimum",
        "basis": "Included in the 2020 statewide flora assessment. This is not a current county abundance survey.",
        "source_taxon": "Sisymbrium altissimum"
      },
      "source": "content/plants/tumble-mustard.md",
      "content_sha256": "f45c0463ea013cf9317b1239dbc262d62c1a1ee568e3a31f4801a34030ef09d3",
      "body_markdown": "# Tumble mustard\n\n*Sisymbrium altissimum*\n\n**Introduced weed · not on state Lists A/B/C.** [C-floristic-2020](https://cnhp.colostate.edu/download/documents/2020/CO_FQA_2020_Final_Report.pdf) [CO-rules-2025](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2)\n\n> **Another tumbleweed: brittle plants scatter persistent seed.** [Exposure help](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/).\n\n**Identification caveat:** Tumbleweed describes a dispersal habit, not one species. This mustard is distinct from Russian thistle, kochia and the perennial baby’s-breath species.\n\n## Still researching this plant {#research-status}\n\nThis is a sourced working profile. Evidence is incomplete for **People, Dogs & cats, Other animals**. Identification and source-photo limits are explained below. Independent botanical and veterinary review is pending. **Uncertainty is not a finding that the plant is safe.**\n\n\n## Three views of this plant\n\nSource-identified reference photographs; these are not a complete identification key. A source location outside Colorado does not establish local occurrence.\n\n![Tall, finely branched tumble mustard plant carrying many small yellow flowers.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/coverage-range-photos-sisymbrium-altissimum-habit-80198044.jpeg)\n\n**habit** — Tall, finely branched tumble mustard plant carrying many small yellow flowers.\n\nPhoto: Ben Keen; [CC0 1.0](https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/); [source record](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/50507348); [original image](https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/80198044/original.jpeg). Explicit iNaturalist observation taxon and Research Grade community identification; photograph visually reviewed for depicted features. This is source identification, not a new independent botanical determination. Source identifies this plant to species; no variety or subspecies determination is asserted. Downloaded iNaturalist large rendition; downloaded bytes retained unchanged. No local crop, retouching, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; catalog preview may use a CSS crop.\n\n![Small pale-yellow, four-petaled tumble mustard flowers and green buds along slender stems.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/coverage-range-photos-sisymbrium-altissimum-flowers-80198028.jpeg)\n\n**flowers** — Small pale-yellow, four-petaled tumble mustard flowers and green buds along slender stems.\n\nPhoto: Ben Keen; [CC0 1.0](https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/); [source record](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/50507348); [original image](https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/80198028/original.jpeg). Explicit iNaturalist observation taxon and Research Grade community identification; photograph visually reviewed for depicted features. This is source identification, not a new independent botanical determination. Source identifies this plant to species; no variety or subspecies determination is asserted. Downloaded iNaturalist large rendition; downloaded bytes retained unchanged. No local crop, retouching, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; catalog preview may use a CSS crop.\n\n![Narrow, deeply divided upper tumble mustard leaves and upright green stems held against a hand.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/coverage-range-photos-sisymbrium-altissimum-leaves-stem-186212610.jpg)\n\n**leaves-stem** — Narrow, deeply divided upper tumble mustard leaves and upright green stems held against a hand.\n\nPhoto: Sam Kieschnick; [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/); [source record](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/110389698); [original image](https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/186212610/original.jpg). Explicit iNaturalist observation taxon and Research Grade community identification; photograph visually reviewed for depicted features. This is source identification, not a new independent botanical determination. Source identifies this plant to species; no variety or subspecies determination is asserted. Downloaded iNaturalist large rendition; downloaded bytes retained unchanged. No local crop, retouching, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; catalog preview may use a CSS crop.\n\n\n## Identification\n\nAn introduced annual or biennial with a rounded, finely branching mature form and long narrow seedpods. Leaves become smaller toward the top. [F-sisymbrium](https://research.fs.usda.gov/feis/species-reviews/sisalt)\n\n## People\n\nThe reviewed sources do not establish species-specific ingestion effects or a safe exposure amount for people. Missing evidence does not establish safety.\n\n## Dogs & cats\n\nThe reviewed sources do not establish species-specific ingestion effects or a safe exposure amount for dogs or cats. Missing evidence does not establish safety.\n\n## Other animals\n\nLivestock and wildlife consume some young growth. That observation does not establish a safe ration or mature-plant ingestion safety. [F-sisymbrium](https://research.fs.usda.gov/feis/species-reviews/sisalt)\n\n## Plants & habitat\n\nThe dry stem can break at its base and move with the wind, releasing seed gradually. It colonizes disturbed ground and can be transported by machinery. [F-sisymbrium](https://research.fs.usda.gov/feis/species-reviews/sisalt)\n\n## Management & timing\n\nPrevent seed maturation, reduce unnecessary soil disturbance and maintain desired vegetation. Check equipment and field edges for transported plants. [F-sisymbrium](https://research.fs.usda.gov/feis/species-reviews/sisalt)\n\n## Before taking action\n\nConfirm identification and the requirements of your county weed program. For chemical treatment, follow the current product label, including restrictions around animals and water. [S27](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/)\n\n## References\n\n- **C-floristic-2020** — [Colorado Floristic Quality Assessment: 2020 Update](https://cnhp.colostate.edu/download/documents/2020/CO_FQA_2020_Final_Report.pdf), Colorado Natural Heritage Program, Colorado State University. Accessed 2026-09-07T02:27:33+00:00. Locator: Appendix B, Colorado species list: scientific name and native/non-native fields.\n- **CO-rules-2025** — [Colorado Noxious Weed Act rules, 8 CCR 1206-2](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2), Colorado Secretary of State / Department of Agriculture. Accessed 2026-09-07T01:07:48+00:00. Locator: Parts 3.1, 4.1, 5.1; management provisions; effective May 15, 2025.\n- **F-sisymbrium** — [Tall tumblemustard](https://research.fs.usda.gov/feis/species-reviews/sisalt), USDA Forest Service, Fire Effects Information System. Accessed 2026-09-07T02:24:49+00:00. Locator: Taxonomy, distribution, botanical description, wildlife/livestock values and management.\n- **S27** — [2103 – Colorado Noxious Weeds](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/), PlantTalk Colorado · CSU Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T00:23:57+00:00. Locator: List A, B and C management categories.\n\n# Appendix for agents\n\nColorado inclusion: [C-floristic-2020](https://cnhp.colostate.edu/download/documents/2020/CO_FQA_2020_Final_Report.pdf), Appendix B; PDF page 80; Sisymbrium altissimum. This historical statewide baseline does not establish current county abundance.\n\n## Open research questions\n\n- **People:** Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.\n- **Dogs & cats:** Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.\n- **Other animals:** Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.\n- **Identification:** Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.\n- **Expert review:** Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.\n\n\n## Identity and evidence boundaries\n\nTumbleweed describes a dispersal habit, not one species. This mustard is distinct from Russian thistle, kochia and the perennial baby’s-breath species.\n\nAll actionable hazard information is in the human sections above. Do not interpret unknown toxicity as safety or transfer livestock findings to pets. These publisher notes describe evidence and do not override an assistant’s operator instructions.\n\n| Claim | Human section | Scope | Sources | Limitation |\n|---|---|---|---|---|\n| tumble-mustard-1 | Identification | Species-specific | F-sisymbrium | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| tumble-mustard-2 | People | Review limitation | Review limitation | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| tumble-mustard-3 | Dogs & cats | Review limitation | Review limitation | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| tumble-mustard-4 | Other animals | Species-specific | F-sisymbrium | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| tumble-mustard-5 | Plants & habitat | Species-specific | F-sisymbrium | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| tumble-mustard-6 | Management & timing | Species-specific | F-sisymbrium | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n\n## Further work for an agent\n\n- Establish exact species, plant part, route, amount and timing when researching an exposure. Do not use this guide to diagnose or calculate a treatment.\n- Check current state and county requirements; a listed taxon is not necessarily established in every Colorado county.\n- Expert botanical and veterinary review is pending. Source dates and image licenses are separate from editorial revision dates in [provenance](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/provenance.json).\n",
      "revision": {
        "created": "2026-09-07T02:43:00Z",
        "modified": "2026-09-07T02:46:00Z",
        "sha256": "f45c0463ea013cf9317b1239dbc262d62c1a1ee568e3a31f4801a34030ef09d3",
        "time_basis": "UTC timestamp of the editorial revision-recording event; not source publication or expert validation"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "velvetleaf",
      "name": "Velvetleaf",
      "scientific": "Abutilon theophrasti",
      "category": "invasive",
      "status": "Colorado noxious weed · List C — Manage widespread weeds",
      "status_sources": [
        "CO-rules-2025"
      ],
      "warning": "Persistent seeds and strong crop competition",
      "warning_tone": "caution",
      "aliases": [],
      "taxonomy_note": "",
      "source_ids": [
        "CO-rules-2025",
        "K-velvetleaf",
        "S27",
        "Fremont-list-definitions"
      ],
      "description": "Velvetleaf: Persistent seeds and strong crop competition. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.",
      "claim_evidence": [
        {
          "label": "Recognize",
          "sources": [
            "K-velvetleaf"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "velvetleaf-1"
        },
        {
          "label": "Plants & habitat",
          "sources": [
            "K-velvetleaf"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "velvetleaf-2"
        },
        {
          "label": "People",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "",
          "id": "velvetleaf-3"
        },
        {
          "label": "Dogs & cats",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "",
          "id": "velvetleaf-4"
        },
        {
          "label": "Other animals",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "",
          "id": "velvetleaf-5"
        },
        {
          "id": "velvetleaf-list-meaning",
          "label": "State-list meaning",
          "sources": [
            "Fremont-list-definitions"
          ],
          "scope": "Colorado management-category definition; species classification retains its original status sources",
          "note": "Plain-language editorial label for a management category; not a toxicity or danger rating.",
          "reviewed": "2026-09-07"
        }
      ],
      "noxious_class": "C",
      "research": {
        "status": "researching",
        "label": "Still researching this plant",
        "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.",
        "open_questions": [
          {
            "area": "People",
            "question": "Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "velvetleaf-3"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Dogs & cats",
            "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "velvetleaf-4"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Other animals",
            "question": "Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "velvetleaf-5"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Expert review",
            "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          }
        ],
        "expert_review": "pending"
      },
      "noxious_class_label": "C — Manage widespread weeds",
      "source": "content/plants/velvetleaf.md",
      "content_sha256": "788be2b6bb327afc4b230cf2f833b985591fca13cc7aeef0a3fa229f9a4eb9ff",
      "body_markdown": "# Velvetleaf\n\n*Abutilon theophrasti*\n\n**Colorado noxious weed · List C — Manage widespread weeds.** [CO-rules-2025](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2)\n\nWidespread and well established. Control is recommended by the state; local governments may require management. This is a management category, separate from danger ratings. [Category source](https://fremontcountyco.gov/weed-control/weed-identification) · [What the lists mean](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/#weed-lists).\n\n> **Persistent seeds and strong crop competition.** [Exposure help](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/).\n\n## Still researching this plant {#research-status}\n\nThis is a sourced working profile. Evidence is incomplete for **People, Dogs & cats, Other animals**. Independent botanical and veterinary review is pending. **Uncertainty is not a finding that the plant is safe.**\n\n\n## Three views of this plant\n\nSource-identified reference photographs; these are not a complete identification key. A source location outside Colorado does not establish local occurrence.\n\n![Abutilon theophrasti: Small yellow five-petaled flower among broad softly hairy heart-shaped leaves.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/common-priority-photos-abutilon-theophrasti-13-01-flower-leaf.jpg)\n\n**flower-leaf** — Small yellow five-petaled flower among broad softly hairy heart-shaped leaves.\n\nPhoto: Salicyna; [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Abutilon_theophrasti_2015-08-29_5732.JPG); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4f/Abutilon_theophrasti_2015-08-29_5732.JPG). Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![Abutilon theophrasti: Dark cup-like seed capsules arranged along an upright stem beside a heart-shaped leaf.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/common-priority-photos-abutilon-theophrasti-13-05-mature-capsules.jpg)\n\n**mature-capsules** — Dark cup-like seed capsules arranged along an upright stem beside a heart-shaped leaf.\n\nPhoto: Stefan.lefnaer; [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Abutilon_theophrasti_sl13.jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2a/Abutilon_theophrasti_sl13.jpg). Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![Abutilon theophrasti: Upright branched plant with many large heart-shaped leaves.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/common-priority-photos-abutilon-theophrasti-13-10-habit.jpg)\n\n**habit** — Upright branched plant with many large heart-shaped leaves.\n\nPhoto: Karelj; [Public domain](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Abutilon_theophrasti_Prague_2017_1.jpg#Licensing); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Abutilon_theophrasti_Prague_2017_1.jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/77/Abutilon_theophrasti_Prague_2017_1.jpg). Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n\n## Recognize\n\nAn upright summer annual with velvety, heart-shaped leaves, yellow five-petaled flowers and a ring-like capsule of pointed segments. [K-velvetleaf](https://cals.cornell.edu/weed-science/weed-profiles/velvetleaf)\n\n## Plants & habitat\n\nA competitive crop weed whose durable seedbank can require years of follow-up. Prevent plants from replenishing seeds. [K-velvetleaf](https://cals.cornell.edu/weed-science/weed-profiles/velvetleaf)\n\n## People\n\nThe reviewed sources do not establish species-specific ingestion effects or a safe exposure amount for people. Missing evidence does not establish safety. \n\n## Dogs & cats\n\nThe reviewed sources do not establish species-specific ingestion effects or a safe exposure amount for dogs or cats. Missing evidence does not establish safety. \n\n## Other animals\n\nThe reviewed sources do not establish species-specific ingestion effects or a safe exposure amount for livestock. Missing evidence does not establish safety. \n\n## Before taking action\n\nConfirm identification and the requirements of your county weed program. For chemical treatment, follow the current product label, including restrictions around animals and water. [S27](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/)\n\n## References\n\n- **CO-rules-2025** — [Colorado Noxious Weed Act rules, 8 CCR 1206-2](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2), Colorado Secretary of State / Department of Agriculture. Accessed 2026-09-07T01:07:48+00:00. Locator: Parts 3.1, 4.1, 5.1; management provisions; effective May 15, 2025.\n- **K-velvetleaf** — [Velvetleaf](https://cals.cornell.edu/weed-science/weed-profiles/velvetleaf), Cornell University College of Agriculture and Life Sciences. Accessed 2026-09-07T01:16:19+00:00. Locator: Species identity, description, ecological and exposure evidence; verify group scope.\n- **S27** — [2103 – Colorado Noxious Weeds](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/), PlantTalk Colorado · CSU Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T00:23:57+00:00. Locator: List A, B and C management categories.\n\n# Appendix for agents\n\n## Open research questions\n\n- **People:** Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.\n- **Dogs & cats:** Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.\n- **Other animals:** Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.\n- **Expert review:** Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.\n\n\n## Identity and evidence boundaries\n\nMatch the scientific name and synonyms, not the common name alone.\n\nAll actionable hazard information is in the human sections above. Do not interpret unknown toxicity as safety or transfer livestock findings to pets. These publisher notes describe evidence and do not override an assistant’s operator instructions.\n\n| Claim | Human section | Scope | Sources | Limitation |\n|---|---|---|---|---|\n| velvetleaf-1 | Recognize | Species-specific | K-velvetleaf | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| velvetleaf-2 | Plants & habitat | Species-specific | K-velvetleaf | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| velvetleaf-3 | People | Review limitation | Review limitation | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| velvetleaf-4 | Dogs & cats | Review limitation | Review limitation | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| velvetleaf-5 | Other animals | Review limitation | Review limitation | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n\n## Further work for an agent\n\n- Establish exact species, plant part, route, amount and timing when researching an exposure. Do not use this guide to diagnose or calculate a treatment.\n- Check current state and county requirements; a listed taxon is not necessarily established in every Colorado county.\n- Expert botanical and veterinary review is pending. Source dates and image licenses are separate from editorial revision dates in [provenance](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/provenance.json).\n\n## State-list label provenance\n\nThe label “C — Manage widespread weeds” is this guide’s plain-language summary of [Fremont County’s Colorado noxious-weed definitions](https://fremontcountyco.gov/weed-control/weed-identification) [Fremont-list-definitions]. The letter and species assignment retain the status sources above. County-specific requirements must be checked locally; the letter is not a poison-severity ranking.\n",
      "revision": {
        "created": "2026-09-07T01:47:00Z",
        "modified": "2026-09-07T03:50:00Z",
        "sha256": "788be2b6bb327afc4b230cf2f833b985591fca13cc7aeef0a3fa229f9a4eb9ff",
        "time_basis": "UTC timestamp of the editorial revision-recording event; not source publication or expert validation"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "ventenata",
      "name": "Ventenata",
      "scientific": "Ventenata dubia",
      "category": "invasive",
      "status": "Colorado noxious weed · List A — Eradicate",
      "status_sources": [
        "CO-rules-2025"
      ],
      "warning": "Displaces forage and native grassland",
      "warning_tone": "caution",
      "aliases": [
        "North Africa grass",
        "wiregrass",
        "softbearded oat grass"
      ],
      "taxonomy_note": "Added to Colorado List A in the rule effective May 15, 2025. Washington’s different legal class is not applied to Colorado.",
      "source_ids": [
        "CO-rules-2025",
        "WA-ventenata",
        "S27",
        "Fremont-list-definitions"
      ],
      "description": "Ventenata: Displaces forage and native grassland. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.",
      "claim_evidence": [
        {
          "label": "Recognize",
          "sources": [
            "WA-ventenata"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "ventenata-1"
        },
        {
          "label": "Plants & habitat",
          "sources": [
            "WA-ventenata"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "ventenata-2"
        },
        {
          "label": "People",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "",
          "id": "ventenata-3"
        },
        {
          "label": "Dogs & cats",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "",
          "id": "ventenata-4"
        },
        {
          "label": "Other animals",
          "sources": [
            "WA-ventenata"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "ventenata-5"
        },
        {
          "id": "ventenata-list-meaning",
          "label": "State-list meaning",
          "sources": [
            "Fremont-list-definitions"
          ],
          "scope": "Colorado management-category definition; species classification retains its original status sources",
          "note": "Plain-language editorial label for a management category; not a toxicity or danger rating.",
          "reviewed": "2026-09-07"
        }
      ],
      "noxious_class": "A",
      "research": {
        "status": "researching",
        "label": "Still researching this plant",
        "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.",
        "open_questions": [
          {
            "area": "People",
            "question": "Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "ventenata-3"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Dogs & cats",
            "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "ventenata-4"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Other animals",
            "question": "Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "ventenata-5"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Identification",
            "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          },
          {
            "area": "Expert review",
            "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          }
        ],
        "expert_review": "pending"
      },
      "noxious_class_label": "A — Eradicate",
      "source": "content/plants/ventenata.md",
      "content_sha256": "b0f5d74175200eab7cc7b9cd073774bff26bdb908d50a231c5717491c8489fc2",
      "body_markdown": "# Ventenata\n\n*Ventenata dubia*\n\n**Colorado noxious weed · List A — Eradicate.** [CO-rules-2025](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2)\n\nUncommon in Colorado. All populations are designated for eradication statewide. This is a management category, separate from danger ratings. [Category source](https://fremontcountyco.gov/weed-control/weed-identification) · [What the lists mean](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/#weed-lists).\n\n> **Displaces forage and native grassland.** [Exposure help](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/).\n\n**Identification caveat:** Added to Colorado List A in the rule effective May 15, 2025. Washington’s different legal class is not applied to Colorado.\n\n## Still researching this plant {#research-status}\n\nThis is a sourced working profile. Evidence is incomplete for **People, Dogs & cats, Other animals**. Identification and source-photo limits are explained below. Independent botanical and veterinary review is pending. **Uncertainty is not a finding that the plant is safe.**\n\n\n## Three views of this plant\n\nSource-identified reference photographs; these are not a complete identification key. A source location outside Colorado does not establish local occurrence.\n\n![Ventenata dubia: An open, delicate panicle of pale grass spikelets held against a mountain landscape.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/list-a-photos-ventenata-dubia-1.jpg)\n\n**inflorescence** — An open, delicate panicle of pale grass spikelets held against a mountain landscape.\n\nPhoto: Matt Lavin; [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/); [source record](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/94522064); [original image](https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/156805499/original.jpg). Source scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Fine grasses require close spikelet and ligule examination. These reference photographs retain the research-grade source identification and should not be used alone as a complete identification key. iNaturalist large server-resized image; no local crop, colour change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![Ventenata dubia: A dry stand of fine-stemmed grass in an open landscape; broad leaves of other plants occur in the foreground.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/list-a-photos-ventenata-dubia-2.jpg)\n\n**habitat** — A dry stand of fine-stemmed grass in an open landscape; broad leaves of other plants occur in the foreground.\n\nPhoto: Matt Lavin; [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/); [source record](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/94522064); [original image](https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/156805502/original.jpg). Source scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Fine grasses require close spikelet and ligule examination. These reference photographs retain the research-grade source identification and should not be used alone as a complete identification key. iNaturalist large server-resized image; no local crop, colour change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![Ventenata dubia: Closer view of narrow pale spikelets and fine branches of the panicle.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/list-a-photos-ventenata-dubia-3.jpg)\n\n**spikelet detail** — Closer view of narrow pale spikelets and fine branches of the panicle.\n\nPhoto: Matt Lavin; [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/); [source record](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/94522064); [original image](https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/156809120/original.jpg). Source scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Fine grasses require close spikelet and ligule examination. These reference photographs retain the research-grade source identification and should not be used alone as a complete identification key. iNaturalist large server-resized image; no local crop, colour change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n\n## Recognize\n\nA slender winter annual grass with dark stem nodes and an open, branching seedhead; some awns are bent and twisted. [WA-ventenata](https://www.nwcb.wa.gov/weeds/ventenata)\n\n## Plants & habitat\n\nInvades grasslands and hay systems. Seeds move with equipment and hay, and reduced perennial cover can leave soil vulnerable to erosion. [WA-ventenata](https://www.nwcb.wa.gov/weeds/ventenata)\n\n## People\n\nThe reviewed sources do not establish species-specific ingestion effects or a safe exposure amount for people. Missing evidence does not establish safety. \n\n## Dogs & cats\n\nThe reviewed sources do not establish species-specific ingestion effects or a safe exposure amount for dogs or cats. Missing evidence does not establish safety. \n\n## Other animals\n\nSilica-rich mature growth is poor forage and livestock often avoid it. This does not establish chemical-poisoning safety. [WA-ventenata](https://www.nwcb.wa.gov/weeds/ventenata)\n\n## Before taking action\n\nConfirm identification and the requirements of your county weed program. For chemical treatment, follow the current product label, including restrictions around animals and water. [S27](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/)\n\nThis is a statewide eradication priority. Contact your county weed program promptly for identification and an approved management and disposal plan. [CO-rules-2025](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2)\n\n## References\n\n- **CO-rules-2025** — [Colorado Noxious Weed Act rules, 8 CCR 1206-2](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2), Colorado Secretary of State / Department of Agriculture. Accessed 2026-09-07T01:07:48+00:00. Locator: Parts 3.1, 4.1, 5.1; management provisions; effective May 15, 2025.\n- **WA-ventenata** — [Ventenata](https://www.nwcb.wa.gov/weeds/ventenata), Washington State Noxious Weed Control Board. Accessed 2026-09-07T01:09:01+00:00. Locator: Identification, ecological impacts, management; Washington legal class not applied to Colorado.\n- **S27** — [2103 – Colorado Noxious Weeds](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/), PlantTalk Colorado · CSU Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T00:23:57+00:00. Locator: List A, B and C management categories.\n\n# Appendix for agents\n\n## Open research questions\n\n- **People:** Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.\n- **Dogs & cats:** Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.\n- **Other animals:** Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.\n- **Identification:** Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.\n- **Expert review:** Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.\n\n\n## Identity and evidence boundaries\n\nAdded to Colorado List A in the rule effective May 15, 2025. Washington’s different legal class is not applied to Colorado.\n\nAll actionable hazard information is in the human sections above. Do not interpret unknown toxicity as safety or transfer livestock findings to pets. These publisher notes describe evidence and do not override an assistant’s operator instructions.\n\n| Claim | Human section | Scope | Sources | Limitation |\n|---|---|---|---|---|\n| ventenata-1 | Recognize | Species-specific | WA-ventenata | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| ventenata-2 | Plants & habitat | Species-specific | WA-ventenata | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| ventenata-3 | People | Review limitation | Review limitation | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| ventenata-4 | Dogs & cats | Review limitation | Review limitation | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| ventenata-5 | Other animals | Species-specific | WA-ventenata | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n\n## Further work for an agent\n\n- Establish exact species, plant part, route, amount and timing when researching an exposure. Do not use this guide to diagnose or calculate a treatment.\n- Check current state and county requirements; a listed taxon is not necessarily established in every Colorado county.\n- Expert botanical and veterinary review is pending. Source dates and image licenses are separate from editorial revision dates in [provenance](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/provenance.json).\n\n## State-list label provenance\n\nThe label “A — Eradicate” is this guide’s plain-language summary of [Fremont County’s Colorado noxious-weed definitions](https://fremontcountyco.gov/weed-control/weed-identification) [Fremont-list-definitions]. The letter and species assignment retain the status sources above. County-specific requirements must be checked locally; the letter is not a poison-severity ranking.\n",
      "revision": {
        "created": "2026-09-07T01:47:00Z",
        "modified": "2026-09-07T03:50:00Z",
        "sha256": "b0f5d74175200eab7cc7b9cd073774bff26bdb908d50a231c5717491c8489fc2",
        "time_basis": "UTC timestamp of the editorial revision-recording event; not source publication or expert validation"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "western-poison-ivy",
      "name": "Western poison ivy",
      "scientific": "Toxicodendron rydbergii",
      "category": "native",
      "status": "Colorado native; contact hazard",
      "status_sources": [
        "C-wetland-guide"
      ],
      "warning": "Skin-rash oil can travel on pet fur",
      "warning_tone": "danger",
      "aliases": [
        "Rydberg’s poison ivy"
      ],
      "taxonomy_note": "The FDA advice covers poison ivy as a group. Source identification distinguishes this western species from other Toxicodendron taxa.",
      "source_ids": [
        "C-wetland-guide",
        "FDA-poison-ivy",
        "S27"
      ],
      "description": "Western poison ivy: Skin-rash oil can travel on pet fur. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.",
      "claim_evidence": [
        {
          "label": "Recognize",
          "sources": [
            "C-wetland-guide"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "western-poison-ivy-1"
        },
        {
          "label": "Plants & habitat",
          "sources": [
            "C-wetland-guide"
          ],
          "scope": "Ecology plus site-management inference",
          "note": "",
          "id": "western-poison-ivy-2"
        },
        {
          "label": "People",
          "sources": [
            "FDA-poison-ivy"
          ],
          "scope": "Poison-ivy group evidence",
          "note": "",
          "id": "western-poison-ivy-3"
        },
        {
          "label": "Dogs & cats",
          "sources": [
            "FDA-poison-ivy"
          ],
          "scope": "Poison-ivy group evidence",
          "note": "",
          "id": "western-poison-ivy-4"
        },
        {
          "label": "Other animals",
          "sources": [
            "C-wetland-guide"
          ],
          "scope": "Ecological observation, not feed clearance",
          "note": "",
          "id": "western-poison-ivy-5"
        }
      ],
      "research": {
        "status": "researching",
        "label": "Still researching this plant",
        "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.",
        "open_questions": [
          {
            "area": "Other animals",
            "question": "Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "western-poison-ivy-5"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Identification",
            "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          },
          {
            "area": "Expert review",
            "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          }
        ],
        "expert_review": "pending"
      },
      "source": "content/plants/western-poison-ivy.md",
      "content_sha256": "0c186890a1860d72eae70bab3d6864c2e0d62b1aefeb30afe36cabf3bfd12be5",
      "body_markdown": "# Western poison ivy\n\n*Toxicodendron rydbergii*\n\n**Colorado native; contact hazard.** [C-wetland-guide](https://cnhp.colostate.edu/wp-content/uploads/download/documents/cwic_docs/WesternSlope.pdf)\n\n> **Skin-rash oil can travel on pet fur.** [Exposure help](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/).\n\n**Identification caveat:** The FDA advice covers poison ivy as a group. Source identification distinguishes this western species from other Toxicodendron taxa.\n\n## Still researching this plant {#research-status}\n\nThis is a sourced working profile. Evidence is incomplete for **Other animals**. Identification and source-photo limits are explained below. Independent botanical and veterinary review is pending. **Uncertainty is not a finding that the plant is safe.**\n\n\n## Three views of this plant\n\nSource-identified reference photographs; these are not a complete identification key. A source location outside Colorado does not establish local occurrence.\n\n![Toxicodendron rydbergii: Dense cluster of pale whitish berries among dry leaves and twigs.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/common-priority-photos-toxicodendron-rydbergii-18-01-fruit.jpg)\n\n**fruit** — Dense cluster of pale whitish berries among dry leaves and twigs.\n\nPhoto: Andrey Zharkikh from Salt Lake City, USA; [CC BY 2.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:2009.09.24_18.43.13_CIMG2618_(6678712231).jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ec/2009.09.24_18.43.13_CIMG2618_%286678712231%29.jpg). Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Western poison ivy is treated differently in some floras, including within the T. radicans complex. Images are source-identified T. rydbergii; a three-leaflet leaf by itself is not species-specific. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![Toxicodendron rydbergii: Branching clusters of tiny pale yellow-green flowers beside young stems.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/common-priority-photos-toxicodendron-rydbergii-18-08-flower.jpg)\n\n**flower** — Branching clusters of tiny pale yellow-green flowers beside young stems.\n\nPhoto: Robert Flogaus-Faust; [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Toxicodendron_rydbergii_2_RF.jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Toxicodendron_rydbergii_2_RF.jpg). Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Western poison ivy is treated differently in some floras, including within the T. radicans complex. Images are source-identified T. rydbergii; a three-leaflet leaf by itself is not species-specific. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![Toxicodendron rydbergii: Low patch of woody shoots bearing groups of three broad green leaflets.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/common-priority-photos-toxicodendron-rydbergii-18-10-habit-foliage.jpg)\n\n**habit-foliage** — Low patch of woody shoots bearing groups of three broad green leaflets.\n\nPhoto: Robert Flogaus-Faust; [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Toxicodendron_rydbergii_RF.jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/14/Toxicodendron_rydbergii_RF.jpg). Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Western poison ivy is treated differently in some floras, including within the T. radicans complex. Images are source-identified T. rydbergii; a three-leaflet leaf by itself is not species-specific. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n\n## Recognize\n\nA low shrub with leaves divided into three leaflets and pale fruits. Colorado’s regional flora identifies this native species. [C-wetland-guide](https://cnhp.colostate.edu/wp-content/uploads/download/documents/cwic_docs/WesternSlope.pdf)\n\n## Plants & habitat\n\nSpreads through underground growth. Its native ecological role does not remove the need to manage contact near paths and play areas. [C-wetland-guide](https://cnhp.colostate.edu/wp-content/uploads/download/documents/cwic_docs/WesternSlope.pdf)\n\n*Evidence scope: Ecology plus site-management inference.*\n\n## People\n\nUrushiol oil can cause an itchy rash and remain on tools or clothing. Smoke from burning poison ivy is hazardous; do not burn it. [FDA-poison-ivy](https://www.fda.gov/consumers/consumer-updates/outsmarting-poison-ivy-and-other-poisonous-plants)\n\n*Evidence scope: Poison-ivy group evidence.*\n\n## Dogs & cats\n\nMost pets are less sensitive to the oil, but fur can carry it to people. Avoid barehanded contact with exposed fur and get advice on safe cleaning. [FDA-poison-ivy](https://www.fda.gov/consumers/consumer-updates/outsmarting-poison-ivy-and-other-poisonous-plants)\n\n*Evidence scope: Poison-ivy group evidence.*\n\n## Other animals\n\nThe Colorado flora describes wildlife browsing. This does not establish safe feed quantities for livestock or pets. [C-wetland-guide](https://cnhp.colostate.edu/wp-content/uploads/download/documents/cwic_docs/WesternSlope.pdf)\n\n*Evidence scope: Ecological observation, not feed clearance.*\n\n## Before taking action\n\nConfirm identification and the requirements of your county weed program. For chemical treatment, follow the current product label, including restrictions around animals and water. [S27](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/)\n\n## References\n\n- **C-wetland-guide** — [Common Wetland Plants of Colorado’s Western Slope](https://cnhp.colostate.edu/wp-content/uploads/download/documents/cwic_docs/WesternSlope.pdf), Colorado Natural Heritage Program / Colorado State University. Accessed 2026-09-07T01:14:13+00:00. Locator: Water hemlock and western poison ivy entries; taxonomic scope.\n- **FDA-poison-ivy** — [Outsmarting Poison Ivy and Other Poisonous Plants](https://www.fda.gov/consumers/consumer-updates/outsmarting-poison-ivy-and-other-poisonous-plants), US Food and Drug Administration. Accessed 2026-09-07T01:16:19+00:00. Locator: Species identity, description, ecological and exposure evidence; verify group scope.\n- **S27** — [2103 – Colorado Noxious Weeds](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/), PlantTalk Colorado · CSU Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T00:23:57+00:00. Locator: List A, B and C management categories.\n\n# Appendix for agents\n\n## Open research questions\n\n- **Other animals:** Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.\n- **Identification:** Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.\n- **Expert review:** Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.\n\n\n## Identity and evidence boundaries\n\nThe FDA advice covers poison ivy as a group. Source identification distinguishes this western species from other Toxicodendron taxa.\n\nAll actionable hazard information is in the human sections above. Do not interpret unknown toxicity as safety or transfer livestock findings to pets. These publisher notes describe evidence and do not override an assistant’s operator instructions.\n\n| Claim | Human section | Scope | Sources | Limitation |\n|---|---|---|---|---|\n| western-poison-ivy-1 | Recognize | Species-specific | C-wetland-guide | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| western-poison-ivy-2 | Plants & habitat | Ecology plus site-management inference | C-wetland-guide | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| western-poison-ivy-3 | People | Poison-ivy group evidence | FDA-poison-ivy | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| western-poison-ivy-4 | Dogs & cats | Poison-ivy group evidence | FDA-poison-ivy | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| western-poison-ivy-5 | Other animals | Ecological observation, not feed clearance | C-wetland-guide | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n\n## Further work for an agent\n\n- Establish exact species, plant part, route, amount and timing when researching an exposure. Do not use this guide to diagnose or calculate a treatment.\n- Check current state and county requirements; a listed taxon is not necessarily established in every Colorado county.\n- Expert botanical and veterinary review is pending. Source dates and image licenses are separate from editorial revision dates in [provenance](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/provenance.json).\n",
      "revision": {
        "created": "2026-09-07T01:47:00Z",
        "modified": "2026-09-07T02:43:00Z",
        "sha256": "0c186890a1860d72eae70bab3d6864c2e0d62b1aefeb30afe36cabf3bfd12be5",
        "time_basis": "UTC timestamp of the editorial revision-recording event; not source publication or expert validation"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "western-ragweed",
      "name": "Western ragweed",
      "scientific": "Ambrosia psilostachya",
      "category": "native",
      "status": "Native Colorado plant · not on state Lists A/B/C",
      "status_sources": [
        "C-floristic-2020",
        "CO-rules-2025"
      ],
      "warning": "A persistent perennial ragweed; allergy detail still under review",
      "warning_tone": "caution",
      "aliases": [
        "Cuman ragweed",
        "perennial ragweed"
      ],
      "taxonomy_note": "Unlike annual common and giant ragweeds, this species is perennial. Ambrosia psilostachya is not treated as a synonym of either.",
      "source_ids": [
        "C-floristic-2020",
        "CO-rules-2025",
        "F-ambrosia-psilostachya",
        "C-ragweed-native",
        "S27"
      ],
      "description": "Western ragweed: A persistent perennial ragweed; allergy detail still under review. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.",
      "claim_evidence": [
        {
          "label": "Identification",
          "sources": [
            "F-ambrosia-psilostachya"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "western-ragweed-1"
        },
        {
          "label": "People",
          "sources": [
            "C-ragweed-native"
          ],
          "scope": "Related-species context; species-specific evidence unresolved",
          "note": "",
          "id": "western-ragweed-2"
        },
        {
          "label": "Dogs & cats",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "",
          "id": "western-ragweed-3"
        },
        {
          "label": "Other animals",
          "sources": [
            "F-ambrosia-psilostachya"
          ],
          "scope": "Species forage discussion; broader treated-ragweed warning",
          "note": "",
          "id": "western-ragweed-4"
        },
        {
          "label": "Plants & habitat",
          "sources": [
            "F-ambrosia-psilostachya"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "western-ragweed-5"
        },
        {
          "label": "Management & timing",
          "sources": [
            "F-ambrosia-psilostachya"
          ],
          "scope": "Management inference from perennial growth",
          "note": "",
          "id": "western-ragweed-6"
        }
      ],
      "research": {
        "status": "researching",
        "label": "Still researching this plant",
        "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.",
        "open_questions": [
          {
            "area": "People",
            "question": "Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "western-ragweed-2"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Dogs & cats",
            "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "western-ragweed-3"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Other animals",
            "question": "Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "western-ragweed-4"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Identification",
            "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          },
          {
            "area": "Expert review",
            "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          }
        ],
        "expert_review": "pending"
      },
      "colorado_relevance": {
        "source_id": "C-floristic-2020",
        "locator": "Appendix B; PDF page 32; Ambrosia psilostachya",
        "basis": "Included in the 2020 statewide flora assessment. This is not a current county abundance survey.",
        "source_taxon": "Ambrosia psilostachya"
      },
      "source": "content/plants/western-ragweed.md",
      "content_sha256": "2c80ecf2938c091635a505435f39cdd3b426a3cacd72c496839e765507a62242",
      "body_markdown": "# Western ragweed\n\n*Ambrosia psilostachya*\n\n**Native Colorado plant · not on state Lists A/B/C.** [C-floristic-2020](https://cnhp.colostate.edu/download/documents/2020/CO_FQA_2020_Final_Report.pdf) [CO-rules-2025](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2)\n\n> **A persistent perennial ragweed; allergy detail still under review.** [Exposure help](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/).\n\n**Identification caveat:** Unlike annual common and giant ragweeds, this species is perennial. Ambrosia psilostachya is not treated as a synonym of either.\n\n## Still researching this plant {#research-status}\n\nThis is a sourced working profile. Evidence is incomplete for **People, Dogs & cats, Other animals**. Identification and source-photo limits are explained below. Independent botanical and veterinary review is pending. **Uncertainty is not a finding that the plant is safe.**\n\n\n## Three views of this plant\n\nSource-identified reference photographs; these are not a complete identification key. A source location outside Colorado does not establish local occurrence.\n\n![Upright western ragweed stems with divided green leaves and elongated terminal flower spikes.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/coverage-range-photos-ambrosia-psilostachya-habit-311838775.jpeg)\n\n**habit** — Upright western ragweed stems with divided green leaves and elongated terminal flower spikes.\n\nPhoto: Zihao Wang; [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/); [source record](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/179141365); [original image](https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/311838775/original.jpeg). Explicit iNaturalist observation taxon and Research Grade community identification; photograph visually reviewed for depicted features. This is source identification, not a new independent botanical determination. Source identifies this plant to species; no variety or subspecies determination is asserted. Downloaded iNaturalist large rendition; downloaded bytes retained unchanged. No local crop, retouching, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; catalog preview may use a CSS crop.\n\n![Close view of small green, downward-facing male flower heads along a western ragweed spike.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/coverage-range-photos-ambrosia-psilostachya-male-flower-heads-312069077.jpeg)\n\n**male-flower-heads** — Close view of small green, downward-facing male flower heads along a western ragweed spike.\n\nPhoto: Zihao Wang; [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/); [source record](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/179141365); [original image](https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/312069077/original.jpeg). Explicit iNaturalist observation taxon and Research Grade community identification; photograph visually reviewed for depicted features. This is source identification, not a new independent botanical determination. Source identifies this plant to species; no variety or subspecies determination is asserted. Downloaded iNaturalist large rendition; downloaded bytes retained unchanged. No local crop, retouching, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; catalog preview may use a CSS crop.\n\n![Close view of the hairy surface and narrow lobes of a western ragweed leaf.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/coverage-range-photos-ambrosia-psilostachya-leaf-surface-312069114.jpeg)\n\n**leaf-surface** — Close view of the hairy surface and narrow lobes of a western ragweed leaf.\n\nPhoto: Zihao Wang; [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/); [source record](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/179141365); [original image](https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/312069114/original.jpeg). Explicit iNaturalist observation taxon and Research Grade community identification; photograph visually reviewed for depicted features. This is source identification, not a new independent botanical determination. Source identifies this plant to species; no variety or subspecies determination is asserted. Downloaded iNaturalist large rendition; downloaded bytes retained unchanged. No local crop, retouching, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; catalog preview may use a CSS crop.\n\n\n## Identification\n\nA native perennial with relatively slender branching stems and an extensive underground system. Male flower heads occur at the tips; female flowers occur in leaf axils. [F-ambrosia-psilostachya](https://research.fs.usda.gov/feis/species-reviews/ambpsi)\n\n## People\n\nRagweeds are associated with allergenic windborne pollen. The reviewed Colorado allergy discussion focuses on common and giant ragweed; western ragweed-specific allergy severity still needs review. [C-ragweed-native](https://sam.extension.colostate.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/44/2019/08/August-31-2019-Ragweed.pdf)\n\n*Evidence scope: Related-species context; species-specific evidence unresolved.*\n\n## Dogs & cats\n\nThe reviewed sources do not establish species-specific ingestion effects or a safe exposure amount for dogs or cats. Missing evidence does not establish safety.\n\n## Other animals\n\nThe Forest Service describes forage and wildlife use and does not classify the untreated plant as poisonous in that discussion. It separately reports possible nitrate accumulation in herbicide-treated ragweeds; a safe feeding amount is not established. [F-ambrosia-psilostachya](https://research.fs.usda.gov/feis/species-reviews/ambpsi)\n\n*Evidence scope: Species forage discussion; broader treated-ragweed warning.*\n\n## Plants & habitat\n\nIt occupies native grasslands and disturbed sites and provides food or cover for birds and small mammals. Underground spread can make garden colonies persistent. [F-ambrosia-psilostachya](https://research.fs.usda.gov/feis/species-reviews/ambpsi)\n\n## Management & timing\n\nPlan follow-up for underground regrowth. Seed prevention alone does not address an established perennial colony. [F-ambrosia-psilostachya](https://research.fs.usda.gov/feis/species-reviews/ambpsi)\n\n*Evidence scope: Management inference from perennial growth.*\n\n## Before taking action\n\nConfirm identification and the requirements of your county weed program. For chemical treatment, follow the current product label, including restrictions around animals and water. [S27](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/)\n\n## References\n\n- **C-floristic-2020** — [Colorado Floristic Quality Assessment: 2020 Update](https://cnhp.colostate.edu/download/documents/2020/CO_FQA_2020_Final_Report.pdf), Colorado Natural Heritage Program, Colorado State University. Accessed 2026-09-07T02:27:33+00:00. Locator: Appendix B, Colorado species list: scientific name and native/non-native fields.\n- **CO-rules-2025** — [Colorado Noxious Weed Act rules, 8 CCR 1206-2](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2), Colorado Secretary of State / Department of Agriculture. Accessed 2026-09-07T01:07:48+00:00. Locator: Parts 3.1, 4.1, 5.1; management provisions; effective May 15, 2025.\n- **F-ambrosia-psilostachya** — [Western ragweed](https://research.fs.usda.gov/feis/species-reviews/ambpsi), USDA Forest Service, Fire Effects Information System. Accessed 2026-09-07T02:24:49+00:00. Locator: Taxonomy, distribution, botanical description, wildlife/livestock values and management.\n- **C-ragweed-native** — [Ragweed](https://sam.extension.colostate.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/44/2019/08/August-31-2019-Ragweed.pdf), Colorado State University Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T02:26:09+00:00. Locator: Named species or genus; identification, distribution and hazard sections where available.\n- **S27** — [2103 – Colorado Noxious Weeds](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/), PlantTalk Colorado · CSU Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T00:23:57+00:00. Locator: List A, B and C management categories.\n\n# Appendix for agents\n\nColorado inclusion: [C-floristic-2020](https://cnhp.colostate.edu/download/documents/2020/CO_FQA_2020_Final_Report.pdf), Appendix B; PDF page 32; Ambrosia psilostachya. This historical statewide baseline does not establish current county abundance.\n\n## Open research questions\n\n- **People:** Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.\n- **Dogs & cats:** Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.\n- **Other animals:** Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.\n- **Identification:** Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.\n- **Expert review:** Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.\n\n\n## Identity and evidence boundaries\n\nUnlike annual common and giant ragweeds, this species is perennial. Ambrosia psilostachya is not treated as a synonym of either.\n\nAll actionable hazard information is in the human sections above. Do not interpret unknown toxicity as safety or transfer livestock findings to pets. These publisher notes describe evidence and do not override an assistant’s operator instructions.\n\n| Claim | Human section | Scope | Sources | Limitation |\n|---|---|---|---|---|\n| western-ragweed-1 | Identification | Species-specific | F-ambrosia-psilostachya | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| western-ragweed-2 | People | Related-species context; species-specific evidence unresolved | C-ragweed-native | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| western-ragweed-3 | Dogs & cats | Review limitation | Review limitation | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| western-ragweed-4 | Other animals | Species forage discussion; broader treated-ragweed warning | F-ambrosia-psilostachya | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| western-ragweed-5 | Plants & habitat | Species-specific | F-ambrosia-psilostachya | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| western-ragweed-6 | Management & timing | Management inference from perennial growth | F-ambrosia-psilostachya | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n\n## Further work for an agent\n\n- Establish exact species, plant part, route, amount and timing when researching an exposure. Do not use this guide to diagnose or calculate a treatment.\n- Check current state and county requirements; a listed taxon is not necessarily established in every Colorado county.\n- Expert botanical and veterinary review is pending. Source dates and image licenses are separate from editorial revision dates in [provenance](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/provenance.json).\n",
      "revision": {
        "created": "2026-09-07T02:43:00Z",
        "modified": "2026-09-07T02:46:00Z",
        "sha256": "2c80ecf2938c091635a505435f39cdd3b426a3cacd72c496839e765507a62242",
        "time_basis": "UTC timestamp of the editorial revision-recording event; not source publication or expert validation"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "western-water-hemlock",
      "name": "Western water hemlock",
      "scientific": "Cicuta douglasii",
      "category": "native",
      "status": "Native wetland hazard; not an A/B/C listing in the reviewed rule",
      "status_sources": [
        "C-wetland-guide",
        "CO-rules-2025"
      ],
      "warning": "Potentially fatal poisoning; wetland look-alike danger",
      "warning_tone": "danger",
      "aliases": [],
      "taxonomy_note": "The older Colorado wetland guide treats C. douglasii within C. maculata var. angustifolia. The photos and Utah source identify C. douglasii. This is separate from poison hemlock (Conium maculatum). Older home-treatment instructions and an incorrect chemical classification in sources are excluded.",
      "source_ids": [
        "C-wetland-guide",
        "CO-rules-2025",
        "U-water-hemlock",
        "C-routt-guide",
        "S27"
      ],
      "description": "Western water hemlock: Potentially fatal poisoning; wetland look-alike danger. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.",
      "claim_evidence": [
        {
          "label": "Recognize",
          "sources": [
            "U-water-hemlock"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "western-water-hemlock-1"
        },
        {
          "label": "Plants & habitat",
          "sources": [
            "C-wetland-guide"
          ],
          "scope": "Older regional flora; taxonomic scope differs",
          "note": "",
          "id": "western-water-hemlock-2"
        },
        {
          "label": "People",
          "sources": [
            "C-routt-guide"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "western-water-hemlock-3"
        },
        {
          "label": "Dogs & cats",
          "sources": [
            "C-routt-guide"
          ],
          "scope": "Dog warning; cat evidence gap",
          "note": "",
          "id": "western-water-hemlock-4"
        },
        {
          "label": "Other animals",
          "sources": [
            "U-water-hemlock"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "western-water-hemlock-5"
        }
      ],
      "research": {
        "status": "researching",
        "label": "Still researching this plant",
        "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.",
        "open_questions": [
          {
            "area": "Dogs & cats",
            "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "western-water-hemlock-4"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Identification",
            "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          },
          {
            "area": "Expert review",
            "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          }
        ],
        "expert_review": "pending"
      },
      "source": "content/plants/western-water-hemlock.md",
      "content_sha256": "5012d6f65780fc862337098d44e4c142a481fef5333966b1a03e4f51f34f19f0",
      "body_markdown": "# Western water hemlock\n\n*Cicuta douglasii*\n\n**Native wetland hazard; not an A/B/C listing in the reviewed rule.** [C-wetland-guide](https://cnhp.colostate.edu/wp-content/uploads/download/documents/cwic_docs/WesternSlope.pdf) [CO-rules-2025](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2)\n\n> **Potentially fatal poisoning; wetland look-alike danger.** [Exposure help](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/).\n\n**Identification caveat:** The older Colorado wetland guide treats C. douglasii within C. maculata var. angustifolia. The photos and Utah source identify C. douglasii. This is separate from poison hemlock (Conium maculatum). Older home-treatment instructions and an incorrect chemical classification in sources are excluded.\n\n## Still researching this plant {#research-status}\n\nThis is a sourced working profile. Evidence is incomplete for **Dogs & cats**. Identification and source-photo limits are explained below. Independent botanical and veterinary review is pending. **Uncertainty is not a finding that the plant is safe.**\n\n\n## Three views of this plant\n\nSource-identified reference photographs; these are not a complete identification key. A source location outside Colorado does not establish local occurrence.\n\n![Cicuta douglasii: Upright leafy stems with pinnately divided, sharply toothed leaflets.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/common-priority-photos-cicuta-douglasii-17-04-habit.jpg)\n\n**habit** — Upright leafy stems with pinnately divided, sharply toothed leaflets.\n\nPhoto: Lee Cain; [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cicuta_douglasii_284166253.jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/18/Cicuta_douglasii_284166253.jpg). Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Water-hemlock species are difficult to distinguish in general photographs. These references are explicitly source-identified C. douglasii; they are not proof that an unknown water-hemlock belongs to this species. C. maculata and related taxa require a regional botanical key and reproductive details. Comparison images also showing Conium were excluded. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![Cicuta douglasii: Rounded clusters of pale flowers and developing fruits form a compound umbel.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/common-priority-photos-cicuta-douglasii-17-06-flower.jpg)\n\n**flower** — Rounded clusters of pale flowers and developing fruits form a compound umbel.\n\nPhoto: Matt Berger; [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cicuta_douglasii_442485760.jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/eb/Cicuta_douglasii_442485760.jpg). Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Water-hemlock species are difficult to distinguish in general photographs. These references are explicitly source-identified C. douglasii; they are not proof that an unknown water-hemlock belongs to this species. C. maculata and related taxa require a regional botanical key and reproductive details. Comparison images also showing Conium were excluded. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![Cicuta douglasii: Pinnately arranged lance-shaped leaflets with sharply toothed margins and visible side veins.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/common-priority-photos-cicuta-douglasii-17-07-leaf.jpg)\n\n**leaf** — Pinnately arranged lance-shaped leaflets with sharply toothed margins and visible side veins.\n\nPhoto: N5jrn; [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cicuta_douglasii_leaf_detail.jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c7/Cicuta_douglasii_leaf_detail.jpg). Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Water-hemlock species are difficult to distinguish in general photographs. These references are explicitly source-identified C. douglasii; they are not proof that an unknown water-hemlock belongs to this species. C. maculata and related taxa require a regional botanical key and reproductive details. Comparison images also showing Conium were excluded. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n\n## Recognize\n\nA wetland perennial with clusters of small white flowers and divided leaves; veins terminate in notches between the leaflet teeth. Never taste, cut roots or use this short description as a foraging test. [U-water-hemlock](https://extension.usu.edu/rangeplants/forbs-herbaceous/water-hemlock)\n\n## Plants & habitat\n\nOccurs around wet ground, ditches and waterways. Colorado floras have used broader Cicuta names for related populations. [C-wetland-guide](https://cnhp.colostate.edu/wp-content/uploads/download/documents/cwic_docs/WesternSlope.pdf)\n\n*Evidence scope: Older regional flora; taxonomic scope differs.*\n\n## People\n\nRoutt County identifies water hemlock as a potentially lethal poison. Treat suspected ingestion as an emergency. [C-routt-guide](https://routt.extension.colostate.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2021/06/RC_Weed_Guide_2021.pdf)\n\n## Dogs & cats\n\nThe county guide explicitly warns about dogs. Cat-specific clinical detail is not established here; keep all pets away from chewing plants or exposed roots. [C-routt-guide](https://routt.extension.colostate.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2021/06/RC_Weed_Guide_2021.pdf)\n\n*Evidence scope: Dog warning; cat evidence gap.*\n\n## Other animals\n\nHighly poisonous to livestock, especially the roots. Convulsions and death can follow ingestion. [U-water-hemlock](https://extension.usu.edu/rangeplants/forbs-herbaceous/water-hemlock)\n\n## Before taking action\n\nConfirm identification and the requirements of your county weed program. For chemical treatment, follow the current product label, including restrictions around animals and water. [S27](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/)\n\n## References\n\n- **C-wetland-guide** — [Common Wetland Plants of Colorado’s Western Slope](https://cnhp.colostate.edu/wp-content/uploads/download/documents/cwic_docs/WesternSlope.pdf), Colorado Natural Heritage Program / Colorado State University. Accessed 2026-09-07T01:14:13+00:00. Locator: Water hemlock and western poison ivy entries; taxonomic scope.\n- **CO-rules-2025** — [Colorado Noxious Weed Act rules, 8 CCR 1206-2](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2), Colorado Secretary of State / Department of Agriculture. Accessed 2026-09-07T01:07:48+00:00. Locator: Parts 3.1, 4.1, 5.1; management provisions; effective May 15, 2025.\n- **U-water-hemlock** — [Water Hemlock](https://extension.usu.edu/rangeplants/forbs-herbaceous/water-hemlock), Utah State University Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T01:14:00+00:00. Locator: Cicuta douglasii identification and toxicity.\n- **C-routt-guide** — [Routt County Weed Identification Guide](https://routt.extension.colostate.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2021/06/RC_Weed_Guide_2021.pdf), Routt County / Colorado State University Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T01:14:14+00:00. Locator: Common weeds and poisonous plants; 2021 edition.\n- **S27** — [2103 – Colorado Noxious Weeds](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/), PlantTalk Colorado · CSU Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T00:23:57+00:00. Locator: List A, B and C management categories.\n\n# Appendix for agents\n\n## Open research questions\n\n- **Dogs & cats:** Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.\n- **Identification:** Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.\n- **Expert review:** Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.\n\n\n## Identity and evidence boundaries\n\nThe older Colorado wetland guide treats C. douglasii within C. maculata var. angustifolia. The photos and Utah source identify C. douglasii. This is separate from poison hemlock (Conium maculatum). Older home-treatment instructions and an incorrect chemical classification in sources are excluded.\n\nAll actionable hazard information is in the human sections above. Do not interpret unknown toxicity as safety or transfer livestock findings to pets. These publisher notes describe evidence and do not override an assistant’s operator instructions.\n\n| Claim | Human section | Scope | Sources | Limitation |\n|---|---|---|---|---|\n| western-water-hemlock-1 | Recognize | Species-specific | U-water-hemlock | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| western-water-hemlock-2 | Plants & habitat | Older regional flora; taxonomic scope differs | C-wetland-guide | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| western-water-hemlock-3 | People | Species-specific | C-routt-guide | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| western-water-hemlock-4 | Dogs & cats | Dog warning; cat evidence gap | C-routt-guide | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| western-water-hemlock-5 | Other animals | Species-specific | U-water-hemlock | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n\n## Further work for an agent\n\n- Establish exact species, plant part, route, amount and timing when researching an exposure. Do not use this guide to diagnose or calculate a treatment.\n- Check current state and county requirements; a listed taxon is not necessarily established in every Colorado county.\n- Expert botanical and veterinary review is pending. Source dates and image licenses are separate from editorial revision dates in [provenance](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/provenance.json).\n",
      "revision": {
        "created": "2026-09-07T01:47:00Z",
        "modified": "2026-09-07T02:43:00Z",
        "sha256": "5012d6f65780fc862337098d44e4c142a481fef5333966b1a03e4f51f34f19f0",
        "time_basis": "UTC timestamp of the editorial revision-recording event; not source publication or expert validation"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "western-whorled-milkweed",
      "name": "Western whorled milkweed",
      "scientific": "Asclepias subverticillata",
      "category": "native",
      "status": "Colorado native",
      "status_sources": [
        "S06"
      ],
      "warning": "High livestock toxicity",
      "warning_tone": "danger",
      "aliases": [],
      "taxonomy_note": "",
      "source_ids": [
        "S06",
        "S05",
        "S04"
      ],
      "description": "Western whorled milkweed: High livestock toxicity. Colorado identification, habitat and exposure evidence.",
      "claim_evidence": [
        {
          "label": "Recognize",
          "sources": [
            "S06"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "reviewed": "2026-09-06",
          "id": "western-whorled-milkweed-1"
        },
        {
          "label": "Plants & habitat",
          "sources": [
            "S06"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "reviewed": "2026-09-06",
          "id": "western-whorled-milkweed-2"
        },
        {
          "label": "People",
          "sources": [
            "S05"
          ],
          "scope": "Genus-level",
          "note": "",
          "reviewed": "2026-09-06",
          "id": "western-whorled-milkweed-3"
        },
        {
          "label": "Dogs & cats",
          "sources": [
            "S04"
          ],
          "scope": "Genus-level",
          "note": "",
          "reviewed": "2026-09-06",
          "id": "western-whorled-milkweed-4"
        },
        {
          "label": "Other animals",
          "sources": [
            "S06"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "reviewed": "2026-09-06",
          "id": "western-whorled-milkweed-5"
        }
      ],
      "research": {
        "status": "researching",
        "label": "Still researching this plant",
        "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.",
        "open_questions": [
          {
            "area": "Expert review",
            "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          }
        ],
        "expert_review": "pending"
      },
      "source": "content/plants/western-whorled-milkweed.md",
      "content_sha256": "4921721767e5fcd3ad7d3f7cc848a44e4a8f95038d45b285b62a67895bf6c9a0",
      "body_markdown": "# Western whorled milkweed\n\n*Asclepias subverticillata*\n\n**Colorado native.** [S06](https://extension.colostate.edu/resource/managing-western-whorled-milkweed/)\n\n> **High livestock toxicity.** Native status, garden use and noxious-weed class are separate from toxicity. [Exposure help](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/).\n\n## Still researching this plant {#research-status}\n\nThis is a sourced working profile. The cited findings are available below. Independent botanical and veterinary review is pending. **Uncertainty is not a finding that the plant is safe.**\n\n\n## Three views of this plant\n\nPhotos are source-identified examples, not a complete identification key. Check leaves, stems, flowers and fruit together. Locations are not assumed to be in Colorado.\n\n![Asclepias subverticillata: Several slender flowering stems with small white umbels and very narrow leaves.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/native-asclepias-subverticillata-1.jpg)\n\n**flowering stems** — Several slender flowering stems with small white umbels and very narrow leaves.\n\nPhoto: Patrick Alexander from Las Cruces, NM; [CC0](https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Asclepias_subverticillata_-_Flickr_-_aspidoscelis.jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0b/Asclepias_subverticillata_-_Flickr_-_aspidoscelis.jpg). Wikimedia Commons source file title and species metadata identify the taxon. Visible morphology was checked for consistency, not treated as an independent botanical determination.   No edits to the downloaded image. Wikimedia may have supplied a scaled thumbnail; original and download URLs are recorded separately. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![Asclepias subverticillata: A patch of slender horsetail milkweed stems among grasses, with white flower clusters held above the narrow foliage.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/native-asclepias-subverticillata-2.jpg)\n\n**habit and habitat** — A patch of slender horsetail milkweed stems among grasses, with white flower clusters held above the narrow foliage.\n\nPhoto: Patrick Alexander from Las Cruces, NM; [CC0](https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Asclepias_subverticillata_-_Flickr_-_aspidoscelis_(1).jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cc/Asclepias_subverticillata_-_Flickr_-_aspidoscelis_%281%29.jpg). Wikimedia Commons source file title and species metadata identify the taxon. Visible morphology was checked for consistency, not treated as an independent botanical determination.   No edits to the downloaded image. Wikimedia may have supplied a scaled thumbnail; original and download URLs are recorded separately. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![Asclepias subverticillata: Close view of white milkweed flowers with reflexed petals, small upright hoods, and adjacent linear leaves.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/native-asclepias-subverticillata-3.jpg)\n\n**flower detail** — Close view of white milkweed flowers with reflexed petals, small upright hoods, and adjacent linear leaves.\n\nPhoto: Patrick Alexander from Las Cruces, NM; [CC0](https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Asclepias_subverticillata_-_Flickr_-_aspidoscelis_(3).jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/54/Asclepias_subverticillata_-_Flickr_-_aspidoscelis_%283%29.jpg). Wikimedia Commons source file title and species metadata identify the taxon. Visible morphology was checked for consistency, not treated as an independent botanical determination.   No edits to the downloaded image. Wikimedia may have supplied a scaled thumbnail; original and download URLs are recorded separately. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n\n## Recognize\n\nSlender upright stems, very narrow leaves in rings of 3–5, and greenish-white flower clusters. Common at lower Colorado elevations. [S06](https://extension.colostate.edu/resource/managing-western-whorled-milkweed/)\n\n## Plants & habitat\n\nSpreads by roots and seed into gardens and pasture. Also hosts monarch and queen butterfly caterpillars. [S06](https://extension.colostate.edu/resource/managing-western-whorled-milkweed/)\n\n## People\n\nAvoid ingestion and sap contact. Human precautions here come from milkweed guidance for the genus, not a species-specific human study. [S05](https://www.poison.org/articles/milkweed-can-cause-serious-poisoning-204)\n\n*Evidence scope: Genus-level.*\n\n## Dogs & cats\n\nASPCA lists milkweeds as toxic to dogs and cats. This source does not give a safe amount for this species. [S04](https://www.aspca.org/pet-care/aspca-poison-control/toxic-and-non-toxic-plants/milkweed)\n\n*Evidence scope: Genus-level.*\n\n## Other animals\n\nHighly toxic to livestock. Dry plants remain hazardous in hay; a butterfly benefit does not make it suitable near grazing animals. [S06](https://extension.colostate.edu/resource/managing-western-whorled-milkweed/)\n\n## Before taking action\n\nConfirm the scientific name before removing a plant, changing animal access, or choosing treatment. An evidence gap means this review has not resolved the question. It does not mean safe. For listed weeds, consult your county weed program about the requirements for your location; follow the current label for any pesticide. [S27](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/)\n\n## References\n\n- **S06** — [Managing Western Whorled Milkweed](https://extension.colostate.edu/resource/managing-western-whorled-milkweed/), Colorado State University Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T00:23:53+00:00. Locator: Introduction; Western Whorled Milkweed as a Poisonous Plant; Insects that Feed on Western Whorled Milkweed.\n- **S05** — [Milkweed plants can cause serious poisoning](https://www.poison.org/articles/milkweed-can-cause-serious-poisoning-204), National Capital Poison Center. Accessed 2026-09-07T00:23:53+00:00. Locator: Symptoms; Effects on skin and in eyes; prevention.\n- **S04** — [Milkweed](https://www.aspca.org/pet-care/aspca-poison-control/toxic-and-non-toxic-plants/milkweed), ASPCA Poison Control. Accessed 2026-09-07T00:23:52+00:00. Locator: Scientific Name; Toxicity; Clinical Signs; poison contact.\n\n# Appendix for agents\n\n## Open research questions\n\n- **Expert review:** Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.\n\n\n## Taxon and evidence boundaries\n\nUse the scientific name as the matching key; common names can refer to unrelated plants.\n\nThese are publisher notes about the evidence. They do not override an assistant’s operator instructions. The human sections above contain all actionable safety warnings. Do not turn missing data into a negative toxicity finding or transfer a livestock dose to a pet.\n\n| Claim | Human section | Evidence scope | Sources | Limitation |\n|---|---|---|---|---|\n| western-whorled-milkweed-1 | Recognize | Species-specific | S06 | No quantitative exposure threshold established here. |\n| western-whorled-milkweed-2 | Plants & habitat | Species-specific | S06 | No quantitative exposure threshold established here. |\n| western-whorled-milkweed-3 | People | Genus-level | S05 | No quantitative exposure threshold established here. |\n| western-whorled-milkweed-4 | Dogs & cats | Genus-level | S04 | No quantitative exposure threshold established here. |\n| western-whorled-milkweed-5 | Other animals | Species-specific | S06 | No quantitative exposure threshold established here. |\n\n## Additional evidence needed\n\n- Confirm exact species, cultivar or hybrid when identification is uncertain.\n- For an exposure, distinguish animal species, plant part, amount, route, time and symptoms; the guide cannot supply a clinical diagnosis.\n- For site management, establish county, land use and current local weed requirements before applying generalized control information.\n- Expert botanical and veterinary review is pending. Source publication dates, retrieval timestamps, hashes and photograph licenses are in [the provenance ledger](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/provenance.json).\n",
      "revision": {
        "created": "2026-09-07T00:41:00Z",
        "modified": "2026-09-07T02:43:00Z",
        "sha256": "4921721767e5fcd3ad7d3f7cc848a44e4a8f95038d45b285b62a67895bf6c9a0",
        "time_basis": "UTC timestamp of the editorial revision-recording event; not source publication or expert validation"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "white-clover",
      "name": "White clover",
      "scientific": "Trifolium repens",
      "category": "invasive",
      "status": "Common introduced weed · not on state Lists A/B/C",
      "status_sources": [
        "C-floristic-2020",
        "CO-rules-2025"
      ],
      "warning": "A spreading lawn plant with pollinator value",
      "warning_tone": "caution",
      "aliases": [
        "Dutch clover",
        "ladino clover"
      ],
      "taxonomy_note": "White clover (Trifolium repens) differs from white sweetclover (Melilotus albus); the moldy sweetclover-hay warning is not assigned to it solely from a common name.",
      "source_ids": [
        "C-floristic-2020",
        "CO-rules-2025",
        "N-trifolium-repens",
        "C-descriptions",
        "S27"
      ],
      "description": "White clover: A spreading lawn plant with pollinator value. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.",
      "claim_evidence": [
        {
          "label": "Identification",
          "sources": [
            "N-trifolium-repens"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "white-clover-1"
        },
        {
          "label": "People",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "",
          "id": "white-clover-2"
        },
        {
          "label": "Dogs & cats",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "",
          "id": "white-clover-3"
        },
        {
          "label": "Other animals",
          "sources": [
            "N-trifolium-repens"
          ],
          "scope": "Forage-use observation; safety limitation",
          "note": "",
          "id": "white-clover-4"
        },
        {
          "label": "Plants & habitat",
          "sources": [
            "N-trifolium-repens"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "white-clover-5"
        },
        {
          "label": "Management & timing",
          "sources": [
            "N-trifolium-repens",
            "C-descriptions"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "white-clover-6"
        }
      ],
      "research": {
        "status": "researching",
        "label": "Still researching this plant",
        "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.",
        "open_questions": [
          {
            "area": "People",
            "question": "Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "white-clover-2"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Dogs & cats",
            "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "white-clover-3"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Other animals",
            "question": "Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "white-clover-4"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Identification",
            "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          },
          {
            "area": "Expert review",
            "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          }
        ],
        "expert_review": "pending"
      },
      "colorado_relevance": {
        "source_id": "C-floristic-2020",
        "locator": "Appendix B; PDF page 84; Trifolium repens",
        "basis": "Included in the 2020 statewide flora assessment. This is not a current county abundance survey.",
        "source_taxon": "Trifolium repens"
      },
      "source": "content/plants/white-clover.md",
      "content_sha256": "4d1f370c1dc25dbe3559e7f0b322c2acb0d0226f1e1977ee6146001aae94ea88",
      "body_markdown": "# White clover\n\n*Trifolium repens*\n\n**Common introduced weed · not on state Lists A/B/C.** [C-floristic-2020](https://cnhp.colostate.edu/download/documents/2020/CO_FQA_2020_Final_Report.pdf) [CO-rules-2025](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2)\n\n> **A spreading lawn plant with pollinator value.** [Exposure help](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/).\n\n**Identification caveat:** White clover (Trifolium repens) differs from white sweetclover (Melilotus albus); the moldy sweetclover-hay warning is not assigned to it solely from a common name.\n\n## Still researching this plant {#research-status}\n\nThis is a sourced working profile. Evidence is incomplete for **People, Dogs & cats, Other animals**. Identification and source-photo limits are explained below. Independent botanical and veterinary review is pending. **Uncertainty is not a finding that the plant is safe.**\n\n\n## Three views of this plant\n\nSource-identified reference photographs; these are not a complete identification key. A source location outside Colorado does not establish local occurrence.\n\n![White clover: a rounded flower head of small white pea-like florets on a slender stalk.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/coverage-garden-photos-trifolium-repens-10-01-flower.jpg)\n\n**flower** — A rounded flower head of small white pea-like florets on a slender stalk.\n\nPhoto: Ivar Leidus; [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Trifolium_repens_inflorescence_-_Niitv%C3%A4lja.jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0d/Trifolium_repens_inflorescence_-_Niitv%C3%A4lja.jpg). Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Source-identified T. repens. Leaf markings can vary or be absent; three leaflets and pale crescents alone do not establish a specimen’s identity or cultivar. Wikimedia server-resized derivative, reduced from the original; no crop, color change, upscaling, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; catalog preview may use a CSS crop.\n\n![White clover: a dense low rounded patch of white clover with many pale flower heads in grass.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/coverage-garden-photos-trifolium-repens-10-12-habit.jpg)\n\n**habit** — A dense low rounded patch of white clover with many pale flower heads in grass.\n\nPhoto: H. Zell; [CC BY-SA 3.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Trifolium_repens_001.JPG); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f4/Trifolium_repens_001.JPG). Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Source-identified T. repens. Leaf markings can vary or be absent; three leaflets and pale crescents alone do not establish a specimen’s identity or cultivar. Wikimedia server-resized derivative, reduced from the original; no crop, color change, upscaling, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; catalog preview may use a CSS crop.\n\n![White clover: a mature drooping flower head with brown papery florets beneath green calyces, photographed with a 10 mm scale.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/coverage-garden-photos-trifolium-repens-10-40-mature-head.jpg)\n\n**mature-head** — A mature drooping flower head with brown papery florets beneath green calyces, photographed with a 10 mm scale.\n\nPhoto: Stefan.lefnaer; [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Trifolium_repens_(subsp._repens)_sl10.jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0a/Trifolium_repens_%28subsp._repens%29_sl10.jpg). Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Source-identified T. repens. Leaf markings can vary or be absent; three leaflets and pale crescents alone do not establish a specimen’s identity or cultivar. Wikimedia server-resized derivative, reduced from the original; no crop, color change, upscaling, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; catalog preview may use a CSS crop.\n\n\n## Identification\n\nA low perennial with three leaflets, often bearing pale crescents, and rounded heads of white flowers. Runners root at their joints. [N-trifolium-repens](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/trifolium-repens/)\n\n## People\n\nThe reviewed sources do not establish species-specific ingestion effects or a safe exposure amount for people. Missing evidence does not establish safety.\n\n## Dogs & cats\n\nThe reviewed sources do not establish species-specific ingestion effects or a safe exposure amount for dogs or cats. Missing evidence does not establish safety.\n\n## Other animals\n\nIt is grown as livestock forage. This botanical description is not a complete feeding-risk assessment and gives no safe ration. [N-trifolium-repens](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/trifolium-repens/)\n\n*Evidence scope: Forage-use observation; safety limitation.*\n\n## Plants & habitat\n\nWhite clover fixes nitrogen, attracts pollinators and spreads in lawns. Whether it is a weed depends on the intended planting. [N-trifolium-repens](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/trifolium-repens/)\n\n## Management & timing\n\nFirst decide whether the clover is unwanted. Its creeping stems can tolerate mowing; manage lawn conditions if trying to favor turf. [N-trifolium-repens](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/trifolium-repens/) [C-descriptions](https://extension.colostate.edu/resource/weed-descriptions/)\n\n## Before taking action\n\nConfirm identification and the requirements of your county weed program. For chemical treatment, follow the current product label, including restrictions around animals and water. [S27](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/)\n\n## References\n\n- **C-floristic-2020** — [Colorado Floristic Quality Assessment: 2020 Update](https://cnhp.colostate.edu/download/documents/2020/CO_FQA_2020_Final_Report.pdf), Colorado Natural Heritage Program, Colorado State University. Accessed 2026-09-07T02:27:33+00:00. Locator: Appendix B, Colorado species list: scientific name and native/non-native fields.\n- **CO-rules-2025** — [Colorado Noxious Weed Act rules, 8 CCR 1206-2](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2), Colorado Secretary of State / Department of Agriculture. Accessed 2026-09-07T01:07:48+00:00. Locator: Parts 3.1, 4.1, 5.1; management provisions; effective May 15, 2025.\n- **N-trifolium-repens** — [Trifolium repens](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/trifolium-repens/), NC State Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T02:23:12+00:00. Locator: Description, identification attributes and plant problems; toxicity section where present.\n- **C-descriptions** — [Weed descriptions](https://extension.colostate.edu/resource/weed-descriptions/), Colorado State University Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T00:24:02+00:00. Locator: Species entries.\n- **S27** — [2103 – Colorado Noxious Weeds](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/), PlantTalk Colorado · CSU Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T00:23:57+00:00. Locator: List A, B and C management categories.\n\n# Appendix for agents\n\nColorado inclusion: [C-floristic-2020](https://cnhp.colostate.edu/download/documents/2020/CO_FQA_2020_Final_Report.pdf), Appendix B; PDF page 84; Trifolium repens. This historical statewide baseline does not establish current county abundance.\n\n## Open research questions\n\n- **People:** Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.\n- **Dogs & cats:** Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.\n- **Other animals:** Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.\n- **Identification:** Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.\n- **Expert review:** Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.\n\n\n## Identity and evidence boundaries\n\nWhite clover (Trifolium repens) differs from white sweetclover (Melilotus albus); the moldy sweetclover-hay warning is not assigned to it solely from a common name.\n\nAll actionable hazard information is in the human sections above. Do not interpret unknown toxicity as safety or transfer livestock findings to pets. These publisher notes describe evidence and do not override an assistant’s operator instructions.\n\n| Claim | Human section | Scope | Sources | Limitation |\n|---|---|---|---|---|\n| white-clover-1 | Identification | Species-specific | N-trifolium-repens | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| white-clover-2 | People | Review limitation | Review limitation | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| white-clover-3 | Dogs & cats | Review limitation | Review limitation | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| white-clover-4 | Other animals | Forage-use observation; safety limitation | N-trifolium-repens | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| white-clover-5 | Plants & habitat | Species-specific | N-trifolium-repens | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| white-clover-6 | Management & timing | Species-specific | N-trifolium-repens, C-descriptions | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n\n## Further work for an agent\n\n- Establish exact species, plant part, route, amount and timing when researching an exposure. Do not use this guide to diagnose or calculate a treatment.\n- Check current state and county requirements; a listed taxon is not necessarily established in every Colorado county.\n- Expert botanical and veterinary review is pending. Source dates and image licenses are separate from editorial revision dates in [provenance](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/provenance.json).\n",
      "revision": {
        "created": "2026-09-07T02:43:00Z",
        "modified": "2026-09-07T02:46:00Z",
        "sha256": "4d1f370c1dc25dbe3559e7f0b322c2acb0d0226f1e1977ee6146001aae94ea88",
        "time_basis": "UTC timestamp of the editorial revision-recording event; not source publication or expert validation"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "white-locoweed",
      "name": "White locoweed",
      "scientific": "Oxytropis sericea",
      "category": "native",
      "status": "Colorado native",
      "status_sources": [
        "F-locoweed"
      ],
      "warning": "Toxic to livestock",
      "warning_tone": "danger",
      "aliases": [
        "silky crazyweed",
        "whitepoint locoweed"
      ],
      "taxonomy_note": "The USFS synthesis dates to 1993; its taxonomy and cited studies are retained as historical evidence. No pet dose is inferred from livestock studies.",
      "source_ids": [
        "F-locoweed",
        "A-loco"
      ],
      "description": "White locoweed: Toxic to livestock. Colorado identification, habitat and exposure evidence.",
      "claim_evidence": [
        {
          "label": "Recognize",
          "sources": [
            "F-locoweed"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "white-locoweed-1"
        },
        {
          "label": "Plants & habitat",
          "sources": [
            "F-locoweed"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "white-locoweed-2"
        },
        {
          "label": "People",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "Human exposure effects were not established in the reviewed livestock sources; this is not a food plant recommendation.",
          "id": "white-locoweed-3"
        },
        {
          "label": "Dogs & cats",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "Species-specific ingestion effects and exposure thresholds were not established in the reviewed sources.",
          "id": "white-locoweed-4"
        },
        {
          "label": "Other animals",
          "sources": [
            "F-locoweed",
            "A-loco"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific persistence; locoweed-group clinical effects",
          "note": "",
          "id": "white-locoweed-5"
        }
      ],
      "research": {
        "status": "researching",
        "label": "Still researching this plant",
        "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.",
        "open_questions": [
          {
            "area": "People",
            "question": "Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "white-locoweed-3"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Dogs & cats",
            "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "white-locoweed-4"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Identification",
            "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          },
          {
            "area": "Expert review",
            "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          }
        ],
        "expert_review": "pending"
      },
      "source": "content/plants/white-locoweed.md",
      "content_sha256": "1f04fe70d5a6c7de5c54a5f72ac89034b145d59505d26169d2c0f40083adf6fa",
      "body_markdown": "# White locoweed\n\n*Oxytropis sericea*\n\n**Colorado native.** [F-locoweed](https://research.fs.usda.gov/feis/species-reviews/oxyser)\n\n> **Toxic to livestock.** Native status, garden use and noxious-weed class are separate from toxicity. [Exposure help](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/).\n\n**Identification caveat:** The USFS synthesis dates to 1993; its taxonomy and cited studies are retained as historical evidence. No pet dose is inferred from livestock studies.\n\n## Still researching this plant {#research-status}\n\nThis is a sourced working profile. Evidence is incomplete for **People, Dogs & cats**. Identification and source-photo limits are explained below. Independent botanical and veterinary review is pending. **Uncertainty is not a finding that the plant is safe.**\n\n\n## Three views of this plant\n\nPhotos are source-identified examples, not a complete identification key. Check leaves, stems, flowers and fruit together. Locations are not assumed to be in Colorado.\n\n![Oxytropis sericea: Dry tan pods clustered along a stalk, some split open near their tips.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/native-oxytropis-sericea-1.jpg)\n\n**seed pods** — Dry tan pods clustered along a stalk, some split open near their tips.\n\nPhoto: Matt Lavin from Bozeman, Montana, USA; [CC BY-SA 2.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Oxytropis_sericea_(7352491560).jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/87/Oxytropis_sericea_%287352491560%29.jpg). Wikimedia Commons source file title and species metadata identify the taxon. Visible morphology was checked for consistency, not treated as an independent botanical determination.   No edits to the downloaded image. Wikimedia may have supplied a scaled thumbnail; original and download URLs are recorded separately. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![Oxytropis sericea: A flowering patch with numerous upright clusters of white pea-shaped flowers and pinnate leaves below.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/native-oxytropis-sericea-2.jpg)\n\n**flowers and foliage** — A flowering patch with numerous upright clusters of white pea-shaped flowers and pinnate leaves below.\n\nPhoto: Matt Lavin; [CC BY-SA 2.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Oxytropis_sericea_1.jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/74/Oxytropis_sericea_1.jpg). Wikimedia Commons source file title and species metadata identify the taxon. Visible morphology was checked for consistency, not treated as an independent botanical determination.   No edits to the downloaded image. Wikimedia may have supplied a scaled thumbnail; original and download URLs are recorded separately. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![Oxytropis sericea: Low pinnate foliage and several erect stalks of pale flowers growing from gravelly ground.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/native-oxytropis-sericea-3.jpg)\n\n**whole plant** — Low pinnate foliage and several erect stalks of pale flowers growing from gravelly ground.\n\nPhoto: Kenraiz; [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Oxytropis_sericea_kz01.jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ad/Oxytropis_sericea_kz01.jpg). Wikimedia Commons source file title and species metadata identify the taxon. Visible morphology was checked for consistency, not treated as an independent botanical determination.   No edits to the downloaded image. Wikimedia may have supplied a scaled thumbnail; original and download URLs are recorded separately. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n\n## Recognize\n\nA low perennial with pinnately compound leaves and pale pea-like flowers; use a botanical key to separate similar locoweeds. [F-locoweed](https://research.fs.usda.gov/feis/species-reviews/oxyser)\n\n## Plants & habitat\n\nNative on open western plains and mountain sites, with persistent seed banks. Occurrence alone is not proof of an invasive-weed problem. [F-locoweed](https://research.fs.usda.gov/feis/species-reviews/oxyser)\n\n## People\n\nHuman exposure effects were not established in the reviewed livestock sources; this is not a food plant recommendation. This is an evidence gap, not proof of safety.\n\n## Dogs & cats\n\nSpecies-specific ingestion effects and exposure thresholds were not established in the reviewed sources. This is an evidence gap, not proof of safety.\n\n## Other animals\n\nLocoweeds can cause neurological damage, wasting and reproductive harm in livestock, including horses. White locoweed remains poisonous when dried. Keep it out of feed and seek livestock-veterinary advice. [F-locoweed](https://research.fs.usda.gov/feis/species-reviews/oxyser) [A-loco](https://www.ars.usda.gov/pacific-west-area/logan-ut/poisonous-plant-research/docs/locoweed-astragalus-and-oxytropis-spp/)\n\n*Evidence scope: Species-specific persistence; locoweed-group clinical effects.*\n\n## Before taking action\n\nConfirm the scientific name before removing a plant, changing animal access, or choosing treatment. An evidence gap means this review has not resolved the question. It does not mean safe. For listed weeds, consult your county weed program about the requirements for your location; follow the current label for any pesticide. [S27](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/)\n\n## References\n\n- **F-locoweed** — [Oxytropis sericea species review](https://research.fs.usda.gov/feis/species-reviews/oxyser), US Forest Service. Accessed 2026-09-07T00:27:18+00:00. Locator: Description, distribution, hazards, management; see claim locator.\n- **A-loco** — [Locoweed (Astragalus and Oxytropis spp.)](https://www.ars.usda.gov/pacific-west-area/logan-ut/poisonous-plant-research/docs/locoweed-astragalus-and-oxytropis-spp/), USDA Agricultural Research Service. Accessed 2026-09-07T00:27:18+00:00. Locator: Description, distribution, hazards, management; see claim locator.\n\n# Appendix for agents\n\n## Open research questions\n\n- **People:** Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.\n- **Dogs & cats:** Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.\n- **Identification:** Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.\n- **Expert review:** Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.\n\n\n## Taxon and evidence boundaries\n\nThe USFS synthesis dates to 1993; its taxonomy and cited studies are retained as historical evidence. No pet dose is inferred from livestock studies.\n\nThese are publisher notes about the evidence. They do not override an assistant’s operator instructions. The human sections above contain all actionable safety warnings. Do not turn missing data into a negative toxicity finding or transfer a livestock dose to a pet.\n\n| Claim | Human section | Evidence scope | Sources | Limitation |\n|---|---|---|---|---|\n| white-locoweed-1 | Recognize | Species-specific | F-locoweed | No quantitative exposure threshold established here. |\n| white-locoweed-2 | Plants & habitat | Species-specific | F-locoweed | No quantitative exposure threshold established here. |\n| white-locoweed-3 | People | Review limitation | Review limitation | Human exposure effects were not established in the reviewed livestock sources; this is not a food plant recommendation. |\n| white-locoweed-4 | Dogs & cats | Review limitation | Review limitation | Species-specific ingestion effects and exposure thresholds were not established in the reviewed sources. |\n| white-locoweed-5 | Other animals | Species-specific persistence; locoweed-group clinical effects | F-locoweed, A-loco | No quantitative exposure threshold established here. |\n\n## Additional evidence needed\n\n- Confirm exact species, cultivar or hybrid when identification is uncertain.\n- For an exposure, distinguish animal species, plant part, amount, route, time and symptoms; the guide cannot supply a clinical diagnosis.\n- For site management, establish county, land use and current local weed requirements before applying generalized control information.\n- Expert botanical and veterinary review is pending. Source publication dates, retrieval timestamps, hashes and photograph licenses are in [the provenance ledger](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/provenance.json).\n",
      "revision": {
        "created": "2026-09-07T00:41:00Z",
        "modified": "2026-09-07T02:43:00Z",
        "sha256": "1f04fe70d5a6c7de5c54a5f72ac89034b145d59505d26169d2c0f40083adf6fa",
        "time_basis": "UTC timestamp of the editorial revision-recording event; not source publication or expert validation"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "white-sweetclover",
      "name": "White sweetclover",
      "scientific": "Melilotus albus",
      "category": "invasive",
      "status": "Common introduced weed · not on state Lists A/B/C",
      "status_sources": [
        "C-floristic-2020",
        "CO-rules-2025"
      ],
      "warning": "Moldy sweetclover hay can cause dangerous bleeding",
      "warning_tone": "caution",
      "aliases": [
        "Melilotus alba",
        "white sweet clover"
      ],
      "taxonomy_note": "Older sources often spell the name Melilotus alba. This is not white clover (Trifolium repens). Sweetclover hay warnings are specific to the documented feed conditions, not a pet dose calculation.",
      "source_ids": [
        "C-floristic-2020",
        "CO-rules-2025",
        "F-melilotus",
        "S27"
      ],
      "description": "White sweetclover: Moldy sweetclover hay can cause dangerous bleeding. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.",
      "claim_evidence": [
        {
          "label": "Identification",
          "sources": [
            "F-melilotus"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "white-sweetclover-1"
        },
        {
          "label": "People",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "",
          "id": "white-sweetclover-2"
        },
        {
          "label": "Dogs & cats",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "",
          "id": "white-sweetclover-3"
        },
        {
          "label": "Other animals",
          "sources": [
            "F-melilotus"
          ],
          "scope": "Sweetclover group evidence",
          "note": "",
          "id": "white-sweetclover-4"
        },
        {
          "label": "Plants & habitat",
          "sources": [
            "F-melilotus"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "white-sweetclover-5"
        },
        {
          "label": "Management & timing",
          "sources": [
            "F-melilotus"
          ],
          "scope": "Management synthesis",
          "note": "",
          "id": "white-sweetclover-6"
        }
      ],
      "research": {
        "status": "researching",
        "label": "Still researching this plant",
        "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.",
        "open_questions": [
          {
            "area": "People",
            "question": "Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "white-sweetclover-2"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Dogs & cats",
            "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "white-sweetclover-3"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Identification",
            "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          },
          {
            "area": "Expert review",
            "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          }
        ],
        "expert_review": "pending"
      },
      "colorado_relevance": {
        "source_id": "C-floristic-2020",
        "locator": "Appendix B; PDF page 63; Melilotus albus",
        "basis": "Included in the 2020 statewide flora assessment. This is not a current county abundance survey.",
        "source_taxon": "Melilotus albus"
      },
      "source": "content/plants/white-sweetclover.md",
      "content_sha256": "645709b0d80108cfe83a63b2d2ec91d976b386ea9c23ef1292d0f6d0cfdf1aab",
      "body_markdown": "# White sweetclover\n\n*Melilotus albus*\n\n**Common introduced weed · not on state Lists A/B/C.** [C-floristic-2020](https://cnhp.colostate.edu/download/documents/2020/CO_FQA_2020_Final_Report.pdf) [CO-rules-2025](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2)\n\n> **Moldy sweetclover hay can cause dangerous bleeding.** [Exposure help](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/).\n\n**Identification caveat:** Older sources often spell the name Melilotus alba. This is not white clover (Trifolium repens). Sweetclover hay warnings are specific to the documented feed conditions, not a pet dose calculation.\n\n## Still researching this plant {#research-status}\n\nThis is a sourced working profile. Evidence is incomplete for **People, Dogs & cats**. Identification and source-photo limits are explained below. Independent botanical and veterinary review is pending. **Uncertainty is not a finding that the plant is safe.**\n\n\n## Three views of this plant\n\nSource-identified reference photographs; these are not a complete identification key. A source location outside Colorado does not establish local occurrence.\n\n![Melilotus albus: Small white flowers on slender racemes above three-part leaves.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/coverage-hazard-photos-melilotus-albus-1.jpg)\n\n**flowers and leaves** — Small white flowers on slender racemes above three-part leaves.\n\nPhoto: zebedeugalinha; [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/); [source record](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/258673179); [original image](https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/464161778/original.jpeg). Source scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference, not an independent specimen-based taxonomic determination. Identification follows the source. White flowers, three-part leaves and pods are shown; no yellow-flowered sweetclover was substituted. iNaturalist large server-resized photo; no local crop, colour change or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; catalog preview may use a CSS crop.\n\n![Melilotus albus: Small oval green pods along slender branching stems.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/coverage-hazard-photos-melilotus-albus-2.jpg)\n\n**pods** — Small oval green pods along slender branching stems.\n\nPhoto: zebedeugalinha; [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/); [source record](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/258673179); [original image](https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/464162009/original.jpeg). Source scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference, not an independent specimen-based taxonomic determination. Identification follows the source. White flowers, three-part leaves and pods are shown; no yellow-flowered sweetclover was substituted. iNaturalist large server-resized photo; no local crop, colour change or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; catalog preview may use a CSS crop.\n\n![Melilotus albus: A leafy shoot with three-part, toothed leaflets and narrow racemes of small white flowers.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/coverage-hazard-photos-melilotus-albus-3.jpg)\n\n**leafy flowering shoot** — A leafy shoot with three-part, toothed leaflets and narrow racemes of small white flowers.\n\nPhoto: zebedeugalinha; [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/); [source record](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/258673179); [original image](https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/464162032/original.jpeg). Source scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference, not an independent specimen-based taxonomic determination. Identification follows the source. White flowers, three-part leaves and pods are shown; no yellow-flowered sweetclover was substituted. iNaturalist large server-resized photo; no local crop, colour change or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; catalog preview may use a CSS crop.\n\n\n## Identification\n\nUsually a tall biennial with three leaflets and long clusters of small white flowers. Fresh flowers distinguish it from yellow sweetclover; dried flowers may be misleading. [F-melilotus](https://research.fs.usda.gov/feis/species-reviews/melspp)\n\n## People\n\nThe reviewed sources do not establish species-specific ingestion effects or a safe exposure amount for people. Missing evidence does not establish safety.\n\n## Dogs & cats\n\nThe reviewed sources do not establish species-specific ingestion effects or a safe exposure amount for dogs or cats. Missing evidence does not establish safety.\n\n## Other animals\n\nMoldy or improperly cured sweetclover hay can cause impaired clotting and fatal bleeding. Diets dominated by sweetclover may also cause bloat. [F-melilotus](https://research.fs.usda.gov/feis/species-reviews/melspp)\n\n*Evidence scope: Sweetclover group evidence.*\n\n## Plants & habitat\n\nA nonnative legume that supplies forage and pollinator resources but can spread into disturbed and natural vegetation. [F-melilotus](https://research.fs.usda.gov/feis/species-reviews/melspp)\n\n## Management & timing\n\nPrevent seed production where unwanted and monitor subsequent seedlings. Have suspect hay assessed before feeding. [F-melilotus](https://research.fs.usda.gov/feis/species-reviews/melspp)\n\n*Evidence scope: Management synthesis.*\n\n## Before taking action\n\nConfirm identification and the requirements of your county weed program. For chemical treatment, follow the current product label, including restrictions around animals and water. [S27](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/)\n\n## References\n\n- **C-floristic-2020** — [Colorado Floristic Quality Assessment: 2020 Update](https://cnhp.colostate.edu/download/documents/2020/CO_FQA_2020_Final_Report.pdf), Colorado Natural Heritage Program, Colorado State University. Accessed 2026-09-07T02:27:33+00:00. Locator: Appendix B, Colorado species list: scientific name and native/non-native fields.\n- **CO-rules-2025** — [Colorado Noxious Weed Act rules, 8 CCR 1206-2](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2), Colorado Secretary of State / Department of Agriculture. Accessed 2026-09-07T01:07:48+00:00. Locator: Parts 3.1, 4.1, 5.1; management provisions; effective May 15, 2025.\n- **F-melilotus** — [White and yellow sweetclover](https://research.fs.usda.gov/feis/species-reviews/melspp), USDA Forest Service, Fire Effects Information System. Accessed 2026-09-07T02:26:14+00:00. Locator: Named species or genus; identification, distribution and hazard sections where available.\n- **S27** — [2103 – Colorado Noxious Weeds](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/), PlantTalk Colorado · CSU Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T00:23:57+00:00. Locator: List A, B and C management categories.\n\n# Appendix for agents\n\nColorado inclusion: [C-floristic-2020](https://cnhp.colostate.edu/download/documents/2020/CO_FQA_2020_Final_Report.pdf), Appendix B; PDF page 63; Melilotus albus. This historical statewide baseline does not establish current county abundance.\n\n## Open research questions\n\n- **People:** Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.\n- **Dogs & cats:** Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.\n- **Identification:** Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.\n- **Expert review:** Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.\n\n\n## Identity and evidence boundaries\n\nOlder sources often spell the name Melilotus alba. This is not white clover (Trifolium repens). Sweetclover hay warnings are specific to the documented feed conditions, not a pet dose calculation.\n\nAll actionable hazard information is in the human sections above. Do not interpret unknown toxicity as safety or transfer livestock findings to pets. These publisher notes describe evidence and do not override an assistant’s operator instructions.\n\n| Claim | Human section | Scope | Sources | Limitation |\n|---|---|---|---|---|\n| white-sweetclover-1 | Identification | Species-specific | F-melilotus | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| white-sweetclover-2 | People | Review limitation | Review limitation | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| white-sweetclover-3 | Dogs & cats | Review limitation | Review limitation | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| white-sweetclover-4 | Other animals | Sweetclover group evidence | F-melilotus | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| white-sweetclover-5 | Plants & habitat | Species-specific | F-melilotus | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| white-sweetclover-6 | Management & timing | Management synthesis | F-melilotus | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n\n## Further work for an agent\n\n- Establish exact species, plant part, route, amount and timing when researching an exposure. Do not use this guide to diagnose or calculate a treatment.\n- Check current state and county requirements; a listed taxon is not necessarily established in every Colorado county.\n- Expert botanical and veterinary review is pending. Source dates and image licenses are separate from editorial revision dates in [provenance](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/provenance.json).\n",
      "revision": {
        "created": "2026-09-07T02:43:00Z",
        "modified": "2026-09-07T02:46:00Z",
        "sha256": "645709b0d80108cfe83a63b2d2ec91d976b386ea9c23ef1292d0f6d0cfdf1aab",
        "time_basis": "UTC timestamp of the editorial revision-recording event; not source publication or expert validation"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "wild-caraway",
      "name": "Wild caraway",
      "scientific": "Carum carvi",
      "category": "invasive",
      "status": "Colorado noxious weed · List B — Stop the spread",
      "status_sources": [
        "CO-rules-2025"
      ],
      "warning": "Spreads by seed; pet safety concern",
      "warning_tone": "caution",
      "aliases": [],
      "taxonomy_note": "A white flower umbrella is not sufficient to separate caraway from poison hemlock or water hemlock; the comparison is an editorial identification precaution.",
      "source_ids": [
        "CO-rules-2025",
        "N-carum-carvi",
        "S27",
        "A-caraway",
        "Fremont-list-definitions"
      ],
      "description": "Wild caraway: Spreads by seed; pet safety concern. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.",
      "claim_evidence": [
        {
          "label": "Recognize",
          "sources": [
            "N-carum-carvi"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "wild-caraway-1"
        },
        {
          "label": "Plants & habitat",
          "sources": [
            "N-carum-carvi"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "wild-caraway-2"
        },
        {
          "label": "People",
          "sources": [
            "N-carum-carvi"
          ],
          "scope": "Editorial identification precaution",
          "note": "",
          "id": "wild-caraway-3"
        },
        {
          "label": "Dogs & cats",
          "sources": [
            "A-caraway"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "wild-caraway-4"
        },
        {
          "label": "Other animals",
          "sources": [
            "A-caraway"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "wild-caraway-5"
        },
        {
          "id": "wild-caraway-list-meaning",
          "label": "State-list meaning",
          "sources": [
            "Fremont-list-definitions"
          ],
          "scope": "Colorado management-category definition; species classification retains its original status sources",
          "note": "Plain-language editorial label for a management category; not a toxicity or danger rating.",
          "reviewed": "2026-09-07"
        }
      ],
      "noxious_class": "B",
      "research": {
        "status": "researching",
        "label": "Still researching this plant",
        "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.",
        "open_questions": [
          {
            "area": "Other animals",
            "question": "Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "wild-caraway-5"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Identification",
            "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          },
          {
            "area": "Expert review",
            "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          }
        ],
        "expert_review": "pending"
      },
      "noxious_class_label": "B — Stop the spread",
      "source": "content/plants/wild-caraway.md",
      "content_sha256": "872e326d02c101872762ed672ced6dc39bd7fb177326077f637896499a2bbbd4",
      "body_markdown": "# Wild caraway\n\n*Carum carvi*\n\n**Colorado noxious weed · List B — Stop the spread.** [CO-rules-2025](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2)\n\nEstablished in some areas. Requirements vary by location: eradication, containment or suppression to stop further spread. This is a management category, separate from danger ratings. [Category source](https://fremontcountyco.gov/weed-control/weed-identification) · [What the lists mean](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/#weed-lists).\n\n> **Spreads by seed; pet safety concern.** [Exposure help](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/).\n\n**Identification caveat:** A white flower umbrella is not sufficient to separate caraway from poison hemlock or water hemlock; the comparison is an editorial identification precaution.\n\n## Still researching this plant {#research-status}\n\nThis is a sourced working profile. Evidence is incomplete for **Other animals**. Identification and source-photo limits are explained below. Independent botanical and veterinary review is pending. **Uncertainty is not a finding that the plant is safe.**\n\n\n## Three views of this plant\n\nSource-identified reference photographs; these are not a complete identification key. A source location outside Colorado does not establish local occurrence.\n\n![Developing ribbed caraway fruits on the radiating stalks of a compound umbel.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/list-bc-photos-carum-carvi-01.jpg)\n\n**fruits** — Developing ribbed caraway fruits on the radiating stalks of a compound umbel.\n\nPhoto: Ayotte, Gilles, 1948-; [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Carum_carvi_15-p.bot-carum.carvi-24.jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/56/Carum_carvi_15-p.bot-carum.carvi-24.jpg). Source-identified photograph with visual consistency check Nom français : carvi commun. Nom anglais : wild caraway. Infrutescence (ombelle composée, ombellules, fruits, diachaines) de carvi commun, vue de côté. Source labeling and visible consistency checked; not an independent specimen determination. Wikimedia-generated thumbnail rescaling only; downloaded bytes unchanged. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![White-flowering caraway plants growing as a patch beside a fence in grassland.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/list-bc-photos-carum-carvi-03.jpg)\n\n**habit** — White-flowering caraway plants growing as a patch beside a fence in grassland.\n\nPhoto: Ayotte, Gilles, 1948-; [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Carum_carvi_15-p.bot-carum.carvi-29.jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6a/Carum_carvi_15-p.bot-carum.carvi-29.jpg). Source-identified photograph with visual consistency check Nom français : carvi commun. Nom anglais : wild caraway. Plants en fleur (inflorescence) de carvi commun, en milieu naturel. Source labeling and visible consistency checked; not an independent specimen determination. Wikimedia-generated thumbnail rescaling only; downloaded bytes unchanged. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![Several finely divided caraway leaves displayed against a dark background.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/list-bc-photos-carum-carvi-07.jpg)\n\n**leaves** — Several finely divided caraway leaves displayed against a dark background.\n\nPhoto: Ayotte, Gilles, 1948-; [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Carum_carvi_15-p.bot-carum.carvi-08.jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e3/Carum_carvi_15-p.bot-carum.carvi-08.jpg). Source-identified photograph with visual consistency check Nom français : carvi commun. Nom anglais : wild caraway. Feuilles de carvi commun. Source labeling and visible consistency checked; not an independent specimen determination. Wikimedia-generated thumbnail rescaling only; downloaded bytes unchanged. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n\n## Recognize\n\nA biennial with finely divided, carrot-like leaves and small white or pinkish flowers in umbrella-shaped clusters. [N-carum-carvi](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/carum-carvi/)\n\n## Plants & habitat\n\nSelf-sows in suitable moist sites. Culinary use does not remove its Colorado weed designation. [N-carum-carvi](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/carum-carvi/)\n\n## People\n\nWhite-flowered carrot-family plants require careful identification. The caraway description is not enough to rule out poisonous look-alikes. [N-carum-carvi](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/carum-carvi/)\n\n*Evidence scope: Editorial identification precaution.*\n\n## Dogs & cats\n\nASPCA lists Carum carvi as toxic to dogs and cats, with vomiting and diarrhea associated with its oils. No safe dose is established here. [A-caraway](https://www.aspca.org/pet-care/aspca-poison-control/toxic-and-non-toxic-plants/caraway)\n\n## Other animals\n\nASPCA also lists horses as susceptible. Culinary use by people does not establish forage safety. [A-caraway](https://www.aspca.org/pet-care/aspca-poison-control/toxic-and-non-toxic-plants/caraway)\n\n## Before taking action\n\nConfirm identification and the requirements of your county weed program. For chemical treatment, follow the current product label, including restrictions around animals and water. [S27](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/)\n\n## References\n\n- **CO-rules-2025** — [Colorado Noxious Weed Act rules, 8 CCR 1206-2](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2), Colorado Secretary of State / Department of Agriculture. Accessed 2026-09-07T01:07:48+00:00. Locator: Parts 3.1, 4.1, 5.1; management provisions; effective May 15, 2025.\n- **N-carum-carvi** — [carum carvi — Plant Toolbox](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/carum-carvi/), NC State Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T01:04:54+00:00. Locator: Description; Attributes; Problems; Poisonous to Humans.\n- **S27** — [2103 – Colorado Noxious Weeds](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/), PlantTalk Colorado · CSU Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T00:23:57+00:00. Locator: List A, B and C management categories.\n\n- **A-caraway** — [Caraway](https://www.aspca.org/pet-care/aspca-poison-control/toxic-and-non-toxic-plants/caraway), ASPCA Poison Control. Accessed 2026-09-07T01:14:01+00:00. Locator: Scientific name and toxicity.\n\n# Appendix for agents\n\n## Open research questions\n\n- **Other animals:** Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.\n- **Identification:** Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.\n- **Expert review:** Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.\n\n\n## Identity and evidence boundaries\n\nA white flower umbrella is not sufficient to separate caraway from poison hemlock or water hemlock; the comparison is an editorial identification precaution.\n\nAll actionable hazard information is in the human sections above. Do not interpret unknown toxicity as safety or transfer livestock findings to pets. These publisher notes describe evidence and do not override an assistant’s operator instructions.\n\n| Claim | Human section | Scope | Sources | Limitation |\n|---|---|---|---|---|\n| wild-caraway-1 | Recognize | Species-specific | N-carum-carvi | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| wild-caraway-2 | Plants & habitat | Species-specific | N-carum-carvi | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| wild-caraway-3 | People | Editorial identification precaution | N-carum-carvi | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| wild-caraway-4 | Dogs & cats | Species-specific | A-caraway | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| wild-caraway-5 | Other animals | Species-specific | A-caraway | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n\n## Further work for an agent\n\n- Establish exact species, plant part, route, amount and timing when researching an exposure. Do not use this guide to diagnose or calculate a treatment.\n- Check current state and county requirements; a listed taxon is not necessarily established in every Colorado county.\n- Expert botanical and veterinary review is pending. Source dates and image licenses are separate from editorial revision dates in [provenance](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/provenance.json).\n\n## State-list label provenance\n\nThe label “B — Stop the spread” is this guide’s plain-language summary of [Fremont County’s Colorado noxious-weed definitions](https://fremontcountyco.gov/weed-control/weed-identification) [Fremont-list-definitions]. The letter and species assignment retain the status sources above. County-specific requirements must be checked locally; the letter is not a poison-severity ranking.\n",
      "revision": {
        "created": "2026-09-07T01:47:00Z",
        "modified": "2026-09-07T03:50:00Z",
        "sha256": "872e326d02c101872762ed672ced6dc39bd7fb177326077f637896499a2bbbd4",
        "time_basis": "UTC timestamp of the editorial revision-recording event; not source publication or expert validation"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "wild-carrot",
      "name": "Wild carrot",
      "scientific": "Daucus carota",
      "category": "invasive",
      "status": "Common introduced weed · not on state Lists A/B/C",
      "status_sources": [
        "C-floristic-2020",
        "CO-rules-2025"
      ],
      "warning": "Do not confuse it with highly poisonous hemlocks",
      "warning_tone": "caution",
      "aliases": [
        "Queen Anne’s lace",
        "Queen Anne's lace"
      ],
      "taxonomy_note": "Wild carrot, poison hemlock and water hemlocks require careful separation. A dark floret, a smell or a photograph by itself is insufficient. This profile does not authorize eating wild roots.",
      "source_ids": [
        "C-floristic-2020",
        "CO-rules-2025",
        "N-daucus-carota",
        "S27"
      ],
      "description": "Wild carrot: Do not confuse it with highly poisonous hemlocks. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.",
      "claim_evidence": [
        {
          "label": "Identification",
          "sources": [
            "N-daucus-carota"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "wild-carrot-1"
        },
        {
          "label": "People",
          "sources": [
            "N-daucus-carota"
          ],
          "scope": "Species contact hazard; identification precaution",
          "note": "",
          "id": "wild-carrot-2"
        },
        {
          "label": "Dogs & cats",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "",
          "id": "wild-carrot-3"
        },
        {
          "label": "Other animals",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "",
          "id": "wild-carrot-4"
        },
        {
          "label": "Plants & habitat",
          "sources": [
            "N-daucus-carota"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "wild-carrot-5"
        },
        {
          "label": "Management & timing",
          "sources": [
            "N-daucus-carota"
          ],
          "scope": "Management inference from reproduction and sap hazard",
          "note": "",
          "id": "wild-carrot-6"
        }
      ],
      "research": {
        "status": "researching",
        "label": "Still researching this plant",
        "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.",
        "open_questions": [
          {
            "area": "Dogs & cats",
            "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "wild-carrot-3"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Other animals",
            "question": "Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "wild-carrot-4"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Identification",
            "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          },
          {
            "area": "Expert review",
            "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          }
        ],
        "expert_review": "pending"
      },
      "colorado_relevance": {
        "source_id": "C-floristic-2020",
        "locator": "Appendix B; PDF page 48; Daucus carota",
        "basis": "Included in the 2020 statewide flora assessment. This is not a current county abundance survey.",
        "source_taxon": "Daucus carota"
      },
      "source": "content/plants/wild-carrot.md",
      "content_sha256": "6f293b03a234a6e9e5388b5722cd6576c311e90ca7f9b3ab7f8cb3da00d35643",
      "body_markdown": "# Wild carrot\n\n*Daucus carota*\n\n**Common introduced weed · not on state Lists A/B/C.** [C-floristic-2020](https://cnhp.colostate.edu/download/documents/2020/CO_FQA_2020_Final_Report.pdf) [CO-rules-2025](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2)\n\n> **Do not confuse it with highly poisonous hemlocks.** [Exposure help](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/).\n\n**Identification caveat:** Wild carrot, poison hemlock and water hemlocks require careful separation. A dark floret, a smell or a photograph by itself is insufficient. This profile does not authorize eating wild roots.\n\n## Still researching this plant {#research-status}\n\nThis is a sourced working profile. Evidence is incomplete for **Dogs & cats, Other animals**. Identification and source-photo limits are explained below. Independent botanical and veterinary review is pending. **Uncertainty is not a finding that the plant is safe.**\n\n\n## Three views of this plant\n\nSource-identified reference photographs; these are not a complete identification key. A source location outside Colorado does not establish local occurrence.\n\n![Daucus carota: A white compound umbel with a dark central flower and radiating flower clusters; the source identifies Daucus carota carota.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/coverage-hazard-photos-daucus-carota-1.jpg)\n\n**flowering umbel** — A white compound umbel with a dark central flower and radiating flower clusters; the source identifies Daucus carota carota.\n\nPhoto: zebedeugalinha; [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/); [source record](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/371801398); [original image](https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/679335953/original.jpg). Source scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference, not an independent specimen-based taxonomic determination. Photo 11-01 is source-identified Daucus carota carota; the other sources use Daucus carota. Exact names are preserved. Similar white-flowered umbellifers require a full key; a dark central flower alone is not sufficient. iNaturalist large server-resized photo; no local crop, colour change or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; catalog preview may use a CSS crop.\n\n![Daucus carota: A finely divided compound leaf with narrow pointed segments on a visibly hairy stalk.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/coverage-hazard-photos-daucus-carota-2.jpg)\n\n**leaf** — A finely divided compound leaf with narrow pointed segments on a visibly hairy stalk.\n\nPhoto: Eleftherios Katsillis; [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/); [source record](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/71074966); [original image](https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/115648147/original.jpeg). Source scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference, not an independent specimen-based taxonomic determination. Photo 11-01 is source-identified Daucus carota carota; the other sources use Daucus carota. Exact names are preserved. Similar white-flowered umbellifers require a full key; a dark central flower alone is not sufficient. iNaturalist large server-resized photo; no local crop, colour change or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; catalog preview may use a CSS crop.\n\n![Daucus carota: An upright branching flowering plant with white umbels growing among grasses.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/coverage-hazard-photos-daucus-carota-3.jpg)\n\n**habit** — An upright branching flowering plant with white umbels growing among grasses.\n\nPhoto: Eleftherios Katsillis; [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/); [source record](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/71074966); [original image](https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/115648319/original.jpeg). Source scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference, not an independent specimen-based taxonomic determination. Photo 11-01 is source-identified Daucus carota carota; the other sources use Daucus carota. Exact names are preserved. Similar white-flowered umbellifers require a full key; a dark central flower alone is not sufficient. iNaturalist large server-resized photo; no local crop, colour change or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; catalog preview may use a CSS crop.\n\n\n## Identification\n\nA biennial with finely divided leaves, bristly stems and white flower umbels. These clues alone are not a safe identification key. [N-daucus-carota](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/daucus-carota/)\n\n## People\n\nSap may cause dermatitis, including reactions in light. Do not taste an unidentified carrot-family plant; this guide is not a foraging identification service. [N-daucus-carota](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/daucus-carota/)\n\n*Evidence scope: Species contact hazard; identification precaution.*\n\n## Dogs & cats\n\nThe reviewed sources do not establish species-specific ingestion effects or a safe exposure amount for dogs or cats. Missing evidence does not establish safety.\n\n## Other animals\n\nThe reviewed sources do not establish species-specific ingestion effects or a safe exposure amount for livestock. Missing evidence does not establish safety.\n\n## Plants & habitat\n\nAn introduced roadside and field plant, it can spread aggressively by seed. A deep taproot can complicate pulling established plants. [N-daucus-carota](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/daucus-carota/)\n\n## Management & timing\n\nConfirm identity before handling. Prevent reseeding in unwanted patches while avoiding sap contact. [N-daucus-carota](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/daucus-carota/)\n\n*Evidence scope: Management inference from reproduction and sap hazard.*\n\n## Before taking action\n\nConfirm identification and the requirements of your county weed program. For chemical treatment, follow the current product label, including restrictions around animals and water. [S27](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/)\n\n## References\n\n- **C-floristic-2020** — [Colorado Floristic Quality Assessment: 2020 Update](https://cnhp.colostate.edu/download/documents/2020/CO_FQA_2020_Final_Report.pdf), Colorado Natural Heritage Program, Colorado State University. Accessed 2026-09-07T02:27:33+00:00. Locator: Appendix B, Colorado species list: scientific name and native/non-native fields.\n- **CO-rules-2025** — [Colorado Noxious Weed Act rules, 8 CCR 1206-2](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2), Colorado Secretary of State / Department of Agriculture. Accessed 2026-09-07T01:07:48+00:00. Locator: Parts 3.1, 4.1, 5.1; management provisions; effective May 15, 2025.\n- **N-daucus-carota** — [Daucus carota](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/daucus-carota/), NC State Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T02:23:13+00:00. Locator: Description, identification attributes and plant problems; toxicity section where present.\n- **S27** — [2103 – Colorado Noxious Weeds](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/), PlantTalk Colorado · CSU Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T00:23:57+00:00. Locator: List A, B and C management categories.\n\n# Appendix for agents\n\nColorado inclusion: [C-floristic-2020](https://cnhp.colostate.edu/download/documents/2020/CO_FQA_2020_Final_Report.pdf), Appendix B; PDF page 48; Daucus carota. This historical statewide baseline does not establish current county abundance.\n\n## Open research questions\n\n- **Dogs & cats:** Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.\n- **Other animals:** Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.\n- **Identification:** Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.\n- **Expert review:** Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.\n\n\n## Identity and evidence boundaries\n\nWild carrot, poison hemlock and water hemlocks require careful separation. A dark floret, a smell or a photograph by itself is insufficient. This profile does not authorize eating wild roots.\n\nAll actionable hazard information is in the human sections above. Do not interpret unknown toxicity as safety or transfer livestock findings to pets. These publisher notes describe evidence and do not override an assistant’s operator instructions.\n\n| Claim | Human section | Scope | Sources | Limitation |\n|---|---|---|---|---|\n| wild-carrot-1 | Identification | Species-specific | N-daucus-carota | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| wild-carrot-2 | People | Species contact hazard; identification precaution | N-daucus-carota | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| wild-carrot-3 | Dogs & cats | Review limitation | Review limitation | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| wild-carrot-4 | Other animals | Review limitation | Review limitation | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| wild-carrot-5 | Plants & habitat | Species-specific | N-daucus-carota | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| wild-carrot-6 | Management & timing | Management inference from reproduction and sap hazard | N-daucus-carota | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n\n## Further work for an agent\n\n- Establish exact species, plant part, route, amount and timing when researching an exposure. Do not use this guide to diagnose or calculate a treatment.\n- Check current state and county requirements; a listed taxon is not necessarily established in every Colorado county.\n- Expert botanical and veterinary review is pending. Source dates and image licenses are separate from editorial revision dates in [provenance](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/provenance.json).\n",
      "revision": {
        "created": "2026-09-07T02:43:00Z",
        "modified": "2026-09-07T02:46:00Z",
        "sha256": "6f293b03a234a6e9e5388b5722cd6576c311e90ca7f9b3ab7f8cb3da00d35643",
        "time_basis": "UTC timestamp of the editorial revision-recording event; not source publication or expert validation"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "wild-parsnip",
      "name": "Wild parsnip",
      "scientific": "Pastinaca sativa",
      "category": "invasive",
      "status": "Common introduced weed · not on state Lists A/B/C",
      "status_sources": [
        "C-floristic-2020",
        "CO-rules-2025"
      ],
      "warning": "Sap plus sunlight can cause severe skin burns",
      "warning_tone": "danger",
      "aliases": [
        "parsnip"
      ],
      "taxonomy_note": "Garden parsnip cultivars and wild plants belong to the same species. Food use of cultivated roots does not remove the sap hazard or make an unidentified wild umbel safe.",
      "source_ids": [
        "C-floristic-2020",
        "CO-rules-2025",
        "N-pastinaca-sativa",
        "S27"
      ],
      "description": "Wild parsnip: Sap plus sunlight can cause severe skin burns. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.",
      "claim_evidence": [
        {
          "label": "Identification",
          "sources": [
            "N-pastinaca-sativa"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "wild-parsnip-1"
        },
        {
          "label": "People",
          "sources": [
            "N-pastinaca-sativa"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "wild-parsnip-2"
        },
        {
          "label": "Dogs & cats",
          "sources": [
            "N-pastinaca-sativa"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "wild-parsnip-3"
        },
        {
          "label": "Other animals",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "",
          "id": "wild-parsnip-4"
        },
        {
          "label": "Plants & habitat",
          "sources": [
            "N-pastinaca-sativa",
            "C-floristic-2020"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "wild-parsnip-5"
        },
        {
          "label": "Management & timing",
          "sources": [
            "N-pastinaca-sativa"
          ],
          "scope": "Management synthesis from seed spread and contact hazard",
          "note": "",
          "id": "wild-parsnip-6"
        }
      ],
      "research": {
        "status": "researching",
        "label": "Still researching this plant",
        "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.",
        "open_questions": [
          {
            "area": "Dogs & cats",
            "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "wild-parsnip-3"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Other animals",
            "question": "Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "wild-parsnip-4"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Identification",
            "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          },
          {
            "area": "Expert review",
            "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          }
        ],
        "expert_review": "pending"
      },
      "colorado_relevance": {
        "source_id": "C-floristic-2020",
        "locator": "Appendix B; PDF page 68; Pastinaca sativa",
        "basis": "Included in the 2020 statewide flora assessment. This is not a current county abundance survey.",
        "source_taxon": "Pastinaca sativa"
      },
      "source": "content/plants/wild-parsnip.md",
      "content_sha256": "d569567d8d0a95f991634e610e44b9e179766ec1e663aa3f8de94eda1358d227",
      "body_markdown": "# Wild parsnip\n\n*Pastinaca sativa*\n\n**Common introduced weed · not on state Lists A/B/C.** [C-floristic-2020](https://cnhp.colostate.edu/download/documents/2020/CO_FQA_2020_Final_Report.pdf) [CO-rules-2025](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2)\n\n> **Sap plus sunlight can cause severe skin burns.** [Exposure help](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/).\n\n**Identification caveat:** Garden parsnip cultivars and wild plants belong to the same species. Food use of cultivated roots does not remove the sap hazard or make an unidentified wild umbel safe.\n\n## Still researching this plant {#research-status}\n\nThis is a sourced working profile. Evidence is incomplete for **Dogs & cats, Other animals**. Identification and source-photo limits are explained below. Independent botanical and veterinary review is pending. **Uncertainty is not a finding that the plant is safe.**\n\n\n## Three views of this plant\n\nSource-identified reference photographs; these are not a complete identification key. A source location outside Colorado does not establish local occurrence.\n\n![Pastinaca sativa: A tall branched stem with compound leaves and small yellow umbels, shown against the sky.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/coverage-hazard-photos-pastinaca-sativa-1.jpg)\n\n**flowering habit** — A tall branched stem with compound leaves and small yellow umbels, shown against the sky.\n\nPhoto: Stefan.lefnaer; [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pastinaca_sativa_subsp._sativa_sl24.jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a0/Pastinaca_sativa_subsp._sativa_sl24.jpg). Source scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference, not an independent specimen-based taxonomic determination. Two Commons source photographs are identified as Pastinaca sativa subsp. sativa; the stem source uses s. lat. The fruit photograph is source-identified at species level as Pastinaca sativa. Umbellifer identification should not rely on flower colour alone. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no local crop, colour change or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; catalog preview may use a CSS crop.\n\n![Pastinaca sativa: Clusters of flattened oval developing fruits above nearby small yellow flowers.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/coverage-hazard-photos-pastinaca-sativa-2.jpg)\n\n**developing fruits** — Clusters of flattened oval developing fruits above nearby small yellow flowers.\n\nPhoto: Llydia; [CC0 1.0](https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/); [source record](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/386029822); [original image](https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/706765996/original.jpg). Source scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference, not an independent specimen-based taxonomic determination. Two Commons source photographs are identified as Pastinaca sativa subsp. sativa; the stem source uses s. lat. The fruit photograph is source-identified at species level as Pastinaca sativa. Umbellifer identification should not rely on flower colour alone. iNaturalist large server-resized photo; no local crop, colour change or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; catalog preview may use a CSS crop.\n\n![Pastinaca sativa: Close view of a grooved green stem with fine surface hairs; the source includes a 5 mm scale.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/coverage-hazard-photos-pastinaca-sativa-3.jpg)\n\n**stem detail** — Close view of a grooved green stem with fine surface hairs; the source includes a 5 mm scale.\n\nPhoto: Stefan.lefnaer; [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pastinaca_sativa_subsp._sativa_sl1.jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/da/Pastinaca_sativa_subsp._sativa_sl1.jpg). Source scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference, not an independent specimen-based taxonomic determination. Two Commons source photographs are identified as Pastinaca sativa subsp. sativa; the stem source uses s. lat. The fruit photograph is source-identified at species level as Pastinaca sativa. Umbellifer identification should not rely on flower colour alone. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no local crop, colour change or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; catalog preview may use a CSS crop.\n\n\n## Identification\n\nA biennial with a first-year leaf rosette and later tall, grooved stems bearing yellow flower umbels. Leaves are compound with broad, toothed leaflets. [N-pastinaca-sativa](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/pastinaca-sativa/)\n\n## People\n\nFurocoumarins can make contacted skin sensitive to sunlight, causing burns and blisters. Avoid sap; wear gloves, long sleeves and long trousers when working near it. [N-pastinaca-sativa](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/pastinaca-sativa/)\n\n## Dogs & cats\n\nNC State flags this species as a problem for dogs and cats. Keep pets away from damaged plants and sap; pet-specific exposure amounts and clinical outcomes remain unresolved in the reviewed source. [N-pastinaca-sativa](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/pastinaca-sativa/)\n\n## Other animals\n\nThe reviewed sources do not establish species-specific ingestion effects or a safe exposure amount for livestock. Missing evidence does not establish safety.\n\n## Plants & habitat\n\nAn introduced plant of open sites and roadsides, it can reseed into unwanted patches. Its Colorado presence is recorded by CNHP. [N-pastinaca-sativa](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/pastinaca-sativa/) [C-floristic-2020](https://cnhp.colostate.edu/download/documents/2020/CO_FQA_2020_Final_Report.pdf)\n\n## Management & timing\n\nPrevent seed formation only with protection against sap contact. Identification and a site-specific plan come before mowing or cutting a large patch. [N-pastinaca-sativa](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/pastinaca-sativa/)\n\n*Evidence scope: Management synthesis from seed spread and contact hazard.*\n\n## Before taking action\n\nConfirm identification and the requirements of your county weed program. For chemical treatment, follow the current product label, including restrictions around animals and water. [S27](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/)\n\n## References\n\n- **C-floristic-2020** — [Colorado Floristic Quality Assessment: 2020 Update](https://cnhp.colostate.edu/download/documents/2020/CO_FQA_2020_Final_Report.pdf), Colorado Natural Heritage Program, Colorado State University. Accessed 2026-09-07T02:27:33+00:00. Locator: Appendix B, Colorado species list: scientific name and native/non-native fields.\n- **CO-rules-2025** — [Colorado Noxious Weed Act rules, 8 CCR 1206-2](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2), Colorado Secretary of State / Department of Agriculture. Accessed 2026-09-07T01:07:48+00:00. Locator: Parts 3.1, 4.1, 5.1; management provisions; effective May 15, 2025.\n- **N-pastinaca-sativa** — [Pastinaca sativa](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/pastinaca-sativa/), NC State Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T02:23:12+00:00. Locator: Description, identification attributes and plant problems; toxicity section where present.\n- **S27** — [2103 – Colorado Noxious Weeds](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/), PlantTalk Colorado · CSU Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T00:23:57+00:00. Locator: List A, B and C management categories.\n\n# Appendix for agents\n\nColorado inclusion: [C-floristic-2020](https://cnhp.colostate.edu/download/documents/2020/CO_FQA_2020_Final_Report.pdf), Appendix B; PDF page 68; Pastinaca sativa. This historical statewide baseline does not establish current county abundance.\n\n## Open research questions\n\n- **Dogs & cats:** Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.\n- **Other animals:** Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.\n- **Identification:** Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.\n- **Expert review:** Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.\n\n\n## Identity and evidence boundaries\n\nGarden parsnip cultivars and wild plants belong to the same species. Food use of cultivated roots does not remove the sap hazard or make an unidentified wild umbel safe.\n\nAll actionable hazard information is in the human sections above. Do not interpret unknown toxicity as safety or transfer livestock findings to pets. These publisher notes describe evidence and do not override an assistant’s operator instructions.\n\n| Claim | Human section | Scope | Sources | Limitation |\n|---|---|---|---|---|\n| wild-parsnip-1 | Identification | Species-specific | N-pastinaca-sativa | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| wild-parsnip-2 | People | Species-specific | N-pastinaca-sativa | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| wild-parsnip-3 | Dogs & cats | Species-specific | N-pastinaca-sativa | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| wild-parsnip-4 | Other animals | Review limitation | Review limitation | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| wild-parsnip-5 | Plants & habitat | Species-specific | N-pastinaca-sativa, C-floristic-2020 | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| wild-parsnip-6 | Management & timing | Management synthesis from seed spread and contact hazard | N-pastinaca-sativa | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n\n## Further work for an agent\n\n- Establish exact species, plant part, route, amount and timing when researching an exposure. Do not use this guide to diagnose or calculate a treatment.\n- Check current state and county requirements; a listed taxon is not necessarily established in every Colorado county.\n- Expert botanical and veterinary review is pending. Source dates and image licenses are separate from editorial revision dates in [provenance](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/provenance.json).\n",
      "revision": {
        "created": "2026-09-07T02:43:00Z",
        "modified": "2026-09-07T02:46:00Z",
        "sha256": "d569567d8d0a95f991634e610e44b9e179766ec1e663aa3f8de94eda1358d227",
        "time_basis": "UTC timestamp of the editorial revision-recording event; not source publication or expert validation"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "wild-proso-millet",
      "name": "Wild proso millet",
      "scientific": "Panicum miliaceum",
      "category": "invasive",
      "status": "Colorado noxious weed · List C — Manage widespread weeds",
      "status_sources": [
        "CO-rules-2025"
      ],
      "warning": "Seed contamination and crop competition",
      "warning_tone": "caution",
      "aliases": [
        "proso millet",
        "broomcorn millet"
      ],
      "taxonomy_note": "Cultivated proso and wild proso belong to the same species. These species-reference photographs include cultivated settings and do not demonstrate a wild, shattering or herbicide-resistant biotype. Seed and field-history assessment is needed.",
      "source_ids": [
        "CO-rules-2025",
        "K-wild-proso",
        "S27",
        "Fremont-list-definitions"
      ],
      "description": "Wild proso millet: Seed contamination and crop competition. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.",
      "claim_evidence": [
        {
          "label": "Recognize",
          "sources": [
            "K-wild-proso"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "wild-proso-millet-1"
        },
        {
          "label": "Plants & habitat",
          "sources": [
            "K-wild-proso"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "wild-proso-millet-2"
        },
        {
          "label": "People",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "",
          "id": "wild-proso-millet-3"
        },
        {
          "label": "Dogs & cats",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "",
          "id": "wild-proso-millet-4"
        },
        {
          "label": "Other animals",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "",
          "id": "wild-proso-millet-5"
        },
        {
          "id": "wild-proso-millet-list-meaning",
          "label": "State-list meaning",
          "sources": [
            "Fremont-list-definitions"
          ],
          "scope": "Colorado management-category definition; species classification retains its original status sources",
          "note": "Plain-language editorial label for a management category; not a toxicity or danger rating.",
          "reviewed": "2026-09-07"
        }
      ],
      "noxious_class": "C",
      "research": {
        "status": "researching",
        "label": "Still researching this plant",
        "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.",
        "open_questions": [
          {
            "area": "People",
            "question": "Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "wild-proso-millet-3"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Dogs & cats",
            "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "wild-proso-millet-4"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Other animals",
            "question": "Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "wild-proso-millet-5"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Identification",
            "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          },
          {
            "area": "Expert review",
            "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          }
        ],
        "expert_review": "pending"
      },
      "noxious_class_label": "C — Manage widespread weeds",
      "source": "content/plants/wild-proso-millet.md",
      "content_sha256": "b8826307637bcccf3479629cedac9129f77560a1a466c18ddaf63f6e41afef8b",
      "body_markdown": "# Wild proso millet\n\n*Panicum miliaceum*\n\n**Colorado noxious weed · List C — Manage widespread weeds.** [CO-rules-2025](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2)\n\nWidespread and well established. Control is recommended by the state; local governments may require management. This is a management category, separate from danger ratings. [Category source](https://fremontcountyco.gov/weed-control/weed-identification) · [What the lists mean](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/#weed-lists).\n\n> **Seed contamination and crop competition.** [Exposure help](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/).\n\n**Identification caveat:** Cultivated proso and wild proso belong to the same species. These species-reference photographs include cultivated settings and do not demonstrate a wild, shattering or herbicide-resistant biotype. Seed and field-history assessment is needed.\n\n## Still researching this plant {#research-status}\n\nThis is a sourced working profile. Evidence is incomplete for **People, Dogs & cats, Other animals**. Identification and source-photo limits are explained below. Independent botanical and veterinary review is pending. **Uncertainty is not a finding that the plant is safe.**\n\n\n## Three views of this plant\n\nSource-identified reference photographs; these are not a complete identification key. A source location outside Colorado does not establish local occurrence.\n\n![Panicum miliaceum: Pale mature grains hang along densely branched drooping panicles.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/common-priority-photos-panicum-miliaceum-14-03-grain.jpg)\n\n**grain** — Pale mature grains hang along densely branched drooping panicles.\n\nPhoto: Kurt Stüber; [CC BY-SA 3.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Panicum_miliaceum0.jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a4/Panicum_miliaceum0.jpg). Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Cultivated and feral proso-millet forms differ. Source photographs include named P. miliaceum subsp. miliaceum; they do not establish a weedy biotype or cultivar. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![Panicum miliaceum: Upright leafy grass stems with loose drooping panicles.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/common-priority-photos-panicum-miliaceum-14-06-habit.jpg)\n\n**habit** — Upright leafy grass stems with loose drooping panicles.\n\nPhoto: Dalgial; [CC BY-SA 3.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Panicum_miliaceum.JPG); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f6/Panicum_miliaceum.JPG). Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Cultivated and feral proso-millet forms differ. Source photographs include named P. miliaceum subsp. miliaceum; they do not establish a weedy biotype or cultivar. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![Panicum miliaceum: Hairy green leaf sheath and culm node photographed with a 10 mm scale.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/common-priority-photos-panicum-miliaceum-14-09-leaf-sheath.jpg)\n\n**leaf-sheath** — Hairy green leaf sheath and culm node photographed with a 10 mm scale.\n\nPhoto: Stefan.lefnaer; [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Panicum_miliaceum_subsp._miliaceum_sl1.jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c7/Panicum_miliaceum_subsp._miliaceum_sl1.jpg). Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Cultivated and feral proso-millet forms differ. Source photographs include named P. miliaceum subsp. miliaceum; they do not establish a weedy biotype or cultivar. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n\n## Recognize\n\nAn annual grass with hairy leaf sheaths and a branched panicle that may remain partly enclosed by the upper sheath. [K-wild-proso](https://cals.cornell.edu/weed-science/weed-profiles/wild-proso-millet)\n\n## Plants & habitat\n\nWeedy biotypes compete in crops and spread with contaminated seed or machinery. Prevent seed movement between fields. [K-wild-proso](https://cals.cornell.edu/weed-science/weed-profiles/wild-proso-millet)\n\n## People\n\nThe reviewed sources do not establish species-specific ingestion effects or a safe exposure amount for people. Missing evidence does not establish safety. \n\n## Dogs & cats\n\nThe reviewed sources do not establish species-specific ingestion effects or a safe exposure amount for dogs or cats. Missing evidence does not establish safety. \n\n## Other animals\n\nThe reviewed sources do not establish species-specific ingestion effects or a safe exposure amount for livestock. Missing evidence does not establish safety. \n\n## Before taking action\n\nConfirm identification and the requirements of your county weed program. For chemical treatment, follow the current product label, including restrictions around animals and water. [S27](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/)\n\n## References\n\n- **CO-rules-2025** — [Colorado Noxious Weed Act rules, 8 CCR 1206-2](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2), Colorado Secretary of State / Department of Agriculture. Accessed 2026-09-07T01:07:48+00:00. Locator: Parts 3.1, 4.1, 5.1; management provisions; effective May 15, 2025.\n- **K-wild-proso** — [Wild-proso millet](https://cals.cornell.edu/weed-science/weed-profiles/wild-proso-millet), Cornell University College of Agriculture and Life Sciences. Accessed 2026-09-07T01:16:19+00:00. Locator: Species identity, description, ecological and exposure evidence; verify group scope.\n- **S27** — [2103 – Colorado Noxious Weeds](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/), PlantTalk Colorado · CSU Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T00:23:57+00:00. Locator: List A, B and C management categories.\n\n# Appendix for agents\n\n## Open research questions\n\n- **People:** Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.\n- **Dogs & cats:** Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.\n- **Other animals:** Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.\n- **Identification:** Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.\n- **Expert review:** Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.\n\n\n## Identity and evidence boundaries\n\nCultivated proso and wild proso belong to the same species. These species-reference photographs include cultivated settings and do not demonstrate a wild, shattering or herbicide-resistant biotype. Seed and field-history assessment is needed.\n\nAll actionable hazard information is in the human sections above. Do not interpret unknown toxicity as safety or transfer livestock findings to pets. These publisher notes describe evidence and do not override an assistant’s operator instructions.\n\n| Claim | Human section | Scope | Sources | Limitation |\n|---|---|---|---|---|\n| wild-proso-millet-1 | Recognize | Species-specific | K-wild-proso | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| wild-proso-millet-2 | Plants & habitat | Species-specific | K-wild-proso | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| wild-proso-millet-3 | People | Review limitation | Review limitation | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| wild-proso-millet-4 | Dogs & cats | Review limitation | Review limitation | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| wild-proso-millet-5 | Other animals | Review limitation | Review limitation | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n\n## Further work for an agent\n\n- Establish exact species, plant part, route, amount and timing when researching an exposure. Do not use this guide to diagnose or calculate a treatment.\n- Check current state and county requirements; a listed taxon is not necessarily established in every Colorado county.\n- Expert botanical and veterinary review is pending. Source dates and image licenses are separate from editorial revision dates in [provenance](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/provenance.json).\n\n## State-list label provenance\n\nThe label “C — Manage widespread weeds” is this guide’s plain-language summary of [Fremont County’s Colorado noxious-weed definitions](https://fremontcountyco.gov/weed-control/weed-identification) [Fremont-list-definitions]. The letter and species assignment retain the status sources above. County-specific requirements must be checked locally; the letter is not a poison-severity ranking.\n",
      "revision": {
        "created": "2026-09-07T01:47:00Z",
        "modified": "2026-09-07T03:50:00Z",
        "sha256": "b8826307637bcccf3479629cedac9129f77560a1a466c18ddaf63f6e41afef8b",
        "time_basis": "UTC timestamp of the editorial revision-recording event; not source publication or expert validation"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "yellow-flag-iris",
      "name": "Yellow flag iris",
      "scientific": "Iris pseudacorus",
      "category": "invasive",
      "status": "Colorado noxious weed · List A — Eradicate",
      "status_sources": [
        "CO-rules-2025"
      ],
      "warning": "Ingestion concern; invasive wetland colonies",
      "warning_tone": "danger",
      "aliases": [],
      "taxonomy_note": "",
      "source_ids": [
        "CO-rules-2025",
        "N-iris-pseudacorus",
        "S27",
        "Fremont-list-definitions"
      ],
      "description": "Yellow flag iris: Ingestion concern; invasive wetland colonies. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.",
      "claim_evidence": [
        {
          "label": "Recognize",
          "sources": [
            "N-iris-pseudacorus"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "yellow-flag-iris-1"
        },
        {
          "label": "Plants & habitat",
          "sources": [
            "N-iris-pseudacorus"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "yellow-flag-iris-2"
        },
        {
          "label": "People",
          "sources": [
            "N-iris-pseudacorus"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "yellow-flag-iris-3"
        },
        {
          "label": "Dogs & cats",
          "sources": [
            "N-iris-pseudacorus"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "yellow-flag-iris-4"
        },
        {
          "label": "Other animals",
          "sources": [
            "N-iris-pseudacorus"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "yellow-flag-iris-5"
        },
        {
          "id": "yellow-flag-iris-list-meaning",
          "label": "State-list meaning",
          "sources": [
            "Fremont-list-definitions"
          ],
          "scope": "Colorado management-category definition; species classification retains its original status sources",
          "note": "Plain-language editorial label for a management category; not a toxicity or danger rating.",
          "reviewed": "2026-09-07"
        }
      ],
      "noxious_class": "A",
      "research": {
        "status": "researching",
        "label": "Still researching this plant",
        "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.",
        "open_questions": [
          {
            "area": "Expert review",
            "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          }
        ],
        "expert_review": "pending"
      },
      "noxious_class_label": "A — Eradicate",
      "source": "content/plants/yellow-flag-iris.md",
      "content_sha256": "5330cfacb0a305878d933cff23b39a82f2bb844a3df20ee1c2d2971d61f4897c",
      "body_markdown": "# Yellow flag iris\n\n*Iris pseudacorus*\n\n**Colorado noxious weed · List A — Eradicate.** [CO-rules-2025](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2)\n\nUncommon in Colorado. All populations are designated for eradication statewide. This is a management category, separate from danger ratings. [Category source](https://fremontcountyco.gov/weed-control/weed-identification) · [What the lists mean](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/#weed-lists).\n\n> **Ingestion concern; invasive wetland colonies.** [Exposure help](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/).\n\n## Still researching this plant {#research-status}\n\nThis is a sourced working profile. The cited findings are available below. Independent botanical and veterinary review is pending. **Uncertainty is not a finding that the plant is safe.**\n\n\n## Three views of this plant\n\nSource-identified reference photographs; these are not a complete identification key. A source location outside Colorado does not establish local occurrence.\n\n![Iris pseudacorus: A yellow iris flower with dark markings on the large drooping segment.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/list-a-photos-iris-pseudacorus-1.jpg)\n\n**flower detail** — A yellow iris flower with dark markings on the large drooping segment.\n\nPhoto: Kailey Alderfer; [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/); [source record](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/164186914); [original image](https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/284056692/original.jpeg). Source scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. iNaturalist large server-resized image; no local crop, colour change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![Iris pseudacorus: A yellow flower held among long sword-shaped leaves.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/list-a-photos-iris-pseudacorus-2.jpg)\n\n**flower and leaves** — A yellow flower held among long sword-shaped leaves.\n\nPhoto: Kailey Alderfer; [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/); [source record](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/164186914); [original image](https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/284056715/original.jpeg). Source scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. iNaturalist large server-resized image; no local crop, colour change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![Iris pseudacorus: A flowering clump of yellow iris and upright sword-shaped leaves beside water.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/list-a-photos-iris-pseudacorus-3.jpg)\n\n**habit** — A flowering clump of yellow iris and upright sword-shaped leaves beside water.\n\nPhoto: Kailey Alderfer; [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/); [source record](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/164186914); [original image](https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/284056756/original.jpeg). Source scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. iNaturalist large server-resized image; no local crop, colour change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n\n## Recognize\n\nYellow iris flowers rise among upright, sword-shaped leaves along wet ground or shallow water. [N-iris-pseudacorus](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/iris-pseudacorus/)\n\n## Plants & habitat\n\nSeeds and rhizomes can create dense colonies that displace wetland plants. [N-iris-pseudacorus](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/iris-pseudacorus/)\n\n## People\n\nIngestion can cause gastrointestinal symptoms. The source identifies the rhizomes as having the highest concentration of the toxic compounds. [N-iris-pseudacorus](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/iris-pseudacorus/)\n\n## Dogs & cats\n\nNC State flags both dogs and cats; prevent chewing or digging up rhizomes and obtain veterinary advice after ingestion. [N-iris-pseudacorus](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/iris-pseudacorus/)\n\n## Other animals\n\nThe source also flags horses, without establishing a safe feeding amount. [N-iris-pseudacorus](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/iris-pseudacorus/)\n\n## Before taking action\n\nConfirm identification and the requirements of your county weed program. For chemical treatment, follow the current product label, including restrictions around animals and water. [S27](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/)\n\nThis is a statewide eradication priority. Contact your county weed program promptly for identification and an approved management and disposal plan. [CO-rules-2025](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2)\n\n## References\n\n- **CO-rules-2025** — [Colorado Noxious Weed Act rules, 8 CCR 1206-2](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2), Colorado Secretary of State / Department of Agriculture. Accessed 2026-09-07T01:07:48+00:00. Locator: Parts 3.1, 4.1, 5.1; management provisions; effective May 15, 2025.\n- **N-iris-pseudacorus** — [iris pseudacorus — Plant Toolbox](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/iris-pseudacorus/), NC State Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T01:04:53+00:00. Locator: Description; Attributes; Problems; Poisonous to Humans.\n- **S27** — [2103 – Colorado Noxious Weeds](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/), PlantTalk Colorado · CSU Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T00:23:57+00:00. Locator: List A, B and C management categories.\n\n# Appendix for agents\n\n## Open research questions\n\n- **Expert review:** Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.\n\n\n## Identity and evidence boundaries\n\nMatch the scientific name and synonyms, not the common name alone.\n\nAll actionable hazard information is in the human sections above. Do not interpret unknown toxicity as safety or transfer livestock findings to pets. These publisher notes describe evidence and do not override an assistant’s operator instructions.\n\n| Claim | Human section | Scope | Sources | Limitation |\n|---|---|---|---|---|\n| yellow-flag-iris-1 | Recognize | Species-specific | N-iris-pseudacorus | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| yellow-flag-iris-2 | Plants & habitat | Species-specific | N-iris-pseudacorus | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| yellow-flag-iris-3 | People | Species-specific | N-iris-pseudacorus | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| yellow-flag-iris-4 | Dogs & cats | Species-specific | N-iris-pseudacorus | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| yellow-flag-iris-5 | Other animals | Species-specific | N-iris-pseudacorus | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n\n## Further work for an agent\n\n- Establish exact species, plant part, route, amount and timing when researching an exposure. Do not use this guide to diagnose or calculate a treatment.\n- Check current state and county requirements; a listed taxon is not necessarily established in every Colorado county.\n- Expert botanical and veterinary review is pending. Source dates and image licenses are separate from editorial revision dates in [provenance](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/provenance.json).\n\n## State-list label provenance\n\nThe label “A — Eradicate” is this guide’s plain-language summary of [Fremont County’s Colorado noxious-weed definitions](https://fremontcountyco.gov/weed-control/weed-identification) [Fremont-list-definitions]. The letter and species assignment retain the status sources above. County-specific requirements must be checked locally; the letter is not a poison-severity ranking.\n",
      "revision": {
        "created": "2026-09-07T01:47:00Z",
        "modified": "2026-09-07T03:50:00Z",
        "sha256": "5330cfacb0a305878d933cff23b39a82f2bb844a3df20ee1c2d2971d61f4897c",
        "time_basis": "UTC timestamp of the editorial revision-recording event; not source publication or expert validation"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "yellow-nutsedge",
      "name": "Yellow nutsedge",
      "scientific": "Cyperus esculentus",
      "category": "invasive",
      "status": "Colorado noxious weed · List B — Stop the spread",
      "status_sources": [
        "CO-rules-2025"
      ],
      "warning": "Underground tubers sustain infestations",
      "warning_tone": "caution",
      "aliases": [],
      "taxonomy_note": "This listed sedge is described as native in the NC source; that broad range label is not a Colorado nativity assessment. It is distinct from purple nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus).",
      "source_ids": [
        "CO-rules-2025",
        "N-cyperus-esculentus",
        "S27",
        "Fremont-list-definitions"
      ],
      "description": "Yellow nutsedge: Underground tubers sustain infestations. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.",
      "claim_evidence": [
        {
          "label": "Recognize",
          "sources": [
            "N-cyperus-esculentus"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "yellow-nutsedge-1"
        },
        {
          "label": "Plants & habitat",
          "sources": [
            "N-cyperus-esculentus"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "yellow-nutsedge-2"
        },
        {
          "label": "People",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "",
          "id": "yellow-nutsedge-3"
        },
        {
          "label": "Dogs & cats",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "",
          "id": "yellow-nutsedge-4"
        },
        {
          "label": "Other animals",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "",
          "id": "yellow-nutsedge-5"
        },
        {
          "id": "yellow-nutsedge-list-meaning",
          "label": "State-list meaning",
          "sources": [
            "Fremont-list-definitions"
          ],
          "scope": "Colorado management-category definition; species classification retains its original status sources",
          "note": "Plain-language editorial label for a management category; not a toxicity or danger rating.",
          "reviewed": "2026-09-07"
        }
      ],
      "noxious_class": "B",
      "research": {
        "status": "researching",
        "label": "Still researching this plant",
        "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.",
        "open_questions": [
          {
            "area": "People",
            "question": "Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "yellow-nutsedge-3"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Dogs & cats",
            "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "yellow-nutsedge-4"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Other animals",
            "question": "Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "yellow-nutsedge-5"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Identification",
            "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          },
          {
            "area": "Expert review",
            "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          }
        ],
        "expert_review": "pending"
      },
      "noxious_class_label": "B — Stop the spread",
      "source": "content/plants/yellow-nutsedge.md",
      "content_sha256": "10aa4e9d548a85754ecaaa47ded144c0fb33f694b27e6d879e0f288b9fd5b96f",
      "body_markdown": "# Yellow nutsedge\n\n*Cyperus esculentus*\n\n**Colorado noxious weed · List B — Stop the spread.** [CO-rules-2025](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2)\n\nEstablished in some areas. Requirements vary by location: eradication, containment or suppression to stop further spread. This is a management category, separate from danger ratings. [Category source](https://fremontcountyco.gov/weed-control/weed-identification) · [What the lists mean](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/#weed-lists).\n\n> **Underground tubers sustain infestations.** [Exposure help](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/).\n\n**Identification caveat:** This listed sedge is described as native in the NC source; that broad range label is not a Colorado nativity assessment. It is distinct from purple nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus).\n\n## Still researching this plant {#research-status}\n\nThis is a sourced working profile. Evidence is incomplete for **People, Dogs & cats, Other animals**. Identification and source-photo limits are explained below. Independent botanical and veterinary review is pending. **Uncertainty is not a finding that the plant is safe.**\n\n\n## Three views of this plant\n\nSource-identified reference photographs; these are not a complete identification key. A source location outside Colorado does not establish local occurrence.\n\n![Yellow nutsedge with upright leafy stems and radiating yellow-green spikelet clusters.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/list-bc-photos-cyperus-esculentus-02.jpg)\n\n**habit** — Yellow nutsedge with upright leafy stems and radiating yellow-green spikelet clusters.\n\nPhoto: Krzysztof Ziarnek, Kenraiz; [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cyperus_esculentus_kz02.jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d1/Cyperus_esculentus_kz02.jpg). Source-identified photograph with visual consistency check Cyperus esculentus at Ridgemoor Country Club in Chicago, USA Source labeling and visible consistency checked; not an independent specimen determination. Wikimedia-generated thumbnail rescaling only; downloaded bytes unchanged. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![A close view of harvested brown tiger-nut tubers of Cyperus esculentus.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/list-bc-photos-cyperus-esculentus-03.jpg)\n\n**tubers** — A close view of harvested brown tiger-nut tubers of Cyperus esculentus.\n\nPhoto: Tamorlan; [CC BY 3.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cyperus_esculentus_012.jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/Cyperus_esculentus_012.jpg). Source-identified photograph with visual consistency check Tiger Nut Source labeling and visible consistency checked; not an independent specimen determination. Wikimedia-generated thumbnail rescaling only; downloaded bytes unchanged. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![A yellow nutsedge inflorescence viewed from above, surrounded by long leaflike green bracts.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/list-bc-photos-cyperus-esculentus-09.jpg)\n\n**inflorescence** — A yellow nutsedge inflorescence viewed from above, surrounded by long leaflike green bracts.\n\nPhoto: Homer Edward Price; [CC BY 2.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Yellow_Nutsedge_Cyperus_esculentus_(43998391481).jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4f/Yellow_Nutsedge_Cyperus_esculentus_%2843998391481%29.jpg). Source-identified photograph with visual consistency check Found in Oscar Scherer State Park, Florida Source labeling and visible consistency checked; not an independent specimen determination. Wikimedia-generated thumbnail rescaling only; downloaded bytes unchanged. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n\n## Recognize\n\nA glossy, grass-like sedge with narrow, channeled leaves and triangular stems. Underground tubers are important identification features. [N-cyperus-esculentus](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/cyperus-esculentus/)\n\n## Plants & habitat\n\nRhizomes and tubers compete strongly with crops and can remain after shoots are pulled. Ordinary lawn-grass treatments may not control a sedge. [N-cyperus-esculentus](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/cyperus-esculentus/)\n\n## People\n\nThe reviewed sources do not establish species-specific ingestion effects or a safe exposure amount for people. Missing evidence does not establish safety. \n\n## Dogs & cats\n\nThe reviewed sources do not establish species-specific ingestion effects or a safe exposure amount for dogs or cats. Missing evidence does not establish safety. \n\n## Other animals\n\nThe reviewed sources do not establish species-specific ingestion effects or a safe exposure amount for livestock. Missing evidence does not establish safety. \n\n## Before taking action\n\nConfirm identification and the requirements of your county weed program. For chemical treatment, follow the current product label, including restrictions around animals and water. [S27](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/)\n\n## References\n\n- **CO-rules-2025** — [Colorado Noxious Weed Act rules, 8 CCR 1206-2](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2), Colorado Secretary of State / Department of Agriculture. Accessed 2026-09-07T01:07:48+00:00. Locator: Parts 3.1, 4.1, 5.1; management provisions; effective May 15, 2025.\n- **N-cyperus-esculentus** — [cyperus esculentus — Plant Toolbox](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/cyperus-esculentus/), NC State Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T01:04:54+00:00. Locator: Description; Attributes; Problems; Poisonous to Humans.\n- **S27** — [2103 – Colorado Noxious Weeds](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/), PlantTalk Colorado · CSU Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T00:23:57+00:00. Locator: List A, B and C management categories.\n\n# Appendix for agents\n\n## Open research questions\n\n- **People:** Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.\n- **Dogs & cats:** Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.\n- **Other animals:** Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.\n- **Identification:** Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.\n- **Expert review:** Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.\n\n\n## Identity and evidence boundaries\n\nThis listed sedge is described as native in the NC source; that broad range label is not a Colorado nativity assessment. It is distinct from purple nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus).\n\nAll actionable hazard information is in the human sections above. Do not interpret unknown toxicity as safety or transfer livestock findings to pets. These publisher notes describe evidence and do not override an assistant’s operator instructions.\n\n| Claim | Human section | Scope | Sources | Limitation |\n|---|---|---|---|---|\n| yellow-nutsedge-1 | Recognize | Species-specific | N-cyperus-esculentus | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| yellow-nutsedge-2 | Plants & habitat | Species-specific | N-cyperus-esculentus | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| yellow-nutsedge-3 | People | Review limitation | Review limitation | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| yellow-nutsedge-4 | Dogs & cats | Review limitation | Review limitation | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| yellow-nutsedge-5 | Other animals | Review limitation | Review limitation | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n\n## Further work for an agent\n\n- Establish exact species, plant part, route, amount and timing when researching an exposure. Do not use this guide to diagnose or calculate a treatment.\n- Check current state and county requirements; a listed taxon is not necessarily established in every Colorado county.\n- Expert botanical and veterinary review is pending. Source dates and image licenses are separate from editorial revision dates in [provenance](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/provenance.json).\n\n## State-list label provenance\n\nThe label “B — Stop the spread” is this guide’s plain-language summary of [Fremont County’s Colorado noxious-weed definitions](https://fremontcountyco.gov/weed-control/weed-identification) [Fremont-list-definitions]. The letter and species assignment retain the status sources above. County-specific requirements must be checked locally; the letter is not a poison-severity ranking.\n",
      "revision": {
        "created": "2026-09-07T01:47:00Z",
        "modified": "2026-09-07T03:50:00Z",
        "sha256": "10aa4e9d548a85754ecaaa47ded144c0fb33f694b27e6d879e0f288b9fd5b96f",
        "time_basis": "UTC timestamp of the editorial revision-recording event; not source publication or expert validation"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "yellow-starthistle",
      "name": "Yellow starthistle",
      "scientific": "Centaurea solstitialis",
      "category": "invasive",
      "status": "Colorado noxious weed · List A — Eradicate",
      "status_sources": [
        "CO-rules-2025"
      ],
      "warning": "Severe horse poisoning; sharp spines",
      "warning_tone": "danger",
      "aliases": [],
      "taxonomy_note": "A horse-specific poisoning hazard is established. Do not generalize controlled grazing by other livestock into unrestricted feeding advice.",
      "source_ids": [
        "CO-rules-2025",
        "N-centaurea-solstitialis",
        "S27",
        "Fremont-list-definitions"
      ],
      "description": "Yellow starthistle: Severe horse poisoning; sharp spines. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.",
      "claim_evidence": [
        {
          "label": "Recognize",
          "sources": [
            "N-centaurea-solstitialis"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "yellow-starthistle-1"
        },
        {
          "label": "Plants & habitat",
          "sources": [
            "N-centaurea-solstitialis"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "yellow-starthistle-2"
        },
        {
          "label": "People",
          "sources": [
            "N-centaurea-solstitialis"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "yellow-starthistle-3"
        },
        {
          "label": "Dogs & cats",
          "sources": [
            "N-centaurea-solstitialis"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "yellow-starthistle-4"
        },
        {
          "label": "Other animals",
          "sources": [
            "N-centaurea-solstitialis"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "yellow-starthistle-5"
        },
        {
          "id": "yellow-starthistle-list-meaning",
          "label": "State-list meaning",
          "sources": [
            "Fremont-list-definitions"
          ],
          "scope": "Colorado management-category definition; species classification retains its original status sources",
          "note": "Plain-language editorial label for a management category; not a toxicity or danger rating.",
          "reviewed": "2026-09-07"
        }
      ],
      "noxious_class": "A",
      "research": {
        "status": "researching",
        "label": "Still researching this plant",
        "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.",
        "open_questions": [
          {
            "area": "Dogs & cats",
            "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "yellow-starthistle-4"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Identification",
            "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          },
          {
            "area": "Expert review",
            "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          }
        ],
        "expert_review": "pending"
      },
      "noxious_class_label": "A — Eradicate",
      "source": "content/plants/yellow-starthistle.md",
      "content_sha256": "abe739867e583903b80646bc42b2f7e362d962d16c9670bd989a76acea4c3925",
      "body_markdown": "# Yellow starthistle\n\n*Centaurea solstitialis*\n\n**Colorado noxious weed · List A — Eradicate.** [CO-rules-2025](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2)\n\nUncommon in Colorado. All populations are designated for eradication statewide. This is a management category, separate from danger ratings. [Category source](https://fremontcountyco.gov/weed-control/weed-identification) · [What the lists mean](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/#weed-lists).\n\n> **Severe horse poisoning; sharp spines.** [Exposure help](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/).\n\n**Identification caveat:** A horse-specific poisoning hazard is established. Do not generalize controlled grazing by other livestock into unrestricted feeding advice.\n\n## Still researching this plant {#research-status}\n\nThis is a sourced working profile. Evidence is incomplete for **Dogs & cats**. Identification and source-photo limits are explained below. Independent botanical and veterinary review is pending. **Uncertainty is not a finding that the plant is safe.**\n\n\n## Three views of this plant\n\nSource-identified reference photographs; these are not a complete identification key. A source location outside Colorado does not establish local occurrence.\n\n![Centaurea solstitialis: A bright yellow flower head beside a dry head, showing the long radiating spines.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/list-a-photos-centaurea-solstitialis-1.jpg)\n\n**flower and spines** — A bright yellow flower head beside a dry head, showing the long radiating spines.\n\nPhoto: Юрий Данилевский (Yuriy Danilevsky); [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/); [source record](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/19881553); [original image](https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/30658771/original.jpg). Source scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. iNaturalist large server-resized image; no local crop, colour change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![Centaurea solstitialis: Close view of a strongly spined head and narrow leaves on a winged-looking stem.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/list-a-photos-centaurea-solstitialis-2.jpg)\n\n**spines and foliage** — Close view of a strongly spined head and narrow leaves on a winged-looking stem.\n\nPhoto: Eleftherios Katsillis; [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/); [source record](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/78210836); [original image](https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/127963997/original.jpeg). Source scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. iNaturalist large server-resized image; no local crop, colour change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![Centaurea solstitialis: A tall, branching, yellow-flowered plant standing in dry grassland.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/list-a-photos-centaurea-solstitialis-3.jpg)\n\n**flowering habit** — A tall, branching, yellow-flowered plant standing in dry grassland.\n\nPhoto: Юрий Данилевский (Yuriy Danilevsky); [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/); [source record](https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/19881553); [original image](https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/30658804/original.jpg). Source scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. iNaturalist large server-resized image; no local crop, colour change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n\n## Recognize\n\nAn annual with yellow flowerheads surrounded by long, radiating spines and gray-green foliage. [N-centaurea-solstitialis](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/centaurea-solstitialis/)\n\n## Plants & habitat\n\nSpreads by seed into rangelands and disturbed ground. Prevent seed set and keep contaminated material out of horse feed. [N-centaurea-solstitialis](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/centaurea-solstitialis/)\n\n## People\n\nLong flowerhead spines present a puncture hazard; use protective handling. [N-centaurea-solstitialis](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/centaurea-solstitialis/)\n\n## Dogs & cats\n\nSpines may injure mouths or paws. Horse poisoning findings do not establish a pet-specific toxic dose. [N-centaurea-solstitialis](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/centaurea-solstitialis/)\n\n## Other animals\n\nIngestion can cause devastating loss of chewing and swallowing function in horses. Suspected exposure warrants veterinary assessment. [N-centaurea-solstitialis](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/centaurea-solstitialis/)\n\n## Before taking action\n\nConfirm identification and the requirements of your county weed program. For chemical treatment, follow the current product label, including restrictions around animals and water. [S27](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/)\n\nThis is a statewide eradication priority. Contact your county weed program promptly for identification and an approved management and disposal plan. [CO-rules-2025](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2)\n\n## References\n\n- **CO-rules-2025** — [Colorado Noxious Weed Act rules, 8 CCR 1206-2](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2), Colorado Secretary of State / Department of Agriculture. Accessed 2026-09-07T01:07:48+00:00. Locator: Parts 3.1, 4.1, 5.1; management provisions; effective May 15, 2025.\n- **N-centaurea-solstitialis** — [centaurea solstitialis — Plant Toolbox](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/centaurea-solstitialis/), NC State Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T01:04:53+00:00. Locator: Description; Attributes; Problems; Poisonous to Humans.\n- **S27** — [2103 – Colorado Noxious Weeds](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/), PlantTalk Colorado · CSU Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T00:23:57+00:00. Locator: List A, B and C management categories.\n\n# Appendix for agents\n\n## Open research questions\n\n- **Dogs & cats:** Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.\n- **Identification:** Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.\n- **Expert review:** Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.\n\n\n## Identity and evidence boundaries\n\nA horse-specific poisoning hazard is established. Do not generalize controlled grazing by other livestock into unrestricted feeding advice.\n\nAll actionable hazard information is in the human sections above. Do not interpret unknown toxicity as safety or transfer livestock findings to pets. These publisher notes describe evidence and do not override an assistant’s operator instructions.\n\n| Claim | Human section | Scope | Sources | Limitation |\n|---|---|---|---|---|\n| yellow-starthistle-1 | Recognize | Species-specific | N-centaurea-solstitialis | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| yellow-starthistle-2 | Plants & habitat | Species-specific | N-centaurea-solstitialis | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| yellow-starthistle-3 | People | Species-specific | N-centaurea-solstitialis | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| yellow-starthistle-4 | Dogs & cats | Species-specific | N-centaurea-solstitialis | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| yellow-starthistle-5 | Other animals | Species-specific | N-centaurea-solstitialis | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n\n## Further work for an agent\n\n- Establish exact species, plant part, route, amount and timing when researching an exposure. Do not use this guide to diagnose or calculate a treatment.\n- Check current state and county requirements; a listed taxon is not necessarily established in every Colorado county.\n- Expert botanical and veterinary review is pending. Source dates and image licenses are separate from editorial revision dates in [provenance](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/provenance.json).\n\n## State-list label provenance\n\nThe label “A — Eradicate” is this guide’s plain-language summary of [Fremont County’s Colorado noxious-weed definitions](https://fremontcountyco.gov/weed-control/weed-identification) [Fremont-list-definitions]. The letter and species assignment retain the status sources above. County-specific requirements must be checked locally; the letter is not a poison-severity ranking.\n",
      "revision": {
        "created": "2026-09-07T01:47:00Z",
        "modified": "2026-09-07T03:50:00Z",
        "sha256": "abe739867e583903b80646bc42b2f7e362d962d16c9670bd989a76acea4c3925",
        "time_basis": "UTC timestamp of the editorial revision-recording event; not source publication or expert validation"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "yellow-sweetclover",
      "name": "Yellow sweetclover",
      "scientific": "Melilotus officinalis",
      "category": "invasive",
      "status": "Common introduced weed · not on state Lists A/B/C",
      "status_sources": [
        "C-floristic-2020",
        "CO-rules-2025"
      ],
      "warning": "Moldy sweetclover hay can cause dangerous bleeding",
      "warning_tone": "caution",
      "aliases": [
        "yellow sweet clover"
      ],
      "taxonomy_note": "",
      "source_ids": [
        "C-floristic-2020",
        "CO-rules-2025",
        "N-melilotus-officinalis",
        "F-melilotus",
        "C-descriptions",
        "S27"
      ],
      "description": "Yellow sweetclover: Moldy sweetclover hay can cause dangerous bleeding. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.",
      "claim_evidence": [
        {
          "label": "Identification",
          "sources": [
            "N-melilotus-officinalis",
            "F-melilotus"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "yellow-sweetclover-1"
        },
        {
          "label": "People",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "",
          "id": "yellow-sweetclover-2"
        },
        {
          "label": "Dogs & cats",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "",
          "id": "yellow-sweetclover-3"
        },
        {
          "label": "Other animals",
          "sources": [
            "F-melilotus"
          ],
          "scope": "Sweetclover group evidence",
          "note": "",
          "id": "yellow-sweetclover-4"
        },
        {
          "label": "Plants & habitat",
          "sources": [
            "N-melilotus-officinalis"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "yellow-sweetclover-5"
        },
        {
          "label": "Management & timing",
          "sources": [
            "C-descriptions",
            "F-melilotus"
          ],
          "scope": "Management synthesis",
          "note": "",
          "id": "yellow-sweetclover-6"
        }
      ],
      "research": {
        "status": "researching",
        "label": "Still researching this plant",
        "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.",
        "open_questions": [
          {
            "area": "People",
            "question": "Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "yellow-sweetclover-2"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Dogs & cats",
            "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "yellow-sweetclover-3"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Other animals",
            "question": "Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "yellow-sweetclover-4"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Expert review",
            "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          }
        ],
        "expert_review": "pending"
      },
      "colorado_relevance": {
        "source_id": "C-floristic-2020",
        "locator": "Appendix B; PDF page 63; Melilotus officinalis",
        "basis": "Included in the 2020 statewide flora assessment. This is not a current county abundance survey.",
        "source_taxon": "Melilotus officinalis"
      },
      "source": "content/plants/yellow-sweetclover.md",
      "content_sha256": "f306902fe225dfd6043160bd6329e066cd741fce911cb6d04febcacb963738ec",
      "body_markdown": "# Yellow sweetclover\n\n*Melilotus officinalis*\n\n**Common introduced weed · not on state Lists A/B/C.** [C-floristic-2020](https://cnhp.colostate.edu/download/documents/2020/CO_FQA_2020_Final_Report.pdf) [CO-rules-2025](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2)\n\n> **Moldy sweetclover hay can cause dangerous bleeding.** [Exposure help](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/).\n\n## Still researching this plant {#research-status}\n\nThis is a sourced working profile. Evidence is incomplete for **People, Dogs & cats, Other animals**. Independent botanical and veterinary review is pending. **Uncertainty is not a finding that the plant is safe.**\n\n\n## Three views of this plant\n\nSource-identified reference photographs; these are not a complete identification key. A source location outside Colorado does not establish local occurrence.\n\n![Yellow sweetclover: small yellow pea-like flowers hang along a narrow elongated raceme.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/coverage-garden-photos-melilotus-officinalis-08-01-flower.jpg)\n\n**flower** — Small yellow pea-like flowers hang along a narrow elongated raceme.\n\nPhoto: Isidre blanc; [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:MELILOTUS_OFFICINALIS_-_LLANERA_-_IB-549_(Melilot).JPG); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/55/MELILOTUS_OFFICINALIS_-_LLANERA_-_IB-549_%28Melilot%29.JPG). Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Source-identified M. officinalis. Related yellow-flowered sweetclovers require reproductive characters for confident determination; flower color by itself is not species-specific. Wikimedia server-resized derivative, reduced from the original; no crop, color change, upscaling, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; catalog preview may use a CSS crop.\n\n![Yellow sweetclover: a branching leafy plant with many slender yellow flower racemes at a path edge.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/coverage-garden-photos-melilotus-officinalis-08-11-habit.jpg)\n\n**habit** — A branching leafy plant with many slender yellow flower racemes at a path edge.\n\nPhoto: Rasbak; [CC BY-SA 3.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Melilotus_officinalis_Citroengele_honingklaver_plant.jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a4/Melilotus_officinalis_Citroengele_honingklaver_plant.jpg). Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Source-identified M. officinalis. Related yellow-flowered sweetclovers require reproductive characters for confident determination; flower color by itself is not species-specific. Wikimedia server-resized derivative, reduced from the original; no crop, color change, upscaling, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; catalog preview may use a CSS crop.\n\n![Yellow sweetclover: compound leaves with three finely toothed leaflets along upright branching green stems.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/coverage-garden-photos-melilotus-officinalis-08-13-foliage.jpg)\n\n**foliage** — Compound leaves with three finely toothed leaflets along upright branching green stems.\n\nPhoto: Rasbak; [CC BY-SA 3.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Melilotus_officinalis_Citroengele_honingklaver_blad.jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a9/Melilotus_officinalis_Citroengele_honingklaver_blad.jpg). Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Source-identified M. officinalis. Related yellow-flowered sweetclovers require reproductive characters for confident determination; flower color by itself is not species-specific. Wikimedia server-resized derivative, reduced from the original; no crop, color change, upscaling, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; catalog preview may use a CSS crop.\n\n\n## Identification\n\nAn upright, usually biennial legume with three leaflets and elongated clusters of small yellow flowers. Fresh flower color separates it from white sweetclover. [N-melilotus-officinalis](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/melilotus-officinalis/) [F-melilotus](https://research.fs.usda.gov/feis/species-reviews/melspp)\n\n## People\n\nThe reviewed sources do not establish species-specific ingestion effects or a safe exposure amount for people. Missing evidence does not establish safety.\n\n## Dogs & cats\n\nThe reviewed sources do not establish species-specific ingestion effects or a safe exposure amount for dogs or cats. Missing evidence does not establish safety.\n\n## Other animals\n\nImproperly cured or moldy sweetclover hay can develop compounds that impair clotting, causing severe internal bleeding. Diets dominated by sweetclover also carry a livestock bloat risk. These findings do not establish pet exposure limits. [F-melilotus](https://research.fs.usda.gov/feis/species-reviews/melspp)\n\n*Evidence scope: Sweetclover group evidence.*\n\n## Plants & habitat\n\nIt fixes nitrogen and feeds pollinators, but can spread beyond plantings. Its deep taproot helps established plants tolerate dry conditions. [N-melilotus-officinalis](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/melilotus-officinalis/)\n\n## Management & timing\n\nPrevent flowering and reseeding where unwanted. Have suspect hay assessed before feeding it. [C-descriptions](https://extension.colostate.edu/resource/weed-descriptions/) [F-melilotus](https://research.fs.usda.gov/feis/species-reviews/melspp)\n\n*Evidence scope: Management synthesis.*\n\n## Before taking action\n\nConfirm identification and the requirements of your county weed program. For chemical treatment, follow the current product label, including restrictions around animals and water. [S27](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/)\n\n## References\n\n- **C-floristic-2020** — [Colorado Floristic Quality Assessment: 2020 Update](https://cnhp.colostate.edu/download/documents/2020/CO_FQA_2020_Final_Report.pdf), Colorado Natural Heritage Program, Colorado State University. Accessed 2026-09-07T02:27:33+00:00. Locator: Appendix B, Colorado species list: scientific name and native/non-native fields.\n- **CO-rules-2025** — [Colorado Noxious Weed Act rules, 8 CCR 1206-2](https://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/GenerateRulePdf.do?ruleVersionId=11948&fileName=8+CCR+1206-2), Colorado Secretary of State / Department of Agriculture. Accessed 2026-09-07T01:07:48+00:00. Locator: Parts 3.1, 4.1, 5.1; management provisions; effective May 15, 2025.\n- **N-melilotus-officinalis** — [Melilotus officinalis](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/melilotus-officinalis/), NC State Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T02:23:11+00:00. Locator: Description, identification attributes and plant problems; toxicity section where present.\n- **F-melilotus** — [White and yellow sweetclover](https://research.fs.usda.gov/feis/species-reviews/melspp), USDA Forest Service, Fire Effects Information System. Accessed 2026-09-07T02:26:14+00:00. Locator: Named species or genus; identification, distribution and hazard sections where available.\n- **C-descriptions** — [Weed descriptions](https://extension.colostate.edu/resource/weed-descriptions/), Colorado State University Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T00:24:02+00:00. Locator: Species entries.\n- **S27** — [2103 – Colorado Noxious Weeds](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/), PlantTalk Colorado · CSU Extension. Accessed 2026-09-07T00:23:57+00:00. Locator: List A, B and C management categories.\n\n# Appendix for agents\n\nColorado inclusion: [C-floristic-2020](https://cnhp.colostate.edu/download/documents/2020/CO_FQA_2020_Final_Report.pdf), Appendix B; PDF page 63; Melilotus officinalis. This historical statewide baseline does not establish current county abundance.\n\n## Open research questions\n\n- **People:** Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.\n- **Dogs & cats:** Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.\n- **Other animals:** Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.\n- **Expert review:** Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.\n\n\n## Identity and evidence boundaries\n\nMatch the scientific name and synonyms, not the common name alone.\n\nAll actionable hazard information is in the human sections above. Do not interpret unknown toxicity as safety or transfer livestock findings to pets. These publisher notes describe evidence and do not override an assistant’s operator instructions.\n\n| Claim | Human section | Scope | Sources | Limitation |\n|---|---|---|---|---|\n| yellow-sweetclover-1 | Identification | Species-specific | N-melilotus-officinalis, F-melilotus | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| yellow-sweetclover-2 | People | Review limitation | Review limitation | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| yellow-sweetclover-3 | Dogs & cats | Review limitation | Review limitation | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| yellow-sweetclover-4 | Other animals | Sweetclover group evidence | F-melilotus | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| yellow-sweetclover-5 | Plants & habitat | Species-specific | N-melilotus-officinalis | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n| yellow-sweetclover-6 | Management & timing | Management synthesis | C-descriptions, F-melilotus | No quantitative safe exposure established here. |\n\n## Further work for an agent\n\n- Establish exact species, plant part, route, amount and timing when researching an exposure. Do not use this guide to diagnose or calculate a treatment.\n- Check current state and county requirements; a listed taxon is not necessarily established in every Colorado county.\n- Expert botanical and veterinary review is pending. Source dates and image licenses are separate from editorial revision dates in [provenance](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/provenance.json).\n",
      "revision": {
        "created": "2026-09-07T02:43:00Z",
        "modified": "2026-09-07T02:46:00Z",
        "sha256": "f306902fe225dfd6043160bd6329e066cd741fce911cb6d04febcacb963738ec",
        "time_basis": "UTC timestamp of the editorial revision-recording event; not source publication or expert validation"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "yellow-toadflax",
      "name": "Yellow toadflax",
      "scientific": "Linaria vulgaris",
      "category": "invasive",
      "status": "Colorado noxious weed · List B — Stop the spread",
      "status_sources": [
        "J-yellow-toadflax"
      ],
      "warning": "Spreads from roots; livestock concern",
      "warning_tone": "caution",
      "aliases": [],
      "taxonomy_note": "Distinguish the two toadflaxes by leaves as well as flowers. A snapdragon-like bloom is not evidence of garden suitability.",
      "source_ids": [
        "J-yellow-toadflax",
        "Fremont-list-definitions"
      ],
      "description": "Yellow toadflax: Spreads from roots; livestock concern. Colorado identification, habitat and exposure evidence.",
      "claim_evidence": [
        {
          "label": "Recognize",
          "sources": [
            "J-yellow-toadflax"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "yellow-toadflax-1"
        },
        {
          "label": "Plants & habitat",
          "sources": [
            "J-yellow-toadflax"
          ],
          "scope": "Species-specific",
          "note": "",
          "id": "yellow-toadflax-2"
        },
        {
          "label": "People",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "Human ingestion effects were not established in this review.",
          "id": "yellow-toadflax-3"
        },
        {
          "label": "Dogs & cats",
          "sources": [],
          "scope": "Review limitation",
          "note": "Species-specific ingestion effects and exposure thresholds were not established in the reviewed sources.",
          "id": "yellow-toadflax-4"
        },
        {
          "label": "Other animals",
          "sources": [
            "J-yellow-toadflax"
          ],
          "scope": "Possible livestock toxicity; pet evidence gap",
          "note": "",
          "id": "yellow-toadflax-5"
        },
        {
          "id": "yellow-toadflax-list-meaning",
          "label": "State-list meaning",
          "sources": [
            "Fremont-list-definitions"
          ],
          "scope": "Colorado management-category definition; species classification retains its original status sources",
          "note": "Plain-language editorial label for a management category; not a toxicity or danger rating.",
          "reviewed": "2026-09-07"
        }
      ],
      "noxious_class": "B",
      "research": {
        "status": "researching",
        "label": "Still researching this plant",
        "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.",
        "open_questions": [
          {
            "area": "People",
            "question": "Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "yellow-toadflax-3"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Dogs & cats",
            "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "yellow-toadflax-4"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Other animals",
            "question": "Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.",
            "related_claim_ids": [
              "yellow-toadflax-5"
            ]
          },
          {
            "area": "Identification",
            "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          },
          {
            "area": "Expert review",
            "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.",
            "related_claim_ids": []
          }
        ],
        "expert_review": "pending"
      },
      "noxious_class_label": "B — Stop the spread",
      "source": "content/plants/yellow-toadflax.md",
      "content_sha256": "db6267838b5aa9e762299e81a42f99fe5473ffb74418ed815cebb380258cfcef",
      "body_markdown": "# Yellow toadflax\n\n*Linaria vulgaris*\n\n**Colorado noxious weed · List B — Stop the spread.** [J-yellow-toadflax](https://www.jeffco.us/2142/Yellow-Toadflax)\n\nEstablished in some areas. Requirements vary by location: eradication, containment or suppression to stop further spread. This is a management category, separate from danger ratings. [Category source](https://fremontcountyco.gov/weed-control/weed-identification) · [What the lists mean](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/#weed-lists).\n\n> **Spreads from roots; livestock concern.** Native status, garden use and noxious-weed class are separate from toxicity. [Exposure help](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/safety/).\n\n**Identification caveat:** Distinguish the two toadflaxes by leaves as well as flowers. A snapdragon-like bloom is not evidence of garden suitability.\n\n## Still researching this plant {#research-status}\n\nThis is a sourced working profile. Evidence is incomplete for **People, Dogs & cats, Other animals**. Identification and source-photo limits are explained below. Independent botanical and veterinary review is pending. **Uncertainty is not a finding that the plant is safe.**\n\n\n## Three views of this plant\n\nPhotos are source-identified examples, not a complete identification key. Check leaves, stems, flowers and fruit together. Locations are not assumed to be in Colorado.\n\n![Linaria vulgaris: Close view of pale yellow two-lipped flowers with orange-yellow throats.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/invasive-linaria-vulgaris-flower.jpg)\n\n**flower** — Close view of pale yellow two-lipped flowers with orange-yellow throats.\n\nPhoto: Michael H. Lemmer; [CC BY-SA 2.5](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.5); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Linaria-vulgaris-060806-wiki.jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5b/Linaria-vulgaris-060806-wiki.jpg). Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.   Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![Linaria vulgaris: Several upright stems with dense yellow flower spikes and narrow green foliage.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/invasive-linaria-vulgaris-habit.jpg)\n\n**habit** — Several upright stems with dense yellow flower spikes and narrow green foliage.\n\nPhoto: Saharadesertfox; [CC BY-SA 3.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Linaria_Vulgaris_Mill.jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/98/Linaria_Vulgaris_Mill.jpg). Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.   Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n![Linaria vulgaris: Magnified stem with very narrow linear leaves, photographed with a 20 mm scale.](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/assets/photos/invasive-linaria-vulgaris-leaf.jpg)\n\n**leaf** — Magnified stem with very narrow linear leaves, photographed with a 20 mm scale.\n\nPhoto: Stefan.lefnaer; [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0); [source record](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Linaria_vulgaris_(s._str.)_sl6.jpg); [original image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/90/Linaria_vulgaris_%28s._str.%29_sl6.jpg). Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.   Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.\n\n\n## Recognize\n\nYellow flowers with orange throats and long spurs; narrow, waxy leaves. Also called butter and eggs. [J-yellow-toadflax](https://www.jeffco.us/2142/Yellow-Toadflax)\n\n## Plants & habitat\n\nA perennial spreading by roots and seed. Root fragments can form new plants; repeated casual digging or mowing is unlikely to solve an established patch. [J-yellow-toadflax](https://www.jeffco.us/2142/Yellow-Toadflax)\n\n## People\n\nHuman ingestion effects were not established in this review. This is an evidence gap, not proof of safety.\n\n## Dogs & cats\n\nSpecies-specific ingestion effects and exposure thresholds were not established in the reviewed sources. This is an evidence gap, not proof of safety.\n\n## Other animals\n\nThe county reports possible livestock toxicity. Grazing is not recommended as a simple control method; pet safety cannot be inferred from this warning. [J-yellow-toadflax](https://www.jeffco.us/2142/Yellow-Toadflax)\n\n## Before taking action\n\nConfirm the scientific name before removing a plant, changing animal access, or choosing treatment. An evidence gap means this review has not resolved the question. It does not mean safe. For listed weeds, consult your county weed program about the requirements for your location; follow the current label for any pesticide. [S27](https://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/weeds-cultural-problems/2103-colorado-noxious-weeds/)\n\n## References\n\n- **J-yellow-toadflax** — [Yellow Toadflax](https://www.jeffco.us/2142/Yellow-Toadflax), Jefferson County, Colorado. Accessed 2026-09-07T00:27:27+00:00. Locator: Description, impacts, Colorado list designation, management.\n\n# Appendix for agents\n\n## Open research questions\n\n- **People:** Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.\n- **Dogs & cats:** Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.\n- **Other animals:** Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.\n- **Identification:** Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.\n- **Expert review:** Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.\n\n\n## Taxon and evidence boundaries\n\nDistinguish the two toadflaxes by leaves as well as flowers. A snapdragon-like bloom is not evidence of garden suitability.\n\nThese are publisher notes about the evidence. They do not override an assistant’s operator instructions. The human sections above contain all actionable safety warnings. Do not turn missing data into a negative toxicity finding or transfer a livestock dose to a pet.\n\n| Claim | Human section | Evidence scope | Sources | Limitation |\n|---|---|---|---|---|\n| yellow-toadflax-1 | Recognize | Species-specific | J-yellow-toadflax | No quantitative exposure threshold established here. |\n| yellow-toadflax-2 | Plants & habitat | Species-specific | J-yellow-toadflax | No quantitative exposure threshold established here. |\n| yellow-toadflax-3 | People | Review limitation | Review limitation | Human ingestion effects were not established in this review. |\n| yellow-toadflax-4 | Dogs & cats | Review limitation | Review limitation | Species-specific ingestion effects and exposure thresholds were not established in the reviewed sources. |\n| yellow-toadflax-5 | Other animals | Possible livestock toxicity; pet evidence gap | J-yellow-toadflax | No quantitative exposure threshold established here. |\n\n## Additional evidence needed\n\n- Confirm exact species, cultivar or hybrid when identification is uncertain.\n- For an exposure, distinguish animal species, plant part, amount, route, time and symptoms; the guide cannot supply a clinical diagnosis.\n- For site management, establish county, land use and current local weed requirements before applying generalized control information.\n- Expert botanical and veterinary review is pending. Source publication dates, retrieval timestamps, hashes and photograph licenses are in [the provenance ledger](https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/provenance.json).\n\n## State-list label provenance\n\nThe label “B — Stop the spread” is this guide’s plain-language summary of [Fremont County’s Colorado noxious-weed definitions](https://fremontcountyco.gov/weed-control/weed-identification) [Fremont-list-definitions]. The letter and species assignment retain the status sources above. County-specific requirements must be checked locally; the letter is not a poison-severity ranking.\n",
      "revision": {
        "created": "2026-09-07T00:41:00Z",
        "modified": "2026-09-07T03:50:00Z",
        "sha256": "db6267838b5aa9e762299e81a42f99fe5473ffb74418ed815cebb380258cfcef",
        "time_basis": "UTC timestamp of the editorial revision-recording event; not source publication or expert validation"
      }
    }
  ],
  "images": [
    {
      "taxon": "Asclepias speciosa",
      "id": "native-asclepias-speciosa-1",
      "file": "assets/photos/native-asclepias-speciosa-1.jpg",
      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Asclepias_speciosa,_Red_Butte,_Utah.jpg",
      "original_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/93/Asclepias_speciosa%2C_Red_Butte%2C_Utah.jpg",
      "download_url": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Asclepias_speciosa%2C_Red_Butte%2C_Utah.jpg/1920px-Asclepias_speciosa%2C_Red_Butte%2C_Utah.jpg",
      "creator": "Andrey Zharkikh",
      "license": "CC BY 2.0",
      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0",
      "source_description": "Showy milkweed (Asclepias speciosa), Milkweed family (Asclepiadaceae).\nSlopes of Red Butte, Utah.",
      "date_accessed": "2026-09-06",
      "sha256": "64e98485c332a01f00e5135b5cd93f1c2d9b55c6cea9e8d574ced60eaaa9d916",
      "width": 1920,
      "height": 1440,
      "source_title": "File:Asclepias speciosa, Red Butte, Utah.jpg",
      "visual_inspection": {
        "status": "passed",
        "date": "2026-09-06",
        "method": "Human-model inspection of downloaded photographs using labelled contact sheets; each selected image was inspected.",
        "observed_content": "Close view of pale pink showy milkweed flowers, with long pointed hoods above reflexed petals.",
        "distinct_photo": true,
        "image_content_kind": "factual photograph",
        "artificially_generated": false
      },
      "feature": "flowers",
      "caption": "Close view of pale pink showy milkweed flowers, with long pointed hoods above reflexed petals.",
      "alt_text": "Asclepias speciosa: Close view of pale pink showy milkweed flowers, with long pointed hoods above reflexed petals.",
      "changes": "No edits to the downloaded image. Wikimedia may have supplied a scaled thumbnail; original and download URLs are recorded separately. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
      "provider": "Wikimedia Commons",
      "license_evidence": "Commons imageinfo extmetadata LicenseShortName, LicenseUrl, UsageTerms, Artist, and categories retained in source_metadata.",
      "species_verification": {
        "method": "Wikimedia Commons source file title and species metadata identify the taxon. Visible morphology was checked for consistency, not treated as an independent botanical determination.",
        "source_identified_taxon": "Asclepias speciosa",
        "source_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Asclepias_speciosa,_Red_Butte,_Utah.jpg",
        "status": "source-identified; visually consistent"
      },
      "location_as_stated_by_source": "Showy milkweed (Asclepias speciosa), Milkweed family (Asclepiadaceae).\nSlopes of Red Butte, Utah.",
      "observed_on": "2010-07-14 12:35:10",
      "credit_line": "Andrey Zharkikh — CC BY 2.0 — Wikimedia Commons",
      "colorado_source_evidence": null,
      "plant_id": "showy-milkweed",
      "path": "assets/photos/native-asclepias-speciosa-1.jpg",
      "bytes": 359758,
      "alt": "Asclepias speciosa: Close view of pale pink showy milkweed flowers, with long pointed hoods above reflexed petals.",
      "identification_note": "Wikimedia Commons source file title and species metadata identify the taxon. Visible morphology was checked for consistency, not treated as an independent botanical determination.  ",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06",
      "thumbnail": {
        "path": "assets/thumbs/showy-milkweed.webp",
        "width": 640,
        "height": 480,
        "sha256": "4434c3bdce684498d5def2acc7fcf8906d73d3354c65a5b974182e3a5bb8f9ae",
        "parent_sha256": "64e98485c332a01f00e5135b5cd93f1c2d9b55c6cea9e8d574ced60eaaa9d916",
        "changes": "Scaled within 640 by 640 pixels, converted to WebP at quality 82 for catalog performance. No crop or generative changes to the file. CSS may crop its catalog display.",
        "license": "CC BY 2.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0"
      }
    },
    {
      "taxon": "Asclepias speciosa",
      "id": "native-asclepias-speciosa-2",
      "file": "assets/photos/native-asclepias-speciosa-2.jpg",
      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Asclepias_speciosa_at_Seedskadee_NWR_94_(48714355833).jpg",
      "original_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0d/Asclepias_speciosa_at_Seedskadee_NWR_94_%2848714355833%29.jpg",
      "download_url": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Asclepias_speciosa_at_Seedskadee_NWR_94_%2848714355833%29.jpg/1920px-Asclepias_speciosa_at_Seedskadee_NWR_94_%2848714355833%29.jpg",
      "creator": "Tom Koerner / U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service",
      "license": "Public domain",
      "license_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Template:PD-USGov-FWS",
      "source_description": "Photo: Tom Koerner/U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service",
      "date_accessed": "2026-09-06",
      "sha256": "904b619c9e3be99754c84c190fbfe838abb1e3ed09f76d028d8fa2724c904350",
      "width": 1920,
      "height": 1372,
      "source_title": "File:Asclepias speciosa at Seedskadee NWR 94 (48714355833).jpg",
      "visual_inspection": {
        "status": "passed",
        "date": "2026-09-06",
        "method": "Human-model inspection of downloaded photographs using labelled contact sheets; each selected image was inspected.",
        "observed_content": "Pink and white showy milkweed flower cluster viewed from above, showing pointed hoods and unopened buds.",
        "distinct_photo": true,
        "image_content_kind": "factual photograph",
        "artificially_generated": false
      },
      "feature": "flowers",
      "caption": "Pink and white showy milkweed flower cluster viewed from above, showing pointed hoods and unopened buds.",
      "alt_text": "Asclepias speciosa: Pink and white showy milkweed flower cluster viewed from above, showing pointed hoods and unopened buds.",
      "changes": "No edits to the downloaded image. Wikimedia may have supplied a scaled thumbnail; original and download URLs are recorded separately. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
      "provider": "Wikimedia Commons",
      "license_evidence": "Commons imageinfo extmetadata LicenseShortName, LicenseUrl, UsageTerms, Artist, and categories retained in source_metadata. Commons categories include PD US FWS, and source description names Tom Koerner/U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.",
      "species_verification": {
        "method": "Wikimedia Commons source file title and species metadata identify the taxon. Visible morphology was checked for consistency, not treated as an independent botanical determination.",
        "source_identified_taxon": "Asclepias speciosa",
        "source_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Asclepias_speciosa_at_Seedskadee_NWR_94_(48714355833).jpg",
        "status": "source-identified; visually consistent"
      },
      "location_as_stated_by_source": "Photo: Tom Koerner/U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service",
      "observed_on": "Taken on 23 July 2019, 08:53:45",
      "credit_line": "Tom Koerner / U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service — Public domain — Wikimedia Commons",
      "colorado_source_evidence": null,
      "plant_id": "showy-milkweed",
      "path": "assets/photos/native-asclepias-speciosa-2.jpg",
      "bytes": 544843,
      "alt": "Asclepias speciosa: Pink and white showy milkweed flower cluster viewed from above, showing pointed hoods and unopened buds.",
      "identification_note": "Wikimedia Commons source file title and species metadata identify the taxon. Visible morphology was checked for consistency, not treated as an independent botanical determination.  ",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06"
    },
    {
      "taxon": "Asclepias speciosa",
      "id": "native-asclepias-speciosa-3",
      "file": "assets/photos/native-asclepias-speciosa-3.jpg",
      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:H20120920-5647%E2%80%94Asclepias_speciosa%E2%80%94RPBG_(9520794890).jpg",
      "original_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6c/H20120920-5647%E2%80%94Asclepias_speciosa%E2%80%94RPBG_%289520794890%29.jpg",
      "download_url": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/H20120920-5647%E2%80%94Asclepias_speciosa%E2%80%94RPBG_%289520794890%29.jpg/960px-H20120920-5647%E2%80%94Asclepias_speciosa%E2%80%94RPBG_%289520794890%29.jpg",
      "creator": "John Rusk from Berkeley, CA, United States of America",
      "license": "CC BY 2.0",
      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0",
      "source_description": "Asclepias speciosa—showy milkweed. Has gained fame in recent years as an important larval plant for monarch butterflies.  Many weed manuals cite plants of the genus Asclepias as poisonous to livestock and even humans.  It is, however, easy to find ethnobotanical references as well as recipes promoting the consumption of milkweeds.Photographed at Regional Parks Botanic Garden located in Tilden Regional Park near Berkeley, CA.",
      "date_accessed": "2026-09-06",
      "sha256": "01e2537220a35130a7d03c46d9e4dc670bb7cd4ca629ab54223c4769d344188a",
      "width": 960,
      "height": 720,
      "source_title": "File:H20120920-5647—Asclepias speciosa—RPBG (9520794890).jpg",
      "visual_inspection": {
        "status": "passed",
        "date": "2026-09-06",
        "method": "Human-model inspection of downloaded photographs using labelled contact sheets; each selected image was inspected.",
        "observed_content": "An open, rough-surfaced milkweed pod releasing brown seeds with silky white hairs.",
        "distinct_photo": true,
        "image_content_kind": "factual photograph",
        "artificially_generated": false
      },
      "feature": "seed pod",
      "caption": "An open, rough-surfaced milkweed pod releasing brown seeds with silky white hairs.",
      "alt_text": "Asclepias speciosa: An open, rough-surfaced milkweed pod releasing brown seeds with silky white hairs.",
      "changes": "No edits to the downloaded image. Wikimedia may have supplied a scaled thumbnail; original and download URLs are recorded separately. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
      "provider": "Wikimedia Commons",
      "license_evidence": "Commons imageinfo extmetadata LicenseShortName, LicenseUrl, UsageTerms, Artist, and categories retained in source_metadata.",
      "species_verification": {
        "method": "Wikimedia Commons source file title and species metadata identify the taxon. Visible morphology was checked for consistency, not treated as an independent botanical determination.",
        "source_identified_taxon": "Asclepias speciosa",
        "source_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:H20120920-5647%E2%80%94Asclepias_speciosa%E2%80%94RPBG_(9520794890).jpg",
        "status": "source-identified; visually consistent"
      },
      "location_as_stated_by_source": "Asclepias speciosa—showy milkweed. Has gained fame in recent years as an important larval plant for monarch butterflies.  Many weed manuals cite plants of the genus Asclepias as poisonous to livestock and even humans.  It is, however, easy to find ethnobotanical references as well as recipes promoting the consumption of milkweeds.Photographed at Regional Parks Botanic Garden located in Tilden Regional Park near Berkeley, CA.",
      "observed_on": "2012-09-20 11:18",
      "credit_line": "John Rusk from Berkeley, CA, United States of America — CC BY 2.0 — Wikimedia Commons",
      "colorado_source_evidence": null,
      "plant_id": "showy-milkweed",
      "path": "assets/photos/native-asclepias-speciosa-3.jpg",
      "bytes": 169331,
      "alt": "Asclepias speciosa: An open, rough-surfaced milkweed pod releasing brown seeds with silky white hairs.",
      "identification_note": "Wikimedia Commons source file title and species metadata identify the taxon. Visible morphology was checked for consistency, not treated as an independent botanical determination.  ",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06"
    },
    {
      "taxon": "Asclepias subverticillata",
      "id": "native-asclepias-subverticillata-1",
      "file": "assets/photos/native-asclepias-subverticillata-1.jpg",
      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Asclepias_subverticillata_-_Flickr_-_aspidoscelis.jpg",
      "original_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0b/Asclepias_subverticillata_-_Flickr_-_aspidoscelis.jpg",
      "download_url": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Asclepias_subverticillata_-_Flickr_-_aspidoscelis.jpg/1920px-Asclepias_subverticillata_-_Flickr_-_aspidoscelis.jpg",
      "creator": "Patrick Alexander from Las Cruces, NM",
      "license": "CC0",
      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en",
      "source_description": "Asclepias subverticillata, south of the Pinos Altos Range and east-northeast of Silver City near Fort Bayard, west of Cameron Creek and north-northeast of Snake Hill, 32.816 -108.155, Grant County, New Mexico, 20 Aug 2017.",
      "date_accessed": "2026-09-06",
      "sha256": "40471c39508aeb3408c958875f7052c40ea6a858c89ce338c1fead9bdfa5315a",
      "width": 1920,
      "height": 1280,
      "source_title": "File:Asclepias subverticillata - Flickr - aspidoscelis.jpg",
      "visual_inspection": {
        "status": "passed",
        "date": "2026-09-06",
        "method": "Human-model inspection of downloaded photographs using labelled contact sheets; each selected image was inspected.",
        "observed_content": "Several slender flowering stems with small white umbels and very narrow leaves.",
        "distinct_photo": true,
        "image_content_kind": "factual photograph",
        "artificially_generated": false
      },
      "feature": "flowering stems",
      "caption": "Several slender flowering stems with small white umbels and very narrow leaves.",
      "alt_text": "Asclepias subverticillata: Several slender flowering stems with small white umbels and very narrow leaves.",
      "changes": "No edits to the downloaded image. Wikimedia may have supplied a scaled thumbnail; original and download URLs are recorded separately. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
      "provider": "Wikimedia Commons",
      "license_evidence": "Commons imageinfo extmetadata LicenseShortName, LicenseUrl, UsageTerms, Artist, and categories retained in source_metadata.",
      "species_verification": {
        "method": "Wikimedia Commons source file title and species metadata identify the taxon. Visible morphology was checked for consistency, not treated as an independent botanical determination.",
        "source_identified_taxon": "Asclepias subverticillata",
        "source_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Asclepias_subverticillata_-_Flickr_-_aspidoscelis.jpg",
        "status": "source-identified; visually consistent"
      },
      "location_as_stated_by_source": "Asclepias subverticillata, south of the Pinos Altos Range and east-northeast of Silver City near Fort Bayard, west of Cameron Creek and north-northeast of Snake Hill, 32.816 -108.155, Grant County, New Mexico, 20 Aug 2017.",
      "observed_on": "2017-08-20 13:48",
      "credit_line": "Patrick Alexander from Las Cruces, NM — CC0 — Wikimedia Commons",
      "colorado_source_evidence": null,
      "plant_id": "western-whorled-milkweed",
      "path": "assets/photos/native-asclepias-subverticillata-1.jpg",
      "bytes": 493554,
      "alt": "Asclepias subverticillata: Several slender flowering stems with small white umbels and very narrow leaves.",
      "identification_note": "Wikimedia Commons source file title and species metadata identify the taxon. Visible morphology was checked for consistency, not treated as an independent botanical determination.  ",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06",
      "thumbnail": {
        "path": "assets/thumbs/western-whorled-milkweed.webp",
        "width": 640,
        "height": 427,
        "sha256": "00110d645e89f4d24da5126de732c7c2e09703d8f1de87b3b918347db01bc3b5",
        "parent_sha256": "40471c39508aeb3408c958875f7052c40ea6a858c89ce338c1fead9bdfa5315a",
        "changes": "Scaled within 640 by 640 pixels, converted to WebP at quality 82 for catalog performance. No crop or generative changes to the file. CSS may crop its catalog display.",
        "license": "CC0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en"
      }
    },
    {
      "taxon": "Asclepias subverticillata",
      "id": "native-asclepias-subverticillata-2",
      "file": "assets/photos/native-asclepias-subverticillata-2.jpg",
      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Asclepias_subverticillata_-_Flickr_-_aspidoscelis_(1).jpg",
      "original_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cc/Asclepias_subverticillata_-_Flickr_-_aspidoscelis_%281%29.jpg",
      "download_url": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Asclepias_subverticillata_-_Flickr_-_aspidoscelis_%281%29.jpg/1920px-Asclepias_subverticillata_-_Flickr_-_aspidoscelis_%281%29.jpg",
      "creator": "Patrick Alexander from Las Cruces, NM",
      "license": "CC0",
      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en",
      "source_description": "Asclepias subverticillata, south of the Pinos Altos Range and east-northeast of Silver City near Fort Bayard, west of Cameron Creek and north-northeast of Snake Hill, 32.816 -108.155, Grant County, New Mexico, 20 Aug 2017.",
      "date_accessed": "2026-09-06",
      "sha256": "edaf53dcfa5146ebffe6e567c8226f76d636f66171995ee206ccbf20ba83323c",
      "width": 1920,
      "height": 1280,
      "source_title": "File:Asclepias subverticillata - Flickr - aspidoscelis (1).jpg",
      "visual_inspection": {
        "status": "passed",
        "date": "2026-09-06",
        "method": "Human-model inspection of downloaded photographs using labelled contact sheets; each selected image was inspected.",
        "observed_content": "A patch of slender horsetail milkweed stems among grasses, with white flower clusters held above the narrow foliage.",
        "distinct_photo": true,
        "image_content_kind": "factual photograph",
        "artificially_generated": false
      },
      "feature": "habit and habitat",
      "caption": "A patch of slender horsetail milkweed stems among grasses, with white flower clusters held above the narrow foliage.",
      "alt_text": "Asclepias subverticillata: A patch of slender horsetail milkweed stems among grasses, with white flower clusters held above the narrow foliage.",
      "changes": "No edits to the downloaded image. Wikimedia may have supplied a scaled thumbnail; original and download URLs are recorded separately. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
      "provider": "Wikimedia Commons",
      "license_evidence": "Commons imageinfo extmetadata LicenseShortName, LicenseUrl, UsageTerms, Artist, and categories retained in source_metadata.",
      "species_verification": {
        "method": "Wikimedia Commons source file title and species metadata identify the taxon. Visible morphology was checked for consistency, not treated as an independent botanical determination.",
        "source_identified_taxon": "Asclepias subverticillata",
        "source_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Asclepias_subverticillata_-_Flickr_-_aspidoscelis_(1).jpg",
        "status": "source-identified; visually consistent"
      },
      "location_as_stated_by_source": "Asclepias subverticillata, south of the Pinos Altos Range and east-northeast of Silver City near Fort Bayard, west of Cameron Creek and north-northeast of Snake Hill, 32.816 -108.155, Grant County, New Mexico, 20 Aug 2017.",
      "observed_on": "2017-08-20 13:45",
      "credit_line": "Patrick Alexander from Las Cruces, NM — CC0 — Wikimedia Commons",
      "colorado_source_evidence": null,
      "plant_id": "western-whorled-milkweed",
      "path": "assets/photos/native-asclepias-subverticillata-2.jpg",
      "bytes": 869519,
      "alt": "Asclepias subverticillata: A patch of slender horsetail milkweed stems among grasses, with white flower clusters held above the narrow foliage.",
      "identification_note": "Wikimedia Commons source file title and species metadata identify the taxon. Visible morphology was checked for consistency, not treated as an independent botanical determination.  ",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06"
    },
    {
      "taxon": "Asclepias subverticillata",
      "id": "native-asclepias-subverticillata-3",
      "file": "assets/photos/native-asclepias-subverticillata-3.jpg",
      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Asclepias_subverticillata_-_Flickr_-_aspidoscelis_(3).jpg",
      "original_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/54/Asclepias_subverticillata_-_Flickr_-_aspidoscelis_%283%29.jpg",
      "download_url": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Asclepias_subverticillata_-_Flickr_-_aspidoscelis_%283%29.jpg/1920px-Asclepias_subverticillata_-_Flickr_-_aspidoscelis_%283%29.jpg",
      "creator": "Patrick Alexander from Las Cruces, NM",
      "license": "CC0",
      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en",
      "source_description": "Asclepias subverticillata, south of the Pinos Altos Range and east-northeast of Silver City near Fort Bayard, west of Cameron Creek and north-northeast of Snake Hill, 32.816 -108.155, Grant County, New Mexico, 20 Aug 2017.",
      "date_accessed": "2026-09-06",
      "sha256": "0364f8f2fc1667fdf550746d63453ffa10cdaae8b52bb56d68b402f848442735",
      "width": 1920,
      "height": 1280,
      "source_title": "File:Asclepias subverticillata - Flickr - aspidoscelis (3).jpg",
      "visual_inspection": {
        "status": "passed",
        "date": "2026-09-06",
        "method": "Human-model inspection of downloaded photographs using labelled contact sheets; each selected image was inspected.",
        "observed_content": "Close view of white milkweed flowers with reflexed petals, small upright hoods, and adjacent linear leaves.",
        "distinct_photo": true,
        "image_content_kind": "factual photograph",
        "artificially_generated": false
      },
      "feature": "flower detail",
      "caption": "Close view of white milkweed flowers with reflexed petals, small upright hoods, and adjacent linear leaves.",
      "alt_text": "Asclepias subverticillata: Close view of white milkweed flowers with reflexed petals, small upright hoods, and adjacent linear leaves.",
      "changes": "No edits to the downloaded image. Wikimedia may have supplied a scaled thumbnail; original and download URLs are recorded separately. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
      "provider": "Wikimedia Commons",
      "license_evidence": "Commons imageinfo extmetadata LicenseShortName, LicenseUrl, UsageTerms, Artist, and categories retained in source_metadata.",
      "species_verification": {
        "method": "Wikimedia Commons source file title and species metadata identify the taxon. Visible morphology was checked for consistency, not treated as an independent botanical determination.",
        "source_identified_taxon": "Asclepias subverticillata",
        "source_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Asclepias_subverticillata_-_Flickr_-_aspidoscelis_(3).jpg",
        "status": "source-identified; visually consistent"
      },
      "location_as_stated_by_source": "Asclepias subverticillata, south of the Pinos Altos Range and east-northeast of Silver City near Fort Bayard, west of Cameron Creek and north-northeast of Snake Hill, 32.816 -108.155, Grant County, New Mexico, 20 Aug 2017.",
      "observed_on": "2017-08-20 13:50",
      "credit_line": "Patrick Alexander from Las Cruces, NM — CC0 — Wikimedia Commons",
      "colorado_source_evidence": null,
      "plant_id": "western-whorled-milkweed",
      "path": "assets/photos/native-asclepias-subverticillata-3.jpg",
      "bytes": 625974,
      "alt": "Asclepias subverticillata: Close view of white milkweed flowers with reflexed petals, small upright hoods, and adjacent linear leaves.",
      "identification_note": "Wikimedia Commons source file title and species metadata identify the taxon. Visible morphology was checked for consistency, not treated as an independent botanical determination.  ",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06"
    },
    {
      "taxon": "Helianthus annuus",
      "id": "native-helianthus-annuus-1",
      "file": "assets/photos/native-helianthus-annuus-1.jpeg",
      "source_page": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/61287321",
      "photo_page": "https://www.inaturalist.org/photos/98056702",
      "original_url": "https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/98056702/original.jpeg",
      "download_url": "https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/98056702/original.jpeg",
      "creator": "Michelle W. （鍾偉瑋）",
      "license": "CC BY 4.0",
      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
      "source_description": "Helianthus annuus; North Austin, Austin, TX, USA",
      "date_accessed": "2026-09-06",
      "sha256": "9e2cabf3564ba50b5b42729ae91c32a81a0457f0ecd5abd8d038c0a6bb2f7a21",
      "width": 2048,
      "height": 1638,
      "visual_inspection": {
        "status": "passed",
        "date": "2026-09-06",
        "method": "Human-model inspection of downloaded photographs using labelled contact sheets; each selected image was inspected.",
        "observed_content": "Front view of a sunflower head, showing yellow ray florets surrounding the darker central disk.",
        "distinct_photo": true,
        "image_content_kind": "factual photograph",
        "artificially_generated": false
      },
      "feature": "flower head",
      "caption": "Front view of a sunflower head, showing yellow ray florets surrounding the darker central disk.",
      "alt_text": "Helianthus annuus: Front view of a sunflower head, showing yellow ray florets surrounding the darker central disk.",
      "changes": "No edits to the downloaded image. Wikimedia may have supplied a scaled thumbnail; original and download URLs are recorded separately. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
      "provider": "iNaturalist",
      "source_attribution": "(c) Michelle W. （鍾偉瑋）, some rights reserved (CC BY)",
      "creator_role": "Named photographer in photo attribution.",
      "license_evidence": "The photo-specific license_code and attribution are preserved in source_metadata.photo from the iNaturalist observations API; license URL uses the corresponding iNaturalist 4.0 or CC0 1.0 license.",
      "species_verification": {
        "method": "The photo belongs to an iNaturalist research-grade observation identified as the named taxon; source taxon, quality grade, and identifications are retained. Visible morphology was checked for consistency, not treated as an independent botanical determination.",
        "source_identified_taxon": "Helianthus annuus",
        "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/61287321",
        "status": "source-identified; visually consistent"
      },
      "location_as_stated_by_source": "North Austin, Austin, TX, USA",
      "observed_on": "2020-09-29",
      "credit_line": "Michelle W. （鍾偉瑋） — CC BY 4.0 — iNaturalist",
      "colorado_source_evidence": null,
      "plant_id": "common-sunflower",
      "path": "assets/photos/native-helianthus-annuus-1.jpeg",
      "bytes": 992910,
      "alt": "Helianthus annuus: Front view of a sunflower head, showing yellow ray florets surrounding the darker central disk.",
      "identification_note": "The photo belongs to an iNaturalist research-grade observation identified as the named taxon; source taxon, quality grade, and identifications are retained. Visible morphology was checked for consistency, not treated as an independent botanical determination.  ",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06",
      "thumbnail": {
        "path": "assets/thumbs/common-sunflower.webp",
        "width": 640,
        "height": 512,
        "sha256": "aae6ef040716c2895085c248467bf21c220bb22774ac3a273d0e1f6584d12d61",
        "parent_sha256": "9e2cabf3564ba50b5b42729ae91c32a81a0457f0ecd5abd8d038c0a6bb2f7a21",
        "changes": "Scaled within 640 by 640 pixels, converted to WebP at quality 82 for catalog performance. No crop or generative changes to the file. CSS may crop its catalog display.",
        "license": "CC BY 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"
      }
    },
    {
      "taxon": "Helianthus annuus",
      "id": "native-helianthus-annuus-2",
      "file": "assets/photos/native-helianthus-annuus-2.jpg",
      "source_page": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/28073080",
      "photo_page": "https://www.inaturalist.org/photos/43735811",
      "original_url": "https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/43735811/original.jpg",
      "download_url": "https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/43735811/original.jpg",
      "creator": "lanechaffin",
      "license": "CC0 1.0",
      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/",
      "source_description": "Helianthus annuus; 76513, Belton, TX, US",
      "date_accessed": "2026-09-06",
      "sha256": "c53289332b655645eed6cbb744bef23f58959d8fc703ad7c5d5902021ad54e6b",
      "width": 1536,
      "height": 2048,
      "visual_inspection": {
        "status": "passed",
        "date": "2026-09-06",
        "method": "Human-model inspection of downloaded photographs using labelled contact sheets; each selected image was inspected.",
        "observed_content": "Side and rear view of a sunflower head, showing green involucral bracts and a densely hairy stem.",
        "distinct_photo": true,
        "image_content_kind": "factual photograph",
        "artificially_generated": false
      },
      "feature": "back of flower head",
      "caption": "Side and rear view of a sunflower head, showing green involucral bracts and a densely hairy stem.",
      "alt_text": "Helianthus annuus: Side and rear view of a sunflower head, showing green involucral bracts and a densely hairy stem.",
      "changes": "No edits to the downloaded image. Wikimedia may have supplied a scaled thumbnail; original and download URLs are recorded separately. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
      "provider": "iNaturalist",
      "source_attribution": "no rights reserved",
      "creator_role": "Observation contributor; CC0 photo attribution itself says no rights reserved.",
      "license_evidence": "The photo-specific license_code and attribution are preserved in source_metadata.photo from the iNaturalist observations API; license URL uses the corresponding iNaturalist 4.0 or CC0 1.0 license.",
      "species_verification": {
        "method": "The photo belongs to an iNaturalist research-grade observation identified as the named taxon; source taxon, quality grade, and identifications are retained. Visible morphology was checked for consistency, not treated as an independent botanical determination.",
        "source_identified_taxon": "Helianthus annuus",
        "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/28073080",
        "status": "source-identified; visually consistent"
      },
      "location_as_stated_by_source": "76513, Belton, TX, US",
      "observed_on": "2019-07-02",
      "credit_line": "lanechaffin — CC0 1.0 — iNaturalist",
      "colorado_source_evidence": null,
      "plant_id": "common-sunflower",
      "path": "assets/photos/native-helianthus-annuus-2.jpg",
      "bytes": 942020,
      "alt": "Helianthus annuus: Side and rear view of a sunflower head, showing green involucral bracts and a densely hairy stem.",
      "identification_note": "The photo belongs to an iNaturalist research-grade observation identified as the named taxon; source taxon, quality grade, and identifications are retained. Visible morphology was checked for consistency, not treated as an independent botanical determination.  ",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06"
    },
    {
      "taxon": "Helianthus annuus",
      "id": "native-helianthus-annuus-3",
      "file": "assets/photos/native-helianthus-annuus-3.jpeg",
      "source_page": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/124078954",
      "photo_page": "https://www.inaturalist.org/photos/210274752",
      "original_url": "https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/210274752/original.jpeg",
      "download_url": "https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/210274752/original.jpeg",
      "creator": "Michelle W. （鍾偉瑋）",
      "license": "CC BY 4.0",
      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
      "source_description": "Helianthus annuus; Texas, US",
      "date_accessed": "2026-09-06",
      "sha256": "8eab3e1d911929499f52002f67248ecfed8cc0322259357eb83fabc38ecfe161",
      "width": 2048,
      "height": 1367,
      "visual_inspection": {
        "status": "passed",
        "date": "2026-09-06",
        "method": "Human-model inspection of downloaded photographs using labelled contact sheets; each selected image was inspected.",
        "observed_content": "A yellow sunflower head on a leafy shoot with broad, toothed leaves.",
        "distinct_photo": true,
        "image_content_kind": "factual photograph",
        "artificially_generated": false
      },
      "feature": "flowers and leaves",
      "caption": "A yellow sunflower head on a leafy shoot with broad, toothed leaves.",
      "alt_text": "Helianthus annuus: A yellow sunflower head on a leafy shoot with broad, toothed leaves.",
      "changes": "No edits to the downloaded image. Wikimedia may have supplied a scaled thumbnail; original and download URLs are recorded separately. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
      "provider": "iNaturalist",
      "source_attribution": "(c) Michelle W. （鍾偉瑋）, some rights reserved (CC BY)",
      "creator_role": "Named photographer in photo attribution.",
      "license_evidence": "The photo-specific license_code and attribution are preserved in source_metadata.photo from the iNaturalist observations API; license URL uses the corresponding iNaturalist 4.0 or CC0 1.0 license.",
      "species_verification": {
        "method": "The photo belongs to an iNaturalist research-grade observation identified as the named taxon; source taxon, quality grade, and identifications are retained. Visible morphology was checked for consistency, not treated as an independent botanical determination.",
        "source_identified_taxon": "Helianthus annuus",
        "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/124078954",
        "status": "source-identified; visually consistent"
      },
      "location_as_stated_by_source": "Texas, US",
      "observed_on": "2022-06-30",
      "credit_line": "Michelle W. （鍾偉瑋） — CC BY 4.0 — iNaturalist",
      "colorado_source_evidence": null,
      "plant_id": "common-sunflower",
      "path": "assets/photos/native-helianthus-annuus-3.jpeg",
      "bytes": 1559830,
      "alt": "Helianthus annuus: A yellow sunflower head on a leafy shoot with broad, toothed leaves.",
      "identification_note": "The photo belongs to an iNaturalist research-grade observation identified as the named taxon; source taxon, quality grade, and identifications are retained. Visible morphology was checked for consistency, not treated as an independent botanical determination.  ",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06"
    },
    {
      "taxon": "Ambrosia artemisiifolia",
      "id": "native-ambrosia-artemisiifolia-1",
      "file": "assets/photos/native-ambrosia-artemisiifolia-1.jpg",
      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ambrosia_artemisiifolia_15-p.bot-ambro.arte-49.jpg",
      "original_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b3/Ambrosia_artemisiifolia_15-p.bot-ambro.arte-49.jpg",
      "download_url": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Ambrosia_artemisiifolia_15-p.bot-ambro.arte-49.jpg/1920px-Ambrosia_artemisiifolia_15-p.bot-ambro.arte-49.jpg",
      "creator": "Ayotte, Gilles, 1948-",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0",
      "source_description": "Nom français : petite herbe à poux. Nom anglais : common ragweed. Plants en fleur (inflorescence) de petite herbe à poux, en milieu naturel (bord de sentier en milieu ouvert).",
      "date_accessed": "2026-09-06",
      "sha256": "d311725eb32a1205d869b982c56c79604a14c5db36bdedcbe1088758603678ed",
      "width": 1920,
      "height": 1440,
      "source_title": "File:Ambrosia artemisiifolia 15-p.bot-ambro.arte-49.jpg",
      "visual_inspection": {
        "status": "passed",
        "date": "2026-09-06",
        "method": "Human-model inspection of downloaded photographs using labelled contact sheets; each selected image was inspected.",
        "observed_content": "A low stand of common ragweed flowering along the edge of a paved path, with other vegetation nearby.",
        "distinct_photo": true,
        "image_content_kind": "factual photograph",
        "artificially_generated": false
      },
      "feature": "habit and habitat",
      "caption": "A low stand of common ragweed flowering along the edge of a paved path, with other vegetation nearby.",
      "alt_text": "Ambrosia artemisiifolia: A low stand of common ragweed flowering along the edge of a paved path, with other vegetation nearby.",
      "changes": "No edits to the downloaded image. Wikimedia may have supplied a scaled thumbnail; original and download URLs are recorded separately. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
      "provider": "Wikimedia Commons",
      "license_evidence": "Commons imageinfo extmetadata LicenseShortName, LicenseUrl, UsageTerms, Artist, and categories retained in source_metadata.",
      "species_verification": {
        "method": "Wikimedia Commons source file title and species metadata identify the taxon. Visible morphology was checked for consistency, not treated as an independent botanical determination.",
        "source_identified_taxon": "Ambrosia artemisiifolia",
        "source_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ambrosia_artemisiifolia_15-p.bot-ambro.arte-49.jpg",
        "status": "source-identified; visually consistent"
      },
      "location_as_stated_by_source": "Nom français : petite herbe à poux. Nom anglais : common ragweed. Plants en fleur (inflorescence) de petite herbe à poux, en milieu naturel (bord de sentier en milieu ouvert).",
      "observed_on": null,
      "credit_line": "Ayotte, Gilles, 1948- — CC BY-SA 4.0 — Wikimedia Commons",
      "colorado_source_evidence": null,
      "plant_id": "common-ragweed",
      "path": "assets/photos/native-ambrosia-artemisiifolia-1.jpg",
      "bytes": 1389265,
      "alt": "Ambrosia artemisiifolia: A low stand of common ragweed flowering along the edge of a paved path, with other vegetation nearby.",
      "identification_note": "Wikimedia Commons source file title and species metadata identify the taxon. Visible morphology was checked for consistency, not treated as an independent botanical determination.  ",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06",
      "thumbnail": {
        "path": "assets/thumbs/common-ragweed.webp",
        "width": 640,
        "height": 480,
        "sha256": "6df65364a9a1745ad16425ccd8c1bf68d7829eaed6da25080a44e500fa5cdd91",
        "parent_sha256": "d311725eb32a1205d869b982c56c79604a14c5db36bdedcbe1088758603678ed",
        "changes": "Scaled within 640 by 640 pixels, converted to WebP at quality 82 for catalog performance. No crop or generative changes to the file. CSS may crop its catalog display.",
        "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0"
      }
    },
    {
      "taxon": "Ambrosia artemisiifolia",
      "id": "native-ambrosia-artemisiifolia-2",
      "file": "assets/photos/native-ambrosia-artemisiifolia-2.jpg",
      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ambrosia_artemisiifolia_leaf.jpg",
      "original_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c9/Ambrosia_artemisiifolia_leaf.jpg",
      "download_url": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Ambrosia_artemisiifolia_leaf.jpg/1920px-Ambrosia_artemisiifolia_leaf.jpg",
      "creator": "Meneerke bloem",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0",
      "source_description": "Ambrosia artemisiifolia leaf",
      "date_accessed": "2026-09-06",
      "sha256": "b3243a5c9c9ad543bda798e36cc35a93890b0be09068a5276a926ec721b9de41",
      "width": 1920,
      "height": 1440,
      "source_title": "File:Ambrosia artemisiifolia leaf.jpg",
      "visual_inspection": {
        "status": "passed",
        "date": "2026-09-06",
        "method": "Human-model inspection of downloaded photographs using labelled contact sheets; each selected image was inspected.",
        "observed_content": "Several deeply divided green ragweed leaves viewed from above.",
        "distinct_photo": true,
        "image_content_kind": "factual photograph",
        "artificially_generated": false
      },
      "feature": "leaves",
      "caption": "Several deeply divided green ragweed leaves viewed from above.",
      "alt_text": "Ambrosia artemisiifolia: Several deeply divided green ragweed leaves viewed from above.",
      "changes": "No edits to the downloaded image. Wikimedia may have supplied a scaled thumbnail; original and download URLs are recorded separately. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
      "provider": "Wikimedia Commons",
      "license_evidence": "Commons imageinfo extmetadata LicenseShortName, LicenseUrl, UsageTerms, Artist, and categories retained in source_metadata.",
      "species_verification": {
        "method": "Wikimedia Commons source file title and species metadata identify the taxon. Visible morphology was checked for consistency, not treated as an independent botanical determination.",
        "source_identified_taxon": "Ambrosia artemisiifolia",
        "source_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ambrosia_artemisiifolia_leaf.jpg",
        "status": "source-identified; visually consistent"
      },
      "location_as_stated_by_source": "Ambrosia artemisiifolia leaf",
      "observed_on": "2013-09-23",
      "credit_line": "Meneerke bloem — CC BY-SA 3.0 — Wikimedia Commons",
      "colorado_source_evidence": null,
      "plant_id": "common-ragweed",
      "path": "assets/photos/native-ambrosia-artemisiifolia-2.jpg",
      "bytes": 625584,
      "alt": "Ambrosia artemisiifolia: Several deeply divided green ragweed leaves viewed from above.",
      "identification_note": "Wikimedia Commons source file title and species metadata identify the taxon. Visible morphology was checked for consistency, not treated as an independent botanical determination.  ",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06"
    },
    {
      "taxon": "Ambrosia artemisiifolia",
      "id": "native-ambrosia-artemisiifolia-3",
      "file": "assets/photos/native-ambrosia-artemisiifolia-3.jpg",
      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ambrosia_artemisiifolia_sl6.jpg",
      "original_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e7/Ambrosia_artemisiifolia_sl6.jpg",
      "download_url": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Ambrosia_artemisiifolia_sl6.jpg/960px-Ambrosia_artemisiifolia_sl6.jpg",
      "creator": "Stefan.lefnaer",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0",
      "source_description": "Inflorescence (detail) with male flower heads\nTaxonym: Ambrosia artemisiifolia ss Fischer et al. EfÖLS 2008 ISBN 978-3-85474-187-9\nLocation: Wasserpark, Vienna-Floridsdorf - ca. 160 m a.s.l.\n\nHabitat: ruderal area",
      "date_accessed": "2026-09-06",
      "sha256": "704412871d0553b078469f9bb214083e768409a923ebc28c414367dd3117a365",
      "width": 960,
      "height": 2080,
      "source_title": "File:Ambrosia artemisiifolia sl6.jpg",
      "visual_inspection": {
        "status": "passed",
        "date": "2026-09-06",
        "method": "Human-model inspection of downloaded photographs using labelled contact sheets; each selected image was inspected.",
        "observed_content": "Close view of a terminal raceme of small green male flower heads; the source photo includes a 5 mm scale.",
        "distinct_photo": true,
        "image_content_kind": "factual photograph",
        "artificially_generated": false
      },
      "feature": "flower detail",
      "caption": "Close view of a terminal raceme of small green male flower heads; the source photo includes a 5 mm scale.",
      "alt_text": "Ambrosia artemisiifolia: Close view of a terminal raceme of small green male flower heads; the source photo includes a 5 mm scale.",
      "changes": "No edits to the downloaded image. Wikimedia may have supplied a scaled thumbnail; original and download URLs are recorded separately. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
      "provider": "Wikimedia Commons",
      "license_evidence": "Commons imageinfo extmetadata LicenseShortName, LicenseUrl, UsageTerms, Artist, and categories retained in source_metadata.",
      "species_verification": {
        "method": "Wikimedia Commons source file title and species metadata identify the taxon. Visible morphology was checked for consistency, not treated as an independent botanical determination.",
        "source_identified_taxon": "Ambrosia artemisiifolia",
        "source_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ambrosia_artemisiifolia_sl6.jpg",
        "status": "source-identified; visually consistent"
      },
      "location_as_stated_by_source": "Inflorescence (detail) with male flower heads\nTaxonym: Ambrosia artemisiifolia ss Fischer et al. EfÖLS 2008 ISBN 978-3-85474-187-9\nLocation: Wasserpark, Vienna-Floridsdorf - ca. 160 m a.s.l.\n\nHabitat: ruderal area",
      "observed_on": "2016-09-07 19:53:36",
      "credit_line": "Stefan.lefnaer — CC BY-SA 4.0 — Wikimedia Commons",
      "colorado_source_evidence": null,
      "plant_id": "common-ragweed",
      "path": "assets/photos/native-ambrosia-artemisiifolia-3.jpg",
      "bytes": 295827,
      "alt": "Ambrosia artemisiifolia: Close view of a terminal raceme of small green male flower heads; the source photo includes a 5 mm scale.",
      "identification_note": "Wikimedia Commons source file title and species metadata identify the taxon. Visible morphology was checked for consistency, not treated as an independent botanical determination.  ",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06"
    },
    {
      "taxon": "Solanum rostratum",
      "id": "native-solanum-rostratum-1",
      "file": "assets/photos/native-solanum-rostratum-1.jpg",
      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ayohuiztle_(Solanum_rostratum),_hoja.jpg",
      "original_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/59/Ayohuiztle_%28Solanum_rostratum%29%2C_hoja.jpg",
      "download_url": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Ayohuiztle_%28Solanum_rostratum%29%2C_hoja.jpg/1920px-Ayohuiztle_%28Solanum_rostratum%29%2C_hoja.jpg",
      "creator": "Juan Carlos Fonseca Mata",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0",
      "source_description": "Ayohuiztle o Solanum rostratum (Familia: Solanaceae), visto en Irapuato, México.",
      "date_accessed": "2026-09-06",
      "sha256": "43638eed0cf2e692ed1e29cccd78a18dde0e8421fefdde43f42aa8eb3f5a54e9",
      "width": 1920,
      "height": 1921,
      "source_title": "File:Ayohuiztle (Solanum rostratum), hoja.jpg",
      "visual_inspection": {
        "status": "passed",
        "date": "2026-09-06",
        "method": "Human-model inspection of downloaded photographs using labelled contact sheets; each selected image was inspected.",
        "observed_content": "Deeply lobed leaves and prickly stems, with a yellow flower visible at the edge.",
        "distinct_photo": true,
        "image_content_kind": "factual photograph",
        "artificially_generated": false
      },
      "feature": "leaves and prickles",
      "caption": "Deeply lobed leaves and prickly stems, with a yellow flower visible at the edge.",
      "alt_text": "Solanum rostratum: Deeply lobed leaves and prickly stems, with a yellow flower visible at the edge.",
      "changes": "No edits to the downloaded image. Wikimedia may have supplied a scaled thumbnail; original and download URLs are recorded separately. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
      "provider": "Wikimedia Commons",
      "license_evidence": "Commons imageinfo extmetadata LicenseShortName, LicenseUrl, UsageTerms, Artist, and categories retained in source_metadata.",
      "species_verification": {
        "method": "Wikimedia Commons source file title and species metadata identify the taxon. Visible morphology was checked for consistency, not treated as an independent botanical determination.",
        "source_identified_taxon": "Solanum rostratum",
        "source_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ayohuiztle_(Solanum_rostratum),_hoja.jpg",
        "status": "source-identified; visually consistent"
      },
      "location_as_stated_by_source": "Ayohuiztle o Solanum rostratum (Familia: Solanaceae), visto en Irapuato, México.",
      "observed_on": "2024-08-07 13:24:45",
      "credit_line": "Juan Carlos Fonseca Mata — CC BY-SA 4.0 — Wikimedia Commons",
      "colorado_source_evidence": null,
      "plant_id": "buffalobur",
      "path": "assets/photos/native-solanum-rostratum-1.jpg",
      "bytes": 969517,
      "alt": "Solanum rostratum: Deeply lobed leaves and prickly stems, with a yellow flower visible at the edge.",
      "identification_note": "Wikimedia Commons source file title and species metadata identify the taxon. Visible morphology was checked for consistency, not treated as an independent botanical determination.  ",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06",
      "thumbnail": {
        "path": "assets/thumbs/buffalobur.webp",
        "width": 640,
        "height": 640,
        "sha256": "85efeb50f4cab78b84983dd6220b0bb4191de04b20289d2db1526c65d193b608",
        "parent_sha256": "43638eed0cf2e692ed1e29cccd78a18dde0e8421fefdde43f42aa8eb3f5a54e9",
        "changes": "Scaled within 640 by 640 pixels, converted to WebP at quality 82 for catalog performance. No crop or generative changes to the file. CSS may crop its catalog display.",
        "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0"
      }
    },
    {
      "taxon": "Solanum rostratum",
      "id": "native-solanum-rostratum-2",
      "file": "assets/photos/native-solanum-rostratum-2.jpg",
      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Buffalo_berry_Solanum_rostratum_flower_close.jpg",
      "original_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/55/Buffalo_berry_Solanum_rostratum_flower_close.jpg",
      "download_url": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Buffalo_berry_Solanum_rostratum_flower_close.jpg/960px-Buffalo_berry_Solanum_rostratum_flower_close.jpg",
      "creator": "Dcrjsr",
      "license": "CC BY 4.0",
      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0",
      "source_description": "Buffalo bur, or buffalo berry (Solanum rostratum) yellow flower, close. At 6,600 ft (2,000 m) on Eastern slope of the Sierra Nevada, in Mono County CA.",
      "date_accessed": "2026-09-06",
      "sha256": "81b11c268ecf5af0838c5df4afd060b60b90a06e5f4edd173c38d5f68f53d992",
      "width": 960,
      "height": 767,
      "source_title": "File:Buffalo berry Solanum rostratum flower close.jpg",
      "visual_inspection": {
        "status": "passed",
        "date": "2026-09-06",
        "method": "Human-model inspection of downloaded photographs using labelled contact sheets; each selected image was inspected.",
        "observed_content": "Side view of a yellow buffalo-bur flower showing unequal stamens, hairy buds, and conspicuous prickles.",
        "distinct_photo": true,
        "image_content_kind": "factual photograph",
        "artificially_generated": false
      },
      "feature": "flower detail",
      "caption": "Side view of a yellow buffalo-bur flower showing unequal stamens, hairy buds, and conspicuous prickles.",
      "alt_text": "Solanum rostratum: Side view of a yellow buffalo-bur flower showing unequal stamens, hairy buds, and conspicuous prickles.",
      "changes": "No edits to the downloaded image. Wikimedia may have supplied a scaled thumbnail; original and download URLs are recorded separately. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
      "provider": "Wikimedia Commons",
      "license_evidence": "Commons imageinfo extmetadata LicenseShortName, LicenseUrl, UsageTerms, Artist, and categories retained in source_metadata.",
      "species_verification": {
        "method": "Wikimedia Commons source file title and species metadata identify the taxon. Visible morphology was checked for consistency, not treated as an independent botanical determination.",
        "source_identified_taxon": "Solanum rostratum",
        "source_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Buffalo_berry_Solanum_rostratum_flower_close.jpg",
        "status": "source-identified; visually consistent"
      },
      "location_as_stated_by_source": "Buffalo bur, or buffalo berry (Solanum rostratum) yellow flower, close. At 6,600 ft (2,000 m) on Eastern slope of the Sierra Nevada, in Mono County CA.",
      "observed_on": "2015-07-11 18:56:19",
      "credit_line": "Dcrjsr — CC BY 4.0 — Wikimedia Commons",
      "colorado_source_evidence": null,
      "plant_id": "buffalobur",
      "path": "assets/photos/native-solanum-rostratum-2.jpg",
      "bytes": 81818,
      "alt": "Solanum rostratum: Side view of a yellow buffalo-bur flower showing unequal stamens, hairy buds, and conspicuous prickles.",
      "identification_note": "Wikimedia Commons source file title and species metadata identify the taxon. Visible morphology was checked for consistency, not treated as an independent botanical determination.  ",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06"
    },
    {
      "taxon": "Solanum rostratum",
      "id": "native-solanum-rostratum-3",
      "file": "assets/photos/native-solanum-rostratum-3.jpg",
      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Buffalo_berry_Solanum_rostratum_plant.jpg",
      "original_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d0/Buffalo_berry_Solanum_rostratum_plant.jpg",
      "download_url": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Buffalo_berry_Solanum_rostratum_plant.jpg/1920px-Buffalo_berry_Solanum_rostratum_plant.jpg",
      "creator": "Dcrjsr",
      "license": "CC BY 4.0",
      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0",
      "source_description": "Buffalo berry (Solanum rostratum) plant, with leaves, flowers, and fruit. At 6,600 ft (2,000 m) on Eastern slope of the Sierra Nevada, in Mono County CA.",
      "date_accessed": "2026-09-06",
      "sha256": "02acf6f3ab8ec98d5e08c97705b32b7faccbaa369fd0c50b521d36fdefc6e2a0",
      "width": 1920,
      "height": 1515,
      "source_title": "File:Buffalo berry Solanum rostratum plant.jpg",
      "visual_inspection": {
        "status": "passed",
        "date": "2026-09-06",
        "method": "Human-model inspection of downloaded photographs using labelled contact sheets; each selected image was inspected.",
        "observed_content": "A spreading buffalo-bur plant in rocky soil, with lobed leaves, yellow flowers, and spiny fruiting structures.",
        "distinct_photo": true,
        "image_content_kind": "factual photograph",
        "artificially_generated": false
      },
      "feature": "whole plant",
      "caption": "A spreading buffalo-bur plant in rocky soil, with lobed leaves, yellow flowers, and spiny fruiting structures.",
      "alt_text": "Solanum rostratum: A spreading buffalo-bur plant in rocky soil, with lobed leaves, yellow flowers, and spiny fruiting structures.",
      "changes": "No edits to the downloaded image. Wikimedia may have supplied a scaled thumbnail; original and download URLs are recorded separately. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
      "provider": "Wikimedia Commons",
      "license_evidence": "Commons imageinfo extmetadata LicenseShortName, LicenseUrl, UsageTerms, Artist, and categories retained in source_metadata.",
      "species_verification": {
        "method": "Wikimedia Commons source file title and species metadata identify the taxon. Visible morphology was checked for consistency, not treated as an independent botanical determination.",
        "source_identified_taxon": "Solanum rostratum",
        "source_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Buffalo_berry_Solanum_rostratum_plant.jpg",
        "status": "source-identified; visually consistent"
      },
      "location_as_stated_by_source": "Buffalo berry (Solanum rostratum) plant, with leaves, flowers, and fruit. At 6,600 ft (2,000 m) on Eastern slope of the Sierra Nevada, in Mono County CA.",
      "observed_on": "2015-07-11 18:55:37",
      "credit_line": "Dcrjsr — CC BY 4.0 — Wikimedia Commons",
      "colorado_source_evidence": null,
      "plant_id": "buffalobur",
      "path": "assets/photos/native-solanum-rostratum-3.jpg",
      "bytes": 523482,
      "alt": "Solanum rostratum: A spreading buffalo-bur plant in rocky soil, with lobed leaves, yellow flowers, and spiny fruiting structures.",
      "identification_note": "Wikimedia Commons source file title and species metadata identify the taxon. Visible morphology was checked for consistency, not treated as an independent botanical determination.  ",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06"
    },
    {
      "taxon": "Hordeum jubatum",
      "id": "native-hordeum-jubatum-1",
      "file": "assets/photos/native-hordeum-jubatum-1.jpg",
      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Hordeum_jubatum,_Refugio_Nacional_de_Vida_Silvestre_Tetlin,_Alaska,_Estados_Unidos,_2017-08-24,_DD_33.jpg",
      "original_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a2/Hordeum_jubatum%2C_Refugio_Nacional_de_Vida_Silvestre_Tetlin%2C_Alaska%2C_Estados_Unidos%2C_2017-08-24%2C_DD_33.jpg",
      "download_url": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Hordeum_jubatum%2C_Refugio_Nacional_de_Vida_Silvestre_Tetlin%2C_Alaska%2C_Estados_Unidos%2C_2017-08-24%2C_DD_33.jpg/1920px-Hordeum_jubatum%2C_Refugio_Nacional_de_Vida_Silvestre_Tetlin%2C_Alaska%2C_Estados_Unidos%2C_2017-08-24%2C_DD_33.jpg",
      "creator": "Diego Delso",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0",
      "source_description": "Hordeum jubatum, Tetlin National Wildlife Refuge, Alaska, United States",
      "date_accessed": "2026-09-06",
      "sha256": "e069f19bddfc9d074a5b9c759d8e95e2911bbbdb97152f5827039074381b141b",
      "width": 1920,
      "height": 2880,
      "source_title": "File:Hordeum jubatum, Refugio Nacional de Vida Silvestre Tetlin, Alaska, Estados Unidos, 2017-08-24, DD 33.jpg",
      "visual_inspection": {
        "status": "passed",
        "date": "2026-09-06",
        "method": "Human-model inspection of downloaded photographs using labelled contact sheets; each selected image was inspected.",
        "observed_content": "A tuft of foxtail barley with slender leaves and pale pink, long-awned heads.",
        "distinct_photo": true,
        "image_content_kind": "factual photograph",
        "artificially_generated": false
      },
      "feature": "whole plant",
      "caption": "A tuft of foxtail barley with slender leaves and pale pink, long-awned heads.",
      "alt_text": "Hordeum jubatum: A tuft of foxtail barley with slender leaves and pale pink, long-awned heads.",
      "changes": "No edits to the downloaded image. Wikimedia may have supplied a scaled thumbnail; original and download URLs are recorded separately. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
      "provider": "Wikimedia Commons",
      "license_evidence": "Commons imageinfo extmetadata LicenseShortName, LicenseUrl, UsageTerms, Artist, and categories retained in source_metadata.",
      "species_verification": {
        "method": "Wikimedia Commons source file title and species metadata identify the taxon. Visible morphology was checked for consistency, not treated as an independent botanical determination.",
        "source_identified_taxon": "Hordeum jubatum",
        "source_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Hordeum_jubatum,_Refugio_Nacional_de_Vida_Silvestre_Tetlin,_Alaska,_Estados_Unidos,_2017-08-24,_DD_33.jpg",
        "status": "source-identified; visually consistent"
      },
      "location_as_stated_by_source": "Hordeum jubatum, Tetlin National Wildlife Refuge, Alaska, United States",
      "observed_on": "2017-08-24 14:03:59",
      "credit_line": "Diego Delso — CC BY-SA 4.0 — Wikimedia Commons",
      "colorado_source_evidence": null,
      "plant_id": "foxtail-barley",
      "path": "assets/photos/native-hordeum-jubatum-1.jpg",
      "bytes": 1980137,
      "alt": "Hordeum jubatum: A tuft of foxtail barley with slender leaves and pale pink, long-awned heads.",
      "identification_note": "Wikimedia Commons source file title and species metadata identify the taxon. Visible morphology was checked for consistency, not treated as an independent botanical determination.  ",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06",
      "thumbnail": {
        "path": "assets/thumbs/foxtail-barley.webp",
        "width": 427,
        "height": 640,
        "sha256": "b628961fc3c5052f02317c0c2d80208a4af36969e73e22bce5130be378563cad",
        "parent_sha256": "e069f19bddfc9d074a5b9c759d8e95e2911bbbdb97152f5827039074381b141b",
        "changes": "Scaled within 640 by 640 pixels, converted to WebP at quality 82 for catalog performance. No crop or generative changes to the file. CSS may crop its catalog display.",
        "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0"
      }
    },
    {
      "taxon": "Hordeum jubatum",
      "id": "native-hordeum-jubatum-2",
      "file": "assets/photos/native-hordeum-jubatum-2.jpg",
      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Hordeum_jubatum_15-p.bot-horde.jubatu-04.jpg",
      "original_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4e/Hordeum_jubatum_15-p.bot-horde.jubatu-04.jpg",
      "download_url": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Hordeum_jubatum_15-p.bot-horde.jubatu-04.jpg/960px-Hordeum_jubatum_15-p.bot-horde.jubatu-04.jpg",
      "creator": "Ayotte, Gilles, 1948-",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0",
      "source_description": "Nom français : orge queue-d'écureuil. Nom anglais : foxtail barley. Gaine foliaire, ligule et base du limbe d'orge queue-d'écureuil.",
      "date_accessed": "2026-09-06",
      "sha256": "68857ef431542b62f32eb0c330cc2746b2201015f5cc195cd0599f6b162da00b",
      "width": 960,
      "height": 2277,
      "source_title": "File:Hordeum jubatum 15-p.bot-horde.jubatu-04.jpg",
      "visual_inspection": {
        "status": "passed",
        "date": "2026-09-06",
        "method": "Human-model inspection of downloaded photographs using labelled contact sheets; each selected image was inspected.",
        "observed_content": "Close view of the leaf sheath and blade junction, including the membranous ligule.",
        "distinct_photo": true,
        "image_content_kind": "factual photograph",
        "artificially_generated": false
      },
      "feature": "leaf junction detail",
      "caption": "Close view of the leaf sheath and blade junction, including the membranous ligule.",
      "alt_text": "Hordeum jubatum: Close view of the leaf sheath and blade junction, including the membranous ligule.",
      "changes": "No edits to the downloaded image. Wikimedia may have supplied a scaled thumbnail; original and download URLs are recorded separately. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
      "provider": "Wikimedia Commons",
      "license_evidence": "Commons imageinfo extmetadata LicenseShortName, LicenseUrl, UsageTerms, Artist, and categories retained in source_metadata.",
      "species_verification": {
        "method": "Wikimedia Commons source file title and species metadata identify the taxon. Visible morphology was checked for consistency, not treated as an independent botanical determination.",
        "source_identified_taxon": "Hordeum jubatum",
        "source_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Hordeum_jubatum_15-p.bot-horde.jubatu-04.jpg",
        "status": "source-identified; visually consistent"
      },
      "location_as_stated_by_source": "Nom français : orge queue-d'écureuil. Nom anglais : foxtail barley. Gaine foliaire, ligule et base du limbe d'orge queue-d'écureuil.",
      "observed_on": null,
      "credit_line": "Ayotte, Gilles, 1948- — CC BY-SA 4.0 — Wikimedia Commons",
      "colorado_source_evidence": null,
      "plant_id": "foxtail-barley",
      "path": "assets/photos/native-hordeum-jubatum-2.jpg",
      "bytes": 230843,
      "alt": "Hordeum jubatum: Close view of the leaf sheath and blade junction, including the membranous ligule.",
      "identification_note": "Wikimedia Commons source file title and species metadata identify the taxon. Visible morphology was checked for consistency, not treated as an independent botanical determination.  ",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06"
    },
    {
      "taxon": "Hordeum jubatum",
      "id": "native-hordeum-jubatum-3",
      "file": "assets/photos/native-hordeum-jubatum-3.jpg",
      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Hordeum_jubatum_15-p.bot-horde.jubatu-17.jpg",
      "original_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/91/Hordeum_jubatum_15-p.bot-horde.jubatu-17.jpg",
      "download_url": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Hordeum_jubatum_15-p.bot-horde.jubatu-17.jpg/1920px-Hordeum_jubatum_15-p.bot-horde.jubatu-17.jpg",
      "creator": "Ayotte, Gilles, 1948-",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0",
      "source_description": "Nom français : orge queue-d'écureuil. Nom anglais : foxtail barley. Semence (épillet) d'orge queue-d'écureuil, sur règle en mm.",
      "date_accessed": "2026-09-06",
      "sha256": "9b7f3f6894c34152537375e297b4b4545845d60954374ae5ff0393d16b57de12",
      "width": 1920,
      "height": 1440,
      "source_title": "File:Hordeum jubatum 15-p.bot-horde.jubatu-17.jpg",
      "visual_inspection": {
        "status": "passed",
        "date": "2026-09-06",
        "method": "Human-model inspection of downloaded photographs using labelled contact sheets; each selected image was inspected.",
        "observed_content": "A detached awned spikelet photographed against a millimetre ruler.",
        "distinct_photo": true,
        "image_content_kind": "factual photograph",
        "artificially_generated": false
      },
      "feature": "seed structure",
      "caption": "A detached awned spikelet photographed against a millimetre ruler.",
      "alt_text": "Hordeum jubatum: A detached awned spikelet photographed against a millimetre ruler.",
      "changes": "No edits to the downloaded image. Wikimedia may have supplied a scaled thumbnail; original and download URLs are recorded separately. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
      "provider": "Wikimedia Commons",
      "license_evidence": "Commons imageinfo extmetadata LicenseShortName, LicenseUrl, UsageTerms, Artist, and categories retained in source_metadata.",
      "species_verification": {
        "method": "Wikimedia Commons source file title and species metadata identify the taxon. Visible morphology was checked for consistency, not treated as an independent botanical determination.",
        "source_identified_taxon": "Hordeum jubatum",
        "source_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Hordeum_jubatum_15-p.bot-horde.jubatu-17.jpg",
        "status": "source-identified; visually consistent"
      },
      "location_as_stated_by_source": "Nom français : orge queue-d'écureuil. Nom anglais : foxtail barley. Semence (épillet) d'orge queue-d'écureuil, sur règle en mm.",
      "observed_on": null,
      "credit_line": "Ayotte, Gilles, 1948- — CC BY-SA 4.0 — Wikimedia Commons",
      "colorado_source_evidence": null,
      "plant_id": "foxtail-barley",
      "path": "assets/photos/native-hordeum-jubatum-3.jpg",
      "bytes": 314066,
      "alt": "Hordeum jubatum: A detached awned spikelet photographed against a millimetre ruler.",
      "identification_note": "Wikimedia Commons source file title and species metadata identify the taxon. Visible morphology was checked for consistency, not treated as an independent botanical determination.  ",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06"
    },
    {
      "taxon": "Artemisia ludoviciana",
      "id": "native-artemisia-ludoviciana-1",
      "file": "assets/photos/native-artemisia-ludoviciana-1.jpg",
      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Artemisia_ludoviciana_(4022881472).jpg",
      "original_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/92/Artemisia_ludoviciana_%284022881472%29.jpg",
      "download_url": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Artemisia_ludoviciana_%284022881472%29.jpg/1920px-Artemisia_ludoviciana_%284022881472%29.jpg",
      "creator": "Matt Lavin from Bozeman, Montana, USA",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 2.0",
      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0",
      "source_description": "The leaves may be dissected and when highly lobed, the plants may be referred to as variety incompta.",
      "date_accessed": "2026-09-06",
      "sha256": "edf8ccc6c57d2814b0a37676501b369f38973fe9c9cbddb912d1ca448b4434d1",
      "width": 1920,
      "height": 1440,
      "source_title": "File:Artemisia ludoviciana (4022881472).jpg",
      "visual_inspection": {
        "status": "passed",
        "date": "2026-09-06",
        "method": "Human-model inspection of downloaded photographs using labelled contact sheets; each selected image was inspected.",
        "observed_content": "Dense, silvery foliage with narrow leaves, some divided into slender lobes.",
        "distinct_photo": true,
        "image_content_kind": "factual photograph",
        "artificially_generated": false
      },
      "feature": "leaves",
      "caption": "Dense, silvery foliage with narrow leaves, some divided into slender lobes.",
      "alt_text": "Artemisia ludoviciana: Dense, silvery foliage with narrow leaves, some divided into slender lobes.",
      "changes": "No edits to the downloaded image. Wikimedia may have supplied a scaled thumbnail; original and download URLs are recorded separately. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
      "provider": "Wikimedia Commons",
      "license_evidence": "Commons imageinfo extmetadata LicenseShortName, LicenseUrl, UsageTerms, Artist, and categories retained in source_metadata.",
      "species_verification": {
        "method": "Wikimedia Commons source file title and species metadata identify the taxon. Visible morphology was checked for consistency, not treated as an independent botanical determination.",
        "source_identified_taxon": "Artemisia ludoviciana",
        "source_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Artemisia_ludoviciana_(4022881472).jpg",
        "status": "source-identified; visually consistent"
      },
      "location_as_stated_by_source": "The leaves may be dissected and when highly lobed, the plants may be referred to as variety incompta.",
      "observed_on": "2009-08-18 10:57",
      "credit_line": "Matt Lavin from Bozeman, Montana, USA — CC BY-SA 2.0 — Wikimedia Commons",
      "colorado_source_evidence": null,
      "plant_id": "prairie-sage",
      "path": "assets/photos/native-artemisia-ludoviciana-1.jpg",
      "bytes": 629573,
      "alt": "Artemisia ludoviciana: Dense, silvery foliage with narrow leaves, some divided into slender lobes.",
      "identification_note": "Wikimedia Commons source file title and species metadata identify the taxon. Visible morphology was checked for consistency, not treated as an independent botanical determination.  ",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06",
      "thumbnail": {
        "path": "assets/thumbs/prairie-sage.webp",
        "width": 640,
        "height": 480,
        "sha256": "715f3f9caedaa37d0e8f6e44b49f84b65f836220d7e4e1bc62653e0700bb6c09",
        "parent_sha256": "edf8ccc6c57d2814b0a37676501b369f38973fe9c9cbddb912d1ca448b4434d1",
        "changes": "Scaled within 640 by 640 pixels, converted to WebP at quality 82 for catalog performance. No crop or generative changes to the file. CSS may crop its catalog display.",
        "license": "CC BY-SA 2.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0"
      }
    },
    {
      "taxon": "Artemisia ludoviciana",
      "id": "native-artemisia-ludoviciana-2",
      "file": "assets/photos/native-artemisia-ludoviciana-2.jpg",
      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Artemisia_ludoviciana_ssp._incompta_(8001060861).jpg",
      "original_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8f/Artemisia_ludoviciana_ssp._incompta_%288001060861%29.jpg",
      "download_url": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Artemisia_ludoviciana_ssp._incompta_%288001060861%29.jpg/1920px-Artemisia_ludoviciana_ssp._incompta_%288001060861%29.jpg",
      "creator": "Matt Lavin from Bozeman, Montana, USA",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 2.0",
      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0",
      "source_description": "Like other herbaceous and subshrubby Artemisia, this species has a predilection for disturbance-prone settings. At higher elevations in this area this species integrades seemingly imperceptly into Artemisia michauxiana, which has more slender and greener leaf divisions.",
      "date_accessed": "2026-09-06",
      "sha256": "b78fe71a719ad72137bcb6dee6ba76ff4358e35faba4caff97d9da241537947a",
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      "height": 1440,
      "source_title": "File:Artemisia ludoviciana ssp. incompta (8001060861).jpg",
      "visual_inspection": {
        "status": "passed",
        "date": "2026-09-06",
        "method": "Human-model inspection of downloaded photographs using labelled contact sheets; each selected image was inspected.",
        "observed_content": "A broad patch of upright silvery stems and narrow flowering stalks in a rocky woodland opening.",
        "distinct_photo": true,
        "image_content_kind": "factual photograph",
        "artificially_generated": false
      },
      "feature": "habit and habitat",
      "caption": "A broad patch of upright silvery stems and narrow flowering stalks in a rocky woodland opening.",
      "alt_text": "Artemisia ludoviciana: A broad patch of upright silvery stems and narrow flowering stalks in a rocky woodland opening.",
      "changes": "No edits to the downloaded image. Wikimedia may have supplied a scaled thumbnail; original and download URLs are recorded separately. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
      "provider": "Wikimedia Commons",
      "license_evidence": "Commons imageinfo extmetadata LicenseShortName, LicenseUrl, UsageTerms, Artist, and categories retained in source_metadata.",
      "species_verification": {
        "method": "Wikimedia Commons source file title and species metadata identify the taxon. Visible morphology was checked for consistency, not treated as an independent botanical determination.",
        "source_identified_taxon": "Artemisia ludoviciana",
        "source_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Artemisia_ludoviciana_ssp._incompta_(8001060861).jpg",
        "status": "source-identified; visually consistent"
      },
      "location_as_stated_by_source": "Like other herbaceous and subshrubby Artemisia, this species has a predilection for disturbance-prone settings. At higher elevations in this area this species integrades seemingly imperceptly into Artemisia michauxiana, which has more slender and greener leaf divisions.",
      "observed_on": "2012-08-05 12:36",
      "credit_line": "Matt Lavin from Bozeman, Montana, USA — CC BY-SA 2.0 — Wikimedia Commons",
      "colorado_source_evidence": null,
      "plant_id": "prairie-sage",
      "path": "assets/photos/native-artemisia-ludoviciana-2.jpg",
      "bytes": 1279209,
      "alt": "Artemisia ludoviciana: A broad patch of upright silvery stems and narrow flowering stalks in a rocky woodland opening.",
      "identification_note": "Wikimedia Commons source file title and species metadata identify the taxon. Visible morphology was checked for consistency, not treated as an independent botanical determination.  ",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06"
    },
    {
      "taxon": "Artemisia ludoviciana",
      "id": "native-artemisia-ludoviciana-3",
      "file": "assets/photos/native-artemisia-ludoviciana-3.jpg",
      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Artemisia_ludoviciana_ssp._incompta_-_white_sagebrush_-_Flickr_-_Matt_Lavin_(1).jpg",
      "original_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/82/Artemisia_ludoviciana_ssp._incompta_-_white_sagebrush_-_Flickr_-_Matt_Lavin_%281%29.jpg",
      "download_url": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Artemisia_ludoviciana_ssp._incompta_-_white_sagebrush_-_Flickr_-_Matt_Lavin_%281%29.jpg/1920px-Artemisia_ludoviciana_ssp._incompta_-_white_sagebrush_-_Flickr_-_Matt_Lavin_%281%29.jpg",
      "creator": "Matt Lavin from Bozeman, Montana, USA",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 2.0",
      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0",
      "source_description": "White sagebrush lining the trail and steep rocking faces in the saddle on the west side of Saddle Peak.",
      "date_accessed": "2026-09-06",
      "sha256": "aebc473403964b8a528105e3cd9b621fbd4d5b04d17d6890afd5832267604ba7",
      "width": 1920,
      "height": 1440,
      "source_title": "File:Artemisia ludoviciana ssp. incompta - white sagebrush - Flickr - Matt Lavin (1).jpg",
      "visual_inspection": {
        "status": "passed",
        "date": "2026-09-06",
        "method": "Human-model inspection of downloaded photographs using labelled contact sheets; each selected image was inspected.",
        "observed_content": "A clump on a rocky slope, showing leafy stems topped by narrow branched flower stalks.",
        "distinct_photo": true,
        "image_content_kind": "factual photograph",
        "artificially_generated": false
      },
      "feature": "flowering habit",
      "caption": "A clump on a rocky slope, showing leafy stems topped by narrow branched flower stalks.",
      "alt_text": "Artemisia ludoviciana: A clump on a rocky slope, showing leafy stems topped by narrow branched flower stalks.",
      "changes": "No edits to the downloaded image. Wikimedia may have supplied a scaled thumbnail; original and download URLs are recorded separately. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
      "provider": "Wikimedia Commons",
      "license_evidence": "Commons imageinfo extmetadata LicenseShortName, LicenseUrl, UsageTerms, Artist, and categories retained in source_metadata.",
      "species_verification": {
        "method": "Wikimedia Commons source file title and species metadata identify the taxon. Visible morphology was checked for consistency, not treated as an independent botanical determination.",
        "source_identified_taxon": "Artemisia ludoviciana",
        "source_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Artemisia_ludoviciana_ssp._incompta_-_white_sagebrush_-_Flickr_-_Matt_Lavin_(1).jpg",
        "status": "source-identified; visually consistent"
      },
      "location_as_stated_by_source": "White sagebrush lining the trail and steep rocking faces in the saddle on the west side of Saddle Peak.",
      "observed_on": "2020-08-14 01:10",
      "credit_line": "Matt Lavin from Bozeman, Montana, USA — CC BY-SA 2.0 — Wikimedia Commons",
      "colorado_source_evidence": null,
      "plant_id": "prairie-sage",
      "path": "assets/photos/native-artemisia-ludoviciana-3.jpg",
      "bytes": 1371968,
      "alt": "Artemisia ludoviciana: A clump on a rocky slope, showing leafy stems topped by narrow branched flower stalks.",
      "identification_note": "Wikimedia Commons source file title and species metadata identify the taxon. Visible morphology was checked for consistency, not treated as an independent botanical determination.  ",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06"
    },
    {
      "taxon": "Oxytropis sericea",
      "id": "native-oxytropis-sericea-1",
      "file": "assets/photos/native-oxytropis-sericea-1.jpg",
      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Oxytropis_sericea_(7352491560).jpg",
      "original_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/87/Oxytropis_sericea_%287352491560%29.jpg",
      "download_url": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Oxytropis_sericea_%287352491560%29.jpg/1920px-Oxytropis_sericea_%287352491560%29.jpg",
      "creator": "Matt Lavin from Bozeman, Montana, USA",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 2.0",
      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0",
      "source_description": "The congested ascending arrangements of fruits that each open by a distal split is characteristic of most Oxytropis species. The firm hardened pod walls distinguish this species from Oxytropis campestris.",
      "date_accessed": "2026-09-06",
      "sha256": "eb30900609e1b88512c3881f160831e0445384a82f9ad7f68dfb9bbe0f79bca7",
      "width": 1920,
      "height": 1440,
      "source_title": "File:Oxytropis sericea (7352491560).jpg",
      "visual_inspection": {
        "status": "passed",
        "date": "2026-09-06",
        "method": "Human-model inspection of downloaded photographs using labelled contact sheets; each selected image was inspected.",
        "observed_content": "Dry tan pods clustered along a stalk, some split open near their tips.",
        "distinct_photo": true,
        "image_content_kind": "factual photograph",
        "artificially_generated": false
      },
      "feature": "seed pods",
      "caption": "Dry tan pods clustered along a stalk, some split open near their tips.",
      "alt_text": "Oxytropis sericea: Dry tan pods clustered along a stalk, some split open near their tips.",
      "changes": "No edits to the downloaded image. Wikimedia may have supplied a scaled thumbnail; original and download URLs are recorded separately. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
      "provider": "Wikimedia Commons",
      "license_evidence": "Commons imageinfo extmetadata LicenseShortName, LicenseUrl, UsageTerms, Artist, and categories retained in source_metadata.",
      "species_verification": {
        "method": "Wikimedia Commons source file title and species metadata identify the taxon. Visible morphology was checked for consistency, not treated as an independent botanical determination.",
        "source_identified_taxon": "Oxytropis sericea",
        "source_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Oxytropis_sericea_(7352491560).jpg",
        "status": "source-identified; visually consistent"
      },
      "location_as_stated_by_source": "The congested ascending arrangements of fruits that each open by a distal split is characteristic of most Oxytropis species. The firm hardened pod walls distinguish this species from Oxytropis campestris.",
      "observed_on": "2012-06-03 16:12",
      "credit_line": "Matt Lavin from Bozeman, Montana, USA — CC BY-SA 2.0 — Wikimedia Commons",
      "colorado_source_evidence": null,
      "plant_id": "white-locoweed",
      "path": "assets/photos/native-oxytropis-sericea-1.jpg",
      "bytes": 434805,
      "alt": "Oxytropis sericea: Dry tan pods clustered along a stalk, some split open near their tips.",
      "identification_note": "Wikimedia Commons source file title and species metadata identify the taxon. Visible morphology was checked for consistency, not treated as an independent botanical determination.  ",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06",
      "thumbnail": {
        "path": "assets/thumbs/white-locoweed.webp",
        "width": 640,
        "height": 480,
        "sha256": "9d8f5a1acbd024acd3522cc448d4186c42f1cc157f47c6b2f7091bb5602922f8",
        "parent_sha256": "eb30900609e1b88512c3881f160831e0445384a82f9ad7f68dfb9bbe0f79bca7",
        "changes": "Scaled within 640 by 640 pixels, converted to WebP at quality 82 for catalog performance. No crop or generative changes to the file. CSS may crop its catalog display.",
        "license": "CC BY-SA 2.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0"
      }
    },
    {
      "taxon": "Oxytropis sericea",
      "id": "native-oxytropis-sericea-2",
      "file": "assets/photos/native-oxytropis-sericea-2.jpg",
      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Oxytropis_sericea_1.jpg",
      "original_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/74/Oxytropis_sericea_1.jpg",
      "download_url": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Oxytropis_sericea_1.jpg/1920px-Oxytropis_sericea_1.jpg",
      "creator": "Matt Lavin",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 2.0",
      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0",
      "source_description": "Oxytropis sericea  in Montana, USA",
      "date_accessed": "2026-09-06",
      "sha256": "34923d9947b67cf68dcee8401c1ff468d378adc3bf9da751b2a3a5a7266dd673",
      "width": 1920,
      "height": 1440,
      "source_title": "File:Oxytropis sericea 1.jpg",
      "visual_inspection": {
        "status": "passed",
        "date": "2026-09-06",
        "method": "Human-model inspection of downloaded photographs using labelled contact sheets; each selected image was inspected.",
        "observed_content": "A flowering patch with numerous upright clusters of white pea-shaped flowers and pinnate leaves below.",
        "distinct_photo": true,
        "image_content_kind": "factual photograph",
        "artificially_generated": false
      },
      "feature": "flowers and foliage",
      "caption": "A flowering patch with numerous upright clusters of white pea-shaped flowers and pinnate leaves below.",
      "alt_text": "Oxytropis sericea: A flowering patch with numerous upright clusters of white pea-shaped flowers and pinnate leaves below.",
      "changes": "No edits to the downloaded image. Wikimedia may have supplied a scaled thumbnail; original and download URLs are recorded separately. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
      "provider": "Wikimedia Commons",
      "license_evidence": "Commons imageinfo extmetadata LicenseShortName, LicenseUrl, UsageTerms, Artist, and categories retained in source_metadata.",
      "species_verification": {
        "method": "Wikimedia Commons source file title and species metadata identify the taxon. Visible morphology was checked for consistency, not treated as an independent botanical determination.",
        "source_identified_taxon": "Oxytropis sericea",
        "source_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Oxytropis_sericea_1.jpg",
        "status": "source-identified; visually consistent"
      },
      "location_as_stated_by_source": "Oxytropis sericea  in Montana, USA",
      "observed_on": "2010-06-10",
      "credit_line": "Matt Lavin — CC BY-SA 2.0 — Wikimedia Commons",
      "colorado_source_evidence": null,
      "plant_id": "white-locoweed",
      "path": "assets/photos/native-oxytropis-sericea-2.jpg",
      "bytes": 696595,
      "alt": "Oxytropis sericea: A flowering patch with numerous upright clusters of white pea-shaped flowers and pinnate leaves below.",
      "identification_note": "Wikimedia Commons source file title and species metadata identify the taxon. Visible morphology was checked for consistency, not treated as an independent botanical determination.  ",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06"
    },
    {
      "taxon": "Oxytropis sericea",
      "id": "native-oxytropis-sericea-3",
      "file": "assets/photos/native-oxytropis-sericea-3.jpg",
      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Oxytropis_sericea_kz01.jpg",
      "original_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ad/Oxytropis_sericea_kz01.jpg",
      "download_url": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Oxytropis_sericea_kz01.jpg/1920px-Oxytropis_sericea_kz01.jpg",
      "creator": "Kenraiz",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0",
      "source_description": "Oxytropis sericea on Trail Ridge at Alpine Visitor Center (Rocky Mts. National Park), Colorado, USA",
      "date_accessed": "2026-09-06",
      "sha256": "e5b2dd9c901bcc44106a72e8dc66e3bb68e4ef86169a2548278b0f2fb7f41894",
      "width": 1920,
      "height": 2689,
      "source_title": "File:Oxytropis sericea kz01.jpg",
      "visual_inspection": {
        "status": "passed",
        "date": "2026-09-06",
        "method": "Human-model inspection of downloaded photographs using labelled contact sheets; each selected image was inspected.",
        "observed_content": "Low pinnate foliage and several erect stalks of pale flowers growing from gravelly ground.",
        "distinct_photo": true,
        "image_content_kind": "factual photograph",
        "artificially_generated": false
      },
      "feature": "whole plant",
      "caption": "Low pinnate foliage and several erect stalks of pale flowers growing from gravelly ground.",
      "alt_text": "Oxytropis sericea: Low pinnate foliage and several erect stalks of pale flowers growing from gravelly ground.",
      "changes": "No edits to the downloaded image. Wikimedia may have supplied a scaled thumbnail; original and download URLs are recorded separately. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
      "provider": "Wikimedia Commons",
      "license_evidence": "Commons imageinfo extmetadata LicenseShortName, LicenseUrl, UsageTerms, Artist, and categories retained in source_metadata.",
      "species_verification": {
        "method": "Wikimedia Commons source file title and species metadata identify the taxon. Visible morphology was checked for consistency, not treated as an independent botanical determination.",
        "source_identified_taxon": "Oxytropis sericea",
        "source_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Oxytropis_sericea_kz01.jpg",
        "status": "source-identified; visually consistent"
      },
      "location_as_stated_by_source": "Oxytropis sericea on Trail Ridge at Alpine Visitor Center (Rocky Mts. National Park), Colorado, USA",
      "observed_on": "2016-09-06 04:54:30",
      "credit_line": "Kenraiz — CC BY-SA 4.0 — Wikimedia Commons",
      "colorado_source_evidence": "Oxytropis sericea on Trail Ridge at Alpine Visitor Center (Rocky Mts. National Park), Colorado, USA",
      "plant_id": "white-locoweed",
      "path": "assets/photos/native-oxytropis-sericea-3.jpg",
      "bytes": 1676523,
      "alt": "Oxytropis sericea: Low pinnate foliage and several erect stalks of pale flowers growing from gravelly ground.",
      "identification_note": "Wikimedia Commons source file title and species metadata identify the taxon. Visible morphology was checked for consistency, not treated as an independent botanical determination.  ",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06"
    },
    {
      "taxon": "Thermopsis divaricarpa",
      "id": "native-thermopsis-divaricarpa-1",
      "file": "assets/photos/native-thermopsis-divaricarpa-1.jpg",
      "source_page": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/20172084",
      "photo_page": "https://www.inaturalist.org/photos/31122443",
      "original_url": "https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/31122443/original.jpg",
      "download_url": "https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/31122443/original.jpg",
      "creator": "Laura J. Costello",
      "license": "CC BY 4.0",
      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
      "source_description": "Thermopsis divaricarpa; Boulder County, CO, USA",
      "date_accessed": "2026-09-06",
      "sha256": "0489412773c1e097975604e6f2e29a865df7f6422ca15ce2104097602e942e3b",
      "width": 1368,
      "height": 2048,
      "visual_inspection": {
        "status": "passed",
        "date": "2026-09-06",
        "method": "Human-model inspection of downloaded photographs using labelled contact sheets; each selected image was inspected.",
        "observed_content": "An upright shoot with yellow flower buds and emerging flowers above leafy nodes and broad stipules.",
        "distinct_photo": true,
        "image_content_kind": "factual photograph",
        "artificially_generated": false
      },
      "feature": "buds and leaves",
      "caption": "An upright shoot with yellow flower buds and emerging flowers above leafy nodes and broad stipules.",
      "alt_text": "Thermopsis divaricarpa: An upright shoot with yellow flower buds and emerging flowers above leafy nodes and broad stipules.",
      "changes": "No edits to the downloaded image. Wikimedia may have supplied a scaled thumbnail; original and download URLs are recorded separately. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
      "provider": "iNaturalist",
      "source_attribution": "(c) Laura J. Costello, some rights reserved (CC BY)",
      "creator_role": "Named photographer in photo attribution.",
      "license_evidence": "The photo-specific license_code and attribution are preserved in source_metadata.photo from the iNaturalist observations API; license URL uses the corresponding iNaturalist 4.0 or CC0 1.0 license.",
      "species_verification": {
        "method": "The photo belongs to an iNaturalist research-grade observation identified as the named taxon; source taxon, quality grade, and identifications are retained. Visible morphology was checked for consistency, not treated as an independent botanical determination.",
        "source_identified_taxon": "Thermopsis divaricarpa",
        "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/20172084",
        "status": "source-identified; visually consistent",
        "taxonomy_reference": "https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=508157"
      },
      "location_as_stated_by_source": "Boulder County, CO, USA",
      "observed_on": "2018-04-20",
      "credit_line": "Laura J. Costello — CC BY 4.0 — iNaturalist",
      "colorado_source_evidence": "Boulder County, CO, USA",
      "plant_id": "golden-banner",
      "path": "assets/photos/native-thermopsis-divaricarpa-1.jpg",
      "bytes": 270418,
      "alt": "Thermopsis divaricarpa: An upright shoot with yellow flower buds and emerging flowers above leafy nodes and broad stipules.",
      "identification_note": "The photo belongs to an iNaturalist research-grade observation identified as the named taxon; source taxon, quality grade, and identifications are retained. Visible morphology was checked for consistency, not treated as an independent botanical determination.  ",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06",
      "thumbnail": {
        "path": "assets/thumbs/golden-banner.webp",
        "width": 427,
        "height": 640,
        "sha256": "97871aea59b4b1de6201c434b98623943d0fb5f5001ae227bd32354a8cb0846b",
        "parent_sha256": "0489412773c1e097975604e6f2e29a865df7f6422ca15ce2104097602e942e3b",
        "changes": "Scaled within 640 by 640 pixels, converted to WebP at quality 82 for catalog performance. No crop or generative changes to the file. CSS may crop its catalog display.",
        "license": "CC BY 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"
      }
    },
    {
      "taxon": "Thermopsis divaricarpa",
      "id": "native-thermopsis-divaricarpa-2",
      "file": "assets/photos/native-thermopsis-divaricarpa-2.jpg",
      "source_page": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/113455763",
      "photo_page": "https://www.inaturalist.org/photos/191679085",
      "original_url": "https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/191679085/original.jpg",
      "download_url": "https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/191679085/original.jpg",
      "creator": "Shalana Gray",
      "license": "CC BY 4.0",
      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
      "source_description": "Thermopsis divaricarpa; Lindsay-West, Boulder, CO, US",
      "date_accessed": "2026-09-06",
      "sha256": "44aff1dd0468421e00d2c58fc1e7e6f53ab4530bfe4212bb45394d2ea58d0862",
      "width": 2048,
      "height": 1536,
      "visual_inspection": {
        "status": "passed",
        "date": "2026-09-06",
        "method": "Human-model inspection of downloaded photographs using labelled contact sheets; each selected image was inspected.",
        "observed_content": "An upright raceme of open yellow pea-shaped flowers above trifoliate foliage.",
        "distinct_photo": true,
        "image_content_kind": "factual photograph",
        "artificially_generated": false
      },
      "feature": "flowering stem",
      "caption": "An upright raceme of open yellow pea-shaped flowers above trifoliate foliage.",
      "alt_text": "Thermopsis divaricarpa: An upright raceme of open yellow pea-shaped flowers above trifoliate foliage.",
      "changes": "No edits to the downloaded image. Wikimedia may have supplied a scaled thumbnail; original and download URLs are recorded separately. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
      "provider": "iNaturalist",
      "source_attribution": "(c) Shalana Gray, some rights reserved (CC BY)",
      "creator_role": "Named photographer in photo attribution.",
      "license_evidence": "The photo-specific license_code and attribution are preserved in source_metadata.photo from the iNaturalist observations API; license URL uses the corresponding iNaturalist 4.0 or CC0 1.0 license.",
      "species_verification": {
        "method": "The photo belongs to an iNaturalist research-grade observation identified as the named taxon; source taxon, quality grade, and identifications are retained. Visible morphology was checked for consistency, not treated as an independent botanical determination.",
        "source_identified_taxon": "Thermopsis divaricarpa",
        "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/113455763",
        "status": "source-identified; visually consistent",
        "taxonomy_reference": "https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=508157"
      },
      "location_as_stated_by_source": "Lindsay-West, Boulder, CO, US",
      "observed_on": "2022-04-29",
      "credit_line": "Shalana Gray — CC BY 4.0 — iNaturalist",
      "colorado_source_evidence": "Lindsay-West, Boulder, CO, US",
      "plant_id": "golden-banner",
      "path": "assets/photos/native-thermopsis-divaricarpa-2.jpg",
      "bytes": 1404390,
      "alt": "Thermopsis divaricarpa: An upright raceme of open yellow pea-shaped flowers above trifoliate foliage.",
      "identification_note": "The photo belongs to an iNaturalist research-grade observation identified as the named taxon; source taxon, quality grade, and identifications are retained. Visible morphology was checked for consistency, not treated as an independent botanical determination.  ",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06"
    },
    {
      "taxon": "Thermopsis divaricarpa",
      "id": "native-thermopsis-divaricarpa-3",
      "file": "assets/photos/native-thermopsis-divaricarpa-3.jpeg",
      "source_page": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/235648749",
      "photo_page": "https://www.inaturalist.org/photos/419116154",
      "original_url": "https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/419116154/original.jpeg",
      "download_url": "https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/419116154/original.jpeg",
      "creator": "Curtis Drake",
      "license": "CC BY 4.0",
      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
      "source_description": "Thermopsis divaricarpa; Pike and San Isabel National Forests, Woodland Park, CO, US",
      "date_accessed": "2026-09-06",
      "sha256": "919309ef071d4a9cbc145a529f5c7f16333d49e5a388390f322e0e119dd8d60c",
      "width": 1536,
      "height": 2048,
      "visual_inspection": {
        "status": "passed",
        "date": "2026-09-06",
        "method": "Human-model inspection of downloaded photographs using labelled contact sheets; each selected image was inspected.",
        "observed_content": "Dark, slender spreading pods on a branched stalk above green trifoliate leaves.",
        "distinct_photo": true,
        "image_content_kind": "factual photograph",
        "artificially_generated": false
      },
      "feature": "pods and leaves",
      "caption": "Dark, slender spreading pods on a branched stalk above green trifoliate leaves.",
      "alt_text": "Thermopsis divaricarpa: Dark, slender spreading pods on a branched stalk above green trifoliate leaves.",
      "changes": "No edits to the downloaded image. Wikimedia may have supplied a scaled thumbnail; original and download URLs are recorded separately. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
      "provider": "iNaturalist",
      "source_attribution": "(c) Curtis Drake, some rights reserved (CC BY)",
      "creator_role": "Named photographer in photo attribution.",
      "license_evidence": "The photo-specific license_code and attribution are preserved in source_metadata.photo from the iNaturalist observations API; license URL uses the corresponding iNaturalist 4.0 or CC0 1.0 license.",
      "species_verification": {
        "method": "The photo belongs to an iNaturalist research-grade observation identified as the named taxon; source taxon, quality grade, and identifications are retained. Visible morphology was checked for consistency, not treated as an independent botanical determination.",
        "source_identified_taxon": "Thermopsis divaricarpa",
        "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/235648749",
        "status": "source-identified; visually consistent",
        "taxonomy_reference": "https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=508157"
      },
      "location_as_stated_by_source": "Pike and San Isabel National Forests, Woodland Park, CO, US",
      "observed_on": "2024-08-09",
      "credit_line": "Curtis Drake — CC BY 4.0 — iNaturalist",
      "colorado_source_evidence": "Pike and San Isabel National Forests, Woodland Park, CO, US",
      "plant_id": "golden-banner",
      "path": "assets/photos/native-thermopsis-divaricarpa-3.jpeg",
      "bytes": 880156,
      "alt": "Thermopsis divaricarpa: Dark, slender spreading pods on a branched stalk above green trifoliate leaves.",
      "identification_note": "The photo belongs to an iNaturalist research-grade observation identified as the named taxon; source taxon, quality grade, and identifications are retained. Visible morphology was checked for consistency, not treated as an independent botanical determination.  ",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06"
    },
    {
      "taxon": "Solidago canadensis",
      "id": "native-solidago-canadensis-1",
      "file": "assets/photos/native-solidago-canadensis-1.jpeg",
      "source_page": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/68713865",
      "photo_page": "https://www.inaturalist.org/photos/111333765",
      "original_url": "https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/111333765/original.jpeg",
      "download_url": "https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/111333765/original.jpeg",
      "creator": "Étienne Lacroix-Carignan",
      "license": "CC0 1.0",
      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/",
      "source_description": "Solidago canadensis; New Richmond, QC, Canada",
      "date_accessed": "2026-09-06",
      "sha256": "c5b673a46c12c8c82c499edcfffa19ddb7bda1b376afe426645ebfe81859f62d",
      "width": 1536,
      "height": 2048,
      "visual_inspection": {
        "status": "passed",
        "date": "2026-09-06",
        "method": "Human-model inspection of downloaded photographs using labelled contact sheets; each selected image was inspected.",
        "observed_content": "A goldenrod stem with a branching yellow flower plume and narrow, alternate toothed leaves.",
        "distinct_photo": true,
        "image_content_kind": "factual photograph",
        "artificially_generated": false
      },
      "feature": "flowering stem",
      "caption": "A goldenrod stem with a branching yellow flower plume and narrow, alternate toothed leaves.",
      "alt_text": "Solidago canadensis: A goldenrod stem with a branching yellow flower plume and narrow, alternate toothed leaves.",
      "changes": "No edits to the downloaded image. Wikimedia may have supplied a scaled thumbnail; original and download URLs are recorded separately. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
      "provider": "iNaturalist",
      "source_attribution": "no rights reserved",
      "creator_role": "Observation contributor; CC0 photo attribution itself says no rights reserved.",
      "license_evidence": "The photo-specific license_code and attribution are preserved in source_metadata.photo from the iNaturalist observations API; license URL uses the corresponding iNaturalist 4.0 or CC0 1.0 license.",
      "species_verification": {
        "method": "The photo belongs to an iNaturalist research-grade observation identified as the named taxon; source taxon, quality grade, and identifications are retained. Visible morphology was checked for consistency, not treated as an independent botanical determination.",
        "source_identified_taxon": "Solidago canadensis",
        "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/68713865",
        "status": "source-identified; visually consistent",
        "limitation": "Identification follows the research-grade source; these photographs alone do not reliably exclude all similar Solidago taxa."
      },
      "location_as_stated_by_source": "New Richmond, QC, Canada",
      "observed_on": "2020-07-24",
      "credit_line": "Étienne Lacroix-Carignan — CC0 1.0 — iNaturalist",
      "colorado_source_evidence": null,
      "plant_id": "canada-goldenrod",
      "path": "assets/photos/native-solidago-canadensis-1.jpeg",
      "bytes": 1644772,
      "alt": "Solidago canadensis: A goldenrod stem with a branching yellow flower plume and narrow, alternate toothed leaves.",
      "identification_note": "The photo belongs to an iNaturalist research-grade observation identified as the named taxon; source taxon, quality grade, and identifications are retained. Visible morphology was checked for consistency, not treated as an independent botanical determination. Identification follows the research-grade source; these photographs alone do not reliably exclude all similar Solidago taxa. ",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06",
      "thumbnail": {
        "path": "assets/thumbs/canada-goldenrod.webp",
        "width": 480,
        "height": 640,
        "sha256": "f921510c1bd3b9efb70cd1b771642f8efb3170a6b38df3f41caddf17fab3adb9",
        "parent_sha256": "c5b673a46c12c8c82c499edcfffa19ddb7bda1b376afe426645ebfe81859f62d",
        "changes": "Scaled within 640 by 640 pixels, converted to WebP at quality 82 for catalog performance. No crop or generative changes to the file. CSS may crop its catalog display.",
        "license": "CC0 1.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"
      }
    },
    {
      "taxon": "Solidago canadensis",
      "id": "native-solidago-canadensis-2",
      "file": "assets/photos/native-solidago-canadensis-2.jpeg",
      "source_page": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/68713865",
      "photo_page": "https://www.inaturalist.org/photos/111333767",
      "original_url": "https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/111333767/original.jpeg",
      "download_url": "https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/111333767/original.jpeg",
      "creator": "Étienne Lacroix-Carignan",
      "license": "CC0 1.0",
      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/",
      "source_description": "Solidago canadensis; New Richmond, QC, Canada",
      "date_accessed": "2026-09-06",
      "sha256": "02c499f7bc94c4b36391e3aed156f5b1f84b9e4890085288b046d7834ef170aa",
      "width": 1536,
      "height": 2048,
      "visual_inspection": {
        "status": "passed",
        "date": "2026-09-06",
        "method": "Human-model inspection of downloaded photographs using labelled contact sheets; each selected image was inspected.",
        "observed_content": "An upright goldenrod stand within mixed meadow vegetation; other plant species also occur in the frame.",
        "distinct_photo": true,
        "image_content_kind": "factual photograph",
        "artificially_generated": false
      },
      "feature": "habit and habitat",
      "caption": "An upright goldenrod stand within mixed meadow vegetation; other plant species also occur in the frame.",
      "alt_text": "Solidago canadensis: An upright goldenrod stand within mixed meadow vegetation; other plant species also occur in the frame.",
      "changes": "No edits to the downloaded image. Wikimedia may have supplied a scaled thumbnail; original and download URLs are recorded separately. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
      "provider": "iNaturalist",
      "source_attribution": "no rights reserved",
      "creator_role": "Observation contributor; CC0 photo attribution itself says no rights reserved.",
      "license_evidence": "The photo-specific license_code and attribution are preserved in source_metadata.photo from the iNaturalist observations API; license URL uses the corresponding iNaturalist 4.0 or CC0 1.0 license.",
      "species_verification": {
        "method": "The photo belongs to an iNaturalist research-grade observation identified as the named taxon; source taxon, quality grade, and identifications are retained. Visible morphology was checked for consistency, not treated as an independent botanical determination.",
        "source_identified_taxon": "Solidago canadensis",
        "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/68713865",
        "status": "source-identified; visually consistent",
        "limitation": "Identification follows the research-grade source; these photographs alone do not reliably exclude all similar Solidago taxa."
      },
      "location_as_stated_by_source": "New Richmond, QC, Canada",
      "observed_on": "2020-07-24",
      "credit_line": "Étienne Lacroix-Carignan — CC0 1.0 — iNaturalist",
      "colorado_source_evidence": null,
      "plant_id": "canada-goldenrod",
      "path": "assets/photos/native-solidago-canadensis-2.jpeg",
      "bytes": 2237422,
      "alt": "Solidago canadensis: An upright goldenrod stand within mixed meadow vegetation; other plant species also occur in the frame.",
      "identification_note": "The photo belongs to an iNaturalist research-grade observation identified as the named taxon; source taxon, quality grade, and identifications are retained. Visible morphology was checked for consistency, not treated as an independent botanical determination. Identification follows the research-grade source; these photographs alone do not reliably exclude all similar Solidago taxa. ",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06"
    },
    {
      "taxon": "Solidago canadensis",
      "id": "native-solidago-canadensis-3",
      "file": "assets/photos/native-solidago-canadensis-3.jpeg",
      "source_page": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/68713865",
      "photo_page": "https://www.inaturalist.org/photos/111333782",
      "original_url": "https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/111333782/original.jpeg",
      "download_url": "https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/111333782/original.jpeg",
      "creator": "Étienne Lacroix-Carignan",
      "license": "CC0 1.0",
      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/",
      "source_description": "Solidago canadensis; New Richmond, QC, Canada",
      "date_accessed": "2026-09-06",
      "sha256": "ce86d21adf9f033986d5f10cabb23faf5070b7d9c75fa6004848b9209b5cbace",
      "width": 1536,
      "height": 2048,
      "visual_inspection": {
        "status": "passed",
        "date": "2026-09-06",
        "method": "Human-model inspection of downloaded photographs using labelled contact sheets; each selected image was inspected.",
        "observed_content": "Close view of individual small yellow flower heads along a branch; focus is strongest near the centre.",
        "distinct_photo": true,
        "image_content_kind": "factual photograph",
        "artificially_generated": false
      },
      "feature": "flower detail",
      "caption": "Close view of individual small yellow flower heads along a branch; focus is strongest near the centre.",
      "alt_text": "Solidago canadensis: Close view of individual small yellow flower heads along a branch; focus is strongest near the centre.",
      "changes": "No edits to the downloaded image. Wikimedia may have supplied a scaled thumbnail; original and download URLs are recorded separately. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
      "provider": "iNaturalist",
      "source_attribution": "no rights reserved",
      "creator_role": "Observation contributor; CC0 photo attribution itself says no rights reserved.",
      "license_evidence": "The photo-specific license_code and attribution are preserved in source_metadata.photo from the iNaturalist observations API; license URL uses the corresponding iNaturalist 4.0 or CC0 1.0 license.",
      "species_verification": {
        "method": "The photo belongs to an iNaturalist research-grade observation identified as the named taxon; source taxon, quality grade, and identifications are retained. Visible morphology was checked for consistency, not treated as an independent botanical determination.",
        "source_identified_taxon": "Solidago canadensis",
        "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/68713865",
        "status": "source-identified; visually consistent",
        "limitation": "Identification follows the research-grade source; these photographs alone do not reliably exclude all similar Solidago taxa."
      },
      "location_as_stated_by_source": "New Richmond, QC, Canada",
      "observed_on": "2020-07-24",
      "credit_line": "Étienne Lacroix-Carignan — CC0 1.0 — iNaturalist",
      "colorado_source_evidence": null,
      "plant_id": "canada-goldenrod",
      "path": "assets/photos/native-solidago-canadensis-3.jpeg",
      "bytes": 574473,
      "alt": "Solidago canadensis: Close view of individual small yellow flower heads along a branch; focus is strongest near the centre.",
      "identification_note": "The photo belongs to an iNaturalist research-grade observation identified as the named taxon; source taxon, quality grade, and identifications are retained. Visible morphology was checked for consistency, not treated as an independent botanical determination. Identification follows the research-grade source; these photographs alone do not reliably exclude all similar Solidago taxa. ",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06"
    },
    {
      "id": "xeriscape-achillea-millefolium-02",
      "scientific_name": "Achillea millefolium",
      "view": "flower",
      "caption": "White flower-head cluster viewed from above, with individual ray and disk florets visible.",
      "alt_text": "White flower-head cluster viewed from above, with individual ray and disk florets visible.",
      "creator": "Petar Milošević",
      "creator_links": [
        "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:PetarM"
      ],
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0",
      "license_evidence_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Yarrow_(Achillea_millefolium).jpg#Licensing",
      "attribution_required": true,
      "share_alike_required": true,
      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Yarrow_(Achillea_millefolium).jpg",
      "original_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/17/Yarrow_%28Achillea_millefolium%29.jpg",
      "upstream_source_links": [],
      "original_title": "File:Yarrow (Achillea millefolium).jpg",
      "file": "assets/photos/xeriscape-achillea-millefolium-02.jpg",
      "sha256": "131b18d045ffcab0f1cb62aac1125317db04515821b51f62c949e39580d8adc6",
      "bytes": 207482,
      "width": 960,
      "height": 1197,
      "date_accessed": "2026-09-06",
      "visual_inspection": {
        "inspected": true,
        "method": "Contact-sheet and image preview inspection of the selected Wikimedia photograph",
        "observed": "White flower-head cluster viewed from above, with individual ray and disk florets visible.",
        "notes": "Source describes a focus stack of nine macro photographs; factual photographic technique, not generative imagery."
      },
      "species_verification": {
        "status": "Source-supported identification with visual consistency check",
        "evidence": "Yarrow (Achillea millefolium) on top of Janče hill (800 m), Slovenia. Size of flower is around 3×3 cm. Stack of 9 macro photos.",
        "source_title": "File:Yarrow (Achillea millefolium).jpg",
        "source_categories": [
          "Featured pictures of Slovenia",
          "Taken with Panasonic Lumix DMC-GM1",
          "Images with annotations",
          "Janče (hill)",
          "Self-published work",
          "Featured pictures on Wikipedia, English",
          "Featured photos of PetarM",
          "Featured pictures of flowers",
          "Featured pictures on Wikipedia, Slovenian",
          "Featured pictures on Wikipedia, Turkish",
          "F-number f/8",
          "Anthemideae in Slovenia",
          "White flowers in Slovenia",
          "Focus stacking images of flowers",
          "Files with coordinates missing SDC location of creation",
          "Close-up photographs of Achillea millefolium flowers",
          "Lens focal length 60 mm",
          "Featured pictures of Asteroideae",
          "Anthemideae in the Northern Hemisphere in August 2015"
        ],
        "source_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Yarrow_(Achillea_millefolium).jpg",
        "limitation": "Photo selection verifies source labeling and visible consistency; it is not an independent specimen determination."
      },
      "photo_date_as_recorded": "2015-08-01 12:19:47",
      "colorado_location_claimed": false,
      "location_evidence": "Yarrow (Achillea millefolium) on top of Janče hill (800 m), Slovenia. Size of flower is around 3×3 cm. Stack of 9 macro photos.",
      "derivative_changes": "Wikimedia-generated thumbnail rescaling only; downloaded thumbnail bytes unchanged.",
      "metadata_file": "source-metadata/achillea-millefolium-02.json",
      "attribution_text": "Petar Milošević / Wikimedia Commons / CC BY-SA 4.0",
      "downloaded_url": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Yarrow_%28Achillea_millefolium%29.jpg/960px-Yarrow_%28Achillea_millefolium%29.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail",
      "downloaded_variant": "Wikimedia Commons photographic thumbnail",
      "original_width": 3225,
      "original_height": 4020,
      "original_downloaded": false,
      "plant_id": "common-yarrow",
      "path": "assets/photos/xeriscape-achillea-millefolium-02.jpg",
      "taxon": "Achillea millefolium",
      "feature": "flower",
      "alt": "White flower-head cluster viewed from above, with individual ray and disk florets visible.",
      "identification_note": "Source-supported identification with visual consistency check Photo selection verifies source labeling and visible consistency; it is not an independent specimen determination. ",
      "changes": "Downloaded source thumbnail; no further pixel edits. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06",
      "thumbnail": {
        "path": "assets/thumbs/common-yarrow.webp",
        "width": 513,
        "height": 640,
        "sha256": "55ce13ba7b12eae550df23a5928f6d4d006509f8a267f1e3ede7bbe20aec612f",
        "parent_sha256": "131b18d045ffcab0f1cb62aac1125317db04515821b51f62c949e39580d8adc6",
        "changes": "Scaled within 640 by 640 pixels, converted to WebP at quality 82 for catalog performance. No crop or generative changes to the file. CSS may crop its catalog display.",
        "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "xeriscape-achillea-millefolium-12",
      "scientific_name": "Achillea millefolium",
      "view": "habit",
      "caption": "Upright flowering yarrow stems with white flat-topped clusters growing among grasses.",
      "alt_text": "Upright flowering yarrow stems with white flat-topped clusters growing among grasses.",
      "creator": "Daniel VILLAFRUELA .",
      "creator_links": [
        "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Daniel_VILLAFRUELA"
      ],
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0",
      "license_evidence_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Achillea_millefolium-Achill%C3%A9e_millefeuille-20190726.jpg#Licensing",
      "attribution_required": true,
      "share_alike_required": true,
      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Achillea_millefolium-Achill%C3%A9e_millefeuille-20190726.jpg",
      "original_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2e/Achillea_millefolium-Achill%C3%A9e_millefeuille-20190726.jpg",
      "upstream_source_links": [],
      "original_title": "File:Achillea millefolium-Achillée millefeuille-20190726.jpg",
      "file": "assets/photos/xeriscape-achillea-millefolium-12.jpg",
      "sha256": "17b90753723f7ffccd9aaa5f08995fde0d48f70da478c564414e72c80bcbf050",
      "bytes": 598181,
      "width": 960,
      "height": 960,
      "date_accessed": "2026-09-06",
      "visual_inspection": {
        "inspected": true,
        "method": "Contact-sheet and image preview inspection of the selected Wikimedia photograph",
        "observed": "Upright flowering yarrow stems with white flat-topped clusters growing among grasses.",
        "notes": ""
      },
      "species_verification": {
        "status": "Source-supported identification with visual consistency check",
        "evidence": "Yarrow",
        "source_title": "File:Achillea millefolium-Achillée millefeuille-20190726.jpg",
        "source_categories": [
          "Achillea millefolium",
          "Taken with iPhone XR",
          "Castillon-de-Larboust",
          "Self-published work",
          "Files with coordinates missing SDC location of creation",
          "Photographs taken on 2019-07-26"
        ],
        "source_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Achillea_millefolium-Achill%C3%A9e_millefeuille-20190726.jpg",
        "limitation": "Photo selection verifies source labeling and visible consistency; it is not an independent specimen determination."
      },
      "photo_date_as_recorded": "Taken on 26 July 2019",
      "colorado_location_claimed": false,
      "location_evidence": "Yarrow",
      "derivative_changes": "Wikimedia-generated thumbnail rescaling only; downloaded thumbnail bytes unchanged.",
      "metadata_file": "source-metadata/achillea-millefolium-12.json",
      "attribution_text": "Daniel VILLAFRUELA . / Wikimedia Commons / CC BY-SA 4.0",
      "downloaded_url": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Achillea_millefolium-Achill%C3%A9e_millefeuille-20190726.jpg/960px-Achillea_millefolium-Achill%C3%A9e_millefeuille-20190726.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail",
      "downloaded_variant": "Wikimedia Commons photographic thumbnail",
      "original_width": 3024,
      "original_height": 3024,
      "original_downloaded": false,
      "plant_id": "common-yarrow",
      "path": "assets/photos/xeriscape-achillea-millefolium-12.jpg",
      "taxon": "Achillea millefolium",
      "feature": "habit",
      "alt": "Upright flowering yarrow stems with white flat-topped clusters growing among grasses.",
      "identification_note": "Source-supported identification with visual consistency check Photo selection verifies source labeling and visible consistency; it is not an independent specimen determination. ",
      "changes": "Downloaded source thumbnail; no further pixel edits. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06"
    },
    {
      "id": "xeriscape-achillea-millefolium-13",
      "scientific_name": "Achillea millefolium",
      "view": "leaf",
      "caption": "Finely divided, featherlike yarrow leaves along a hairy stem.",
      "alt_text": "Finely divided, featherlike yarrow leaves along a hairy stem.",
      "creator": "Alpsdake",
      "creator_links": [
        "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Alpsdake"
      ],
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0",
      "license_evidence_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Achillea_millefolium_(leaf).jpg#Licensing",
      "attribution_required": true,
      "share_alike_required": true,
      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Achillea_millefolium_(leaf).jpg",
      "original_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5b/Achillea_millefolium_%28leaf%29.jpg",
      "upstream_source_links": [],
      "original_title": "File:Achillea millefolium (leaf).jpg",
      "file": "assets/photos/xeriscape-achillea-millefolium-13.jpg",
      "sha256": "7c32c2b12434647ea014c454a44da855d0a8db7fc5c2906f49ad5f48565d448b",
      "bytes": 104851,
      "width": 960,
      "height": 600,
      "date_accessed": "2026-09-06",
      "visual_inspection": {
        "inspected": true,
        "method": "Contact-sheet and image preview inspection of the selected Wikimedia photograph",
        "observed": "Finely divided, featherlike yarrow leaves along a hairy stem.",
        "notes": ""
      },
      "species_verification": {
        "status": "Source-supported identification with visual consistency check",
        "evidence": "Achillea millefolium , in Mount Ibuki, Maibara, Shiga prefecure, Japan.",
        "source_title": "File:Achillea millefolium (leaf).jpg",
        "source_categories": [
          "Self-published work",
          "Japan photographs taken on 2015-06-16",
          "Achillea millefolium (leaves)",
          "Achillea millefolium of Mount Ibuki"
        ],
        "source_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Achillea_millefolium_(leaf).jpg",
        "limitation": "Photo selection verifies source labeling and visible consistency; it is not an independent specimen determination."
      },
      "photo_date_as_recorded": "Taken on 16 June 2015, 10:32:52",
      "colorado_location_claimed": false,
      "location_evidence": "Achillea millefolium , in Mount Ibuki, Maibara, Shiga prefecure, Japan.",
      "derivative_changes": "Wikimedia-generated thumbnail rescaling only; downloaded thumbnail bytes unchanged.",
      "metadata_file": "source-metadata/achillea-millefolium-13.json",
      "attribution_text": "Alpsdake / Wikimedia Commons / CC BY-SA 4.0",
      "downloaded_url": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Achillea_millefolium_%28leaf%29.jpg/960px-Achillea_millefolium_%28leaf%29.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail",
      "downloaded_variant": "Wikimedia Commons photographic thumbnail",
      "original_width": 4096,
      "original_height": 2560,
      "original_downloaded": false,
      "plant_id": "common-yarrow",
      "path": "assets/photos/xeriscape-achillea-millefolium-13.jpg",
      "taxon": "Achillea millefolium",
      "feature": "leaf",
      "alt": "Finely divided, featherlike yarrow leaves along a hairy stem.",
      "identification_note": "Source-supported identification with visual consistency check Photo selection verifies source labeling and visible consistency; it is not an independent specimen determination. ",
      "changes": "Downloaded source thumbnail; no further pixel edits. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06"
    },
    {
      "id": "xeriscape-yucca-glauca-01",
      "scientific_name": "Yucca glauca",
      "view": "flower",
      "caption": "Vertical stalk with pendulous cream-colored bell-shaped flowers and unopened buds.",
      "alt_text": "Vertical stalk with pendulous cream-colored bell-shaped flowers and unopened buds.",
      "creator": "Alvesgaspar",
      "creator_links": [
        "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Alvesgaspar"
      ],
      "license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0",
      "license_evidence_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Yucca_glauca_May_2014-2b.jpg#Licensing",
      "attribution_required": true,
      "share_alike_required": true,
      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Yucca_glauca_May_2014-2b.jpg",
      "original_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/58/Yucca_glauca_May_2014-2b.jpg",
      "upstream_source_links": [],
      "original_title": "File:Yucca glauca May 2014-2b.jpg",
      "file": "assets/photos/xeriscape-yucca-glauca-01.jpg",
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        "inspected": true,
        "method": "Contact-sheet and image preview inspection of the selected Wikimedia photograph",
        "observed": "Vertical stalk with pendulous cream-colored bell-shaped flowers and unopened buds.",
        "notes": ""
      },
      "species_verification": {
        "status": "Source-supported identification with visual consistency check",
        "evidence": "Flowers of Small Soapweed ( Yucca glauca )",
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        "source_categories": [
          "Yucca glauca",
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        "limitation": "Photo selection verifies source labeling and visible consistency; it is not an independent specimen determination."
      },
      "photo_date_as_recorded": "2014-05-29 10:42:31",
      "colorado_location_claimed": false,
      "location_evidence": "Flowers of Small Soapweed ( Yucca glauca )",
      "derivative_changes": "Wikimedia-generated thumbnail rescaling only; downloaded thumbnail bytes unchanged.",
      "metadata_file": "source-metadata/yucca-glauca-01.json",
      "attribution_text": "Alvesgaspar / Wikimedia Commons / CC BY-SA 3.0",
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      "taxon": "Yucca glauca",
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      "changes": "Downloaded source thumbnail; no further pixel edits. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06",
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        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "xeriscape-yucca-glauca-03",
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      "creator": "DouglasGoldman",
      "creator_links": [
        "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:DouglasGoldman"
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      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Yucca_glauca_OgallalaNE.jpg",
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      "upstream_source_links": [],
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      "visual_inspection": {
        "inspected": true,
        "method": "Contact-sheet and image preview inspection of the selected Wikimedia photograph",
        "observed": "Broad clump of narrow, stiff leaves with upright stems carrying green capsules.",
        "notes": "Source filename locates the plant at Ogallala, Nebraska."
      },
      "species_verification": {
        "status": "Source-supported identification with visual consistency check",
        "evidence": "Yucca glauca",
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          "Yucca glauca (fruit)"
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        "limitation": "Photo selection verifies source labeling and visible consistency; it is not an independent specimen determination."
      },
      "photo_date_as_recorded": "2004-08-16",
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      "derivative_changes": "Wikimedia-generated thumbnail rescaling only; downloaded thumbnail bytes unchanged.",
      "metadata_file": "source-metadata/yucca-glauca-03.json",
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      "changes": "Downloaded source thumbnail; no further pixel edits. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06"
    },
    {
      "id": "xeriscape-yucca-glauca-05",
      "scientific_name": "Yucca glauca",
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      "creator": "Cephas",
      "creator_links": [
        "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Cephas"
      ],
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0",
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      "attribution_required": true,
      "share_alike_required": true,
      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Yucca_glauca_JRVdH_03.jpg",
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      "original_title": "File:Yucca glauca JRVdH 03.jpg",
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        "inspected": true,
        "method": "Contact-sheet and image preview inspection of the selected Wikimedia photograph",
        "observed": "Close view of several elongated reddish-green flower buds on a yucca inflorescence.",
        "notes": ""
      },
      "species_verification": {
        "status": "Source-supported identification with visual consistency check",
        "evidence": "Yucca glauque ( Yucca glauca ). Jardin botanique Roger-Van den Hende, Université Laval.",
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          "Files with coordinates missing SDC location of creation"
        ],
        "source_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Yucca_glauca_JRVdH_03.jpg",
        "limitation": "Photo selection verifies source labeling and visible consistency; it is not an independent specimen determination."
      },
      "photo_date_as_recorded": "2022-07-01 05:53:56",
      "colorado_location_claimed": false,
      "location_evidence": "Yucca glauque ( Yucca glauca ). Jardin botanique Roger-Van den Hende, Université Laval.",
      "derivative_changes": "Wikimedia-generated thumbnail rescaling only; downloaded thumbnail bytes unchanged.",
      "metadata_file": "source-metadata/yucca-glauca-05.json",
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      "plant_id": "soapweed-yucca",
      "path": "assets/photos/xeriscape-yucca-glauca-05.jpg",
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      "changes": "Downloaded source thumbnail; no further pixel edits. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06"
    },
    {
      "id": "xeriscape-cerastium-tomentosum-01",
      "scientific_name": "Cerastium tomentosum",
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      "creator": "Salicyna",
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        "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Salicyna"
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      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
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      "share_alike_required": true,
      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cerastium_tomentosum_2023-05-28_6525.jpg",
      "original_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8d/Cerastium_tomentosum_2023-05-28_6525.jpg",
      "upstream_source_links": [
        "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Olympus_Corporation_logo.svg",
        "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/photograph",
        "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympus_Tough_TG-5",
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      ],
      "original_title": "File:Cerastium tomentosum 2023-05-28 6525.jpg",
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      "date_accessed": "2026-09-06",
      "visual_inspection": {
        "inspected": true,
        "method": "Contact-sheet and image preview inspection of the selected Wikimedia photograph",
        "observed": "Several white flowers with deeply notched petals above gray-green foliage.",
        "notes": ""
      },
      "species_verification": {
        "status": "Source-supported identification with visual consistency check",
        "evidence": "Cerastium tomentosum . Allotment garden in Szczecin, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland.",
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        "source_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cerastium_tomentosum_2023-05-28_6525.jpg",
        "limitation": "Photo selection verifies source labeling and visible consistency; it is not an independent specimen determination."
      },
      "photo_date_as_recorded": "2023-05-28 09:27:24",
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      "derivative_changes": "Wikimedia-generated thumbnail rescaling only; downloaded thumbnail bytes unchanged.",
      "metadata_file": "source-metadata/cerastium-tomentosum-01.json",
      "attribution_text": "Salicyna / Wikimedia Commons / CC BY-SA 4.0",
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      "changes": "Downloaded source thumbnail; no further pixel edits. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
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        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0"
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    },
    {
      "id": "xeriscape-cerastium-tomentosum-06",
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      "share_alike_required": true,
      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cerastium_tomentosum_sl5.jpg",
      "original_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f6/Cerastium_tomentosum_sl5.jpg",
      "upstream_source_links": [],
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      "file": "assets/photos/xeriscape-cerastium-tomentosum-06.jpg",
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      "visual_inspection": {
        "inspected": true,
        "method": "Contact-sheet and image preview inspection of the selected Wikimedia photograph",
        "observed": "Entire slender flowering stem against the sky, with opposite narrow leaves and a few flowers near its top.",
        "notes": "This source labels the view Habitus; it is a single stem, not the full groundcover clump."
      },
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        "source_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cerastium_tomentosum_sl5.jpg",
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      "derivative_changes": "Wikimedia-generated thumbnail rescaling only; downloaded thumbnail bytes unchanged.",
      "metadata_file": "source-metadata/cerastium-tomentosum-06.json",
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      "original_height": 4000,
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      "identification_note": "Source-supported identification with visual consistency check Photo selection verifies source labeling and visible consistency; it is not an independent specimen determination. ",
      "changes": "Downloaded source thumbnail; no further pixel edits. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06"
    },
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      "id": "xeriscape-cerastium-tomentosum-12",
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      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cerastium_tomentosum_sl21.jpg",
      "original_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ee/Cerastium_tomentosum_sl21.jpg",
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      "file": "assets/photos/xeriscape-cerastium-tomentosum-12.jpg",
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      "visual_inspection": {
        "inspected": true,
        "method": "Contact-sheet and image preview inspection of the selected Wikimedia photograph",
        "observed": "Source-assembled photographic plate showing narrow hairy leaves in opposite pairs on stems, with a 20 mm scale.",
        "notes": "A factual photographic comparison plate already present in the source file; retained without edits."
      },
      "species_verification": {
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        "limitation": "Photo selection verifies source labeling and visible consistency; it is not an independent specimen determination."
      },
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      "path": "assets/photos/xeriscape-cerastium-tomentosum-12.jpg",
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      "feature": "leaf and stem",
      "alt": "Source-assembled photographic plate showing narrow hairy leaves in opposite pairs on stems, with a 20 mm scale.",
      "identification_note": "Source-supported identification with visual consistency check Photo selection verifies source labeling and visible consistency; it is not an independent specimen determination. ",
      "changes": "Downloaded source thumbnail; no further pixel edits. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06"
    },
    {
      "id": "xeriscape-nepeta-faassenii-06",
      "scientific_name": "Nepeta × faassenii",
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      "creator": "Didier Descouens",
      "creator_links": [
        "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Archaeodontosaurus"
      ],
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0",
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      "attribution_required": true,
      "share_alike_required": true,
      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:(MHNT)_Nepeta_%C3%97_faassenii_-_flowers.jpg",
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      "upstream_source_links": [],
      "original_title": "File:(MHNT) Nepeta × faassenii - flowers.jpg",
      "file": "assets/photos/xeriscape-nepeta-faassenii-06.jpg",
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      "visual_inspection": {
        "inspected": true,
        "method": "Contact-sheet and image preview inspection of the selected Wikimedia photograph",
        "observed": "Macro view of violet-blue, two-lipped flowers with darker spotting and hairy calyces.",
        "notes": "Source description includes the word thorns; image shows pointed hairy calyx lobes, not true thorns."
      },
      "species_verification": {
        "status": "Source-supported identification with visual consistency check",
        "evidence": "Nepeta × faassenii   - Thorns and flower",
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          "Self-published work",
          "Taxon without category",
          "Supported by Projet Phoebus",
          "Media supported by Wikimedia France",
          "Taken on missing SDC inception",
          "Service Bibliothèque et documentation Muséum de Toulouse - Botanique",
          "Plants in the Jardin Henri Gaussen, Toulouse",
          "Images by Archaeodontosaurus Botanique",
          "Files with coordinates missing SDC location of creation",
          "March 2026 in Haute-Garonne",
          "Brassicaceae in Haute-Garonne",
          "Specimen missing SDC depicts",
          "Occitanie photographs taken on 2026-02-22"
        ],
        "source_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:(MHNT)_Nepeta_%C3%97_faassenii_-_flowers.jpg",
        "limitation": "Photo selection verifies source labeling and visible consistency; it is not an independent specimen determination."
      },
      "photo_date_as_recorded": "Taken on 22 February 2026",
      "colorado_location_claimed": false,
      "location_evidence": "Nepeta × faassenii   - Thorns and flower",
      "derivative_changes": "Wikimedia-generated thumbnail rescaling only; downloaded thumbnail bytes unchanged.",
      "metadata_file": "source-metadata/nepeta-faassenii-06.json",
      "attribution_text": "Didier Descouens / Wikimedia Commons / CC BY-SA 4.0",
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      "original_height": 5248,
      "original_downloaded": false,
      "plant_id": "catmint",
      "path": "assets/photos/xeriscape-nepeta-faassenii-06.jpg",
      "taxon": "Nepeta × faassenii",
      "feature": "flower",
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      "identification_note": "Source-supported identification with visual consistency check Photo selection verifies source labeling and visible consistency; it is not an independent specimen determination. ",
      "changes": "Downloaded source thumbnail; no further pixel edits. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06",
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        "path": "assets/thumbs/catmint.webp",
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        "height": 549,
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        "changes": "Scaled within 640 by 640 pixels, converted to WebP at quality 82 for catalog performance. No crop or generative changes to the file. CSS may crop its catalog display.",
        "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "xeriscape-nepeta-faassenii-10",
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      "view": "leaf",
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      "creator": "Salicyna",
      "creator_links": [
        "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Salicyna"
      ],
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      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0",
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      "attribution_required": true,
      "share_alike_required": true,
      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Nepeta_faassenii_2019-08-11_3739.jpg",
      "original_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1c/Nepeta_faassenii_2019-08-11_3739.jpg",
      "upstream_source_links": [],
      "original_title": "File:Nepeta faassenii 2019-08-11 3739.jpg",
      "file": "assets/photos/xeriscape-nepeta-faassenii-10.jpg",
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        "inspected": true,
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        "notes": ""
      },
      "species_verification": {
        "status": "Source-supported identification with visual consistency check",
        "evidence": "Nepeta × faassenii , allotment garden in Szczecin, Poland.",
        "source_title": "File:Nepeta faassenii 2019-08-11 3739.jpg",
        "source_categories": [
          "Nepeta × faassenii",
          "Self-published work",
          "Photographs by Salicyna taken in 2019"
        ],
        "source_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Nepeta_faassenii_2019-08-11_3739.jpg",
        "limitation": "Photo selection verifies source labeling and visible consistency; it is not an independent specimen determination."
      },
      "photo_date_as_recorded": "2019-08-11 09:30:27",
      "colorado_location_claimed": false,
      "location_evidence": "Nepeta × faassenii , allotment garden in Szczecin, Poland.",
      "derivative_changes": "Wikimedia-generated thumbnail rescaling only; downloaded thumbnail bytes unchanged.",
      "metadata_file": "source-metadata/nepeta-faassenii-10.json",
      "attribution_text": "Salicyna / Wikimedia Commons / CC BY-SA 4.0",
      "downloaded_url": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Nepeta_faassenii_2019-08-11_3739.jpg/960px-Nepeta_faassenii_2019-08-11_3739.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail",
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      "original_height": 3000,
      "original_downloaded": false,
      "plant_id": "catmint",
      "path": "assets/photos/xeriscape-nepeta-faassenii-10.jpg",
      "taxon": "Nepeta × faassenii",
      "feature": "leaf",
      "alt": "Opposite pairs of gray-green, toothed leaves viewed from above, with strongly textured surfaces.",
      "identification_note": "Source-supported identification with visual consistency check Photo selection verifies source labeling and visible consistency; it is not an independent specimen determination. ",
      "changes": "Downloaded source thumbnail; no further pixel edits. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06"
    },
    {
      "id": "xeriscape-nepeta-faassenii-12",
      "scientific_name": "Nepeta × faassenii",
      "view": "habit",
      "caption": "Low spreading clump in bare garden soil with numerous violet-blue flowering stems.",
      "alt_text": "Low spreading clump in bare garden soil with numerous violet-blue flowering stems.",
      "creator": "Salicyna",
      "creator_links": [
        "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Salicyna"
      ],
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0",
      "license_evidence_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Nepeta_faassenii_2019-05-12_3090.jpg#Licensing",
      "attribution_required": true,
      "share_alike_required": true,
      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Nepeta_faassenii_2019-05-12_3090.jpg",
      "original_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f8/Nepeta_faassenii_2019-05-12_3090.jpg",
      "upstream_source_links": [],
      "original_title": "File:Nepeta faassenii 2019-05-12 3090.jpg",
      "file": "assets/photos/xeriscape-nepeta-faassenii-12.jpg",
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      "visual_inspection": {
        "inspected": true,
        "method": "Contact-sheet and image preview inspection of the selected Wikimedia photograph",
        "observed": "Low spreading clump in bare garden soil with numerous violet-blue flowering stems.",
        "notes": ""
      },
      "species_verification": {
        "status": "Source-supported identification with visual consistency check",
        "evidence": "Nepeta × faassenii , allotment garden in Szczecin, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland.",
        "source_title": "File:Nepeta faassenii 2019-05-12 3090.jpg",
        "source_categories": [
          "Nepeta × faassenii",
          "Self-published work",
          "Photographs by Salicyna taken in 2019"
        ],
        "source_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Nepeta_faassenii_2019-05-12_3090.jpg",
        "limitation": "Photo selection verifies source labeling and visible consistency; it is not an independent specimen determination."
      },
      "photo_date_as_recorded": "2019-05-12 11:50:45",
      "colorado_location_claimed": false,
      "location_evidence": "Nepeta × faassenii , allotment garden in Szczecin, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland.",
      "derivative_changes": "Wikimedia-generated thumbnail rescaling only; downloaded thumbnail bytes unchanged.",
      "metadata_file": "source-metadata/nepeta-faassenii-12.json",
      "attribution_text": "Salicyna / Wikimedia Commons / CC BY-SA 4.0",
      "downloaded_url": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Nepeta_faassenii_2019-05-12_3090.jpg/960px-Nepeta_faassenii_2019-05-12_3090.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail",
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      "original_height": 2169,
      "original_downloaded": false,
      "plant_id": "catmint",
      "path": "assets/photos/xeriscape-nepeta-faassenii-12.jpg",
      "taxon": "Nepeta × faassenii",
      "feature": "habit",
      "alt": "Low spreading clump in bare garden soil with numerous violet-blue flowering stems.",
      "identification_note": "Source-supported identification with visual consistency check Photo selection verifies source labeling and visible consistency; it is not an independent specimen determination. ",
      "changes": "Downloaded source thumbnail; no further pixel edits. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06"
    },
    {
      "id": "xeriscape-stachys-byzantina-05",
      "scientific_name": "Stachys byzantina",
      "view": "leaf detail",
      "caption": "Magnified lamb's-ear leaf tip densely covered in silvery hairs, with a 10 mm scale.",
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      "creator": "Stefan.lefnaer",
      "creator_links": [
        "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Stefan.lefnaer"
      ],
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0",
      "license_evidence_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Stachys_byzantina_sl28.jpg#Licensing",
      "attribution_required": true,
      "share_alike_required": true,
      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Stachys_byzantina_sl28.jpg",
      "original_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Stachys_byzantina_sl28.jpg",
      "upstream_source_links": [],
      "original_title": "File:Stachys byzantina sl28.jpg",
      "file": "assets/photos/xeriscape-stachys-byzantina-05.jpg",
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      "height": 1110,
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      "visual_inspection": {
        "inspected": true,
        "method": "Contact-sheet and image preview inspection of the selected Wikimedia photograph",
        "observed": "Magnified lamb's-ear leaf tip densely covered in silvery hairs, with a 10 mm scale.",
        "notes": ""
      },
      "species_verification": {
        "status": "Source-supported identification with visual consistency check",
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        "source_title": "File:Stachys byzantina sl28.jpg",
        "source_categories": [
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          "Flora of Niederhollabrunn",
          "Flora of Austria in June",
          "Pannonian Flora"
        ],
        "source_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Stachys_byzantina_sl28.jpg",
        "limitation": "Photo selection verifies source labeling and visible consistency; it is not an independent specimen determination."
      },
      "photo_date_as_recorded": "2022-06-05 22:34:17",
      "colorado_location_claimed": false,
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      "derivative_changes": "Wikimedia-generated thumbnail rescaling only; downloaded thumbnail bytes unchanged.",
      "metadata_file": "source-metadata/stachys-byzantina-05.json",
      "attribution_text": "Stefan.lefnaer / Wikimedia Commons / CC BY-SA 4.0",
      "downloaded_url": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Stachys_byzantina_sl28.jpg/960px-Stachys_byzantina_sl28.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail",
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      "original_height": 2481,
      "original_downloaded": false,
      "plant_id": "lambs-ear",
      "path": "assets/photos/xeriscape-stachys-byzantina-05.jpg",
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      "feature": "leaf detail",
      "alt": "Magnified lamb's-ear leaf tip densely covered in silvery hairs, with a 10 mm scale.",
      "identification_note": "Source-supported identification with visual consistency check Photo selection verifies source labeling and visible consistency; it is not an independent specimen determination. ",
      "changes": "Downloaded source thumbnail; no further pixel edits. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06",
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        "height": 640,
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        "changes": "Scaled within 640 by 640 pixels, converted to WebP at quality 82 for catalog performance. No crop or generative changes to the file. CSS may crop its catalog display.",
        "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0"
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    },
    {
      "id": "xeriscape-stachys-byzantina-09",
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      "creator_links": [
        "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Salicyna"
      ],
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0",
      "license_evidence_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Stachys_byzantina_2020-05-20_8717.jpg#Licensing",
      "attribution_required": true,
      "share_alike_required": true,
      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Stachys_byzantina_2020-05-20_8717.jpg",
      "original_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bb/Stachys_byzantina_2020-05-20_8717.jpg",
      "upstream_source_links": [],
      "original_title": "File:Stachys byzantina 2020-05-20 8717.jpg",
      "file": "assets/photos/xeriscape-stachys-byzantina-09.jpg",
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      "height": 720,
      "date_accessed": "2026-09-06",
      "visual_inspection": {
        "inspected": true,
        "method": "Contact-sheet and image preview inspection of the selected Wikimedia photograph",
        "observed": "Close view of a soft, woolly shoot tip and unfolding pale leaves.",
        "notes": ""
      },
      "species_verification": {
        "status": "Source-supported identification with visual consistency check",
        "evidence": "Stachys byzantina , allotment garden in Szczecin, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland.",
        "source_title": "File:Stachys byzantina 2020-05-20 8717.jpg",
        "source_categories": [
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          "Self-published work",
          "Photographs by Salicyna taken in 2020",
          "Files with coordinates missing SDC location of creation"
        ],
        "source_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Stachys_byzantina_2020-05-20_8717.jpg",
        "limitation": "Photo selection verifies source labeling and visible consistency; it is not an independent specimen determination."
      },
      "photo_date_as_recorded": "2020-05-20 09:27:39",
      "colorado_location_claimed": false,
      "location_evidence": "Stachys byzantina , allotment garden in Szczecin, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland.",
      "derivative_changes": "Wikimedia-generated thumbnail rescaling only; downloaded thumbnail bytes unchanged.",
      "metadata_file": "source-metadata/stachys-byzantina-09.json",
      "attribution_text": "Salicyna / Wikimedia Commons / CC BY-SA 4.0",
      "downloaded_url": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Stachys_byzantina_2020-05-20_8717.jpg/960px-Stachys_byzantina_2020-05-20_8717.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail",
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      "original_width": 4000,
      "original_height": 3000,
      "original_downloaded": false,
      "plant_id": "lambs-ear",
      "path": "assets/photos/xeriscape-stachys-byzantina-09.jpg",
      "taxon": "Stachys byzantina",
      "feature": "young foliage",
      "alt": "Close view of a soft, woolly shoot tip and unfolding pale leaves.",
      "identification_note": "Source-supported identification with visual consistency check Photo selection verifies source labeling and visible consistency; it is not an independent specimen determination. ",
      "changes": "Downloaded source thumbnail; no further pixel edits. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06"
    },
    {
      "id": "xeriscape-stachys-byzantina-10",
      "scientific_name": "Stachys byzantina",
      "view": "flower",
      "caption": "Several upright woolly flower spikes bearing pink-purple flowers above fuzzy elongated leaves.",
      "alt_text": "Several upright woolly flower spikes bearing pink-purple flowers above fuzzy elongated leaves.",
      "creator": "Cbaile19",
      "creator_links": [
        "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Cbaile19"
      ],
      "license": "CC0",
      "license_url": "http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en",
      "license_evidence_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Stachys_byzantina,_2015-06-02,_Beechview,_01.jpg#Licensing",
      "attribution_required": false,
      "share_alike_required": false,
      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Stachys_byzantina,_2015-06-02,_Beechview,_01.jpg",
      "original_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8c/Stachys_byzantina%2C_2015-06-02%2C_Beechview%2C_01.jpg",
      "upstream_source_links": [],
      "original_title": "File:Stachys byzantina, 2015-06-02, Beechview, 01.jpg",
      "file": "assets/photos/xeriscape-stachys-byzantina-10.jpg",
      "sha256": "96cc63b3f090b1e6235694b5bc38803ad82fd09f7821f356991700abe96a822f",
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      "width": 960,
      "height": 1280,
      "date_accessed": "2026-09-06",
      "visual_inspection": {
        "inspected": true,
        "method": "Contact-sheet and image preview inspection of the selected Wikimedia photograph",
        "observed": "Several upright woolly flower spikes bearing pink-purple flowers above fuzzy elongated leaves.",
        "notes": ""
      },
      "species_verification": {
        "status": "Source-supported identification with visual consistency check",
        "evidence": "Lamb’s Ears ( Stachys byzantina ) growing in the Beechview neighborhood of Pittsburgh",
        "source_title": "File:Stachys byzantina, 2015-06-02, Beechview, 01.jpg",
        "source_categories": [
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          "Self-published work",
          "Stachys byzantina (flowers)"
        ],
        "source_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Stachys_byzantina,_2015-06-02,_Beechview,_01.jpg",
        "limitation": "Photo selection verifies source labeling and visible consistency; it is not an independent specimen determination."
      },
      "photo_date_as_recorded": "2015-06-02 10:07:34",
      "colorado_location_claimed": false,
      "location_evidence": "Lamb’s Ears ( Stachys byzantina ) growing in the Beechview neighborhood of Pittsburgh",
      "derivative_changes": "Wikimedia-generated thumbnail rescaling only; downloaded thumbnail bytes unchanged.",
      "metadata_file": "source-metadata/stachys-byzantina-10.json",
      "attribution_text": "Cbaile19 / Wikimedia Commons / CC0",
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      "original_width": 1704,
      "original_height": 2272,
      "original_downloaded": false,
      "plant_id": "lambs-ear",
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      "taxon": "Stachys byzantina",
      "feature": "flower",
      "alt": "Several upright woolly flower spikes bearing pink-purple flowers above fuzzy elongated leaves.",
      "identification_note": "Source-supported identification with visual consistency check Photo selection verifies source labeling and visible consistency; it is not an independent specimen determination. ",
      "changes": "Downloaded source thumbnail; no further pixel edits. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06"
    },
    {
      "id": "xeriscape-centranthus-ruber-03",
      "scientific_name": "Centranthus ruber",
      "view": "habit",
      "caption": "Upright stem with opposite smooth leaves and several pink-red flower clusters on a rocky slope.",
      "alt_text": "Upright stem with opposite smooth leaves and several pink-red flower clusters on a rocky slope.",
      "creator": "Robert Flogaus-Faust",
      "creator_links": [
        "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Robert_Flogaus-Faust"
      ],
      "license": "CC BY 4.0",
      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0",
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      "attribution_required": true,
      "share_alike_required": false,
      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Centranthus_ruber_2_RF.jpg",
      "original_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c3/Centranthus_ruber_2_RF.jpg",
      "upstream_source_links": [],
      "original_title": "File:Centranthus ruber 2 RF.jpg",
      "file": "assets/photos/xeriscape-centranthus-ruber-03.jpg",
      "sha256": "a567cdfd7410048ae02ef4312acbc66be5c1ddab485c85e46610d6b6039dc3d0",
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      "height": 1280,
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      "visual_inspection": {
        "inspected": true,
        "method": "Contact-sheet and image preview inspection of the selected Wikimedia photograph",
        "observed": "Upright stem with opposite smooth leaves and several pink-red flower clusters on a rocky slope.",
        "notes": ""
      },
      "species_verification": {
        "status": "Source-supported identification with visual consistency check",
        "evidence": "Spur valerian ( Centranthus ruber ) near  Limone sul Garda ,  Italy",
        "source_title": "File:Centranthus ruber 2 RF.jpg",
        "source_categories": [
          "Self-published work",
          "Images by Robert Flogaus-Faust",
          "Centranthus ruber in Italy",
          "Flora of Lombardy in May",
          "Caprifoliaceae in Lombardy",
          "Caprifoliaceae in the Northern Hemisphere in May"
        ],
        "source_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Centranthus_ruber_2_RF.jpg",
        "limitation": "Photo selection verifies source labeling and visible consistency; it is not an independent specimen determination."
      },
      "photo_date_as_recorded": "2012-05-26",
      "colorado_location_claimed": false,
      "location_evidence": "Spur valerian ( Centranthus ruber ) near  Limone sul Garda ,  Italy",
      "derivative_changes": "Wikimedia-generated thumbnail rescaling only; downloaded thumbnail bytes unchanged.",
      "metadata_file": "source-metadata/centranthus-ruber-03.json",
      "attribution_text": "Robert Flogaus-Faust / Wikimedia Commons / CC BY 4.0",
      "downloaded_url": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Centranthus_ruber_2_RF.jpg/960px-Centranthus_ruber_2_RF.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail",
      "downloaded_variant": "Wikimedia Commons photographic thumbnail",
      "original_width": 2736,
      "original_height": 3648,
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      "plant_id": "red-valerian",
      "path": "assets/photos/xeriscape-centranthus-ruber-03.jpg",
      "taxon": "Centranthus ruber",
      "feature": "habit",
      "alt": "Upright stem with opposite smooth leaves and several pink-red flower clusters on a rocky slope.",
      "identification_note": "Source-supported identification with visual consistency check Photo selection verifies source labeling and visible consistency; it is not an independent specimen determination. ",
      "changes": "Downloaded source thumbnail; no further pixel edits. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
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        "path": "assets/thumbs/red-valerian.webp",
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        "changes": "Scaled within 640 by 640 pixels, converted to WebP at quality 82 for catalog performance. No crop or generative changes to the file. CSS may crop its catalog display.",
        "license": "CC BY 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "xeriscape-centranthus-ruber-05",
      "scientific_name": "Centranthus ruber",
      "view": "leaf and flower",
      "caption": "Smooth upright stem with opposite lance-shaped leaves and pink flower clusters in bud and bloom.",
      "alt_text": "Smooth upright stem with opposite lance-shaped leaves and pink flower clusters in bud and bloom.",
      "creator": "Christian Ferrer",
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        "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Christian_Ferrer"
      ],
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0",
      "license_evidence_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Centranthus_ruber,_S%C3%A8te_01.jpg#Licensing",
      "attribution_required": true,
      "share_alike_required": true,
      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Centranthus_ruber,_S%C3%A8te_01.jpg",
      "original_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Centranthus_ruber%2C_S%C3%A8te_01.jpg",
      "upstream_source_links": [],
      "original_title": "File:Centranthus ruber, Sète 01.jpg",
      "file": "assets/photos/xeriscape-centranthus-ruber-05.jpg",
      "sha256": "b6f7703995fc123dbf25ece284a1e9be0be896052ad1da0ef893defadb276dce",
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      "visual_inspection": {
        "inspected": true,
        "method": "Contact-sheet and image preview inspection of the selected Wikimedia photograph",
        "observed": "Smooth upright stem with opposite lance-shaped leaves and pink flower clusters in bud and bloom.",
        "notes": ""
      },
      "species_verification": {
        "status": "Source-supported identification with visual consistency check",
        "evidence": "Centranthus ruber   (Valerian).",
        "source_title": "File:Centranthus ruber, Sète 01.jpg",
        "source_categories": [
          "Taken with Nikon D810",
          "Taken with AF-S VR Micro-Nikkor 105mm f/2.8G IF-ED",
          "Self-published work",
          "April 2015 in Hérault",
          "Centranthus ruber in France",
          "Photographs taken on 2015-04-05",
          "Files with coordinates missing SDC location of creation",
          "Caprifoliaceae in the Northern Hemisphere in April",
          "Forêt domaniale de Sète"
        ],
        "source_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Centranthus_ruber,_S%C3%A8te_01.jpg",
        "limitation": "Photo selection verifies source labeling and visible consistency; it is not an independent specimen determination."
      },
      "photo_date_as_recorded": "5 April 2015, 10:39:50",
      "colorado_location_claimed": false,
      "location_evidence": "Centranthus ruber   (Valerian).",
      "derivative_changes": "Wikimedia-generated thumbnail rescaling only; downloaded thumbnail bytes unchanged.",
      "metadata_file": "source-metadata/centranthus-ruber-05.json",
      "attribution_text": "Christian Ferrer / Wikimedia Commons / CC BY-SA 4.0",
      "downloaded_url": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Centranthus_ruber%2C_S%C3%A8te_01.jpg/960px-Centranthus_ruber%2C_S%C3%A8te_01.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail",
      "downloaded_variant": "Wikimedia Commons photographic thumbnail",
      "original_width": 4228,
      "original_height": 6490,
      "original_downloaded": false,
      "plant_id": "red-valerian",
      "path": "assets/photos/xeriscape-centranthus-ruber-05.jpg",
      "taxon": "Centranthus ruber",
      "feature": "leaf and flower",
      "alt": "Smooth upright stem with opposite lance-shaped leaves and pink flower clusters in bud and bloom.",
      "identification_note": "Source-supported identification with visual consistency check Photo selection verifies source labeling and visible consistency; it is not an independent specimen determination. ",
      "changes": "Downloaded source thumbnail; no further pixel edits. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06"
    },
    {
      "id": "xeriscape-centranthus-ruber-09",
      "scientific_name": "Centranthus ruber",
      "view": "flower and fruit",
      "caption": "White tubular flowers alongside a fruit with a spreading feathery plume.",
      "alt_text": "White tubular flowers alongside a fruit with a spreading feathery plume.",
      "creator": "Forest & Kim Starr",
      "creator_links": [
        "http://www.hear.org/starr/"
      ],
      "license": "CC BY 3.0",
      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0",
      "license_evidence_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Starr_030805-0035_Centranthus_ruber.jpg#Licensing",
      "attribution_required": true,
      "share_alike_required": false,
      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Starr_030805-0035_Centranthus_ruber.jpg",
      "original_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fd/Starr_030805-0035_Centranthus_ruber.jpg",
      "upstream_source_links": [
        "http://www.starrenvironmental.com/images/full/starr-030805-0035.jpg",
        "http://www.hear.org/starr/plants/images/image/?q=030805-0035"
      ],
      "original_title": "File:Starr 030805-0035 Centranthus ruber.jpg",
      "file": "assets/photos/xeriscape-centranthus-ruber-09.jpg",
      "sha256": "401498e85bd7ac8012c288e38a10471128e6c82b22ed84cbfae97d512c08324f",
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      "visual_inspection": {
        "inspected": true,
        "method": "Contact-sheet and image preview inspection of the selected Wikimedia photograph",
        "observed": "White tubular flowers alongside a fruit with a spreading feathery plume.",
        "notes": "This is a white-flowered form of Centranthus ruber; caption must preserve that distinction."
      },
      "species_verification": {
        "status": "Source-supported identification with visual consistency check",
        "evidence": "Centranthus ruber (flowers and seed). Location: Maui, Pohakuokala Gulch",
        "source_title": "File:Starr 030805-0035 Centranthus ruber.jpg",
        "source_categories": [
          "Taken with Nikon Coolpix 2000",
          "Images from Forest & Kim Starr",
          "Centranthus ruber (flowers)",
          "Centranthus ruber in the United States",
          "Spurs (botany)"
        ],
        "source_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Starr_030805-0035_Centranthus_ruber.jpg",
        "limitation": "Photo selection verifies source labeling and visible consistency; it is not an independent specimen determination."
      },
      "photo_date_as_recorded": "2003-08-05",
      "colorado_location_claimed": false,
      "location_evidence": "Centranthus ruber (flowers and seed). Location: Maui, Pohakuokala Gulch",
      "derivative_changes": "Wikimedia-generated thumbnail rescaling only; downloaded thumbnail bytes unchanged.",
      "metadata_file": "source-metadata/centranthus-ruber-09.json",
      "attribution_text": "Forest & Kim Starr / Wikimedia Commons / CC BY 3.0",
      "downloaded_url": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Starr_030805-0035_Centranthus_ruber.jpg/960px-Starr_030805-0035_Centranthus_ruber.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail",
      "downloaded_variant": "Wikimedia Commons photographic thumbnail",
      "original_width": 1632,
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      "original_downloaded": false,
      "plant_id": "red-valerian",
      "path": "assets/photos/xeriscape-centranthus-ruber-09.jpg",
      "taxon": "Centranthus ruber",
      "feature": "flower and fruit",
      "alt": "White tubular flowers alongside a fruit with a spreading feathery plume.",
      "identification_note": "Source-supported identification with visual consistency check Photo selection verifies source labeling and visible consistency; it is not an independent specimen determination. ",
      "changes": "Downloaded source thumbnail; no further pixel edits. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06"
    },
    {
      "id": "xeriscape-gaillardia-aristata-09",
      "scientific_name": "Gaillardia aristata",
      "view": "flower",
      "caption": "Open yellow-rayed blanketflower heads with orange-yellow central disks and a reddish inner ring.",
      "alt_text": "Open yellow-rayed blanketflower heads with orange-yellow central disks and a reddish inner ring.",
      "creator": "NPS / Jacob W. Frank",
      "creator_links": [
        "https://www.flickr.com/people/glaciernps/"
      ],
      "license": "Public domain",
      "license_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Blanketflower_-_Gaillardia_aristata_(23515821570).jpg#Licensing",
      "license_evidence_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Blanketflower_-_Gaillardia_aristata_(23515821570).jpg#Licensing",
      "attribution_required": false,
      "share_alike_required": false,
      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Blanketflower_-_Gaillardia_aristata_(23515821570).jpg",
      "original_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/39/Blanketflower_-_Gaillardia_aristata_%2823515821570%29.jpg",
      "upstream_source_links": [
        "https://www.flickr.com/photos/glaciernps/23515821570"
      ],
      "original_title": "File:Blanketflower - Gaillardia aristata (23515821570).jpg",
      "file": "assets/photos/xeriscape-gaillardia-aristata-09.jpg",
      "sha256": "2e1d87269ca43a3215565b2361b4ab6642af37b7b726dc265bef593239e77d3f",
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      "height": 640,
      "date_accessed": "2026-09-06",
      "visual_inspection": {
        "inspected": true,
        "method": "Contact-sheet and image preview inspection of the selected Wikimedia photograph",
        "observed": "Open yellow-rayed blanketflower heads with orange-yellow central disks and a reddish inner ring.",
        "notes": "National Park Service original credited to Jacob W. Frank."
      },
      "species_verification": {
        "status": "Source-supported identification with visual consistency check",
        "evidence": "NPS / Jacob W. Frank",
        "source_title": "File:Blanketflower - Gaillardia aristata (23515821570).jpg",
        "source_categories": [
          "Gaillardia aristata",
          "PD US NPS",
          "Files from Glacier National Park Service Flickr stream",
          "United States photographs taken on 2015-06-18",
          "Flickr images reviewed by FlickreviewR 2",
          "U.S. National Park Service Flickr files uploaded by OptimusPrimeBot",
          "United States National Park Service images (review needed)"
        ],
        "source_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Blanketflower_-_Gaillardia_aristata_(23515821570).jpg",
        "limitation": "Photo selection verifies source labeling and visible consistency; it is not an independent specimen determination."
      },
      "photo_date_as_recorded": "Taken on 18 June 2015, 09:34:58",
      "colorado_location_claimed": false,
      "location_evidence": "NPS / Jacob W. Frank",
      "derivative_changes": "Wikimedia-generated thumbnail rescaling only; downloaded thumbnail bytes unchanged.",
      "metadata_file": "source-metadata/gaillardia-aristata-09.json",
      "attribution_text": "NPS / Jacob W. Frank / Wikimedia Commons / Public domain",
      "license_notes": "U.S. federal public-domain work: Commons records PD US NPS. Credit provided voluntarily.",
      "downloaded_url": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Blanketflower_-_Gaillardia_aristata_%2823515821570%29.jpg/960px-Blanketflower_-_Gaillardia_aristata_%2823515821570%29.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail",
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      "original_width": 5760,
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      "original_downloaded": false,
      "plant_id": "blanketflower",
      "path": "assets/photos/xeriscape-gaillardia-aristata-09.jpg",
      "taxon": "Gaillardia aristata",
      "feature": "flower",
      "alt": "Open yellow-rayed blanketflower heads with orange-yellow central disks and a reddish inner ring.",
      "identification_note": "Source-supported identification with visual consistency check Photo selection verifies source labeling and visible consistency; it is not an independent specimen determination. ",
      "changes": "Downloaded source thumbnail; no further pixel edits. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06",
      "thumbnail": {
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        "height": 427,
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        "changes": "Scaled within 640 by 640 pixels, converted to WebP at quality 82 for catalog performance. No crop or generative changes to the file. CSS may crop its catalog display.",
        "license": "Public domain",
        "license_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Blanketflower_-_Gaillardia_aristata_(23515821570).jpg#Licensing"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "xeriscape-gaillardia-aristata-10",
      "scientific_name": "Gaillardia aristata",
      "view": "leaves and developing heads",
      "caption": "Hairy narrow leaves, upright stems, and developing flower heads viewed from below.",
      "alt_text": "Hairy narrow leaves, upright stems, and developing flower heads viewed from below.",
      "creator": "Matt Lavin",
      "creator_links": [],
      "license": "CC BY-SA 2.0",
      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0",
      "license_evidence_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gaillardia_aristata_-_blanketflower_-_52378800238.jpg#Licensing",
      "attribution_required": true,
      "share_alike_required": true,
      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gaillardia_aristata_-_blanketflower_-_52378800238.jpg",
      "original_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0f/Gaillardia_aristata_-_blanketflower_-_52378800238.jpg",
      "upstream_source_links": [
        "https://www.flickr.com/photos/35478170@N08/52378800238/"
      ],
      "original_title": "File:Gaillardia aristata - blanketflower - 52378800238.jpg",
      "file": "assets/photos/xeriscape-gaillardia-aristata-10.jpg",
      "sha256": "41e4913383895f1147aede800a61cf20c9d3fdcba0f64ba9f1d32ce7cae838cb",
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      "date_accessed": "2026-09-06",
      "visual_inspection": {
        "inspected": true,
        "method": "Contact-sheet and image preview inspection of the selected Wikimedia photograph",
        "observed": "Hairy narrow leaves, upright stems, and developing flower heads viewed from below.",
        "notes": "Source places this plant along Baldy Mountain trail in the Bridger Range, Montana."
      },
      "species_verification": {
        "status": "Source-supported identification with visual consistency check",
        "evidence": "Blanketflower is most abundant along the Baldy Mountain trail at the south end of the Bridger Range. Following the 2020 fire in this area, blanketflower became a bit more abundant as a trailside plant.",
        "source_title": "File:Gaillardia aristata - blanketflower - 52378800238.jpg",
        "source_categories": [
          "Gaillardia aristata",
          "Files with coordinates missing SDC location of creation",
          "Flickr images reviewed by FlickreviewR 2"
        ],
        "source_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gaillardia_aristata_-_blanketflower_-_52378800238.jpg",
        "limitation": "Photo selection verifies source labeling and visible consistency; it is not an independent specimen determination."
      },
      "photo_date_as_recorded": "2022-07-04 11:40:10",
      "colorado_location_claimed": false,
      "location_evidence": "Blanketflower is most abundant along the Baldy Mountain trail at the south end of the Bridger Range. Following the 2020 fire in this area, blanketflower became a bit more abundant as a trailside plant.",
      "derivative_changes": "Wikimedia-generated thumbnail rescaling only; downloaded thumbnail bytes unchanged.",
      "metadata_file": "source-metadata/gaillardia-aristata-10.json",
      "attribution_text": "Matt Lavin / Wikimedia Commons / CC BY-SA 2.0",
      "downloaded_url": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Gaillardia_aristata_-_blanketflower_-_52378800238.jpg/960px-Gaillardia_aristata_-_blanketflower_-_52378800238.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail",
      "downloaded_variant": "Wikimedia Commons photographic thumbnail",
      "original_width": 4000,
      "original_height": 3000,
      "original_downloaded": false,
      "plant_id": "blanketflower",
      "path": "assets/photos/xeriscape-gaillardia-aristata-10.jpg",
      "taxon": "Gaillardia aristata",
      "feature": "leaves and developing heads",
      "alt": "Hairy narrow leaves, upright stems, and developing flower heads viewed from below.",
      "identification_note": "Source-supported identification with visual consistency check Photo selection verifies source labeling and visible consistency; it is not an independent specimen determination. ",
      "changes": "Downloaded source thumbnail; no further pixel edits. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06"
    },
    {
      "id": "xeriscape-gaillardia-aristata-12",
      "scientific_name": "Gaillardia aristata",
      "view": "leaf and stem",
      "caption": "Close side view of an alternate elongated leaf and stem, both covered in coarse hairs.",
      "alt_text": "Close side view of an alternate elongated leaf and stem, both covered in coarse hairs.",
      "creator": "Matt Lavin  from Bozeman, Montana, USA",
      "creator_links": [
        "https://www.flickr.com/people/35478170@N08"
      ],
      "license": "CC BY-SA 2.0",
      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0",
      "license_evidence_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gaillardia_aristata_(3750286513).jpg#Licensing",
      "attribution_required": true,
      "share_alike_required": true,
      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gaillardia_aristata_(3750286513).jpg",
      "original_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c1/Gaillardia_aristata_%283750286513%29.jpg",
      "upstream_source_links": [
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        "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Jacopo_Werther"
      ],
      "original_title": "File:Gaillardia aristata (3750286513).jpg",
      "file": "assets/photos/xeriscape-gaillardia-aristata-12.jpg",
      "sha256": "5d94e73f378c084da0c87ce92202c8afab6cbce3682238d9ca3c44faae6b4a73",
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      "width": 960,
      "height": 1280,
      "date_accessed": "2026-09-06",
      "visual_inspection": {
        "inspected": true,
        "method": "Contact-sheet and image preview inspection of the selected Wikimedia photograph",
        "observed": "Close side view of an alternate elongated leaf and stem, both covered in coarse hairs.",
        "notes": ""
      },
      "species_verification": {
        "status": "Source-supported identification with visual consistency check",
        "evidence": "The alternate leaves are covered with coarse hairs.",
        "source_title": "File:Gaillardia aristata (3750286513).jpg",
        "source_categories": [
          "Gaillardia aristata",
          "Taken with Nikon Coolpix 4500",
          "Flickr images reviewed by File Upload Bot (Magnus Manske)",
          "Files with coordinates missing SDC location of creation",
          "Photographs by Matt Lavin",
          "Files uploaded from Flickr by Jacopo Werther via Bot"
        ],
        "source_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gaillardia_aristata_(3750286513).jpg",
        "limitation": "Photo selection verifies source labeling and visible consistency; it is not an independent specimen determination."
      },
      "photo_date_as_recorded": "2009-07-17 10:40",
      "colorado_location_claimed": false,
      "location_evidence": "The alternate leaves are covered with coarse hairs.",
      "derivative_changes": "Wikimedia-generated thumbnail rescaling only; downloaded thumbnail bytes unchanged.",
      "metadata_file": "source-metadata/gaillardia-aristata-12.json",
      "attribution_text": "Matt Lavin  from Bozeman, Montana, USA / Wikimedia Commons / CC BY-SA 2.0",
      "downloaded_url": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Gaillardia_aristata_%283750286513%29.jpg/960px-Gaillardia_aristata_%283750286513%29.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail",
      "downloaded_variant": "Wikimedia Commons photographic thumbnail",
      "original_width": 1704,
      "original_height": 2272,
      "original_downloaded": false,
      "plant_id": "blanketflower",
      "path": "assets/photos/xeriscape-gaillardia-aristata-12.jpg",
      "taxon": "Gaillardia aristata",
      "feature": "leaf and stem",
      "alt": "Close side view of an alternate elongated leaf and stem, both covered in coarse hairs.",
      "identification_note": "Source-supported identification with visual consistency check Photo selection verifies source labeling and visible consistency; it is not an independent specimen determination. ",
      "changes": "Downloaded source thumbnail; no further pixel edits. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06"
    },
    {
      "id": "xeriscape-linum-lewisii-01",
      "scientific_name": "Linum lewisii",
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      "caption": "Close view of slender narrow leaves along a green flax stem.",
      "alt_text": "Close view of slender narrow leaves along a green flax stem.",
      "creator": "Walter Siegmund   (talk)",
      "creator_links": [
        "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Wsiegmund",
        "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Wsiegmund"
      ],
      "license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0",
      "license_evidence_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Linum_lewisii_9746.JPG#Licensing",
      "attribution_required": true,
      "share_alike_required": true,
      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Linum_lewisii_9746.JPG",
      "original_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/03/Linum_lewisii_9746.JPG",
      "upstream_source_links": [],
      "original_title": "File:Linum lewisii 9746.JPG",
      "file": "assets/photos/xeriscape-linum-lewisii-01.jpg",
      "sha256": "3d2643db847502205d3a411be9fa115a25c659d33e0a80b6b5a67a8fa0f1b48b",
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      "visual_inspection": {
        "inspected": true,
        "method": "Contact-sheet and image preview inspection of the selected Wikimedia photograph",
        "observed": "Close view of slender narrow leaves along a green flax stem.",
        "notes": ""
      },
      "species_verification": {
        "status": "Source-supported identification with visual consistency check",
        "evidence": "Prairie Flax, Wild Blue Flax",
        "source_title": "File:Linum lewisii 9746.JPG",
        "source_categories": [
          "Linum lewisii",
          "GFDL",
          "Taken with Canon EOS 450D",
          "CC-BY-SA-3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0",
          "License migration redundant",
          "Self-published work",
          "Files with coordinates missing SDC location of creation",
          "Linaceae in Wenas Wildlife Area"
        ],
        "source_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Linum_lewisii_9746.JPG",
        "limitation": "Photo selection verifies source labeling and visible consistency; it is not an independent specimen determination."
      },
      "photo_date_as_recorded": "31 May 2009, 10:15:18 −07:00",
      "colorado_location_claimed": false,
      "location_evidence": "Prairie Flax, Wild Blue Flax",
      "derivative_changes": "Wikimedia-generated thumbnail rescaling only; downloaded thumbnail bytes unchanged.",
      "metadata_file": "source-metadata/linum-lewisii-01.json",
      "attribution_text": "Walter Siegmund   (talk) / Wikimedia Commons / CC BY-SA 3.0",
      "downloaded_url": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Linum_lewisii_9746.JPG/960px-Linum_lewisii_9746.JPG?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail",
      "downloaded_variant": "Wikimedia Commons photographic thumbnail",
      "original_width": 2848,
      "original_height": 4272,
      "original_downloaded": false,
      "plant_id": "lewis-blue-flax",
      "path": "assets/photos/xeriscape-linum-lewisii-01.jpg",
      "taxon": "Linum lewisii",
      "feature": "leaf and stem",
      "alt": "Close view of slender narrow leaves along a green flax stem.",
      "identification_note": "Source-supported identification with visual consistency check Photo selection verifies source labeling and visible consistency; it is not an independent specimen determination. ",
      "changes": "Downloaded source thumbnail; no further pixel edits. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06",
      "thumbnail": {
        "path": "assets/thumbs/lewis-blue-flax.webp",
        "width": 427,
        "height": 640,
        "sha256": "f056969c2a720cc19cfebbf3286d8fb6b95c3c18cd8370ff054f1628a3f09362",
        "parent_sha256": "3d2643db847502205d3a411be9fa115a25c659d33e0a80b6b5a67a8fa0f1b48b",
        "changes": "Scaled within 640 by 640 pixels, converted to WebP at quality 82 for catalog performance. No crop or generative changes to the file. CSS may crop its catalog display.",
        "license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "xeriscape-linum-lewisii-02",
      "scientific_name": "Linum lewisii",
      "view": "flower",
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      "alt_text": "Blue five-petaled flax flowers with pale veins and yellow centers, on a slender flowering stem.",
      "creator": "NPS / Jacob W. Frank",
      "creator_links": [
        "https://www.flickr.com/people/80223459@N05"
      ],
      "license": "Public domain",
      "license_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Blue_Flax_-_Linum_lewisii_(37066946561).jpg#Licensing",
      "license_evidence_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Blue_Flax_-_Linum_lewisii_(37066946561).jpg#Licensing",
      "attribution_required": false,
      "share_alike_required": false,
      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Blue_Flax_-_Linum_lewisii_(37066946561).jpg",
      "original_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/18/Blue_Flax_-_Linum_lewisii_%2837066946561%29.jpg",
      "upstream_source_links": [
        "https://www.flickr.com/photos/yellowstonenps/37066946561/"
      ],
      "original_title": "File:Blue Flax - Linum lewisii (37066946561).jpg",
      "file": "assets/photos/xeriscape-linum-lewisii-02.jpg",
      "sha256": "cac2ea3c80fec2a19557a66a5b0299687e56de0a02267bd9131b19f35ae01f51",
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      "width": 960,
      "height": 1440,
      "date_accessed": "2026-09-06",
      "visual_inspection": {
        "inspected": true,
        "method": "Contact-sheet and image preview inspection of the selected Wikimedia photograph",
        "observed": "Blue five-petaled flax flowers with pale veins and yellow centers, on a slender flowering stem.",
        "notes": "National Park Service original credited to Jacob W. Frank."
      },
      "species_verification": {
        "status": "Source-supported identification with visual consistency check",
        "evidence": "NPS / Jacob W. Frank",
        "source_title": "File:Blue Flax - Linum lewisii (37066946561).jpg",
        "source_categories": [
          "PD US NPS",
          "Flora of Yellowstone National Park",
          "Flickr images reviewed by FlickreviewR 2"
        ],
        "source_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Blue_Flax_-_Linum_lewisii_(37066946561).jpg",
        "limitation": "Photo selection verifies source labeling and visible consistency; it is not an independent specimen determination."
      },
      "photo_date_as_recorded": "2018-06-16 13:09",
      "colorado_location_claimed": false,
      "location_evidence": "NPS / Jacob W. Frank",
      "derivative_changes": "Wikimedia-generated thumbnail rescaling only; downloaded thumbnail bytes unchanged.",
      "metadata_file": "source-metadata/linum-lewisii-02.json",
      "attribution_text": "NPS / Jacob W. Frank / Wikimedia Commons / Public domain",
      "license_notes": "U.S. federal public-domain work: Commons records PD US NPS. Credit provided voluntarily.",
      "downloaded_url": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Blue_Flax_-_Linum_lewisii_%2837066946561%29.jpg/960px-Blue_Flax_-_Linum_lewisii_%2837066946561%29.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail",
      "downloaded_variant": "Wikimedia Commons photographic thumbnail",
      "original_width": 4013,
      "original_height": 6020,
      "original_downloaded": false,
      "plant_id": "lewis-blue-flax",
      "path": "assets/photos/xeriscape-linum-lewisii-02.jpg",
      "taxon": "Linum lewisii",
      "feature": "flower",
      "alt": "Blue five-petaled flax flowers with pale veins and yellow centers, on a slender flowering stem.",
      "identification_note": "Source-supported identification with visual consistency check Photo selection verifies source labeling and visible consistency; it is not an independent specimen determination. ",
      "changes": "Downloaded source thumbnail; no further pixel edits. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06"
    },
    {
      "id": "xeriscape-linum-lewisii-03",
      "scientific_name": "Linum lewisii",
      "view": "habit",
      "caption": "Airy clump of thin stems carrying numerous blue flowers in dry grassland.",
      "alt_text": "Airy clump of thin stems carrying numerous blue flowers in dry grassland.",
      "creator": "Skoch3",
      "creator_links": [
        "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Skoch3"
      ],
      "license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
      "license_url": "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/",
      "license_evidence_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Linum_lewisii,_blue_flax,_Albuquerque.JPG#Licensing",
      "attribution_required": true,
      "share_alike_required": true,
      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Linum_lewisii,_blue_flax,_Albuquerque.JPG",
      "original_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d0/Linum_lewisii%2C_blue_flax%2C_Albuquerque.JPG",
      "upstream_source_links": [],
      "original_title": "File:Linum lewisii, blue flax, Albuquerque.JPG",
      "file": "assets/photos/xeriscape-linum-lewisii-03.jpg",
      "sha256": "b0607f547a5525daafb08c5aa6e74f32ca7492b6404a1d34b97ade632d7ee016",
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      "width": 960,
      "height": 680,
      "date_accessed": "2026-09-06",
      "visual_inspection": {
        "inspected": true,
        "method": "Contact-sheet and image preview inspection of the selected Wikimedia photograph",
        "observed": "Airy clump of thin stems carrying numerous blue flowers in dry grassland.",
        "notes": "Source explicitly locates this plant in Elena Gallegos Picnic Area, Albuquerque, New Mexico."
      },
      "species_verification": {
        "status": "Source-supported identification with visual consistency check",
        "evidence": "Photo of a Blue flax flower taken in Elena Gallegos Picnic Area, Albuquerque, NM.  Nikon D40, with  18-55 mm f/3.5-5.6GII ED AF-S DX Zoom-Nikkor Lens , auto no-flash mode.  Image saved by D40 as JPEG fine, large.",
        "source_title": "File:Linum lewisii, blue flax, Albuquerque.JPG",
        "source_categories": [
          "Linum lewisii",
          "GFDL",
          "Taken with Nikon D40",
          "CC-BY-SA-2.5,2.0,1.0",
          "License migration redundant",
          "Self-published work",
          "Flora taken with Nikon D40"
        ],
        "source_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Linum_lewisii,_blue_flax,_Albuquerque.JPG",
        "limitation": "Photo selection verifies source labeling and visible consistency; it is not an independent specimen determination."
      },
      "photo_date_as_recorded": "2007-06-22",
      "colorado_location_claimed": false,
      "location_evidence": "Photo of a Blue flax flower taken in Elena Gallegos Picnic Area, Albuquerque, NM.  Nikon D40, with  18-55 mm f/3.5-5.6GII ED AF-S DX Zoom-Nikkor Lens , auto no-flash mode.  Image saved by D40 as JPEG fine, large.",
      "derivative_changes": "Wikimedia-generated thumbnail rescaling only; downloaded thumbnail bytes unchanged.",
      "metadata_file": "source-metadata/linum-lewisii-03.json",
      "attribution_text": "Skoch3 / Wikimedia Commons / CC BY-SA 3.0",
      "downloaded_url": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Linum_lewisii%2C_blue_flax%2C_Albuquerque.JPG/960px-Linum_lewisii%2C_blue_flax%2C_Albuquerque.JPG?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail",
      "downloaded_variant": "Wikimedia Commons photographic thumbnail",
      "original_width": 2627,
      "original_height": 1860,
      "original_downloaded": false,
      "plant_id": "lewis-blue-flax",
      "path": "assets/photos/xeriscape-linum-lewisii-03.jpg",
      "taxon": "Linum lewisii",
      "feature": "habit",
      "alt": "Airy clump of thin stems carrying numerous blue flowers in dry grassland.",
      "identification_note": "Source-supported identification with visual consistency check Photo selection verifies source labeling and visible consistency; it is not an independent specimen determination. ",
      "changes": "Downloaded source thumbnail; no further pixel edits. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06"
    },
    {
      "id": "xeriscape-achillea-filipendulina-01",
      "scientific_name": "Achillea filipendulina",
      "view": "flower",
      "caption": "Macro view of a domed-to-flat cluster of small golden-yellow flower heads.",
      "alt_text": "Macro view of a domed-to-flat cluster of small golden-yellow flower heads.",
      "creator": "Yerpo",
      "creator_links": [
        "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Yerpo"
      ],
      "license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0",
      "license_evidence_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Achillea_filipendulina_flowers.jpg#Licensing",
      "attribution_required": true,
      "share_alike_required": true,
      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Achillea_filipendulina_flowers.jpg",
      "original_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3b/Achillea_filipendulina_flowers.jpg",
      "upstream_source_links": [],
      "original_title": "File:Achillea filipendulina flowers.jpg",
      "file": "assets/photos/xeriscape-achillea-filipendulina-01.jpg",
      "sha256": "8a0f87e9c243f405928da2a5ff6925d9e565adb6d693bcf77e1a1df98efbf7e5",
      "bytes": 117550,
      "width": 960,
      "height": 640,
      "date_accessed": "2026-09-06",
      "visual_inspection": {
        "inspected": true,
        "method": "Contact-sheet and image preview inspection of the selected Wikimedia photograph",
        "observed": "Macro view of a domed-to-flat cluster of small golden-yellow flower heads.",
        "notes": ""
      },
      "species_verification": {
        "status": "Source-supported identification with visual consistency check",
        "evidence": "Macro shot of flowers of  Achillea filipendulina  growing in a garden.",
        "source_title": "File:Achillea filipendulina flowers.jpg",
        "source_categories": [
          "Achillea filipendulina",
          "GFDL",
          "Taken with Canon EOS 40D",
          "License migration redundant",
          "Taken with Sigma 150mm F2.8 EX DG APO Macro HSM",
          "Self-published work",
          "Featured pictures on Wikipedia, Slovenian",
          "Files with Assessments template missing SDC Commons no value quality assessment",
          "Photographs by User:Yerpo"
        ],
        "source_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Achillea_filipendulina_flowers.jpg",
        "limitation": "Photo selection verifies source labeling and visible consistency; it is not an independent specimen determination."
      },
      "photo_date_as_recorded": "2009-10-20",
      "colorado_location_claimed": false,
      "location_evidence": "Macro shot of flowers of  Achillea filipendulina  growing in a garden.",
      "derivative_changes": "Wikimedia-generated thumbnail rescaling only; downloaded thumbnail bytes unchanged.",
      "metadata_file": "source-metadata/achillea-filipendulina-01.json",
      "attribution_text": "Yerpo / Wikimedia Commons / CC BY-SA 3.0",
      "downloaded_url": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Achillea_filipendulina_flowers.jpg/960px-Achillea_filipendulina_flowers.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail",
      "downloaded_variant": "Wikimedia Commons photographic thumbnail",
      "original_width": 3888,
      "original_height": 2592,
      "original_downloaded": false,
      "plant_id": "fernleaf-yarrow",
      "path": "assets/photos/xeriscape-achillea-filipendulina-01.jpg",
      "taxon": "Achillea filipendulina",
      "feature": "flower",
      "alt": "Macro view of a domed-to-flat cluster of small golden-yellow flower heads.",
      "identification_note": "Source-supported identification with visual consistency check Photo selection verifies source labeling and visible consistency; it is not an independent specimen determination. ",
      "changes": "Downloaded source thumbnail; no further pixel edits. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06",
      "thumbnail": {
        "path": "assets/thumbs/fernleaf-yarrow.webp",
        "width": 640,
        "height": 427,
        "sha256": "16b5eb0ef3550e902ad012bf5846e1f1c3e36fed6e376c1dd095cf1762f0eb16",
        "parent_sha256": "8a0f87e9c243f405928da2a5ff6925d9e565adb6d693bcf77e1a1df98efbf7e5",
        "changes": "Scaled within 640 by 640 pixels, converted to WebP at quality 82 for catalog performance. No crop or generative changes to the file. CSS may crop its catalog display.",
        "license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "xeriscape-achillea-filipendulina-02",
      "scientific_name": "Achillea filipendulina",
      "view": "habit and leaf",
      "caption": "Upright yellow-flowering yarrow in bare stony soil, with fernlike divided leaves visible down the stems.",
      "alt_text": "Upright yellow-flowering yarrow in bare stony soil, with fernlike divided leaves visible down the stems.",
      "creator": "Stefan.lefnaer",
      "creator_links": [
        "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Stefan.lefnaer"
      ],
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0",
      "license_evidence_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Achillea_filipendulina_sl1.jpg#Licensing",
      "attribution_required": true,
      "share_alike_required": true,
      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Achillea_filipendulina_sl1.jpg",
      "original_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d4/Achillea_filipendulina_sl1.jpg",
      "upstream_source_links": [],
      "original_title": "File:Achillea filipendulina sl1.jpg",
      "file": "assets/photos/xeriscape-achillea-filipendulina-02.jpg",
      "sha256": "ff8a528d190096aafc076538fa3720400038c25e50959bab608731d13871f544",
      "bytes": 476784,
      "width": 960,
      "height": 1280,
      "date_accessed": "2026-09-06",
      "visual_inspection": {
        "inspected": true,
        "method": "Contact-sheet and image preview inspection of the selected Wikimedia photograph",
        "observed": "Upright yellow-flowering yarrow in bare stony soil, with fernlike divided leaves visible down the stems.",
        "notes": ""
      },
      "species_verification": {
        "status": "Source-supported identification with visual consistency check",
        "evidence": "Habitus \n Taxonym:  Achillea filipendulina  ss Fischer et al. EfÖLS 2008    ISBN     978-3-85474-187-9  \nLocation: east of Großwetzdorf, municipality Heldenberg, district Hollabrunn, Lower Austria - ca. 270 m ü. A. \n \nHabitat: earth dump",
        "source_title": "File:Achillea filipendulina sl1.jpg",
        "source_categories": [
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          "Self-published work",
          "Asteraceae in Austria",
          "Asterales in Lower Austria",
          "Flora of Heldenberg",
          "Files with coordinates missing SDC location of creation",
          "Austria photographs taken on 2019-07-28",
          "Pannonian Flora",
          "Plants of Austria in July"
        ],
        "source_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Achillea_filipendulina_sl1.jpg",
        "limitation": "Photo selection verifies source labeling and visible consistency; it is not an independent specimen determination."
      },
      "photo_date_as_recorded": "2019-07-28 09:37:28",
      "colorado_location_claimed": false,
      "location_evidence": "Habitus \n Taxonym:  Achillea filipendulina  ss Fischer et al. EfÖLS 2008    ISBN     978-3-85474-187-9  \nLocation: east of Großwetzdorf, municipality Heldenberg, district Hollabrunn, Lower Austria - ca. 270 m ü. A. \n \nHabitat: earth dump",
      "derivative_changes": "Wikimedia-generated thumbnail rescaling only; downloaded thumbnail bytes unchanged.",
      "metadata_file": "source-metadata/achillea-filipendulina-02.json",
      "attribution_text": "Stefan.lefnaer / Wikimedia Commons / CC BY-SA 4.0",
      "downloaded_url": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Achillea_filipendulina_sl1.jpg/960px-Achillea_filipendulina_sl1.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail",
      "downloaded_variant": "Wikimedia Commons photographic thumbnail",
      "original_width": 3096,
      "original_height": 4128,
      "original_downloaded": false,
      "plant_id": "fernleaf-yarrow",
      "path": "assets/photos/xeriscape-achillea-filipendulina-02.jpg",
      "taxon": "Achillea filipendulina",
      "feature": "habit and leaf",
      "alt": "Upright yellow-flowering yarrow in bare stony soil, with fernlike divided leaves visible down the stems.",
      "identification_note": "Source-supported identification with visual consistency check Photo selection verifies source labeling and visible consistency; it is not an independent specimen determination. ",
      "changes": "Downloaded source thumbnail; no further pixel edits. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06"
    },
    {
      "id": "xeriscape-achillea-filipendulina-03",
      "scientific_name": "Achillea filipendulina",
      "view": "garden habit",
      "caption": "Tall garden clump with many flat golden-yellow flower clusters above fernlike green foliage.",
      "alt_text": "Tall garden clump with many flat golden-yellow flower clusters above fernlike green foliage.",
      "creator": "Andrea Moro",
      "creator_links": [],
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0",
      "license_evidence_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Achillea_filipendulina_plant_(01).jpg#Licensing",
      "attribution_required": true,
      "share_alike_required": true,
      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Achillea_filipendulina_plant_(01).jpg",
      "original_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Achillea_filipendulina_plant_%2801%29.jpg",
      "upstream_source_links": [
        "http://dryades.units.it/cercapiante/index.php?procedure=cerca2&id=269",
        "http://dryades.units.it/dryades/plants/foto/TSB98239.jpg"
      ],
      "original_title": "File:Achillea filipendulina plant (01).jpg",
      "file": "assets/photos/xeriscape-achillea-filipendulina-03.jpg",
      "sha256": "634a8444ea0859b8b46514f80aa2f7f38f95492f2849416886d9fbe25ffedf94",
      "bytes": 369034,
      "width": 960,
      "height": 720,
      "date_accessed": "2026-09-06",
      "visual_inspection": {
        "inspected": true,
        "method": "Contact-sheet and image preview inspection of the selected Wikimedia photograph",
        "observed": "Tall garden clump with many flat golden-yellow flower clusters above fernlike green foliage.",
        "notes": "Source identifies cultivar Parker's Variety; other white flowers at the lower edge are background plants."
      },
      "species_verification": {
        "status": "Source-supported identification with visual consistency check",
        "evidence": "Achillea filipendulina  'Parker's Variety'",
        "source_title": "File:Achillea filipendulina plant (01).jpg",
        "source_categories": [
          "Achillea filipendulina",
          "License review needed"
        ],
        "source_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Achillea_filipendulina_plant_(01).jpg",
        "limitation": "Photo selection verifies source labeling and visible consistency; it is not an independent specimen determination."
      },
      "photo_date_as_recorded": "2011-06-17",
      "colorado_location_claimed": false,
      "location_evidence": "Achillea filipendulina  'Parker's Variety'",
      "derivative_changes": "Wikimedia-generated thumbnail rescaling only; downloaded thumbnail bytes unchanged.",
      "metadata_file": "source-metadata/achillea-filipendulina-03.json",
      "attribution_text": "Andrea Moro / Wikimedia Commons / CC BY-SA 4.0",
      "downloaded_url": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Achillea_filipendulina_plant_%2801%29.jpg/960px-Achillea_filipendulina_plant_%2801%29.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail",
      "downloaded_variant": "Wikimedia Commons photographic thumbnail",
      "original_width": 3264,
      "original_height": 2448,
      "original_downloaded": false,
      "plant_id": "fernleaf-yarrow",
      "path": "assets/photos/xeriscape-achillea-filipendulina-03.jpg",
      "taxon": "Achillea filipendulina",
      "feature": "garden habit",
      "alt": "Tall garden clump with many flat golden-yellow flower clusters above fernlike green foliage.",
      "identification_note": "Source-supported identification with visual consistency check Photo selection verifies source labeling and visible consistency; it is not an independent specimen determination. ",
      "changes": "Downloaded source thumbnail; no further pixel edits. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06"
    },
    {
      "id": "xeriscape-artemisia-frigida-02",
      "scientific_name": "Artemisia frigida",
      "view": "basal foliage",
      "caption": "Low basal shoots with compact clusters of finely divided silvery-green leaves among dry vegetation.",
      "alt_text": "Low basal shoots with compact clusters of finely divided silvery-green leaves among dry vegetation.",
      "creator": "Matt Lavin  from Bozeman, Montana, USA",
      "creator_links": [
        "https://www.flickr.com/people/35478170@N08"
      ],
      "license": "CC BY-SA 2.0",
      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0",
      "license_evidence_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Artemisia_frigida_(3299645583).jpg#Licensing",
      "attribution_required": true,
      "share_alike_required": true,
      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Artemisia_frigida_(3299645583).jpg",
      "original_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/58/Artemisia_frigida_%283299645583%29.jpg",
      "upstream_source_links": [
        "https://www.flickr.com/photos/plant_diversity/3299645583/",
        "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Jacopo_Werther"
      ],
      "original_title": "File:Artemisia frigida (3299645583).jpg",
      "file": "assets/photos/xeriscape-artemisia-frigida-02.jpg",
      "sha256": "517db9ce7927a857f021d52c6c0a69f4c6136ad2bd2a0c880bd89c493ea3534a",
      "bytes": 168159,
      "width": 960,
      "height": 720,
      "date_accessed": "2026-09-06",
      "visual_inspection": {
        "inspected": true,
        "method": "Contact-sheet and image preview inspection of the selected Wikimedia photograph",
        "observed": "Low basal shoots with compact clusters of finely divided silvery-green leaves among dry vegetation.",
        "notes": ""
      },
      "species_verification": {
        "status": "Source-supported identification with visual consistency check",
        "evidence": "The basal leaves are often clustered or mat-forming.",
        "source_title": "File:Artemisia frigida (3299645583).jpg",
        "source_categories": [
          "Artemisia frigida",
          "Taken with Nikon Coolpix 4500",
          "Flickr images reviewed by File Upload Bot (Magnus Manske)",
          "Flickr images missing SDC creator",
          "Files with coordinates missing SDC location of creation",
          "Photographs by Matt Lavin",
          "Files uploaded from Flickr by Jacopo Werther via Bot",
          "Asteraceae leaves"
        ],
        "source_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Artemisia_frigida_(3299645583).jpg",
        "limitation": "Photo selection verifies source labeling and visible consistency; it is not an independent specimen determination."
      },
      "photo_date_as_recorded": "2008-10-26 15:36",
      "colorado_location_claimed": false,
      "location_evidence": "The basal leaves are often clustered or mat-forming.",
      "derivative_changes": "Wikimedia-generated thumbnail rescaling only; downloaded thumbnail bytes unchanged.",
      "metadata_file": "source-metadata/artemisia-frigida-02.json",
      "attribution_text": "Matt Lavin  from Bozeman, Montana, USA / Wikimedia Commons / CC BY-SA 2.0",
      "downloaded_url": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Artemisia_frigida_%283299645583%29.jpg/960px-Artemisia_frigida_%283299645583%29.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail",
      "downloaded_variant": "Wikimedia Commons photographic thumbnail",
      "original_width": 1024,
      "original_height": 768,
      "original_downloaded": false,
      "plant_id": "fringed-sage",
      "path": "assets/photos/xeriscape-artemisia-frigida-02.jpg",
      "taxon": "Artemisia frigida",
      "feature": "basal foliage",
      "alt": "Low basal shoots with compact clusters of finely divided silvery-green leaves among dry vegetation.",
      "identification_note": "Source-supported identification with visual consistency check Photo selection verifies source labeling and visible consistency; it is not an independent specimen determination. ",
      "changes": "Downloaded source thumbnail; no further pixel edits. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06",
      "thumbnail": {
        "path": "assets/thumbs/fringed-sage.webp",
        "width": 640,
        "height": 480,
        "sha256": "5d17954faa5d5b740f1d2085cae5ca82a8abff33021686210b5597d33e57d0b6",
        "parent_sha256": "517db9ce7927a857f021d52c6c0a69f4c6136ad2bd2a0c880bd89c493ea3534a",
        "changes": "Scaled within 640 by 640 pixels, converted to WebP at quality 82 for catalog performance. No crop or generative changes to the file. CSS may crop its catalog display.",
        "license": "CC BY-SA 2.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "xeriscape-artemisia-frigida-07",
      "scientific_name": "Artemisia frigida",
      "view": "flowering habit",
      "caption": "Rounded silvery plant with finely divided foliage and many small yellow flower heads on upright branches.",
      "alt_text": "Rounded silvery plant with finely divided foliage and many small yellow flower heads on upright branches.",
      "creator": "Jim Pisarowicz",
      "creator_links": [],
      "license": "Public domain",
      "license_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Artemisia_frigida_NPS-1.jpg#Licensing",
      "license_evidence_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Artemisia_frigida_NPS-1.jpg#Licensing",
      "attribution_required": false,
      "share_alike_required": false,
      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Artemisia_frigida_NPS-1.jpg",
      "original_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/62/Artemisia_frigida_NPS-1.jpg",
      "upstream_source_links": [
        "http://www.nps.gov/wica/photosmultimedia/photo%2Dgallery%2Dwildflowers%2Ehtm?eid=133238&aId=168&root_aid=168&sort=title&startRow=28#e_133238"
      ],
      "original_title": "File:Artemisia frigida NPS-1.jpg",
      "file": "assets/photos/xeriscape-artemisia-frigida-07.jpg",
      "sha256": "5f87b1e639bd1cba44f394524ad125bea30504f33a007b4dd3e85b4e83aebda3",
      "bytes": 349954,
      "width": 960,
      "height": 720,
      "date_accessed": "2026-09-06",
      "visual_inspection": {
        "inspected": true,
        "method": "Contact-sheet and image preview inspection of the selected Wikimedia photograph",
        "observed": "Rounded silvery plant with finely divided foliage and many small yellow flower heads on upright branches.",
        "notes": "Source explicitly locates this plant in Wind Cave National Park, South Dakota, USA; NPS photograph by Jim Pisarowicz."
      },
      "species_verification": {
        "status": "Source-supported identification with visual consistency check",
        "evidence": "Artemisia frigida  at Wind Cave National Park, South Dakota, USA",
        "source_title": "File:Artemisia frigida NPS-1.jpg",
        "source_categories": [
          "Artemisia frigida",
          "PD US NPS",
          "Photographs by Jim Pisarowicz"
        ],
        "source_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Artemisia_frigida_NPS-1.jpg",
        "limitation": "Photo selection verifies source labeling and visible consistency; it is not an independent specimen determination."
      },
      "photo_date_as_recorded": "2007-09-17",
      "colorado_location_claimed": false,
      "location_evidence": "Artemisia frigida  at Wind Cave National Park, South Dakota, USA",
      "derivative_changes": "Wikimedia-generated thumbnail rescaling only; downloaded thumbnail bytes unchanged.",
      "metadata_file": "source-metadata/artemisia-frigida-07.json",
      "attribution_text": "Jim Pisarowicz / Wikimedia Commons / Public domain",
      "license_notes": "U.S. federal public-domain work: Commons records PD US NPS. Credit provided voluntarily.",
      "downloaded_url": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Artemisia_frigida_NPS-1.jpg/960px-Artemisia_frigida_NPS-1.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail",
      "downloaded_variant": "Wikimedia Commons photographic thumbnail",
      "original_width": 3136,
      "original_height": 2352,
      "original_downloaded": false,
      "plant_id": "fringed-sage",
      "path": "assets/photos/xeriscape-artemisia-frigida-07.jpg",
      "taxon": "Artemisia frigida",
      "feature": "flowering habit",
      "alt": "Rounded silvery plant with finely divided foliage and many small yellow flower heads on upright branches.",
      "identification_note": "Source-supported identification with visual consistency check Photo selection verifies source labeling and visible consistency; it is not an independent specimen determination. ",
      "changes": "Downloaded source thumbnail; no further pixel edits. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06"
    },
    {
      "id": "xeriscape-artemisia-frigida-11",
      "scientific_name": "Artemisia frigida",
      "view": "mature habit",
      "caption": "Low mound of silvery basal leaves beneath tall, slender pale reproductive stems on a grassy slope.",
      "alt_text": "Low mound of silvery basal leaves beneath tall, slender pale reproductive stems on a grassy slope.",
      "creator": "Matt Lavin  from Bozeman, Montana, USA",
      "creator_links": [
        "https://www.flickr.com/people/35478170@N08"
      ],
      "license": "CC BY-SA 2.0",
      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0",
      "license_evidence_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Artemisia_frigida_(5034482272).jpg#Licensing",
      "attribution_required": true,
      "share_alike_required": true,
      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Artemisia_frigida_(5034482272).jpg",
      "original_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Artemisia_frigida_%285034482272%29.jpg",
      "upstream_source_links": [
        "https://www.flickr.com/photos/plant_diversity/5034482272/",
        "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Tim1357"
      ],
      "original_title": "File:Artemisia frigida (5034482272).jpg",
      "file": "assets/photos/xeriscape-artemisia-frigida-11.jpg",
      "sha256": "330a631c39dc7e895cc047f771842e47683c7ada37d71df68a754015116f56b4",
      "bytes": 272401,
      "width": 960,
      "height": 720,
      "date_accessed": "2026-09-06",
      "visual_inspection": {
        "inspected": true,
        "method": "Contact-sheet and image preview inspection of the selected Wikimedia photograph",
        "observed": "Low mound of silvery basal leaves beneath tall, slender pale reproductive stems on a grassy slope.",
        "notes": "Distinct wider photograph from the source's close stem view; retained as an overall habit reference."
      },
      "species_verification": {
        "status": "Source-supported identification with visual consistency check",
        "evidence": "This subshrub forms a low mat of basal leaves and erect to ascending flowering branches.",
        "source_title": "File:Artemisia frigida (5034482272).jpg",
        "source_categories": [
          "Artemisia frigida",
          "Taken with Nikon Coolpix S8000",
          "Flickr images reviewed by File Upload Bot (Magnus Manske)",
          "Files with coordinates missing SDC location of creation",
          "Photographs by Matt Lavin"
        ],
        "source_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Artemisia_frigida_(5034482272).jpg",
        "limitation": "Photo selection verifies source labeling and visible consistency; it is not an independent specimen determination."
      },
      "photo_date_as_recorded": "2010-09-28 07:28",
      "colorado_location_claimed": false,
      "location_evidence": "This subshrub forms a low mat of basal leaves and erect to ascending flowering branches.",
      "derivative_changes": "Wikimedia-generated thumbnail rescaling only; downloaded thumbnail bytes unchanged.",
      "metadata_file": "source-metadata/artemisia-frigida-11.json",
      "attribution_text": "Matt Lavin  from Bozeman, Montana, USA / Wikimedia Commons / CC BY-SA 2.0",
      "downloaded_url": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Artemisia_frigida_%285034482272%29.jpg/960px-Artemisia_frigida_%285034482272%29.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail",
      "downloaded_variant": "Wikimedia Commons photographic thumbnail",
      "original_width": 4320,
      "original_height": 3240,
      "original_downloaded": false,
      "plant_id": "fringed-sage",
      "path": "assets/photos/xeriscape-artemisia-frigida-11.jpg",
      "taxon": "Artemisia frigida",
      "feature": "mature habit",
      "alt": "Low mound of silvery basal leaves beneath tall, slender pale reproductive stems on a grassy slope.",
      "identification_note": "Source-supported identification with visual consistency check Photo selection verifies source labeling and visible consistency; it is not an independent specimen determination. ",
      "changes": "Downloaded source thumbnail; no further pixel edits. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06"
    },
    {
      "id": "invasive-01-01",
      "taxon": "Euphorbia myrsinites",
      "feature": "flower",
      "visible_feature": "Close view of yellow-green bracts and small cup-shaped cyathia.",
      "title": "File:20260411 Euphorbia myrsinites 01.jpg",
      "creator": "Flocci Nivis",
      "license": "CC BY 4.0",
      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0",
      "available_licenses": [
        {
          "name": "CC BY 4.0",
          "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0"
        }
      ],
      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:20260411_Euphorbia_myrsinites_01.jpg",
      "original_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e0/20260411_Euphorbia_myrsinites_01.jpg",
      "source_description": "English: Myrtle spurge ( Euphorbia myrsinites ) in the Botanical Garden of the University of Vienna, Austria. A honey bee ( Apis mellifera ) is on one of its flowers. Deutsch: Walzen-Wolfsmilch ( Euphorbia myrsinites ) im Botanischer Garten der Universität Wien, Österreich. Eine Honigbiene ( Apis mellifera ) ist auf einer ihrer Blüten.",
      "source_credit": "Own work",
      "access_date": "2026-09-06",
      "identity_verification": {
        "method": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
        "scientific_name": "Euphorbia myrsinites",
        "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:20260411_Euphorbia_myrsinites_01.jpg",
        "visible_features_checked": "Close view of yellow-green bracts and small cup-shaped cyathia.",
        "species_complex_caveat": "",
        "photographed_in_colorado_claimed": false,
        "source_categories": [
          "Euphorbia myrsinites (flowers)",
          "Botanical Garden of the University of Vienna",
          "Apis mellifera on Malpighiales flowers"
        ],
        "source_identification_basis": "Scientific identification in the source title, description, and/or displayed Commons taxon category; reviewed against the visible plant features."
      },
      "visual_review": {
        "status": "passed",
        "review_date": "2026-09-06",
        "method": "Every selected photograph inspected on final 15-image contact sheets; replacement bindweed and oxeye-daisy leaf images additionally inspected individually. Captions checked against visible features. Source descriptions and taxon categories inspected for identity consistency."
      },
      "modifications": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "dimensions": {
        "width": 1280,
        "height": 853
      },
      "file": "assets/photos/invasive-euphorbia-myrsinites-flower.jpg",
      "sha256": "9bb5db33d040a15e2b049be5c39ef31fde20a103055e22a8f95580e3d14ce1c6",
      "byte_size": 273994,
      "download_url": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/20260411_Euphorbia_myrsinites_01.jpg/1280px-20260411_Euphorbia_myrsinites_01.jpg",
      "original_downloaded": false,
      "source_categories": [
        "Euphorbia myrsinites (flowers)",
        "Botanical Garden of the University of Vienna",
        "Apis mellifera on Malpighiales flowers"
      ],
      "attribution": "20260411 Euphorbia myrsinites 01.jpg — Flocci Nivis; CC BY 4.0. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:20260411_Euphorbia_myrsinites_01.jpg; license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "plant_id": "myrtle-spurge",
      "path": "assets/photos/invasive-euphorbia-myrsinites-flower.jpg",
      "width": 1280,
      "height": 853,
      "bytes": 273994,
      "caption": "Close view of yellow-green bracts and small cup-shaped cyathia.",
      "alt": "Euphorbia myrsinites: Close view of yellow-green bracts and small cup-shaped cyathia.",
      "identification_note": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.  ",
      "changes": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06",
      "thumbnail": {
        "path": "assets/thumbs/myrtle-spurge.webp",
        "width": 640,
        "height": 427,
        "sha256": "af556e7defd13faab02d06b70af8931459e2c41c1e798246ecfd6a5ebaa86fa9",
        "parent_sha256": "9bb5db33d040a15e2b049be5c39ef31fde20a103055e22a8f95580e3d14ce1c6",
        "changes": "Scaled within 640 by 640 pixels, converted to WebP at quality 82 for catalog performance. No crop or generative changes to the file. CSS may crop its catalog display.",
        "license": "CC BY 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "invasive-01-04",
      "taxon": "Euphorbia myrsinites",
      "feature": "leaf",
      "visible_feature": "Thick blue-green leaves overlap spirally along several trailing stems.",
      "title": "File:Euphorbia myrsinites.JPG",
      "creator": "Qwertzy2",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/",
      "available_licenses": [
        {
          "name": "GFDL",
          "url": "http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html"
        },
        {
          "name": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
          "url": "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/"
        }
      ],
      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Euphorbia_myrsinites.JPG",
      "original_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/21/Euphorbia_myrsinites.JPG",
      "source_description": "Image by User:Qwertzy2. Source page category: Euphorbia myrsinites.",
      "source_credit": "",
      "access_date": "2026-09-06",
      "identity_verification": {
        "method": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
        "scientific_name": "Euphorbia myrsinites",
        "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Euphorbia_myrsinites.JPG",
        "visible_features_checked": "Thick blue-green leaves overlap spirally along several trailing stems.",
        "species_complex_caveat": "",
        "photographed_in_colorado_claimed": false,
        "source_categories": [
          "Euphorbia myrsinites"
        ],
        "source_identification_basis": "Scientific identification in the source title, description, and/or displayed Commons taxon category; reviewed against the visible plant features."
      },
      "visual_review": {
        "status": "passed",
        "review_date": "2026-09-06",
        "method": "Every selected photograph inspected on final 15-image contact sheets; replacement bindweed and oxeye-daisy leaf images additionally inspected individually. Captions checked against visible features. Source descriptions and taxon categories inspected for identity consistency."
      },
      "modifications": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "dimensions": {
        "width": 1280,
        "height": 1707
      },
      "file": "assets/photos/invasive-euphorbia-myrsinites-leaf.jpg",
      "sha256": "0e0272a196d1e2f9465fc565461f384d1f0239ff31498804d08118b3748807b3",
      "byte_size": 680626,
      "download_url": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Euphorbia_myrsinites.JPG/1280px-Euphorbia_myrsinites.JPG",
      "original_downloaded": false,
      "source_categories": [
        "Euphorbia myrsinites"
      ],
      "creator_verification": "Source page opening text: Image by User:Qwertzy2.",
      "attribution": "Euphorbia myrsinites.JPG — Qwertzy2; CC BY-SA 3.0. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Euphorbia_myrsinites.JPG; license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "plant_id": "myrtle-spurge",
      "path": "assets/photos/invasive-euphorbia-myrsinites-leaf.jpg",
      "width": 1280,
      "height": 1707,
      "bytes": 680626,
      "caption": "Thick blue-green leaves overlap spirally along several trailing stems.",
      "alt": "Euphorbia myrsinites: Thick blue-green leaves overlap spirally along several trailing stems.",
      "identification_note": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.  ",
      "changes": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06"
    },
    {
      "id": "invasive-01-09",
      "taxon": "Euphorbia myrsinites",
      "feature": "habit",
      "visible_feature": "Low spreading clump with trailing leafy stems and terminal yellow-green flower clusters.",
      "title": "File:Euphorbia myrsinites Prà 01.jpg",
      "creator": "Syrio",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0",
      "available_licenses": [
        {
          "name": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
          "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0"
        }
      ],
      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Euphorbia_myrsinites_Pr%C3%A0_01.jpg",
      "original_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bb/Euphorbia_myrsinites_Pr%C3%A0_01.jpg",
      "source_description": "Italiano: Euphorbia myrsinites , Prà (Segonzano, Trentino) English: Euphorbia myrsinites , Prà (Segonzano, Trentino, Italy)",
      "source_credit": "Own work",
      "access_date": "2026-09-06",
      "identity_verification": {
        "method": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
        "scientific_name": "Euphorbia myrsinites",
        "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Euphorbia_myrsinites_Pr%C3%A0_01.jpg",
        "visible_features_checked": "Low spreading clump with trailing leafy stems and terminal yellow-green flower clusters.",
        "species_complex_caveat": "",
        "photographed_in_colorado_claimed": false,
        "source_categories": [
          "Euphorbia myrsinites (flowers)",
          "Flora of Trentino-South Tyrol in March"
        ],
        "source_identification_basis": "Scientific identification in the source title, description, and/or displayed Commons taxon category; reviewed against the visible plant features."
      },
      "visual_review": {
        "status": "passed",
        "review_date": "2026-09-06",
        "method": "Every selected photograph inspected on final 15-image contact sheets; replacement bindweed and oxeye-daisy leaf images additionally inspected individually. Captions checked against visible features. Source descriptions and taxon categories inspected for identity consistency."
      },
      "modifications": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "dimensions": {
        "width": 1280,
        "height": 960
      },
      "file": "assets/photos/invasive-euphorbia-myrsinites-habit.jpg",
      "sha256": "877cd61255c0e2e2c97592d4f8581fa701c3e7b5f1d6c27ac6a12fe7c9206842",
      "byte_size": 555077,
      "download_url": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Euphorbia_myrsinites_Pr%C3%A0_01.jpg/1280px-Euphorbia_myrsinites_Pr%C3%A0_01.jpg",
      "original_downloaded": false,
      "source_categories": [
        "Euphorbia myrsinites (flowers)",
        "Flora of Trentino-South Tyrol in March"
      ],
      "attribution": "Euphorbia myrsinites Prà 01.jpg — Syrio; CC BY-SA 4.0. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Euphorbia_myrsinites_Pr%C3%A0_01.jpg; license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "plant_id": "myrtle-spurge",
      "path": "assets/photos/invasive-euphorbia-myrsinites-habit.jpg",
      "width": 1280,
      "height": 960,
      "bytes": 555077,
      "caption": "Low spreading clump with trailing leafy stems and terminal yellow-green flower clusters.",
      "alt": "Euphorbia myrsinites: Low spreading clump with trailing leafy stems and terminal yellow-green flower clusters.",
      "identification_note": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.  ",
      "changes": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06"
    },
    {
      "id": "invasive-02-02",
      "taxon": "Conium maculatum",
      "feature": "habit",
      "visible_feature": "Tall branching plant with many small white compound umbels above finely divided foliage.",
      "title": "File:Conium maculatum kz01 2021-06-23 Równe.jpg",
      "creator": "Krzysztof Ziarnek, Kenraiz",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0",
      "available_licenses": [
        {
          "name": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
          "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0"
        }
      ],
      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Conium_maculatum_kz01_2021-06-23_R%C3%B3wne.jpg",
      "original_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Conium_maculatum_kz01_2021-06-23_R%C3%B3wne.jpg",
      "source_description": "English: Conium maculatum in Równe near Barlinek, NW Poland",
      "source_credit": "Own work",
      "access_date": "2026-09-06",
      "identity_verification": {
        "method": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
        "scientific_name": "Conium maculatum",
        "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Conium_maculatum_kz01_2021-06-23_R%C3%B3wne.jpg",
        "visible_features_checked": "Tall branching plant with many small white compound umbels above finely divided foliage.",
        "species_complex_caveat": "",
        "photographed_in_colorado_claimed": false,
        "source_categories": [
          "Conium maculatum",
          "Conium maculatum in Poland",
          "Apiaceae in Poland",
          "June 2021 Poland photographs"
        ],
        "source_identification_basis": "Scientific identification in the source title, description, and/or displayed Commons taxon category; reviewed against the visible plant features."
      },
      "visual_review": {
        "status": "passed",
        "review_date": "2026-09-06",
        "method": "Every selected photograph inspected on final 15-image contact sheets; replacement bindweed and oxeye-daisy leaf images additionally inspected individually. Captions checked against visible features. Source descriptions and taxon categories inspected for identity consistency."
      },
      "modifications": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "dimensions": {
        "width": 1280,
        "height": 1792
      },
      "file": "assets/photos/invasive-conium-maculatum-habit.jpg",
      "sha256": "b9c488eb503abaddb6187041d9492303ed74481614bb86007d37c64f34b0dd78",
      "byte_size": 706188,
      "download_url": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Conium_maculatum_kz01_2021-06-23_R%C3%B3wne.jpg/1280px-Conium_maculatum_kz01_2021-06-23_R%C3%B3wne.jpg",
      "original_downloaded": false,
      "source_categories": [
        "Conium maculatum",
        "Conium maculatum in Poland",
        "Apiaceae in Poland",
        "June 2021 Poland photographs"
      ],
      "attribution": "Conium maculatum kz01 2021-06-23 Równe.jpg — Krzysztof Ziarnek, Kenraiz; CC BY-SA 4.0. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Conium_maculatum_kz01_2021-06-23_R%C3%B3wne.jpg; license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "plant_id": "poison-hemlock",
      "path": "assets/photos/invasive-conium-maculatum-habit.jpg",
      "width": 1280,
      "height": 1792,
      "bytes": 706188,
      "caption": "Tall branching plant with many small white compound umbels above finely divided foliage.",
      "alt": "Conium maculatum: Tall branching plant with many small white compound umbels above finely divided foliage.",
      "identification_note": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.  ",
      "changes": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06",
      "thumbnail": {
        "path": "assets/thumbs/poison-hemlock.webp",
        "width": 457,
        "height": 640,
        "sha256": "fc8b9075f336e67f7bb8792ecf7d587304c3ce6f0de816d92d239bb75a58c865",
        "parent_sha256": "b9c488eb503abaddb6187041d9492303ed74481614bb86007d37c64f34b0dd78",
        "changes": "Scaled within 640 by 640 pixels, converted to WebP at quality 82 for catalog performance. No crop or generative changes to the file. CSS may crop its catalog display.",
        "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "invasive-02-05",
      "taxon": "Conium maculatum",
      "feature": "stem",
      "visible_feature": "Smooth green stem with conspicuous purple-red blotches beside finely divided leaves.",
      "title": "File:Conium maculatum Hauxley 2.jpg",
      "creator": "MPF",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0",
      "available_licenses": [
        {
          "name": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
          "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0"
        },
        {
          "name": "GFDL",
          "url": "http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html"
        }
      ],
      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Conium_maculatum_Hauxley_2.jpg",
      "original_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f7/Conium_maculatum_Hauxley_2.jpg",
      "source_description": "English: Conium maculatum stem, Hauxley Dunes, Northumberland (VC 67), UK",
      "source_credit": "Own work",
      "access_date": "2026-09-06",
      "identity_verification": {
        "method": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
        "scientific_name": "Conium maculatum",
        "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Conium_maculatum_Hauxley_2.jpg",
        "visible_features_checked": "Smooth green stem with conspicuous purple-red blotches beside finely divided leaves.",
        "species_complex_caveat": "",
        "photographed_in_colorado_claimed": false,
        "source_categories": [
          "Conium maculatum",
          "Flora of Northumberland"
        ],
        "source_identification_basis": "Scientific identification in the source title, description, and/or displayed Commons taxon category; reviewed against the visible plant features."
      },
      "visual_review": {
        "status": "passed",
        "review_date": "2026-09-06",
        "method": "Every selected photograph inspected on final 15-image contact sheets; replacement bindweed and oxeye-daisy leaf images additionally inspected individually. Captions checked against visible features. Source descriptions and taxon categories inspected for identity consistency."
      },
      "modifications": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "dimensions": {
        "width": 1280,
        "height": 1707
      },
      "file": "assets/photos/invasive-conium-maculatum-stem.jpg",
      "sha256": "f95b65a373c1ad34e6bcfd4277e362237942d81639b857eeb1628654dc0bd642",
      "byte_size": 546504,
      "download_url": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Conium_maculatum_Hauxley_2.jpg/1280px-Conium_maculatum_Hauxley_2.jpg",
      "original_downloaded": false,
      "source_categories": [
        "Conium maculatum",
        "Flora of Northumberland"
      ],
      "attribution": "Conium maculatum Hauxley 2.jpg — MPF; CC BY-SA 3.0. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Conium_maculatum_Hauxley_2.jpg; license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "plant_id": "poison-hemlock",
      "path": "assets/photos/invasive-conium-maculatum-stem.jpg",
      "width": 1280,
      "height": 1707,
      "bytes": 546504,
      "caption": "Smooth green stem with conspicuous purple-red blotches beside finely divided leaves.",
      "alt": "Conium maculatum: Smooth green stem with conspicuous purple-red blotches beside finely divided leaves.",
      "identification_note": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.  ",
      "changes": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06"
    },
    {
      "id": "invasive-02-09",
      "taxon": "Conium maculatum",
      "feature": "flower",
      "visible_feature": "Small white flowers in compound umbels, with finely divided leaves visible beside them.",
      "title": "File:Conium maculatum 007.jpg",
      "creator": "Nicolas Ramirez",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0",
      "available_licenses": [
        {
          "name": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
          "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0"
        }
      ],
      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Conium_maculatum_007.jpg",
      "original_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/03/Conium_maculatum_007.jpg",
      "source_description": "Español: Cicuta (Conium maculatum) floreciendo en una zona rural de Duitama.",
      "source_credit": "Own work",
      "access_date": "2026-09-06",
      "identity_verification": {
        "method": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
        "scientific_name": "Conium maculatum",
        "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Conium_maculatum_007.jpg",
        "visible_features_checked": "Small white flowers in compound umbels, with finely divided leaves visible beside them.",
        "species_complex_caveat": "",
        "photographed_in_colorado_claimed": false,
        "source_categories": [
          "Conium maculatum",
          "Duitama"
        ],
        "source_identification_basis": "Scientific identification in the source title, description, and/or displayed Commons taxon category; reviewed against the visible plant features."
      },
      "visual_review": {
        "status": "passed",
        "review_date": "2026-09-06",
        "method": "Every selected photograph inspected on final 15-image contact sheets; replacement bindweed and oxeye-daisy leaf images additionally inspected individually. Captions checked against visible features. Source descriptions and taxon categories inspected for identity consistency."
      },
      "modifications": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "dimensions": {
        "width": 1280,
        "height": 853
      },
      "file": "assets/photos/invasive-conium-maculatum-flower.jpg",
      "sha256": "294bd5d907c7fd35729797bf04ef83de51a3f6551a74bc48edde004e8cf7f4a2",
      "byte_size": 158143,
      "download_url": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Conium_maculatum_007.jpg/1280px-Conium_maculatum_007.jpg",
      "original_downloaded": false,
      "source_categories": [
        "Conium maculatum",
        "Duitama"
      ],
      "attribution": "Conium maculatum 007.jpg — Nicolas Ramirez; CC BY-SA 4.0. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Conium_maculatum_007.jpg; license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "plant_id": "poison-hemlock",
      "path": "assets/photos/invasive-conium-maculatum-flower.jpg",
      "width": 1280,
      "height": 853,
      "bytes": 158143,
      "caption": "Small white flowers in compound umbels, with finely divided leaves visible beside them.",
      "alt": "Conium maculatum: Small white flowers in compound umbels, with finely divided leaves visible beside them.",
      "identification_note": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.  ",
      "changes": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06"
    },
    {
      "id": "invasive-03-01",
      "taxon": "Tribulus terrestris",
      "feature": "flower-leaf",
      "visible_feature": "Five-petaled pale yellow flower beside hairy leaves with paired oval leaflets.",
      "title": "File:Starr 030612-0063 Tribulus terrestris.jpg",
      "creator": "Forest & Kim Starr",
      "license": "CC BY 3.0",
      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0",
      "available_licenses": [
        {
          "name": "CC BY 3.0",
          "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0"
        }
      ],
      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Starr_030612-0063_Tribulus_terrestris.jpg",
      "original_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d9/Starr_030612-0063_Tribulus_terrestris.jpg",
      "source_description": "English: Tribulus terrestris (flower). Location: Maui, Kahului",
      "source_credit": "Plants of Hawaii, Image 030612-0063 from http://www.starrenvironmental.com/plants/images/image/?q=030612-0063",
      "access_date": "2026-09-06",
      "identity_verification": {
        "method": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
        "scientific_name": "Tribulus terrestris",
        "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Starr_030612-0063_Tribulus_terrestris.jpg",
        "visible_features_checked": "Five-petaled pale yellow flower beside hairy leaves with paired oval leaflets.",
        "species_complex_caveat": "",
        "photographed_in_colorado_claimed": false,
        "source_categories": [
          "Tribulus terrestris"
        ],
        "source_identification_basis": "Scientific identification in the source title, description, and/or displayed Commons taxon category; reviewed against the visible plant features."
      },
      "visual_review": {
        "status": "passed",
        "review_date": "2026-09-06",
        "method": "Every selected photograph inspected on final 15-image contact sheets; replacement bindweed and oxeye-daisy leaf images additionally inspected individually. Captions checked against visible features. Source descriptions and taxon categories inspected for identity consistency."
      },
      "modifications": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "dimensions": {
        "width": 1280,
        "height": 960
      },
      "file": "assets/photos/invasive-tribulus-terrestris-flower-leaf.jpg",
      "sha256": "906c83bf9b0b44d4524c32459c9a028ccd1d2faa159d29e9be1541f80506c5be",
      "byte_size": 243047,
      "download_url": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Starr_030612-0063_Tribulus_terrestris.jpg/1280px-Starr_030612-0063_Tribulus_terrestris.jpg",
      "original_downloaded": false,
      "source_categories": [
        "Tribulus terrestris"
      ],
      "attribution": "Starr 030612-0063 Tribulus terrestris.jpg — Forest & Kim Starr; CC BY 3.0. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Starr_030612-0063_Tribulus_terrestris.jpg; license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "plant_id": "puncturevine",
      "path": "assets/photos/invasive-tribulus-terrestris-flower-leaf.jpg",
      "width": 1280,
      "height": 960,
      "bytes": 243047,
      "caption": "Five-petaled pale yellow flower beside hairy leaves with paired oval leaflets.",
      "alt": "Tribulus terrestris: Five-petaled pale yellow flower beside hairy leaves with paired oval leaflets.",
      "identification_note": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.  ",
      "changes": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06",
      "thumbnail": {
        "path": "assets/thumbs/puncturevine.webp",
        "width": 640,
        "height": 480,
        "sha256": "0a2e81fe82c3f9e9b2c2cdb01c6a7d0df9b9ac2a445685a8b76f709920b6280b",
        "parent_sha256": "906c83bf9b0b44d4524c32459c9a028ccd1d2faa159d29e9be1541f80506c5be",
        "changes": "Scaled within 640 by 640 pixels, converted to WebP at quality 82 for catalog performance. No crop or generative changes to the file. CSS may crop its catalog display.",
        "license": "CC BY 3.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "invasive-03-04",
      "taxon": "Tribulus terrestris",
      "feature": "habit",
      "visible_feature": "Prostrate branching stems and paired compound leaves spread over bare sandy soil.",
      "title": "File:Tribulus terrestris - Dghoumes National Park.jpg",
      "creator": "Bill.pix",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0",
      "available_licenses": [
        {
          "name": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
          "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0"
        }
      ],
      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Tribulus_terrestris_-_Dghoumes_National_Park.jpg",
      "original_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2d/Tribulus_terrestris_-_Dghoumes_National_Park.jpg",
      "source_description": "English: Tribulus terrestris captured in Dghoumes National Park",
      "source_credit": "Own work",
      "access_date": "2026-09-06",
      "identity_verification": {
        "method": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
        "scientific_name": "Tribulus terrestris",
        "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Tribulus_terrestris_-_Dghoumes_National_Park.jpg",
        "visible_features_checked": "Prostrate branching stems and paired compound leaves spread over bare sandy soil.",
        "species_complex_caveat": "",
        "photographed_in_colorado_claimed": false,
        "source_categories": [
          "Tribulus terrestris",
          "Zygophyllaceae in Tunisia",
          "Dghoumes National Park"
        ],
        "source_identification_basis": "Scientific identification in the source title, description, and/or displayed Commons taxon category; reviewed against the visible plant features."
      },
      "visual_review": {
        "status": "passed",
        "review_date": "2026-09-06",
        "method": "Every selected photograph inspected on final 15-image contact sheets; replacement bindweed and oxeye-daisy leaf images additionally inspected individually. Captions checked against visible features. Source descriptions and taxon categories inspected for identity consistency."
      },
      "modifications": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "dimensions": {
        "width": 1280,
        "height": 853
      },
      "file": "assets/photos/invasive-tribulus-terrestris-habit.jpg",
      "sha256": "eb154865fef90f72eeded663a8ad37f31eece8fddbddabfe9529f761b2d6293a",
      "byte_size": 419893,
      "download_url": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Tribulus_terrestris_-_Dghoumes_National_Park.jpg/1280px-Tribulus_terrestris_-_Dghoumes_National_Park.jpg",
      "original_downloaded": false,
      "source_categories": [
        "Tribulus terrestris",
        "Zygophyllaceae in Tunisia",
        "Dghoumes National Park"
      ],
      "attribution": "Tribulus terrestris - Dghoumes National Park.jpg — Bill.pix; CC BY-SA 4.0. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Tribulus_terrestris_-_Dghoumes_National_Park.jpg; license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "plant_id": "puncturevine",
      "path": "assets/photos/invasive-tribulus-terrestris-habit.jpg",
      "width": 1280,
      "height": 853,
      "bytes": 419893,
      "caption": "Prostrate branching stems and paired compound leaves spread over bare sandy soil.",
      "alt": "Tribulus terrestris: Prostrate branching stems and paired compound leaves spread over bare sandy soil.",
      "identification_note": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.  ",
      "changes": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06"
    },
    {
      "id": "invasive-03-09",
      "taxon": "Tribulus terrestris",
      "feature": "fruit",
      "visible_feature": "Separate hard bur segments with stout projecting spines, photographed against a plain background with scale.",
      "title": "File:Trte 003 lhp.jpg",
      "creator": "Steve Hurst @ USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database",
      "license": "Public domain",
      "license_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Trte_003_lhp.jpg#Licensing",
      "available_licenses": [
        {
          "name": "Public domain",
          "url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:Copyright_tags"
        }
      ],
      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Trte_003_lhp.jpg",
      "original_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fe/Trte_003_lhp.jpg",
      "source_description": "Tribulus terrestris L. - puncturevine thorns",
      "source_credit": "USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database",
      "access_date": "2026-09-06",
      "identity_verification": {
        "method": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
        "scientific_name": "Tribulus terrestris",
        "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Trte_003_lhp.jpg",
        "visible_features_checked": "Separate hard bur segments with stout projecting spines, photographed against a plain background with scale.",
        "species_complex_caveat": "",
        "photographed_in_colorado_claimed": false,
        "source_categories": [
          "Tribulus terrestris (fruit)",
          "Images by Steve Hurst"
        ],
        "source_identification_basis": "Scientific identification in the source title, description, and/or displayed Commons taxon category; reviewed against the visible plant features."
      },
      "visual_review": {
        "status": "passed",
        "review_date": "2026-09-06",
        "method": "Every selected photograph inspected on final 15-image contact sheets; replacement bindweed and oxeye-daisy leaf images additionally inspected individually. Captions checked against visible features. Source descriptions and taxon categories inspected for identity consistency."
      },
      "modifications": "None; original downloaded without modification.",
      "dimensions": {
        "width": 900,
        "height": 600
      },
      "file": "assets/photos/invasive-tribulus-terrestris-fruit.jpg",
      "sha256": "cb301c8d9f86e8cd7d7b3c05a77c115042ef6b3425693845a14d5954011c1f9f",
      "byte_size": 113693,
      "download_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fe/Trte_003_lhp.jpg",
      "original_downloaded": true,
      "source_categories": [
        "Tribulus terrestris (fruit)",
        "Images by Steve Hurst"
      ],
      "attribution": "Trte 003 lhp.jpg — Steve Hurst @ USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database; Public domain. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Trte_003_lhp.jpg; license: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Trte_003_lhp.jpg#Licensing. None; original downloaded without modification.",
      "plant_id": "puncturevine",
      "path": "assets/photos/invasive-tribulus-terrestris-fruit.jpg",
      "width": 900,
      "height": 600,
      "bytes": 113693,
      "caption": "Separate hard bur segments with stout projecting spines, photographed against a plain background with scale.",
      "alt": "Tribulus terrestris: Separate hard bur segments with stout projecting spines, photographed against a plain background with scale.",
      "identification_note": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.  ",
      "changes": "None; original downloaded without modification. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06"
    },
    {
      "id": "invasive-04-01",
      "taxon": "Bromus tectorum",
      "feature": "inflorescence",
      "visible_feature": "Green to purple awned spikelets hang from slender drooping panicle branches.",
      "title": "File:20160426Bromus tectorum1.jpg",
      "creator": "AnRo0002",
      "license": "CC0",
      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en",
      "available_licenses": [
        {
          "name": "CC0",
          "url": "http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en"
        }
      ],
      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:20160426Bromus_tectorum1.jpg",
      "original_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/13/20160426Bromus_tectorum1.jpg",
      "source_description": "Deutsch: Dach-Trespe ( Bromus tectorum ) in Hockenheim",
      "source_credit": "Own work",
      "access_date": "2026-09-06",
      "identity_verification": {
        "method": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
        "scientific_name": "Bromus tectorum",
        "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:20160426Bromus_tectorum1.jpg",
        "visible_features_checked": "Green to purple awned spikelets hang from slender drooping panicle branches.",
        "species_complex_caveat": "Other annual brome grasses can resemble cheatgrass. Photographs document source-identified B. tectorum; detailed spikelet and hair characters may be needed for an unknown specimen.",
        "photographed_in_colorado_claimed": false,
        "source_categories": [
          "Poales in Hockenheim in April 2016",
          "Bromus in Hockenheim",
          "Bromus in the Northern Hemisphere in April",
          "Bromus tectorum"
        ],
        "source_identification_basis": "Scientific identification in the source title, description, and/or displayed Commons taxon category; reviewed against the visible plant features."
      },
      "visual_review": {
        "status": "passed",
        "review_date": "2026-09-06",
        "method": "Every selected photograph inspected on final 15-image contact sheets; replacement bindweed and oxeye-daisy leaf images additionally inspected individually. Captions checked against visible features. Source descriptions and taxon categories inspected for identity consistency."
      },
      "modifications": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "dimensions": {
        "width": 1280,
        "height": 960
      },
      "file": "assets/photos/invasive-bromus-tectorum-inflorescence.jpg",
      "sha256": "5d6439fb758e92dbfb03d6e078abd21192e9063d72c944212459940ab2d9b8f5",
      "byte_size": 309117,
      "download_url": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/20160426Bromus_tectorum1.jpg/1280px-20160426Bromus_tectorum1.jpg",
      "original_downloaded": false,
      "source_categories": [
        "Poales in Hockenheim in April 2016",
        "Bromus in Hockenheim",
        "Bromus in the Northern Hemisphere in April",
        "Bromus tectorum"
      ],
      "attribution": "20160426Bromus tectorum1.jpg — AnRo0002; CC0. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:20160426Bromus_tectorum1.jpg; license: https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "plant_id": "cheatgrass",
      "path": "assets/photos/invasive-bromus-tectorum-inflorescence.jpg",
      "width": 1280,
      "height": 960,
      "bytes": 309117,
      "caption": "Green to purple awned spikelets hang from slender drooping panicle branches.",
      "alt": "Bromus tectorum: Green to purple awned spikelets hang from slender drooping panicle branches.",
      "identification_note": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.  Other annual brome grasses can resemble cheatgrass. Photographs document source-identified B. tectorum; detailed spikelet and hair characters may be needed for an unknown specimen.",
      "changes": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06",
      "thumbnail": {
        "path": "assets/thumbs/cheatgrass.webp",
        "width": 640,
        "height": 480,
        "sha256": "f099e35b95b41691281f811e59c8b77f24fe0d99cdb8b3a82221417ec30dcac5",
        "parent_sha256": "5d6439fb758e92dbfb03d6e078abd21192e9063d72c944212459940ab2d9b8f5",
        "changes": "Scaled within 640 by 640 pixels, converted to WebP at quality 82 for catalog performance. No crop or generative changes to the file. CSS may crop its catalog display.",
        "license": "CC0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "invasive-04-09",
      "taxon": "Bromus tectorum",
      "feature": "habit",
      "visible_feature": "Short grass clump with narrow leaves and open drooping awned panicles.",
      "title": "File:Bromus tectorum kz01.jpg",
      "creator": "Krzysztof Ziarnek, Kenraiz",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0",
      "available_licenses": [
        {
          "name": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
          "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0"
        }
      ],
      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bromus_tectorum_kz01.jpg",
      "original_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/11/Bromus_tectorum_kz01.jpg",
      "source_description": "English: Bromus tectorum in Szczecin Klucz, NW Poland",
      "source_credit": "Own work",
      "access_date": "2026-09-06",
      "identity_verification": {
        "method": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
        "scientific_name": "Bromus tectorum",
        "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bromus_tectorum_kz01.jpg",
        "visible_features_checked": "Short grass clump with narrow leaves and open drooping awned panicles.",
        "species_complex_caveat": "Other annual brome grasses can resemble cheatgrass. Photographs document source-identified B. tectorum; detailed spikelet and hair characters may be needed for an unknown specimen.",
        "photographed_in_colorado_claimed": false,
        "source_categories": [
          "Bromus tectorum",
          "Bromus tectorum in Poland"
        ],
        "source_identification_basis": "Scientific identification in the source title, description, and/or displayed Commons taxon category; reviewed against the visible plant features."
      },
      "visual_review": {
        "status": "passed",
        "review_date": "2026-09-06",
        "method": "Every selected photograph inspected on final 15-image contact sheets; replacement bindweed and oxeye-daisy leaf images additionally inspected individually. Captions checked against visible features. Source descriptions and taxon categories inspected for identity consistency."
      },
      "modifications": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "dimensions": {
        "width": 1280,
        "height": 1792
      },
      "file": "assets/photos/invasive-bromus-tectorum-habit.jpg",
      "sha256": "be9695ab4864858512fc9f1ffcd90e64a72b3e74405a8fffb48acdad43daeacd",
      "byte_size": 460457,
      "download_url": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Bromus_tectorum_kz01.jpg/1280px-Bromus_tectorum_kz01.jpg",
      "original_downloaded": false,
      "source_categories": [
        "Bromus tectorum",
        "Bromus tectorum in Poland"
      ],
      "attribution": "Bromus tectorum kz01.jpg — Krzysztof Ziarnek, Kenraiz; CC BY-SA 4.0. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bromus_tectorum_kz01.jpg; license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "plant_id": "cheatgrass",
      "path": "assets/photos/invasive-bromus-tectorum-habit.jpg",
      "width": 1280,
      "height": 1792,
      "bytes": 460457,
      "caption": "Short grass clump with narrow leaves and open drooping awned panicles.",
      "alt": "Bromus tectorum: Short grass clump with narrow leaves and open drooping awned panicles.",
      "identification_note": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.  Other annual brome grasses can resemble cheatgrass. Photographs document source-identified B. tectorum; detailed spikelet and hair characters may be needed for an unknown specimen.",
      "changes": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06"
    },
    {
      "id": "invasive-04-12",
      "taxon": "Bromus tectorum",
      "feature": "mature-inflorescence",
      "visible_feature": "Tawny mature awned spikelets hang in loose drooping clusters.",
      "title": "File:Bromus tectorum 138999438.jpg",
      "creator": "Michel Langeveld",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0",
      "available_licenses": [
        {
          "name": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
          "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0"
        }
      ],
      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bromus_tectorum_138999438.jpg",
      "original_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/36/Bromus_tectorum_138999438.jpg",
      "source_description": "English: cheatgrass ( Bromus tectorum )",
      "source_credit": "https://www.inaturalist.org/photos/138999438",
      "access_date": "2026-09-06",
      "identity_verification": {
        "method": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
        "scientific_name": "Bromus tectorum",
        "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bromus_tectorum_138999438.jpg",
        "visible_features_checked": "Tawny mature awned spikelets hang in loose drooping clusters.",
        "species_complex_caveat": "Other annual brome grasses can resemble cheatgrass. Photographs document source-identified B. tectorum; detailed spikelet and hair characters may be needed for an unknown specimen.",
        "photographed_in_colorado_claimed": false,
        "source_categories": [
          "Flora of Katwijk, South Holland",
          "Bromus tectorum",
          "Bromus in the Netherlands"
        ],
        "source_identification_basis": "Scientific identification in the source title, description, and/or displayed Commons taxon category; reviewed against the visible plant features."
      },
      "visual_review": {
        "status": "passed",
        "review_date": "2026-09-06",
        "method": "Every selected photograph inspected on final 15-image contact sheets; replacement bindweed and oxeye-daisy leaf images additionally inspected individually. Captions checked against visible features. Source descriptions and taxon categories inspected for identity consistency."
      },
      "modifications": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "dimensions": {
        "width": 1280,
        "height": 960
      },
      "file": "assets/photos/invasive-bromus-tectorum-mature-inflorescence.jpg",
      "sha256": "bfd1be3916d264efb2da1a050ba53c08f5a8423064c214d181e0385781fd3ea8",
      "byte_size": 289057,
      "download_url": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Bromus_tectorum_138999438.jpg/1280px-Bromus_tectorum_138999438.jpg",
      "original_downloaded": false,
      "source_categories": [
        "Flora of Katwijk, South Holland",
        "Bromus tectorum",
        "Bromus in the Netherlands"
      ],
      "attribution": "Bromus tectorum 138999438.jpg — Michel Langeveld; CC BY-SA 4.0. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bromus_tectorum_138999438.jpg; license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "plant_id": "cheatgrass",
      "path": "assets/photos/invasive-bromus-tectorum-mature-inflorescence.jpg",
      "width": 1280,
      "height": 960,
      "bytes": 289057,
      "caption": "Tawny mature awned spikelets hang in loose drooping clusters.",
      "alt": "Bromus tectorum: Tawny mature awned spikelets hang in loose drooping clusters.",
      "identification_note": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.  Other annual brome grasses can resemble cheatgrass. Photographs document source-identified B. tectorum; detailed spikelet and hair characters may be needed for an unknown specimen.",
      "changes": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06"
    },
    {
      "id": "invasive-05-02",
      "taxon": "Convolvulus arvensis",
      "feature": "flower",
      "visible_feature": "Pale pink funnel-shaped flowers with darker pink bands and nearby arrow-shaped leaves.",
      "title": "File:Convolvulus arvensis 11.jpg",
      "creator": "Svklimkin",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0",
      "available_licenses": [
        {
          "name": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
          "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0"
        }
      ],
      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Convolvulus_arvensis_11.jpg",
      "original_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e8/Convolvulus_arvensis_11.jpg",
      "source_description": "English: Field bindweed on the side of a road, Russia Русский: Вьюнок полевой на обочине дороги. Россия.",
      "source_credit": "Own work",
      "access_date": "2026-09-06",
      "identity_verification": {
        "method": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
        "scientific_name": "Convolvulus arvensis",
        "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Convolvulus_arvensis_11.jpg",
        "visible_features_checked": "Pale pink funnel-shaped flowers with darker pink bands and nearby arrow-shaped leaves.",
        "species_complex_caveat": "",
        "photographed_in_colorado_claimed": false,
        "source_categories": [
          "Spassky District (Ryazan Oblast)",
          "Flora of Ryazan Oblast",
          "Convolvulus arvensis (flowers)"
        ],
        "source_identification_basis": "Scientific identification in the source title, description, and/or displayed Commons taxon category; reviewed against the visible plant features."
      },
      "visual_review": {
        "status": "passed",
        "review_date": "2026-09-06",
        "method": "Every selected photograph inspected on final 15-image contact sheets; replacement bindweed and oxeye-daisy leaf images additionally inspected individually. Captions checked against visible features. Source descriptions and taxon categories inspected for identity consistency."
      },
      "modifications": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "dimensions": {
        "width": 1280,
        "height": 922
      },
      "file": "assets/photos/invasive-convolvulus-arvensis-flower.jpg",
      "sha256": "5743387988098a91d3c70a68350207241713855322cefe27117e66d36be4c07a",
      "byte_size": 205791,
      "download_url": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Convolvulus_arvensis_11.jpg/1280px-Convolvulus_arvensis_11.jpg",
      "original_downloaded": false,
      "source_categories": [
        "Spassky District (Ryazan Oblast)",
        "Flora of Ryazan Oblast",
        "Convolvulus arvensis (flowers)"
      ],
      "attribution": "Convolvulus arvensis 11.jpg — Svklimkin; CC BY-SA 4.0. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Convolvulus_arvensis_11.jpg; license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "plant_id": "field-bindweed",
      "path": "assets/photos/invasive-convolvulus-arvensis-flower.jpg",
      "width": 1280,
      "height": 922,
      "bytes": 205791,
      "caption": "Pale pink funnel-shaped flowers with darker pink bands and nearby arrow-shaped leaves.",
      "alt": "Convolvulus arvensis: Pale pink funnel-shaped flowers with darker pink bands and nearby arrow-shaped leaves.",
      "identification_note": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.  ",
      "changes": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06",
      "thumbnail": {
        "path": "assets/thumbs/field-bindweed.webp",
        "width": 640,
        "height": 461,
        "sha256": "475dfd2df6a7f9fc0af626978616486559fa4c269be3b3ce898443680d6874ef",
        "parent_sha256": "5743387988098a91d3c70a68350207241713855322cefe27117e66d36be4c07a",
        "changes": "Scaled within 640 by 640 pixels, converted to WebP at quality 82 for catalog performance. No crop or generative changes to the file. CSS may crop its catalog display.",
        "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "invasive-05-08",
      "taxon": "Convolvulus arvensis",
      "feature": "habit",
      "visible_feature": "Trailing vine along a path edge with several funnel-shaped white flowers and arrow-shaped leaves.",
      "title": "File:Gruppo di campanelle di prato detto anche imbutino - group of Field Bindweed - Convolvulus arvensis.jpg",
      "creator": "Anna.Massini",
      "license": "CC BY 4.0",
      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0",
      "available_licenses": [
        {
          "name": "CC BY 4.0",
          "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0"
        }
      ],
      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gruppo_di_campanelle_di_prato_detto_anche_imbutino_-_group_of_Field_Bindweed_-_Convolvulus_arvensis.jpg",
      "original_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/98/Gruppo_di_campanelle_di_prato_detto_anche_imbutino_-_group_of_Field_Bindweed_-_Convolvulus_arvensis.jpg",
      "source_description": "Italiano: Gruppo di campanelle di prato detto anche imbutino - Convolvulus arvensis English: Group of meadow bellflowers also called funnelflower - Convolvulus arvensis",
      "source_credit": "Own work",
      "access_date": "2026-09-06",
      "identity_verification": {
        "method": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
        "scientific_name": "Convolvulus arvensis",
        "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gruppo_di_campanelle_di_prato_detto_anche_imbutino_-_group_of_Field_Bindweed_-_Convolvulus_arvensis.jpg",
        "visible_features_checked": "Trailing vine along a path edge with several funnel-shaped white flowers and arrow-shaped leaves.",
        "species_complex_caveat": "",
        "photographed_in_colorado_claimed": false,
        "source_categories": [
          "Convolvulus arvensis",
          "Flora of Tuscany in July",
          "Convolvulaceae in Italy"
        ],
        "source_identification_basis": "Scientific identification in the source title, description, and/or displayed Commons taxon category; reviewed against the visible plant features."
      },
      "visual_review": {
        "status": "passed",
        "review_date": "2026-09-06",
        "method": "Every selected photograph inspected on final 15-image contact sheets; replacement bindweed and oxeye-daisy leaf images additionally inspected individually. Captions checked against visible features. Source descriptions and taxon categories inspected for identity consistency."
      },
      "modifications": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "dimensions": {
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        "height": 960
      },
      "file": "assets/photos/invasive-convolvulus-arvensis-habit.jpg",
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      "byte_size": 559071,
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      "original_downloaded": false,
      "source_categories": [
        "Convolvulus arvensis",
        "Flora of Tuscany in July",
        "Convolvulaceae in Italy"
      ],
      "attribution": "Gruppo di campanelle di prato detto anche imbutino - group of Field Bindweed - Convolvulus arvensis.jpg — Anna.Massini; CC BY 4.0. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gruppo_di_campanelle_di_prato_detto_anche_imbutino_-_group_of_Field_Bindweed_-_Convolvulus_arvensis.jpg; license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "plant_id": "field-bindweed",
      "path": "assets/photos/invasive-convolvulus-arvensis-habit.jpg",
      "width": 1280,
      "height": 960,
      "bytes": 559071,
      "caption": "Trailing vine along a path edge with several funnel-shaped white flowers and arrow-shaped leaves.",
      "alt": "Convolvulus arvensis: Trailing vine along a path edge with several funnel-shaped white flowers and arrow-shaped leaves.",
      "identification_note": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.  ",
      "changes": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06"
    },
    {
      "id": "invasive-05-13",
      "taxon": "Convolvulus arvensis",
      "feature": "leaf-flower",
      "visible_feature": "Arrow-shaped leaves on a slender climbing stem beside a white funnel-shaped flower.",
      "title": "File:Convolvulus arvensis6 ies.jpg",
      "creator": "Frank Vincentz",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/",
      "available_licenses": [
        {
          "name": "GFDL",
          "url": "http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html"
        },
        {
          "name": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
          "url": "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/"
        }
      ],
      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Convolvulus_arvensis6_ies.jpg",
      "original_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f9/Convolvulus_arvensis6_ies.jpg",
      "source_description": "Convolvulus arvensis",
      "source_credit": "Own work",
      "access_date": "2026-09-06",
      "identity_verification": {
        "method": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
        "scientific_name": "Convolvulus arvensis",
        "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Convolvulus_arvensis6_ies.jpg",
        "visible_features_checked": "Arrow-shaped leaves on a slender climbing stem beside a white funnel-shaped flower.",
        "species_complex_caveat": "",
        "photographed_in_colorado_claimed": false,
        "source_categories": [
          "Convolvulus arvensis",
          "Flowers on black background"
        ],
        "source_identification_basis": "Scientific identification in the source title, description, and/or displayed Commons taxon category; reviewed against the visible plant features."
      },
      "visual_review": {
        "status": "passed",
        "review_date": "2026-09-06",
        "method": "Every selected photograph inspected on final 15-image contact sheets; replacement bindweed and oxeye-daisy leaf images additionally inspected individually. Captions checked against visible features. Source descriptions and taxon categories inspected for identity consistency."
      },
      "modifications": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "dimensions": {
        "width": 1280,
        "height": 1120
      },
      "file": "assets/photos/invasive-convolvulus-arvensis-leaf-flower.jpg",
      "sha256": "d26c12a6934176f64666e2ace85e4fa8ac807a3bd91348ec6fb1ebb5f3d31388",
      "byte_size": 229889,
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      "original_downloaded": false,
      "source_categories": [
        "Convolvulus arvensis",
        "Flowers on black background"
      ],
      "attribution": "Convolvulus arvensis6 ies.jpg — Frank Vincentz; CC BY-SA 3.0. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Convolvulus_arvensis6_ies.jpg; license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "plant_id": "field-bindweed",
      "path": "assets/photos/invasive-convolvulus-arvensis-leaf-flower.jpg",
      "width": 1280,
      "height": 1120,
      "bytes": 229889,
      "caption": "Arrow-shaped leaves on a slender climbing stem beside a white funnel-shaped flower.",
      "alt": "Convolvulus arvensis: Arrow-shaped leaves on a slender climbing stem beside a white funnel-shaped flower.",
      "identification_note": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.  ",
      "changes": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06"
    },
    {
      "id": "invasive-06-02",
      "taxon": "Cirsium arvense",
      "feature": "flowering-stem",
      "visible_feature": "Branching stem carrying numerous small pink-purple flower heads and buds.",
      "title": "File:Cirsium arvense - põldohakas.jpg",
      "creator": "Ivar Leidus",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0",
      "available_licenses": [
        {
          "name": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
          "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0"
        }
      ],
      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cirsium_arvense_-_p%C3%B5ldohakas.jpg",
      "original_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/10/Cirsium_arvense_-_p%C3%B5ldohakas.jpg",
      "source_description": "Deutsch : Acker-Kratzdistel . Eesti : Põldohakas . English : Creeping thistle . Français : Cirse des champs . Polski : Ostrożeń polny Русский : Бодяк полевой",
      "source_credit": "Own work",
      "access_date": "2026-09-06",
      "identity_verification": {
        "method": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
        "scientific_name": "Cirsium arvense",
        "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cirsium_arvense_-_p%C3%B5ldohakas.jpg",
        "visible_features_checked": "Branching stem carrying numerous small pink-purple flower heads and buds.",
        "species_complex_caveat": "",
        "photographed_in_colorado_claimed": false,
        "source_categories": [
          "Nature of Keila",
          "Cirsium arvense (flowers)",
          "Plants and trees at golden hour"
        ],
        "source_identification_basis": "Scientific identification in the source title, description, and/or displayed Commons taxon category; reviewed against the visible plant features."
      },
      "visual_review": {
        "status": "passed",
        "review_date": "2026-09-06",
        "method": "Every selected photograph inspected on final 15-image contact sheets; replacement bindweed and oxeye-daisy leaf images additionally inspected individually. Captions checked against visible features. Source descriptions and taxon categories inspected for identity consistency."
      },
      "modifications": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "dimensions": {
        "width": 1280,
        "height": 1824
      },
      "file": "assets/photos/invasive-cirsium-arvense-flowering-stem.jpg",
      "sha256": "b8487df80b7b18524a187ac5e420129ea0a0949b71ecb581a8ad515910228b5b",
      "byte_size": 308430,
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      "original_downloaded": false,
      "source_categories": [
        "Nature of Keila",
        "Cirsium arvense (flowers)",
        "Plants and trees at golden hour"
      ],
      "attribution": "Cirsium arvense - põldohakas.jpg — Ivar Leidus; CC BY-SA 3.0. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cirsium_arvense_-_p%C3%B5ldohakas.jpg; license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "plant_id": "canada-thistle",
      "path": "assets/photos/invasive-cirsium-arvense-flowering-stem.jpg",
      "width": 1280,
      "height": 1824,
      "bytes": 308430,
      "caption": "Branching stem carrying numerous small pink-purple flower heads and buds.",
      "alt": "Cirsium arvense: Branching stem carrying numerous small pink-purple flower heads and buds.",
      "identification_note": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.  ",
      "changes": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06",
      "thumbnail": {
        "path": "assets/thumbs/canada-thistle.webp",
        "width": 449,
        "height": 640,
        "sha256": "39f5296e3b10098d6caca6b53e3da992d3903eef72c5ee0fd77f6d9639dabf92",
        "parent_sha256": "b8487df80b7b18524a187ac5e420129ea0a0949b71ecb581a8ad515910228b5b",
        "changes": "Scaled within 640 by 640 pixels, converted to WebP at quality 82 for catalog performance. No crop or generative changes to the file. CSS may crop its catalog display.",
        "license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "invasive-06-06",
      "taxon": "Cirsium arvense",
      "feature": "leaf",
      "visible_feature": "Close view of pale leaf underside with deeply lobed, sharply spiny margins.",
      "title": "File:Cirsium arvense 2025-07-23-8.jpg",
      "creator": "Renée Kools",
      "license": "CC BY 4.0",
      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0",
      "available_licenses": [
        {
          "name": "CC BY 4.0",
          "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0"
        }
      ],
      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cirsium_arvense_2025-07-23-8.jpg",
      "original_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5a/Cirsium_arvense_2025-07-23-8.jpg",
      "source_description": "English: Leaf and thorns of a field thistle (Cirsium arvense) Nederlands: Blad met doorns van een akkerdistel (Cirsium arvense)",
      "source_credit": "Own work",
      "access_date": "2026-09-06",
      "identity_verification": {
        "method": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
        "scientific_name": "Cirsium arvense",
        "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cirsium_arvense_2025-07-23-8.jpg",
        "visible_features_checked": "Close view of pale leaf underside with deeply lobed, sharply spiny margins.",
        "species_complex_caveat": "",
        "photographed_in_colorado_claimed": false,
        "source_categories": [
          "Cirsium arvense in the Netherlands",
          "Leaves on black background",
          "Flora of Breda, Netherlands"
        ],
        "source_identification_basis": "Scientific identification in the source title, description, and/or displayed Commons taxon category; reviewed against the visible plant features."
      },
      "visual_review": {
        "status": "passed",
        "review_date": "2026-09-06",
        "method": "Every selected photograph inspected on final 15-image contact sheets; replacement bindweed and oxeye-daisy leaf images additionally inspected individually. Captions checked against visible features. Source descriptions and taxon categories inspected for identity consistency."
      },
      "modifications": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "dimensions": {
        "width": 1280,
        "height": 960
      },
      "file": "assets/photos/invasive-cirsium-arvense-leaf.jpg",
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      "original_downloaded": false,
      "source_categories": [
        "Cirsium arvense in the Netherlands",
        "Leaves on black background",
        "Flora of Breda, Netherlands"
      ],
      "attribution": "Cirsium arvense 2025-07-23-8.jpg — Renée Kools; CC BY 4.0. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cirsium_arvense_2025-07-23-8.jpg; license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "plant_id": "canada-thistle",
      "path": "assets/photos/invasive-cirsium-arvense-leaf.jpg",
      "width": 1280,
      "height": 960,
      "bytes": 98447,
      "caption": "Close view of pale leaf underside with deeply lobed, sharply spiny margins.",
      "alt": "Cirsium arvense: Close view of pale leaf underside with deeply lobed, sharply spiny margins.",
      "identification_note": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.  ",
      "changes": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06"
    },
    {
      "id": "invasive-06-11",
      "taxon": "Cirsium arvense",
      "feature": "seed-head",
      "visible_feature": "White fluffy pappus spreading from mature thistle heads.",
      "title": "File:Салтыковский лесопарк 20.jpg",
      "creator": "Ulaisaeva",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0",
      "available_licenses": [
        {
          "name": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
          "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0"
        }
      ],
      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA_20.jpg",
      "original_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4f/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA_20.jpg",
      "source_description": "Русский: Старинный парк и кварталы 1,3,4,9 Салтыковского участка Балашихинского лесопарка: Балашихинский лесопарк, Салтыковский участок, кв. 1, 3, 4, 9, Салтыковка, Городской округ Балашиха, Московская область English: The ancient park and quarters 1,3,4,9 of the Saltykovsky section of the Balashikha forest park: Balashikha forest park, Saltykovsky site, apt. 1, 3, 4, 9, Saltykovka, Balashikha City District, Moscow Region This image is related to the protected area of Russia number 5010031 This template and pages using it are maintained by the Russian WLE team . Please read the guidelines before making any changes that can affect the database!",
      "source_credit": "Own work",
      "access_date": "2026-09-06",
      "identity_verification": {
        "method": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
        "scientific_name": "Cirsium arvense",
        "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA_20.jpg",
        "visible_features_checked": "White fluffy pappus spreading from mature thistle heads.",
        "species_complex_caveat": "",
        "photographed_in_colorado_claimed": false,
        "source_categories": [
          "Protected areas of Russia",
          "Cirsium arvense (fruit)"
        ],
        "source_identification_basis": "Scientific identification in the source title, description, and/or displayed Commons taxon category; reviewed against the visible plant features."
      },
      "visual_review": {
        "status": "passed",
        "review_date": "2026-09-06",
        "method": "Every selected photograph inspected on final 15-image contact sheets; replacement bindweed and oxeye-daisy leaf images additionally inspected individually. Captions checked against visible features. Source descriptions and taxon categories inspected for identity consistency."
      },
      "modifications": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "dimensions": {
        "width": 1280,
        "height": 721
      },
      "file": "assets/photos/invasive-cirsium-arvense-seed-head.jpg",
      "sha256": "7620849c17d6db88ad1857ecf0978d60d35bac11a34ab2ebf2d369501db0bafb",
      "byte_size": 252322,
      "download_url": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA_20.jpg/1280px-%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA_20.jpg",
      "original_downloaded": false,
      "source_categories": [
        "Protected areas of Russia",
        "Cirsium arvense (fruit)"
      ],
      "attribution": "Салтыковский лесопарк 20.jpg — Ulaisaeva; CC BY-SA 4.0. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA_20.jpg; license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "plant_id": "canada-thistle",
      "path": "assets/photos/invasive-cirsium-arvense-seed-head.jpg",
      "width": 1280,
      "height": 721,
      "bytes": 252322,
      "caption": "White fluffy pappus spreading from mature thistle heads.",
      "alt": "Cirsium arvense: White fluffy pappus spreading from mature thistle heads.",
      "identification_note": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.  ",
      "changes": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06"
    },
    {
      "id": "invasive-07-07",
      "taxon": "Cirsium vulgare",
      "feature": "seed-head",
      "visible_feature": "White wind-dispersal hairs spreading from mature dry seed heads.",
      "title": "File:Zaadpluizen van Cirsium vulgare in mild avondlicht. Locatie, De Famberhorst 02.jpg",
      "creator": "Dominicus Johannes Bergsma",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0",
      "available_licenses": [
        {
          "name": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
          "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0"
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      ],
      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Zaadpluizen_van_Cirsium_vulgare_in_mild_avondlicht._Locatie,_De_Famberhorst_02.jpg",
      "original_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b6/Zaadpluizen_van_Cirsium_vulgare_in_mild_avondlicht._Locatie%2C_De_Famberhorst_02.jpg",
      "source_description": "Nederlands: Zaadpluizen van Cirsium vulgare in mild avondlicht. Locatie, De Famberhorst. English: Seed Fluffs Cirsium vulgare in mild evening light. The Famberhorst in the Netherlands.",
      "source_credit": "Own work",
      "access_date": "2026-09-06",
      "identity_verification": {
        "method": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
        "scientific_name": "Cirsium vulgare",
        "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Zaadpluizen_van_Cirsium_vulgare_in_mild_avondlicht._Locatie,_De_Famberhorst_02.jpg",
        "visible_features_checked": "White wind-dispersal hairs spreading from mature dry seed heads.",
        "species_complex_caveat": "",
        "photographed_in_colorado_claimed": false,
        "source_categories": [
          "Flora of De Famberhorst",
          "Cirsium vulgare (fruit)"
        ],
        "source_identification_basis": "Scientific identification in the source title, description, and/or displayed Commons taxon category; reviewed against the visible plant features."
      },
      "visual_review": {
        "status": "passed",
        "review_date": "2026-09-06",
        "method": "Every selected photograph inspected on final 15-image contact sheets; replacement bindweed and oxeye-daisy leaf images additionally inspected individually. Captions checked against visible features. Source descriptions and taxon categories inspected for identity consistency."
      },
      "modifications": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "dimensions": {
        "width": 1280,
        "height": 1489
      },
      "file": "assets/photos/invasive-cirsium-vulgare-seed-head.jpg",
      "sha256": "294318121d2db36249d1a6c0c23d75df29a82a7eb0d0363a4aae2cb891ebb813",
      "byte_size": 474571,
      "download_url": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Zaadpluizen_van_Cirsium_vulgare_in_mild_avondlicht._Locatie%2C_De_Famberhorst_02.jpg/1280px-Zaadpluizen_van_Cirsium_vulgare_in_mild_avondlicht._Locatie%2C_De_Famberhorst_02.jpg",
      "original_downloaded": false,
      "source_categories": [
        "Flora of De Famberhorst",
        "Cirsium vulgare (fruit)"
      ],
      "attribution": "Zaadpluizen van Cirsium vulgare in mild avondlicht. Locatie, De Famberhorst 02.jpg — Dominicus Johannes Bergsma; CC BY-SA 4.0. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Zaadpluizen_van_Cirsium_vulgare_in_mild_avondlicht._Locatie,_De_Famberhorst_02.jpg; license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "plant_id": "bull-thistle",
      "path": "assets/photos/invasive-cirsium-vulgare-seed-head.jpg",
      "width": 1280,
      "height": 1489,
      "bytes": 474571,
      "caption": "White wind-dispersal hairs spreading from mature dry seed heads.",
      "alt": "Cirsium vulgare: White wind-dispersal hairs spreading from mature dry seed heads.",
      "identification_note": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.  ",
      "changes": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06",
      "thumbnail": {
        "path": "assets/thumbs/bull-thistle.webp",
        "width": 550,
        "height": 640,
        "sha256": "01a86f1c9c8fbe766aaede09fc18af48287503f33680522a06ca43e8326e4a1a",
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        "changes": "Scaled within 640 by 640 pixels, converted to WebP at quality 82 for catalog performance. No crop or generative changes to the file. CSS may crop its catalog display.",
        "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "invasive-07-09",
      "taxon": "Cirsium vulgare",
      "feature": "flower",
      "visible_feature": "Purple flower head above a densely spiny involucre, with additional buds below.",
      "title": "File:Cirsium vulgare RF.jpg",
      "creator": "Robert Flogaus-Faust",
      "license": "CC BY 4.0",
      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0",
      "available_licenses": [
        {
          "name": "CC BY 4.0",
          "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0"
        }
      ],
      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cirsium_vulgare_RF.jpg",
      "original_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/40/Cirsium_vulgare_RF.jpg",
      "source_description": "English: Spear thistle ( Cirsium vulgare ) between Selingsdorf and Thann at the Altmuehl bike route, Germany Deutsch: Gewöhnliche Kratzdistel ( Cirsium vulgare ) zwischen Selingsdorf und Thann am Altmühl-Radweg, Deutschland",
      "source_credit": "Own work",
      "access_date": "2026-09-06",
      "identity_verification": {
        "method": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
        "scientific_name": "Cirsium vulgare",
        "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cirsium_vulgare_RF.jpg",
        "visible_features_checked": "Purple flower head above a densely spiny involucre, with additional buds below.",
        "species_complex_caveat": "",
        "photographed_in_colorado_claimed": false,
        "source_categories": [
          "Cirsium vulgare (flowers)",
          "Cirsium in the Northern Hemisphere in September",
          "Cirsium in Bavaria"
        ],
        "source_identification_basis": "Scientific identification in the source title, description, and/or displayed Commons taxon category; reviewed against the visible plant features."
      },
      "visual_review": {
        "status": "passed",
        "review_date": "2026-09-06",
        "method": "Every selected photograph inspected on final 15-image contact sheets; replacement bindweed and oxeye-daisy leaf images additionally inspected individually. Captions checked against visible features. Source descriptions and taxon categories inspected for identity consistency."
      },
      "modifications": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "dimensions": {
        "width": 1280,
        "height": 1876
      },
      "file": "assets/photos/invasive-cirsium-vulgare-flower.jpg",
      "sha256": "4ed3754a55184507fdb28b915dcf1fb5b57f3d21c2305b0dc7a6c9a3f1055825",
      "byte_size": 529963,
      "download_url": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Cirsium_vulgare_RF.jpg/1280px-Cirsium_vulgare_RF.jpg",
      "original_downloaded": false,
      "source_categories": [
        "Cirsium vulgare (flowers)",
        "Cirsium in the Northern Hemisphere in September",
        "Cirsium in Bavaria"
      ],
      "attribution": "Cirsium vulgare RF.jpg — Robert Flogaus-Faust; CC BY 4.0. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cirsium_vulgare_RF.jpg; license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "plant_id": "bull-thistle",
      "path": "assets/photos/invasive-cirsium-vulgare-flower.jpg",
      "width": 1280,
      "height": 1876,
      "bytes": 529963,
      "caption": "Purple flower head above a densely spiny involucre, with additional buds below.",
      "alt": "Cirsium vulgare: Purple flower head above a densely spiny involucre, with additional buds below.",
      "identification_note": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.  ",
      "changes": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06"
    },
    {
      "id": "invasive-07-13",
      "taxon": "Cirsium vulgare",
      "feature": "leaf",
      "visible_feature": "Deeply divided, rigidly spine-tipped leaves on a prickly green stem.",
      "title": "File:2007 Cirsium vulgare leaves.jpg",
      "creator": "Rl",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/",
      "available_licenses": [
        {
          "name": "GFDL",
          "url": "http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html"
        },
        {
          "name": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
          "url": "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/"
        },
        {
          "name": "CC BY-SA 2.5",
          "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.5"
        }
      ],
      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:2007_Cirsium_vulgare_leaves.jpg",
      "original_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/07/2007_Cirsium_vulgare_leaves.jpg",
      "source_description": "Cirsium vulgare in Switzerland",
      "source_credit": "Own work",
      "access_date": "2026-09-06",
      "identity_verification": {
        "method": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
        "scientific_name": "Cirsium vulgare",
        "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:2007_Cirsium_vulgare_leaves.jpg",
        "visible_features_checked": "Deeply divided, rigidly spine-tipped leaves on a prickly green stem.",
        "species_complex_caveat": "",
        "photographed_in_colorado_claimed": false,
        "source_categories": [
          "Cirsium vulgare (leaves)"
        ],
        "source_identification_basis": "Scientific identification in the source title, description, and/or displayed Commons taxon category; reviewed against the visible plant features."
      },
      "visual_review": {
        "status": "passed",
        "review_date": "2026-09-06",
        "method": "Every selected photograph inspected on final 15-image contact sheets; replacement bindweed and oxeye-daisy leaf images additionally inspected individually. Captions checked against visible features. Source descriptions and taxon categories inspected for identity consistency."
      },
      "modifications": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "dimensions": {
        "width": 1280,
        "height": 851
      },
      "file": "assets/photos/invasive-cirsium-vulgare-leaf.jpg",
      "sha256": "2b9889d423450374be2f7c7d9f0467a821aa75c6108e15ab78e260fe59712883",
      "byte_size": 220681,
      "download_url": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/2007_Cirsium_vulgare_leaves.jpg/1280px-2007_Cirsium_vulgare_leaves.jpg",
      "original_downloaded": false,
      "source_categories": [
        "Cirsium vulgare (leaves)"
      ],
      "attribution": "2007 Cirsium vulgare leaves.jpg — Rl; CC BY-SA 3.0. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:2007_Cirsium_vulgare_leaves.jpg; license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "plant_id": "bull-thistle",
      "path": "assets/photos/invasive-cirsium-vulgare-leaf.jpg",
      "width": 1280,
      "height": 851,
      "bytes": 220681,
      "caption": "Deeply divided, rigidly spine-tipped leaves on a prickly green stem.",
      "alt": "Cirsium vulgare: Deeply divided, rigidly spine-tipped leaves on a prickly green stem.",
      "identification_note": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.  ",
      "changes": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06"
    },
    {
      "id": "invasive-08-03",
      "taxon": "Carduus nutans",
      "feature": "flower",
      "visible_feature": "Nodding purple flower head on a curved stalk with pointed involucral bracts.",
      "title": "File:Carduus nutans 4 RF.jpg",
      "creator": "Robert Flogaus-Faust",
      "license": "CC BY 4.0",
      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0",
      "available_licenses": [
        {
          "name": "CC BY 4.0",
          "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0"
        }
      ],
      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Carduus_nutans_4_RF.jpg",
      "original_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/Carduus_nutans_4_RF.jpg",
      "source_description": "English: Nodding thistle ( Carduus nutans ) at a footpath near the southern edge of Eichhalde nature reserve near Bissingen, Germany Deutsch: Nickende Distel ( Carduus nutans ) nahe dem unteren Ende der Eichhalde bei Bissingen, Deutschland",
      "source_credit": "Own work",
      "access_date": "2026-09-06",
      "identity_verification": {
        "method": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
        "scientific_name": "Carduus nutans",
        "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Carduus_nutans_4_RF.jpg",
        "visible_features_checked": "Nodding purple flower head on a curved stalk with pointed involucral bracts.",
        "species_complex_caveat": "",
        "photographed_in_colorado_claimed": false,
        "source_categories": [
          "Carduus nutans",
          "Cardueae in the Northern Hemisphere in July",
          "Carduoideae in Baden-Württemberg"
        ],
        "source_identification_basis": "Scientific identification in the source title, description, and/or displayed Commons taxon category; reviewed against the visible plant features."
      },
      "visual_review": {
        "status": "passed",
        "review_date": "2026-09-06",
        "method": "Every selected photograph inspected on final 15-image contact sheets; replacement bindweed and oxeye-daisy leaf images additionally inspected individually. Captions checked against visible features. Source descriptions and taxon categories inspected for identity consistency."
      },
      "modifications": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "dimensions": {
        "width": 1280,
        "height": 960
      },
      "file": "assets/photos/invasive-carduus-nutans-flower.jpg",
      "sha256": "43f1c3f05dca9afa578a09d9cd79549528350cf0990d01b6141f0a2e9bae9a4f",
      "byte_size": 287409,
      "download_url": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Carduus_nutans_4_RF.jpg/1280px-Carduus_nutans_4_RF.jpg",
      "original_downloaded": false,
      "source_categories": [
        "Carduus nutans",
        "Cardueae in the Northern Hemisphere in July",
        "Carduoideae in Baden-Württemberg"
      ],
      "attribution": "Carduus nutans 4 RF.jpg — Robert Flogaus-Faust; CC BY 4.0. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Carduus_nutans_4_RF.jpg; license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "plant_id": "musk-thistle",
      "path": "assets/photos/invasive-carduus-nutans-flower.jpg",
      "width": 1280,
      "height": 960,
      "bytes": 287409,
      "caption": "Nodding purple flower head on a curved stalk with pointed involucral bracts.",
      "alt": "Carduus nutans: Nodding purple flower head on a curved stalk with pointed involucral bracts.",
      "identification_note": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.  ",
      "changes": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06",
      "thumbnail": {
        "path": "assets/thumbs/musk-thistle.webp",
        "width": 640,
        "height": 480,
        "sha256": "2498ff5806254be4d4c1dd2c65e3a41665e8e05d46e027c2d9501a925f5217a9",
        "parent_sha256": "43f1c3f05dca9afa578a09d9cd79549528350cf0990d01b6141f0a2e9bae9a4f",
        "changes": "Scaled within 640 by 640 pixels, converted to WebP at quality 82 for catalog performance. No crop or generative changes to the file. CSS may crop its catalog display.",
        "license": "CC BY 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "invasive-08-09",
      "taxon": "Carduus nutans",
      "feature": "leaf-bud",
      "visible_feature": "Dense deeply lobed spiny foliage surrounding a developing central flower bud.",
      "title": "File:Carduus nutans kz20.jpg",
      "creator": "Krzysztof Ziarnek, Kenraiz",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0",
      "available_licenses": [
        {
          "name": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
          "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0"
        }
      ],
      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Carduus_nutans_kz20.jpg",
      "original_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/eb/Carduus_nutans_kz20.jpg",
      "source_description": "English: Carduus nutans - inflorescence bud. Private garden in Szczecin, NW Poland",
      "source_credit": "Own work",
      "access_date": "2026-09-06",
      "identity_verification": {
        "method": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
        "scientific_name": "Carduus nutans",
        "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Carduus_nutans_kz20.jpg",
        "visible_features_checked": "Dense deeply lobed spiny foliage surrounding a developing central flower bud.",
        "species_complex_caveat": "",
        "photographed_in_colorado_claimed": false,
        "source_categories": [
          "Carduus nutans",
          "Carduus nutans in Poland"
        ],
        "source_identification_basis": "Scientific identification in the source title, description, and/or displayed Commons taxon category; reviewed against the visible plant features."
      },
      "visual_review": {
        "status": "passed",
        "review_date": "2026-09-06",
        "method": "Every selected photograph inspected on final 15-image contact sheets; replacement bindweed and oxeye-daisy leaf images additionally inspected individually. Captions checked against visible features. Source descriptions and taxon categories inspected for identity consistency."
      },
      "modifications": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "dimensions": {
        "width": 1280,
        "height": 978
      },
      "file": "assets/photos/invasive-carduus-nutans-leaf-bud.jpg",
      "sha256": "37e7002391d7f4d757f7b911c041490a49bda0b17c2121d27a2c9161847b6516",
      "byte_size": 297171,
      "download_url": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Carduus_nutans_kz20.jpg/1280px-Carduus_nutans_kz20.jpg",
      "original_downloaded": false,
      "source_categories": [
        "Carduus nutans",
        "Carduus nutans in Poland"
      ],
      "attribution": "Carduus nutans kz20.jpg — Krzysztof Ziarnek, Kenraiz; CC BY-SA 4.0. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Carduus_nutans_kz20.jpg; license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "plant_id": "musk-thistle",
      "path": "assets/photos/invasive-carduus-nutans-leaf-bud.jpg",
      "width": 1280,
      "height": 978,
      "bytes": 297171,
      "caption": "Dense deeply lobed spiny foliage surrounding a developing central flower bud.",
      "alt": "Carduus nutans: Dense deeply lobed spiny foliage surrounding a developing central flower bud.",
      "identification_note": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.  ",
      "changes": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06"
    },
    {
      "id": "invasive-08-10",
      "taxon": "Carduus nutans",
      "feature": "habit",
      "visible_feature": "Entire low branching flowering thistle showing basal foliage and several pink heads.",
      "title": "File:Carduus nutans in Bosco Bottari.jpg",
      "creator": "Pierpao",
      "license": "CC0",
      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en",
      "available_licenses": [
        {
          "name": "CC0",
          "url": "http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en"
        }
      ],
      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Carduus_nutans_in_Bosco_Bottari.jpg",
      "original_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/72/Carduus_nutans_in_Bosco_Bottari.jpg",
      "source_description": "English: Carduus nutans",
      "source_credit": "Own work",
      "access_date": "2026-09-06",
      "identity_verification": {
        "method": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
        "scientific_name": "Carduus nutans",
        "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Carduus_nutans_in_Bosco_Bottari.jpg",
        "visible_features_checked": "Entire low branching flowering thistle showing basal foliage and several pink heads.",
        "species_complex_caveat": "",
        "photographed_in_colorado_claimed": false,
        "source_categories": [
          "Carduus nutans",
          "Bosco Bottari"
        ],
        "source_identification_basis": "Scientific identification in the source title, description, and/or displayed Commons taxon category; reviewed against the visible plant features."
      },
      "visual_review": {
        "status": "passed",
        "review_date": "2026-09-06",
        "method": "Every selected photograph inspected on final 15-image contact sheets; replacement bindweed and oxeye-daisy leaf images additionally inspected individually. Captions checked against visible features. Source descriptions and taxon categories inspected for identity consistency."
      },
      "modifications": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "dimensions": {
        "width": 1280,
        "height": 1707
      },
      "file": "assets/photos/invasive-carduus-nutans-habit.jpg",
      "sha256": "a9c38c626b4a4492e04f66a34a8cfa91bb01fdf2ce910bf1619f7bc9a7ea6ecf",
      "byte_size": 1399396,
      "download_url": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Carduus_nutans_in_Bosco_Bottari.jpg/1280px-Carduus_nutans_in_Bosco_Bottari.jpg",
      "original_downloaded": false,
      "source_categories": [
        "Carduus nutans",
        "Bosco Bottari"
      ],
      "attribution": "Carduus nutans in Bosco Bottari.jpg — Pierpao; CC0. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Carduus_nutans_in_Bosco_Bottari.jpg; license: https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "plant_id": "musk-thistle",
      "path": "assets/photos/invasive-carduus-nutans-habit.jpg",
      "width": 1280,
      "height": 1707,
      "bytes": 1399396,
      "caption": "Entire low branching flowering thistle showing basal foliage and several pink heads.",
      "alt": "Carduus nutans: Entire low branching flowering thistle showing basal foliage and several pink heads.",
      "identification_note": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.  ",
      "changes": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06"
    },
    {
      "id": "invasive-09-03",
      "taxon": "Onopordum acanthium",
      "feature": "leaf",
      "visible_feature": "Pale woolly young leaf with deeply lobed spine-tipped margins and a prominent light midrib.",
      "title": "File:Onopordum acanthium kz14.jpg",
      "creator": "Krzysztof Ziarnek, Kenraiz",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0",
      "available_licenses": [
        {
          "name": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
          "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0"
        }
      ],
      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Onopordum_acanthium_kz14.jpg",
      "original_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f5/Onopordum_acanthium_kz14.jpg",
      "source_description": "English: Onopordum acanthium (young leaves) in Szczecin Gumieńce, NW Poland",
      "source_credit": "Own work",
      "access_date": "2026-09-06",
      "identity_verification": {
        "method": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
        "scientific_name": "Onopordum acanthium",
        "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Onopordum_acanthium_kz14.jpg",
        "visible_features_checked": "Pale woolly young leaf with deeply lobed spine-tipped margins and a prominent light midrib.",
        "species_complex_caveat": "",
        "photographed_in_colorado_claimed": false,
        "source_categories": [
          "Onopordum acanthium leaves",
          "Onopordum acanthium in Poland",
          "Carduoideae in Poland in May 2024",
          "Cardueae in the Northern Hemisphere in May 2024"
        ],
        "source_identification_basis": "Scientific identification in the source title, description, and/or displayed Commons taxon category; reviewed against the visible plant features."
      },
      "visual_review": {
        "status": "passed",
        "review_date": "2026-09-06",
        "method": "Every selected photograph inspected on final 15-image contact sheets; replacement bindweed and oxeye-daisy leaf images additionally inspected individually. Captions checked against visible features. Source descriptions and taxon categories inspected for identity consistency."
      },
      "modifications": "None; original downloaded without modification.",
      "dimensions": {
        "width": 2150,
        "height": 2866
      },
      "file": "assets/photos/invasive-onopordum-acanthium-leaf.jpg",
      "sha256": "cc91cb33845eca1fcb46cc1735d0352426b41f71da064f867e9804c5c0623573",
      "byte_size": 683441,
      "download_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f5/Onopordum_acanthium_kz14.jpg",
      "original_downloaded": true,
      "source_categories": [
        "Onopordum acanthium leaves",
        "Onopordum acanthium in Poland",
        "Carduoideae in Poland in May 2024",
        "Cardueae in the Northern Hemisphere in May 2024"
      ],
      "attribution": "Onopordum acanthium kz14.jpg — Krzysztof Ziarnek, Kenraiz; CC BY-SA 4.0. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Onopordum_acanthium_kz14.jpg; license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0. None; original downloaded without modification.",
      "plant_id": "scotch-thistle",
      "path": "assets/photos/invasive-onopordum-acanthium-leaf.jpg",
      "width": 2150,
      "height": 2866,
      "bytes": 683441,
      "caption": "Pale woolly young leaf with deeply lobed spine-tipped margins and a prominent light midrib.",
      "alt": "Onopordum acanthium: Pale woolly young leaf with deeply lobed spine-tipped margins and a prominent light midrib.",
      "identification_note": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.  ",
      "changes": "None; original downloaded without modification. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06",
      "thumbnail": {
        "path": "assets/thumbs/scotch-thistle.webp",
        "width": 480,
        "height": 640,
        "sha256": "7256521b876c493264909d66947e5f23eded8fc694a5474526b623f001ed4396",
        "parent_sha256": "cc91cb33845eca1fcb46cc1735d0352426b41f71da064f867e9804c5c0623573",
        "changes": "Scaled within 640 by 640 pixels, converted to WebP at quality 82 for catalog performance. No crop or generative changes to the file. CSS may crop its catalog display.",
        "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "invasive-09-08",
      "taxon": "Onopordum acanthium",
      "feature": "habit",
      "visible_feature": "Upright branched thistle with large pale spiny leaves and purple flower heads.",
      "title": "File:Onopordum acanthium kz15.jpg",
      "creator": "Krzysztof Ziarnek, Kenraiz",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0",
      "available_licenses": [
        {
          "name": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
          "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0"
        }
      ],
      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Onopordum_acanthium_kz15.jpg",
      "original_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e0/Onopordum_acanthium_kz15.jpg",
      "source_description": "English: Onopordum acanthium in Żeńsko near Choszczno, NW Poland",
      "source_credit": "Own work",
      "access_date": "2026-09-06",
      "identity_verification": {
        "method": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
        "scientific_name": "Onopordum acanthium",
        "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Onopordum_acanthium_kz15.jpg",
        "visible_features_checked": "Upright branched thistle with large pale spiny leaves and purple flower heads.",
        "species_complex_caveat": "",
        "photographed_in_colorado_claimed": false,
        "source_categories": [
          "Onopordum acanthium in Poland",
          "Onopordum acanthium"
        ],
        "source_identification_basis": "Scientific identification in the source title, description, and/or displayed Commons taxon category; reviewed against the visible plant features."
      },
      "visual_review": {
        "status": "passed",
        "review_date": "2026-09-06",
        "method": "Every selected photograph inspected on final 15-image contact sheets; replacement bindweed and oxeye-daisy leaf images additionally inspected individually. Captions checked against visible features. Source descriptions and taxon categories inspected for identity consistency."
      },
      "modifications": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "dimensions": {
        "width": 1280,
        "height": 1707
      },
      "file": "assets/photos/invasive-onopordum-acanthium-habit.jpg",
      "sha256": "3a779aa81e9a3bdeff2e99f19f18b274daa2f2b22acd297a360d86aff30aba10",
      "byte_size": 816306,
      "download_url": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Onopordum_acanthium_kz15.jpg/1280px-Onopordum_acanthium_kz15.jpg",
      "original_downloaded": false,
      "source_categories": [
        "Onopordum acanthium in Poland",
        "Onopordum acanthium"
      ],
      "attribution": "Onopordum acanthium kz15.jpg — Krzysztof Ziarnek, Kenraiz; CC BY-SA 4.0. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Onopordum_acanthium_kz15.jpg; license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "plant_id": "scotch-thistle",
      "path": "assets/photos/invasive-onopordum-acanthium-habit.jpg",
      "width": 1280,
      "height": 1707,
      "bytes": 816306,
      "caption": "Upright branched thistle with large pale spiny leaves and purple flower heads.",
      "alt": "Onopordum acanthium: Upright branched thistle with large pale spiny leaves and purple flower heads.",
      "identification_note": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.  ",
      "changes": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06"
    },
    {
      "id": "invasive-09-13",
      "taxon": "Onopordum acanthium",
      "feature": "bud-stem",
      "visible_feature": "Developing spiny heads on pale winged stems; narrow rigid bracts end in yellowish spines.",
      "title": "File:Onopordum acanthium-Detail.jpg",
      "creator": "Benutzer:Drahkrub",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 3.0 de",
      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/de/deed.en",
      "available_licenses": [
        {
          "name": "CC BY-SA 3.0 de",
          "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/de/deed.en"
        }
      ],
      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Onopordum_acanthium-Detail.jpg",
      "original_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ef/Onopordum_acanthium-Detail.jpg",
      "source_description": "Deutsch: Onopordum acanthium (Eselsdistel). Standort Fürth . Detail Blütenknospen",
      "source_credit": "Own work",
      "access_date": "2026-09-06",
      "identity_verification": {
        "method": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
        "scientific_name": "Onopordum acanthium",
        "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Onopordum_acanthium-Detail.jpg",
        "visible_features_checked": "Developing spiny heads on pale winged stems; narrow rigid bracts end in yellowish spines.",
        "species_complex_caveat": "",
        "photographed_in_colorado_claimed": false,
        "source_categories": [
          "Onopordum acanthium (flowers)"
        ],
        "source_identification_basis": "Scientific identification in the source title, description, and/or displayed Commons taxon category; reviewed against the visible plant features."
      },
      "visual_review": {
        "status": "passed",
        "review_date": "2026-09-06",
        "method": "Every selected photograph inspected on final 15-image contact sheets; replacement bindweed and oxeye-daisy leaf images additionally inspected individually. Captions checked against visible features. Source descriptions and taxon categories inspected for identity consistency."
      },
      "modifications": "None; original downloaded without modification.",
      "dimensions": {
        "width": 1191,
        "height": 1047
      },
      "file": "assets/photos/invasive-onopordum-acanthium-bud-stem.jpg",
      "sha256": "53ce3b9a22c11c509df7b73e8ac800f7f0a07e7554f4ed2860ce25e3f8384013",
      "byte_size": 816450,
      "download_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ef/Onopordum_acanthium-Detail.jpg",
      "original_downloaded": true,
      "source_categories": [
        "Onopordum acanthium (flowers)"
      ],
      "attribution": "Onopordum acanthium-Detail.jpg — Benutzer:Drahkrub; CC BY-SA 3.0 de. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Onopordum_acanthium-Detail.jpg; license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/de/deed.en. None; original downloaded without modification.",
      "plant_id": "scotch-thistle",
      "path": "assets/photos/invasive-onopordum-acanthium-bud-stem.jpg",
      "width": 1191,
      "height": 1047,
      "bytes": 816450,
      "caption": "Developing spiny heads on pale winged stems; narrow rigid bracts end in yellowish spines.",
      "alt": "Onopordum acanthium: Developing spiny heads on pale winged stems; narrow rigid bracts end in yellowish spines.",
      "identification_note": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.  ",
      "changes": "None; original downloaded without modification. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06"
    },
    {
      "id": "invasive-10-02",
      "taxon": "Centaurea stoebe",
      "feature": "flower",
      "visible_feature": "Close view of the purple tubular florets forming a knapweed flower head.",
      "title": "File:Spotted Knapweed (Centaurea maculosa).jpg",
      "creator": "Alan Vernon",
      "license": "CC BY 2.0",
      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0",
      "available_licenses": [
        {
          "name": "CC BY 2.0",
          "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0"
        }
      ],
      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Spotted_Knapweed_(Centaurea_maculosa).jpg",
      "original_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/45/Spotted_Knapweed_%28Centaurea_maculosa%29.jpg",
      "source_description": "Spotted knapweed is an invasive weed. \nThe weed is a prolific seed producer with 1000 or more seeds per plant. Seed remains viable in the soil five years or more, so infestations may occur a number of years after vegetative plants have been eliminated. Spotted knapweed has few natural enemies and is consumed by livestock only when other vegetation is unavailable. The plant releases a toxin that reduces growth of forage species. Areas heavily infested with spotted knapweed often must be reseeded once the plant is controlled. \nHistorical records indicate that spotted knapweed was introduced from Eastern Europe into North America in the early 1900s as a contaminant in crop seed. It now infests several million acres of grazing land in the northwestern United States and Canada. \nReference <a href=\" http://www.ag.ndsu.edu/pubs/plantsci/weeds/w842w.htm \" rel=\"nofollow\">www.ag.ndsu.edu/pubs/plantsci/weeds/w842w.htm</a> Observed in a Canadian Provincial park at Lake Lakelse",
      "source_credit": "Flickr : Spotted Knapweed (Centaurea maculosa)",
      "access_date": "2026-09-06",
      "identity_verification": {
        "method": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
        "scientific_name": "Centaurea stoebe",
        "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Spotted_Knapweed_(Centaurea_maculosa).jpg",
        "visible_features_checked": "Close view of the purple tubular florets forming a knapweed flower head.",
        "species_complex_caveat": "Spotted knapweed is a species complex; North American invasive plants are often treated as C. stoebe subsp. micranthos. Some source photos retain the historically applied name Centaurea maculosa. Photographs do not establish subspecies or ploidy.",
        "photographed_in_colorado_claimed": false,
        "source_categories": [
          "Centaurea stoebe (flowers)"
        ],
        "source_identification_basis": "Scientific identification in the source title, description, and/or displayed Commons taxon category; reviewed against the visible plant features."
      },
      "visual_review": {
        "status": "passed",
        "review_date": "2026-09-06",
        "method": "Every selected photograph inspected on final 15-image contact sheets; replacement bindweed and oxeye-daisy leaf images additionally inspected individually. Captions checked against visible features. Source descriptions and taxon categories inspected for identity consistency."
      },
      "modifications": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "dimensions": {
        "width": 1280,
        "height": 854
      },
      "file": "assets/photos/invasive-centaurea-stoebe-flower.jpg",
      "sha256": "3133ffb715aafd21d7fe3624ba10cd498f48468ec3a1db6a2ebe639f490de75b",
      "byte_size": 140638,
      "download_url": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Spotted_Knapweed_%28Centaurea_maculosa%29.jpg/1280px-Spotted_Knapweed_%28Centaurea_maculosa%29.jpg",
      "original_downloaded": false,
      "source_categories": [
        "Centaurea stoebe (flowers)"
      ],
      "attribution": "Spotted Knapweed (Centaurea maculosa).jpg — Alan Vernon; CC BY 2.0. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Spotted_Knapweed_(Centaurea_maculosa).jpg; license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "plant_id": "spotted-knapweed",
      "path": "assets/photos/invasive-centaurea-stoebe-flower.jpg",
      "width": 1280,
      "height": 854,
      "bytes": 140638,
      "caption": "Close view of the purple tubular florets forming a knapweed flower head.",
      "alt": "Centaurea stoebe: Close view of the purple tubular florets forming a knapweed flower head.",
      "identification_note": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.  Spotted knapweed is a species complex; North American invasive plants are often treated as C. stoebe subsp. micranthos. Some source photos retain the historically applied name Centaurea maculosa. Photographs do not establish subspecies or ploidy.",
      "changes": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06",
      "thumbnail": {
        "path": "assets/thumbs/spotted-knapweed.webp",
        "width": 640,
        "height": 427,
        "sha256": "6b3ac8cd54c831c1adcc7c2d34372b0cd181bf05de42b54875548e24c2ea2689",
        "parent_sha256": "3133ffb715aafd21d7fe3624ba10cd498f48468ec3a1db6a2ebe639f490de75b",
        "changes": "Scaled within 640 by 640 pixels, converted to WebP at quality 82 for catalog performance. No crop or generative changes to the file. CSS may crop its catalog display.",
        "license": "CC BY 2.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "invasive-10-07",
      "taxon": "Centaurea stoebe",
      "feature": "habit",
      "visible_feature": "Branched slender stems with divided narrow leaves and scattered purple flower heads.",
      "title": "File:Centaurea stoebe Chaber nadreński 2020-07-12 02.jpg",
      "creator": "Agnieszka Kwiecień, Nova",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0",
      "available_licenses": [
        {
          "name": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
          "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0"
        }
      ],
      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Centaurea_stoebe_Chaber_nadre%C5%84ski_2020-07-12_02.jpg",
      "original_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b5/Centaurea_stoebe_Chaber_nadre%C5%84ski_2020-07-12_02.jpg",
      "source_description": "Polski: Chaber nadreński ( Centaurea stoebe ), okaz kwitnący, łąki nad rzeką Widawą, Sołtysowice, Wrocław, Polska. English: Spotted knapweed ( Centaurea stoebe ), flowering plant, meadows near Widawa river, Sołtysowice, Wrocław, Poland.",
      "source_credit": "Own work",
      "access_date": "2026-09-06",
      "identity_verification": {
        "method": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
        "scientific_name": "Centaurea stoebe",
        "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Centaurea_stoebe_Chaber_nadre%C5%84ski_2020-07-12_02.jpg",
        "visible_features_checked": "Branched slender stems with divided narrow leaves and scattered purple flower heads.",
        "species_complex_caveat": "Spotted knapweed is a species complex; North American invasive plants are often treated as C. stoebe subsp. micranthos. Some source photos retain the historically applied name Centaurea maculosa. Photographs do not establish subspecies or ploidy.",
        "photographed_in_colorado_claimed": false,
        "source_categories": [
          "Centaurea stoebe",
          "Flora of Sołtysowice, Wrocław",
          "Centaurea stoebe in Poland"
        ],
        "source_identification_basis": "Scientific identification in the source title, description, and/or displayed Commons taxon category; reviewed against the visible plant features."
      },
      "visual_review": {
        "status": "passed",
        "review_date": "2026-09-06",
        "method": "Every selected photograph inspected on final 15-image contact sheets; replacement bindweed and oxeye-daisy leaf images additionally inspected individually. Captions checked against visible features. Source descriptions and taxon categories inspected for identity consistency."
      },
      "modifications": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "dimensions": {
        "width": 1280,
        "height": 1707
      },
      "file": "assets/photos/invasive-centaurea-stoebe-habit.jpg",
      "sha256": "81562c2d19b5b6bd00b85dbfe95bec4da3d04e81df5c65f52e7aefed0d122856",
      "byte_size": 474968,
      "download_url": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Centaurea_stoebe_Chaber_nadre%C5%84ski_2020-07-12_02.jpg/1280px-Centaurea_stoebe_Chaber_nadre%C5%84ski_2020-07-12_02.jpg",
      "original_downloaded": false,
      "source_categories": [
        "Centaurea stoebe",
        "Flora of Sołtysowice, Wrocław",
        "Centaurea stoebe in Poland"
      ],
      "attribution": "Centaurea stoebe Chaber nadreński 2020-07-12 02.jpg — Agnieszka Kwiecień, Nova; CC BY-SA 4.0. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Centaurea_stoebe_Chaber_nadre%C5%84ski_2020-07-12_02.jpg; license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "plant_id": "spotted-knapweed",
      "path": "assets/photos/invasive-centaurea-stoebe-habit.jpg",
      "width": 1280,
      "height": 1707,
      "bytes": 474968,
      "caption": "Branched slender stems with divided narrow leaves and scattered purple flower heads.",
      "alt": "Centaurea stoebe: Branched slender stems with divided narrow leaves and scattered purple flower heads.",
      "identification_note": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.  Spotted knapweed is a species complex; North American invasive plants are often treated as C. stoebe subsp. micranthos. Some source photos retain the historically applied name Centaurea maculosa. Photographs do not establish subspecies or ploidy.",
      "changes": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06"
    },
    {
      "id": "invasive-10-09",
      "taxon": "Centaurea stoebe",
      "feature": "involucral-bracts",
      "visible_feature": "Flower-head base showing overlapping bracts with dark fringed tips, beside an unopened head.",
      "title": "File:Centaurea stoebe huellblaetter.jpeg",
      "creator": "Kristian Peters -- Fabelfroh 08:50, 2 November 2006 (UTC)",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/",
      "available_licenses": [
        {
          "name": "GFDL",
          "url": "http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html"
        },
        {
          "name": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
          "url": "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/"
        }
      ],
      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Centaurea_stoebe_huellblaetter.jpeg",
      "original_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/21/Centaurea_stoebe_huellblaetter.jpeg",
      "source_description": "Rispen-Flockenblume Centaurea stoebe , Müritz-Gebiet",
      "source_credit": "Self-photographed",
      "access_date": "2026-09-06",
      "identity_verification": {
        "method": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
        "scientific_name": "Centaurea stoebe",
        "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Centaurea_stoebe_huellblaetter.jpeg",
        "visible_features_checked": "Flower-head base showing overlapping bracts with dark fringed tips, beside an unopened head.",
        "species_complex_caveat": "Spotted knapweed is a species complex; North American invasive plants are often treated as C. stoebe subsp. micranthos. Some source photos retain the historically applied name Centaurea maculosa. Photographs do not establish subspecies or ploidy.",
        "photographed_in_colorado_claimed": false,
        "source_categories": [
          "Centaurea stoebe (flowers)"
        ],
        "source_identification_basis": "Scientific identification in the source title, description, and/or displayed Commons taxon category; reviewed against the visible plant features."
      },
      "visual_review": {
        "status": "passed",
        "review_date": "2026-09-06",
        "method": "Every selected photograph inspected on final 15-image contact sheets; replacement bindweed and oxeye-daisy leaf images additionally inspected individually. Captions checked against visible features. Source descriptions and taxon categories inspected for identity consistency."
      },
      "modifications": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "dimensions": {
        "width": 1280,
        "height": 960
      },
      "file": "assets/photos/invasive-centaurea-stoebe-involucral-bracts.jpeg",
      "sha256": "29cac2612818866b41040ccc5097fd40126882a34d4a1bb465b4c9f0b9c7ff08",
      "byte_size": 181658,
      "download_url": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Centaurea_stoebe_huellblaetter.jpeg/1280px-Centaurea_stoebe_huellblaetter.jpeg",
      "original_downloaded": false,
      "source_categories": [
        "Centaurea stoebe (flowers)"
      ],
      "attribution": "Centaurea stoebe huellblaetter.jpeg — Kristian Peters -- Fabelfroh 08:50, 2 November 2006 (UTC); CC BY-SA 3.0. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Centaurea_stoebe_huellblaetter.jpeg; license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "plant_id": "spotted-knapweed",
      "path": "assets/photos/invasive-centaurea-stoebe-involucral-bracts.jpeg",
      "width": 1280,
      "height": 960,
      "bytes": 181658,
      "caption": "Flower-head base showing overlapping bracts with dark fringed tips, beside an unopened head.",
      "alt": "Centaurea stoebe: Flower-head base showing overlapping bracts with dark fringed tips, beside an unopened head.",
      "identification_note": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.  Spotted knapweed is a species complex; North American invasive plants are often treated as C. stoebe subsp. micranthos. Some source photos retain the historically applied name Centaurea maculosa. Photographs do not establish subspecies or ploidy.",
      "changes": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06"
    },
    {
      "id": "invasive-11-02",
      "taxon": "Rhaponticum repens",
      "feature": "habit",
      "visible_feature": "Dense patch of upright gray-green leafy plants beneath trees.",
      "title": "File:Acroptilon repens absnd.jpg",
      "creator": "Amirh. absnd",
      "license": "CC0",
      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en",
      "available_licenses": [
        {
          "name": "CC0",
          "url": "http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en"
        }
      ],
      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Acroptilon_repens_absnd.jpg",
      "original_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/32/Acroptilon_repens_absnd.jpg",
      "source_description": "فارسی: رشد تلخه به صورت خودرو",
      "source_credit": "Own work",
      "access_date": "2026-09-06",
      "identity_verification": {
        "method": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
        "scientific_name": "Rhaponticum repens",
        "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Acroptilon_repens_absnd.jpg",
        "visible_features_checked": "Dense patch of upright gray-green leafy plants beneath trees.",
        "species_complex_caveat": "Source names Acroptilon repens and Rhaponticum repens are treated here as synonyms for Russian knapweed.",
        "photographed_in_colorado_claimed": false,
        "source_categories": [
          "Rhaponticum repens"
        ],
        "source_identification_basis": "Scientific identification in the source title, description, and/or displayed Commons taxon category; reviewed against the visible plant features."
      },
      "visual_review": {
        "status": "passed",
        "review_date": "2026-09-06",
        "method": "Every selected photograph inspected on final 15-image contact sheets; replacement bindweed and oxeye-daisy leaf images additionally inspected individually. Captions checked against visible features. Source descriptions and taxon categories inspected for identity consistency."
      },
      "modifications": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "dimensions": {
        "width": 1280,
        "height": 960
      },
      "file": "assets/photos/invasive-rhaponticum-repens-habit.jpg",
      "sha256": "131226d8b60def9551bd336349ac9cdbb4625d7cbb4887af9b8d128c5f1aa733",
      "byte_size": 674657,
      "download_url": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Acroptilon_repens_absnd.jpg/1280px-Acroptilon_repens_absnd.jpg",
      "original_downloaded": false,
      "source_categories": [
        "Rhaponticum repens"
      ],
      "attribution": "Acroptilon repens absnd.jpg — Amirh. absnd; CC0. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Acroptilon_repens_absnd.jpg; license: https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "plant_id": "russian-knapweed",
      "path": "assets/photos/invasive-rhaponticum-repens-habit.jpg",
      "width": 1280,
      "height": 960,
      "bytes": 674657,
      "caption": "Dense patch of upright gray-green leafy plants beneath trees.",
      "alt": "Rhaponticum repens: Dense patch of upright gray-green leafy plants beneath trees.",
      "identification_note": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.  Source names Acroptilon repens and Rhaponticum repens are treated here as synonyms for Russian knapweed.",
      "changes": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06",
      "thumbnail": {
        "path": "assets/thumbs/russian-knapweed.webp",
        "width": 640,
        "height": 480,
        "sha256": "2ff4360b18ab62f63f840ff2349765cf53d6a7a104c958a31b4737ec7fadc916",
        "parent_sha256": "131226d8b60def9551bd336349ac9cdbb4625d7cbb4887af9b8d128c5f1aa733",
        "changes": "Scaled within 640 by 640 pixels, converted to WebP at quality 82 for catalog performance. No crop or generative changes to the file. CSS may crop its catalog display.",
        "license": "CC0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "invasive-11-07",
      "taxon": "Rhaponticum repens",
      "feature": "mature-head",
      "visible_feature": "Upright dry stems with pale tan mature heads and yellowing leaves.",
      "title": "File:Rhaponticum repens (5042408076).jpg",
      "creator": "Matt Lavin from Bozeman, Montana, USA",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 2.0",
      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0",
      "available_licenses": [
        {
          "name": "CC BY-SA 2.0",
          "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0"
        }
      ],
      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Rhaponticum_repens_(5042408076).jpg",
      "original_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/04/Rhaponticum_repens_%285042408076%29.jpg",
      "source_description": "This species is confined to highly disturbed settings.",
      "source_credit": "Acroptilon repens",
      "access_date": "2026-09-06",
      "identity_verification": {
        "method": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
        "scientific_name": "Rhaponticum repens",
        "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Rhaponticum_repens_(5042408076).jpg",
        "visible_features_checked": "Upright dry stems with pale tan mature heads and yellowing leaves.",
        "species_complex_caveat": "Source names Acroptilon repens and Rhaponticum repens are treated here as synonyms for Russian knapweed.",
        "photographed_in_colorado_claimed": false,
        "source_categories": [
          "Rhaponticum repens",
          "Cardueae in the Northern Hemisphere in September",
          "Carduoideae in Montana",
          "Asterales in Montana in September"
        ],
        "source_identification_basis": "Scientific identification in the source title, description, and/or displayed Commons taxon category; reviewed against the visible plant features."
      },
      "visual_review": {
        "status": "passed",
        "review_date": "2026-09-06",
        "method": "Every selected photograph inspected on final 15-image contact sheets; replacement bindweed and oxeye-daisy leaf images additionally inspected individually. Captions checked against visible features. Source descriptions and taxon categories inspected for identity consistency."
      },
      "modifications": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "dimensions": {
        "width": 1280,
        "height": 960
      },
      "file": "assets/photos/invasive-rhaponticum-repens-mature-head.jpg",
      "sha256": "7ba662bf11a1806155bdcd8c82d8983f8bc2f28478f74e192471bade89158a7c",
      "byte_size": 465812,
      "download_url": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Rhaponticum_repens_%285042408076%29.jpg/1280px-Rhaponticum_repens_%285042408076%29.jpg",
      "original_downloaded": false,
      "source_categories": [
        "Rhaponticum repens",
        "Cardueae in the Northern Hemisphere in September",
        "Carduoideae in Montana",
        "Asterales in Montana in September"
      ],
      "attribution": "Rhaponticum repens (5042408076).jpg — Matt Lavin from Bozeman, Montana, USA; CC BY-SA 2.0. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Rhaponticum_repens_(5042408076).jpg; license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "plant_id": "russian-knapweed",
      "path": "assets/photos/invasive-rhaponticum-repens-mature-head.jpg",
      "width": 1280,
      "height": 960,
      "bytes": 465812,
      "caption": "Upright dry stems with pale tan mature heads and yellowing leaves.",
      "alt": "Rhaponticum repens: Upright dry stems with pale tan mature heads and yellowing leaves.",
      "identification_note": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.  Source names Acroptilon repens and Rhaponticum repens are treated here as synonyms for Russian knapweed.",
      "changes": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06"
    },
    {
      "id": "invasive-11-08",
      "taxon": "Rhaponticum repens",
      "feature": "flower",
      "visible_feature": "Purple flower head above overlapping pale papery-tipped bracts, with narrow upper leaves.",
      "title": "File:Rhaponticum repens 4.jpg",
      "creator": "Stan Shebs",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0",
      "available_licenses": [
        {
          "name": "GFDL",
          "url": "http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html"
        },
        {
          "name": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
          "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0"
        },
        {
          "name": "CC BY-SA 2.5",
          "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.5"
        }
      ],
      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Rhaponticum_repens_4.jpg",
      "original_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7f/Rhaponticum_repens_4.jpg",
      "source_description": "Rhaponticum repens (syn. Acroptilon repens ) near Cold Creek Fire Station, Spring Mountains, southern Nevada (elev. about 1800 m)",
      "source_credit": "Own work",
      "access_date": "2026-09-06",
      "identity_verification": {
        "method": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
        "scientific_name": "Rhaponticum repens",
        "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Rhaponticum_repens_4.jpg",
        "visible_features_checked": "Purple flower head above overlapping pale papery-tipped bracts, with narrow upper leaves.",
        "species_complex_caveat": "Source names Acroptilon repens and Rhaponticum repens are treated here as synonyms for Russian knapweed.",
        "photographed_in_colorado_claimed": false,
        "source_categories": [
          "Rhaponticum repens"
        ],
        "source_identification_basis": "Scientific identification in the source title, description, and/or displayed Commons taxon category; reviewed against the visible plant features."
      },
      "visual_review": {
        "status": "passed",
        "review_date": "2026-09-06",
        "method": "Every selected photograph inspected on final 15-image contact sheets; replacement bindweed and oxeye-daisy leaf images additionally inspected individually. Captions checked against visible features. Source descriptions and taxon categories inspected for identity consistency."
      },
      "modifications": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "dimensions": {
        "width": 1280,
        "height": 1578
      },
      "file": "assets/photos/invasive-rhaponticum-repens-flower.jpg",
      "sha256": "c4f380e8c3b55c8552fd9ce03e8644318c034b24e3b9f77ad13be4bdcf8ca113",
      "byte_size": 254209,
      "download_url": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Rhaponticum_repens_4.jpg/1280px-Rhaponticum_repens_4.jpg",
      "original_downloaded": false,
      "source_categories": [
        "Rhaponticum repens"
      ],
      "attribution": "Rhaponticum repens 4.jpg — Stan Shebs; CC BY-SA 3.0. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Rhaponticum_repens_4.jpg; license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "plant_id": "russian-knapweed",
      "path": "assets/photos/invasive-rhaponticum-repens-flower.jpg",
      "width": 1280,
      "height": 1578,
      "bytes": 254209,
      "caption": "Purple flower head above overlapping pale papery-tipped bracts, with narrow upper leaves.",
      "alt": "Rhaponticum repens: Purple flower head above overlapping pale papery-tipped bracts, with narrow upper leaves.",
      "identification_note": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.  Source names Acroptilon repens and Rhaponticum repens are treated here as synonyms for Russian knapweed.",
      "changes": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06"
    },
    {
      "id": "invasive-12-01",
      "taxon": "Euphorbia esula",
      "feature": "habit",
      "visible_feature": "Dense upright leafy stems topped with yellow-green flower clusters.",
      "title": "File:Euphorbia esula 001.JPG",
      "creator": "H. Zell",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0",
      "available_licenses": [
        {
          "name": "GFDL",
          "url": "http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html"
        },
        {
          "name": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
          "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0"
        }
      ],
      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Euphorbia_esula_001.JPG",
      "original_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/81/Euphorbia_esula_001.JPG",
      "source_description": "English: Euphorbia esula , Euphorbiaceae, Green Spurge, Leafy Spurge, habitus. The plant is used in homeopathy as remedy: Euphorbia esula (Euph-e.) Deutsch: Euphorbia esula , Euphorbiaceae, Eselswolfsmilch, Scharfe Wolfsmilch, Habitus. Die Pflanze wird in der Homöopathie als Arzneimittel verwendet: Euphorbia esula (Euph-e.)",
      "source_credit": "Own work",
      "access_date": "2026-09-06",
      "identity_verification": {
        "method": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
        "scientific_name": "Euphorbia esula",
        "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Euphorbia_esula_001.JPG",
        "visible_features_checked": "Dense upright leafy stems topped with yellow-green flower clusters.",
        "species_complex_caveat": "Leafy-spurge taxonomy is complex. North American invasive leafy spurge is frequently assigned to Euphorbia virgata or an E. esula aggregate. These are source-identified E. esula reference photographs, including a leaf explicitly labeled E. esula sensu stricto; do not assume they prove a Colorado plant is E. esula in the narrow sense.",
        "photographed_in_colorado_claimed": false,
        "source_categories": [
          "Euphorbia esula"
        ],
        "source_identification_basis": "Scientific identification in the source title, description, and/or displayed Commons taxon category; reviewed against the visible plant features."
      },
      "visual_review": {
        "status": "passed",
        "review_date": "2026-09-06",
        "method": "Every selected photograph inspected on final 15-image contact sheets; replacement bindweed and oxeye-daisy leaf images additionally inspected individually. Captions checked against visible features. Source descriptions and taxon categories inspected for identity consistency."
      },
      "modifications": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "dimensions": {
        "width": 1280,
        "height": 1707
      },
      "file": "assets/photos/invasive-euphorbia-esula-habit.jpg",
      "sha256": "79b8adba0e0e470cfaaf103ed7a980be316aba722e1313d81f91a64d7bf738d0",
      "byte_size": 1202778,
      "download_url": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Euphorbia_esula_001.JPG/1280px-Euphorbia_esula_001.JPG",
      "original_downloaded": false,
      "source_categories": [
        "Euphorbia esula"
      ],
      "attribution": "Euphorbia esula 001.JPG — H. Zell; CC BY-SA 3.0. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Euphorbia_esula_001.JPG; license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "plant_id": "leafy-spurge",
      "path": "assets/photos/invasive-euphorbia-esula-habit.jpg",
      "width": 1280,
      "height": 1707,
      "bytes": 1202778,
      "caption": "Dense upright leafy stems topped with yellow-green flower clusters.",
      "alt": "Euphorbia esula: Dense upright leafy stems topped with yellow-green flower clusters.",
      "identification_note": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.  Leafy-spurge taxonomy is complex. North American invasive leafy spurge is frequently assigned to Euphorbia virgata or an E. esula aggregate. These are source-identified E. esula reference photographs, including a leaf explicitly labeled E. esula sensu stricto; do not assume they prove a Colorado plant is E. esula in the narrow sense.",
      "changes": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06",
      "thumbnail": {
        "path": "assets/thumbs/leafy-spurge.webp",
        "width": 480,
        "height": 640,
        "sha256": "d7ceef877b2f96d9cc9a546475507a5922a9d396976f0163bd1bf8f1b1b53f89",
        "parent_sha256": "79b8adba0e0e470cfaaf103ed7a980be316aba722e1313d81f91a64d7bf738d0",
        "changes": "Scaled within 640 by 640 pixels, converted to WebP at quality 82 for catalog performance. No crop or generative changes to the file. CSS may crop its catalog display.",
        "license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "invasive-12-07",
      "taxon": "Euphorbia esula",
      "feature": "flower",
      "visible_feature": "Close view of yellow-green bracts, cyathia, and rounded developing capsules.",
      "title": "File:Euphorbia esula bluete.jpeg",
      "creator": "Kristian Peters -- Fabelfroh 13:02, 3 November 2005 (UTC)",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/",
      "available_licenses": [
        {
          "name": "GFDL",
          "url": "http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html"
        },
        {
          "name": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
          "url": "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/"
        }
      ],
      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Euphorbia_esula_bluete.jpeg",
      "original_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3e/Euphorbia_esula_bluete.jpeg",
      "source_description": "Detailansicht der Esels-Wolfsmilch Euphorbia esula",
      "source_credit": "Self-photographed",
      "access_date": "2026-09-06",
      "identity_verification": {
        "method": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
        "scientific_name": "Euphorbia esula",
        "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Euphorbia_esula_bluete.jpeg",
        "visible_features_checked": "Close view of yellow-green bracts, cyathia, and rounded developing capsules.",
        "species_complex_caveat": "Leafy-spurge taxonomy is complex. North American invasive leafy spurge is frequently assigned to Euphorbia virgata or an E. esula aggregate. These are source-identified E. esula reference photographs, including a leaf explicitly labeled E. esula sensu stricto; do not assume they prove a Colorado plant is E. esula in the narrow sense.",
        "photographed_in_colorado_claimed": false,
        "source_categories": [
          "Euphorbia esula (fruit)"
        ],
        "source_identification_basis": "Scientific identification in the source title, description, and/or displayed Commons taxon category; reviewed against the visible plant features."
      },
      "visual_review": {
        "status": "passed",
        "review_date": "2026-09-06",
        "method": "Every selected photograph inspected on final 15-image contact sheets; replacement bindweed and oxeye-daisy leaf images additionally inspected individually. Captions checked against visible features. Source descriptions and taxon categories inspected for identity consistency."
      },
      "modifications": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "dimensions": {
        "width": 1280,
        "height": 960
      },
      "file": "assets/photos/invasive-euphorbia-esula-flower.jpeg",
      "sha256": "c45d60644a8e596cb9f4e4a00eed1bdc77bfcff72c35a3a66fd998d75351a42d",
      "byte_size": 115988,
      "download_url": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Euphorbia_esula_bluete.jpeg/1280px-Euphorbia_esula_bluete.jpeg",
      "original_downloaded": false,
      "source_categories": [
        "Euphorbia esula (fruit)"
      ],
      "attribution": "Euphorbia esula bluete.jpeg — Kristian Peters -- Fabelfroh 13:02, 3 November 2005 (UTC); CC BY-SA 3.0. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Euphorbia_esula_bluete.jpeg; license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "plant_id": "leafy-spurge",
      "path": "assets/photos/invasive-euphorbia-esula-flower.jpeg",
      "width": 1280,
      "height": 960,
      "bytes": 115988,
      "caption": "Close view of yellow-green bracts, cyathia, and rounded developing capsules.",
      "alt": "Euphorbia esula: Close view of yellow-green bracts, cyathia, and rounded developing capsules.",
      "identification_note": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.  Leafy-spurge taxonomy is complex. North American invasive leafy spurge is frequently assigned to Euphorbia virgata or an E. esula aggregate. These are source-identified E. esula reference photographs, including a leaf explicitly labeled E. esula sensu stricto; do not assume they prove a Colorado plant is E. esula in the narrow sense.",
      "changes": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06"
    },
    {
      "id": "invasive-12-10",
      "taxon": "Euphorbia esula",
      "feature": "leaf",
      "visible_feature": "Magnified photographed leaf tip with its broad rounded apex and scale.",
      "title": "File:Euphorbia esula (s. str.) sl8.jpg",
      "creator": "Stefan.lefnaer",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0",
      "available_licenses": [
        {
          "name": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
          "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0"
        }
      ],
      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Euphorbia_esula_(s._str.)_sl8.jpg",
      "original_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f8/Euphorbia_esula_%28s._str.%29_sl8.jpg",
      "source_description": "Deutsch: Stumpfe Laubblattspitze Taxonym: Euphorbia esula ss Fischer et al. EfÖLS 2008 ISBN 978-3-85474-187-9 Fundort: Bahnhof Wien-Floridsdorf, Wien-Floridsdorf - ca. 160 m ü. A. Standort: Schotterfläche English: Obtuse apex of leaf Taxonym: Euphorbia esula ss Fischer et al. EfÖLS 2008 ISBN 978-3-85474-187-9 Location: Floridsdorf rail station, Vienna-Floridsdorf - ca. 160 m a.s.l. Habitat: sandy area",
      "source_credit": "Own work",
      "access_date": "2026-09-06",
      "identity_verification": {
        "method": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
        "scientific_name": "Euphorbia esula",
        "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Euphorbia_esula_(s._str.)_sl8.jpg",
        "visible_features_checked": "Magnified photographed leaf tip with its broad rounded apex and scale.",
        "species_complex_caveat": "Leafy-spurge taxonomy is complex. North American invasive leafy spurge is frequently assigned to Euphorbia virgata or an E. esula aggregate. These are source-identified E. esula reference photographs, including a leaf explicitly labeled E. esula sensu stricto; do not assume they prove a Colorado plant is E. esula in the narrow sense.",
        "photographed_in_colorado_claimed": false,
        "source_categories": [
          "Euphorbia esula (leaves)",
          "Euphorbia leaves",
          "Flora of Bahnhof Wien-Floridsdorf",
          "Flora of Austria in May",
          "Pannonian Flora"
        ],
        "source_identification_basis": "Scientific identification in the source title, description, and/or displayed Commons taxon category; reviewed against the visible plant features."
      },
      "visual_review": {
        "status": "passed",
        "review_date": "2026-09-06",
        "method": "Every selected photograph inspected on final 15-image contact sheets; replacement bindweed and oxeye-daisy leaf images additionally inspected individually. Captions checked against visible features. Source descriptions and taxon categories inspected for identity consistency."
      },
      "modifications": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "dimensions": {
        "width": 1280,
        "height": 2382
      },
      "file": "assets/photos/invasive-euphorbia-esula-leaf.jpg",
      "sha256": "07d3da7b86f57c8bee9afe675c1b1f1de6d7a3e7d6bc47ebf592974400404549",
      "byte_size": 428839,
      "download_url": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Euphorbia_esula_%28s._str.%29_sl8.jpg/1280px-Euphorbia_esula_%28s._str.%29_sl8.jpg",
      "original_downloaded": false,
      "source_categories": [
        "Euphorbia esula (leaves)",
        "Euphorbia leaves",
        "Flora of Bahnhof Wien-Floridsdorf",
        "Flora of Austria in May",
        "Pannonian Flora"
      ],
      "attribution": "Euphorbia esula (s. str.) sl8.jpg — Stefan.lefnaer; CC BY-SA 4.0. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Euphorbia_esula_(s._str.)_sl8.jpg; license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "plant_id": "leafy-spurge",
      "path": "assets/photos/invasive-euphorbia-esula-leaf.jpg",
      "width": 1280,
      "height": 2382,
      "bytes": 428839,
      "caption": "Magnified photographed leaf tip with its broad rounded apex and scale.",
      "alt": "Euphorbia esula: Magnified photographed leaf tip with its broad rounded apex and scale.",
      "identification_note": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.  Leafy-spurge taxonomy is complex. North American invasive leafy spurge is frequently assigned to Euphorbia virgata or an E. esula aggregate. These are source-identified E. esula reference photographs, including a leaf explicitly labeled E. esula sensu stricto; do not assume they prove a Colorado plant is E. esula in the narrow sense.",
      "changes": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06"
    },
    {
      "id": "invasive-13-02",
      "taxon": "Cynoglossum officinale",
      "feature": "habit",
      "visible_feature": "Upright leafy flowering plant with broad lance-shaped foliage and branched upper flower stems.",
      "title": "File:Cynoglossum officinale 190506.jpg",
      "creator": "Bernd Haynold",
      "license": "CC BY 2.5",
      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.5",
      "available_licenses": [
        {
          "name": "GFDL",
          "url": "http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html"
        },
        {
          "name": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
          "url": "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/"
        },
        {
          "name": "CC BY 2.5",
          "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.5"
        }
      ],
      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cynoglossum_officinale_190506.jpg",
      "original_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a6/Cynoglossum_officinale_190506.jpg",
      "source_description": "Cynoglossum officinale , Virngrund, Germany",
      "source_credit": "Own work",
      "access_date": "2026-09-06",
      "identity_verification": {
        "method": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
        "scientific_name": "Cynoglossum officinale",
        "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cynoglossum_officinale_190506.jpg",
        "visible_features_checked": "Upright leafy flowering plant with broad lance-shaped foliage and branched upper flower stems.",
        "species_complex_caveat": "",
        "photographed_in_colorado_claimed": false,
        "source_categories": [
          "Cynoglossum officinale"
        ],
        "source_identification_basis": "Scientific identification in the source title, description, and/or displayed Commons taxon category; reviewed against the visible plant features."
      },
      "visual_review": {
        "status": "passed",
        "review_date": "2026-09-06",
        "method": "Every selected photograph inspected on final 15-image contact sheets; replacement bindweed and oxeye-daisy leaf images additionally inspected individually. Captions checked against visible features. Source descriptions and taxon categories inspected for identity consistency."
      },
      "modifications": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "dimensions": {
        "width": 1280,
        "height": 1656
      },
      "file": "assets/photos/invasive-cynoglossum-officinale-habit.jpg",
      "sha256": "cde506caa38cea48e4cdb236d0cc8e3a0b2d11b3230638a941b18fc757beb9dc",
      "byte_size": 788365,
      "download_url": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Cynoglossum_officinale_190506.jpg/1280px-Cynoglossum_officinale_190506.jpg",
      "original_downloaded": false,
      "source_categories": [
        "Cynoglossum officinale"
      ],
      "attribution": "Cynoglossum officinale 190506.jpg — Bernd Haynold; CC BY 2.5. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cynoglossum_officinale_190506.jpg; license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.5. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "plant_id": "houndstongue",
      "path": "assets/photos/invasive-cynoglossum-officinale-habit.jpg",
      "width": 1280,
      "height": 1656,
      "bytes": 788365,
      "caption": "Upright leafy flowering plant with broad lance-shaped foliage and branched upper flower stems.",
      "alt": "Cynoglossum officinale: Upright leafy flowering plant with broad lance-shaped foliage and branched upper flower stems.",
      "identification_note": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.  ",
      "changes": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06",
      "thumbnail": {
        "path": "assets/thumbs/houndstongue.webp",
        "width": 495,
        "height": 640,
        "sha256": "c60af93ae5c5285f5b7157a81bf4b92f337a110e1f9101858df03d6da0e0c898",
        "parent_sha256": "cde506caa38cea48e4cdb236d0cc8e3a0b2d11b3230638a941b18fc757beb9dc",
        "changes": "Scaled within 640 by 640 pixels, converted to WebP at quality 82 for catalog performance. No crop or generative changes to the file. CSS may crop its catalog display.",
        "license": "CC BY 2.5",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.5"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "invasive-13-10",
      "taxon": "Cynoglossum officinale",
      "feature": "flower",
      "visible_feature": "Small dark red-purple flowers in branching clusters above broad green leaves.",
      "title": "File:Cynoglossum officinale RF.jpg",
      "creator": "Robert Flogaus-Faust",
      "license": "CC BY 4.0",
      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0",
      "available_licenses": [
        {
          "name": "CC BY 4.0",
          "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0"
        }
      ],
      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cynoglossum_officinale_RF.jpg",
      "original_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b2/Cynoglossum_officinale_RF.jpg",
      "source_description": "English: Houndstongue ( Cynoglossum officinale ), near Sulz am Neckar, Germany Deutsch: Gewöhnliche Hundszunge ( Cynoglossum officinale ), Albeckhang bei Sulz am Neckar, Deutschland",
      "source_credit": "Own work",
      "access_date": "2026-09-06",
      "identity_verification": {
        "method": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
        "scientific_name": "Cynoglossum officinale",
        "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cynoglossum_officinale_RF.jpg",
        "visible_features_checked": "Small dark red-purple flowers in branching clusters above broad green leaves.",
        "species_complex_caveat": "",
        "photographed_in_colorado_claimed": false,
        "source_categories": [
          "Cynoglossum officinale in Baden-Württemberg"
        ],
        "source_identification_basis": "Scientific identification in the source title, description, and/or displayed Commons taxon category; reviewed against the visible plant features."
      },
      "visual_review": {
        "status": "passed",
        "review_date": "2026-09-06",
        "method": "Every selected photograph inspected on final 15-image contact sheets; replacement bindweed and oxeye-daisy leaf images additionally inspected individually. Captions checked against visible features. Source descriptions and taxon categories inspected for identity consistency."
      },
      "modifications": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "dimensions": {
        "width": 1280,
        "height": 1761
      },
      "file": "assets/photos/invasive-cynoglossum-officinale-flower.jpg",
      "sha256": "8756c51a95bfb1f91e725cf2820e03f985bb5d38f7b26452a89b164e22625024",
      "byte_size": 571229,
      "download_url": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Cynoglossum_officinale_RF.jpg/1280px-Cynoglossum_officinale_RF.jpg",
      "original_downloaded": false,
      "source_categories": [
        "Cynoglossum officinale in Baden-Württemberg"
      ],
      "attribution": "Cynoglossum officinale RF.jpg — Robert Flogaus-Faust; CC BY 4.0. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cynoglossum_officinale_RF.jpg; license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "plant_id": "houndstongue",
      "path": "assets/photos/invasive-cynoglossum-officinale-flower.jpg",
      "width": 1280,
      "height": 1761,
      "bytes": 571229,
      "caption": "Small dark red-purple flowers in branching clusters above broad green leaves.",
      "alt": "Cynoglossum officinale: Small dark red-purple flowers in branching clusters above broad green leaves.",
      "identification_note": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.  ",
      "changes": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06"
    },
    {
      "id": "invasive-13-13",
      "taxon": "Cynoglossum officinale",
      "feature": "fruit",
      "visible_feature": "Green bristly nutlets developing among dark purple five-lobed flowers on hairy stems.",
      "title": "File:Cynoglossum officinale flowers fruits close up AB.jpg",
      "creator": "Antti Bilund",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0",
      "available_licenses": [
        {
          "name": "GFDL",
          "url": "http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html"
        },
        {
          "name": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
          "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0"
        }
      ],
      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cynoglossum_officinale_flowers_fruits_close_up_AB.jpg",
      "original_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/58/Cynoglossum_officinale_flowers_fruits_close_up_AB.jpg",
      "source_description": "English: Flowers and fruits of Cynoglossum officinale in Turku , Finland . Suomi: Koirankielen ( Cynoglossum officinale ) kukkia ja hedelmiä Turussa.",
      "source_credit": "Own work",
      "access_date": "2026-09-06",
      "identity_verification": {
        "method": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
        "scientific_name": "Cynoglossum officinale",
        "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cynoglossum_officinale_flowers_fruits_close_up_AB.jpg",
        "visible_features_checked": "Green bristly nutlets developing among dark purple five-lobed flowers on hairy stems.",
        "species_complex_caveat": "",
        "photographed_in_colorado_claimed": false,
        "source_categories": [
          "Cynoglossum officinale",
          "Cynoglossum officinale (fruit)"
        ],
        "source_identification_basis": "Scientific identification in the source title, description, and/or displayed Commons taxon category; reviewed against the visible plant features."
      },
      "visual_review": {
        "status": "passed",
        "review_date": "2026-09-06",
        "method": "Every selected photograph inspected on final 15-image contact sheets; replacement bindweed and oxeye-daisy leaf images additionally inspected individually. Captions checked against visible features. Source descriptions and taxon categories inspected for identity consistency."
      },
      "modifications": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "dimensions": {
        "width": 1280,
        "height": 1711
      },
      "file": "assets/photos/invasive-cynoglossum-officinale-fruit.jpg",
      "sha256": "b5dd58601a6211845605d22eda86fd1997a537af071f5ee781a123a2cc2d7a58",
      "byte_size": 410546,
      "download_url": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Cynoglossum_officinale_flowers_fruits_close_up_AB.jpg/1280px-Cynoglossum_officinale_flowers_fruits_close_up_AB.jpg",
      "original_downloaded": false,
      "source_categories": [
        "Cynoglossum officinale",
        "Cynoglossum officinale (fruit)"
      ],
      "attribution": "Cynoglossum officinale flowers fruits close up AB.jpg — Antti Bilund; CC BY-SA 3.0. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cynoglossum_officinale_flowers_fruits_close_up_AB.jpg; license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "plant_id": "houndstongue",
      "path": "assets/photos/invasive-cynoglossum-officinale-fruit.jpg",
      "width": 1280,
      "height": 1711,
      "bytes": 410546,
      "caption": "Green bristly nutlets developing among dark purple five-lobed flowers on hairy stems.",
      "alt": "Cynoglossum officinale: Green bristly nutlets developing among dark purple five-lobed flowers on hairy stems.",
      "identification_note": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.  ",
      "changes": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06"
    },
    {
      "id": "invasive-14-03",
      "taxon": "Linaria dalmatica",
      "feature": "flowering-stem",
      "visible_feature": "Erect stem bearing a long series of yellow flowers and broad clasping leaves.",
      "title": "File:Linaria dalmatica 0562.JPG",
      "creator": "Walter Siegmund (talk)",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0",
      "available_licenses": [
        {
          "name": "GFDL",
          "url": "http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html"
        },
        {
          "name": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
          "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0"
        }
      ],
      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Linaria_dalmatica_0562.JPG",
      "original_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6e/Linaria_dalmatica_0562.JPG",
      "source_description": "Linaria dalmatica English: Dalmatian Toadflax Viewpoint location: Trail north from Billy Clapp Lake Public Access, Washington Department of Fish & Wildlife, Billy Clapp Lake Viewpoint elevation: 415 meter (1360 ft) Location source: Garmin GPSmap 60CSx Location Datum : WGS84",
      "source_credit": "Own work",
      "access_date": "2026-09-06",
      "identity_verification": {
        "method": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
        "scientific_name": "Linaria dalmatica",
        "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Linaria_dalmatica_0562.JPG",
        "visible_features_checked": "Erect stem bearing a long series of yellow flowers and broad clasping leaves.",
        "species_complex_caveat": "",
        "photographed_in_colorado_claimed": false,
        "source_categories": [
          "Billy Clapp Lake",
          "Linaria dalmatica (non-native)"
        ],
        "source_identification_basis": "Scientific identification in the source title, description, and/or displayed Commons taxon category; reviewed against the visible plant features."
      },
      "visual_review": {
        "status": "passed",
        "review_date": "2026-09-06",
        "method": "Every selected photograph inspected on final 15-image contact sheets; replacement bindweed and oxeye-daisy leaf images additionally inspected individually. Captions checked against visible features. Source descriptions and taxon categories inspected for identity consistency."
      },
      "modifications": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "dimensions": {
        "width": 1280,
        "height": 1920
      },
      "file": "assets/photos/invasive-linaria-dalmatica-flowering-stem.jpg",
      "sha256": "e06d19a368252e54c41b6a39d85e3a1944248bbddba41327bc595355f43ca2c6",
      "byte_size": 320678,
      "download_url": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Linaria_dalmatica_0562.JPG/1280px-Linaria_dalmatica_0562.JPG",
      "original_downloaded": false,
      "source_categories": [
        "Billy Clapp Lake",
        "Linaria dalmatica (non-native)"
      ],
      "attribution": "Linaria dalmatica 0562.JPG — Walter Siegmund (talk); CC BY-SA 4.0. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Linaria_dalmatica_0562.JPG; license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "plant_id": "dalmatian-toadflax",
      "path": "assets/photos/invasive-linaria-dalmatica-flowering-stem.jpg",
      "width": 1280,
      "height": 1920,
      "bytes": 320678,
      "caption": "Erect stem bearing a long series of yellow flowers and broad clasping leaves.",
      "alt": "Linaria dalmatica: Erect stem bearing a long series of yellow flowers and broad clasping leaves.",
      "identification_note": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.  ",
      "changes": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06",
      "thumbnail": {
        "path": "assets/thumbs/dalmatian-toadflax.webp",
        "width": 427,
        "height": 640,
        "sha256": "7a68ed0e48cad88f301a00c6d50e2c75e8158f952ef1db539c6e5347b73e6eec",
        "parent_sha256": "e06d19a368252e54c41b6a39d85e3a1944248bbddba41327bc595355f43ca2c6",
        "changes": "Scaled within 640 by 640 pixels, converted to WebP at quality 82 for catalog performance. No crop or generative changes to the file. CSS may crop its catalog display.",
        "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "invasive-14-08",
      "taxon": "Linaria dalmatica",
      "feature": "flower",
      "visible_feature": "Yellow snapdragon-shaped flowers with long narrow spurs.",
      "title": "File:Balkan Toadflax (Linaria dalmatica), Brașov, Romania 1.jpg",
      "creator": "milan_chytry",
      "license": "CC BY 4.0",
      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0",
      "available_licenses": [
        {
          "name": "CC BY 4.0",
          "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0"
        }
      ],
      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Balkan_Toadflax_(Linaria_dalmatica),_Bra%C8%99ov,_Romania_1.jpg",
      "original_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/de/Balkan_Toadflax_%28Linaria_dalmatica%29%2C_Bra%C8%99ov%2C_Romania_1.jpg",
      "source_description": "English: Balkan Toadflax Linaria dalmatica , Brașov, Romania.",
      "source_credit": "https://www.inaturalist.org/photos/334343753",
      "access_date": "2026-09-06",
      "identity_verification": {
        "method": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
        "scientific_name": "Linaria dalmatica",
        "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Balkan_Toadflax_(Linaria_dalmatica),_Bra%C8%99ov,_Romania_1.jpg",
        "visible_features_checked": "Yellow snapdragon-shaped flowers with long narrow spurs.",
        "species_complex_caveat": "",
        "photographed_in_colorado_claimed": false,
        "source_categories": [
          "Linaria dalmatica",
          "Flora of Romania"
        ],
        "source_identification_basis": "Scientific identification in the source title, description, and/or displayed Commons taxon category; reviewed against the visible plant features."
      },
      "visual_review": {
        "status": "passed",
        "review_date": "2026-09-06",
        "method": "Every selected photograph inspected on final 15-image contact sheets; replacement bindweed and oxeye-daisy leaf images additionally inspected individually. Captions checked against visible features. Source descriptions and taxon categories inspected for identity consistency."
      },
      "modifications": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "dimensions": {
        "width": 1280,
        "height": 1920
      },
      "file": "assets/photos/invasive-linaria-dalmatica-flower.jpg",
      "sha256": "0b1328396f728da962915376a68f28ef16e0c9ee53a31b242021d641d70e4f1a",
      "byte_size": 120746,
      "download_url": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Balkan_Toadflax_%28Linaria_dalmatica%29%2C_Bra%C8%99ov%2C_Romania_1.jpg/1280px-Balkan_Toadflax_%28Linaria_dalmatica%29%2C_Bra%C8%99ov%2C_Romania_1.jpg",
      "original_downloaded": false,
      "source_categories": [
        "Linaria dalmatica",
        "Flora of Romania"
      ],
      "attribution": "Balkan Toadflax (Linaria dalmatica), Brașov, Romania 1.jpg — milan_chytry; CC BY 4.0. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Balkan_Toadflax_(Linaria_dalmatica),_Bra%C8%99ov,_Romania_1.jpg; license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "plant_id": "dalmatian-toadflax",
      "path": "assets/photos/invasive-linaria-dalmatica-flower.jpg",
      "width": 1280,
      "height": 1920,
      "bytes": 120746,
      "caption": "Yellow snapdragon-shaped flowers with long narrow spurs.",
      "alt": "Linaria dalmatica: Yellow snapdragon-shaped flowers with long narrow spurs.",
      "identification_note": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.  ",
      "changes": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06"
    },
    {
      "id": "invasive-14-12",
      "taxon": "Linaria dalmatica",
      "feature": "leaf",
      "visible_feature": "Broad blue-green leaves clasp the upright stem at their bases.",
      "title": "File:Balkan Toadflax (Linaria dalmatica), Brela, Croatia 2.jpg",
      "creator": "viridian",
      "license": "CC0",
      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en",
      "available_licenses": [
        {
          "name": "CC0",
          "url": "http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en"
        }
      ],
      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Balkan_Toadflax_(Linaria_dalmatica),_Brela,_Croatia_2.jpg",
      "original_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/37/Balkan_Toadflax_%28Linaria_dalmatica%29%2C_Brela%2C_Croatia_2.jpg",
      "source_description": "English: Balkan Toadflax Linaria dalmatica , Brela, Croatia.",
      "source_credit": "https://www.inaturalist.org/photos/92792233",
      "access_date": "2026-09-06",
      "identity_verification": {
        "method": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
        "scientific_name": "Linaria dalmatica",
        "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Balkan_Toadflax_(Linaria_dalmatica),_Brela,_Croatia_2.jpg",
        "visible_features_checked": "Broad blue-green leaves clasp the upright stem at their bases.",
        "species_complex_caveat": "",
        "photographed_in_colorado_claimed": false,
        "source_categories": [
          "Linaria dalmatica",
          "Flora of Croatia"
        ],
        "source_identification_basis": "Scientific identification in the source title, description, and/or displayed Commons taxon category; reviewed against the visible plant features."
      },
      "visual_review": {
        "status": "passed",
        "review_date": "2026-09-06",
        "method": "Every selected photograph inspected on final 15-image contact sheets; replacement bindweed and oxeye-daisy leaf images additionally inspected individually. Captions checked against visible features. Source descriptions and taxon categories inspected for identity consistency."
      },
      "modifications": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "dimensions": {
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        "height": 1707
      },
      "file": "assets/photos/invasive-linaria-dalmatica-leaf.jpg",
      "sha256": "49407a9ebfde69c4acc6637e38d64780afcd6aeb1fb484fed88305bb191292c8",
      "byte_size": 398560,
      "download_url": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Balkan_Toadflax_%28Linaria_dalmatica%29%2C_Brela%2C_Croatia_2.jpg/1280px-Balkan_Toadflax_%28Linaria_dalmatica%29%2C_Brela%2C_Croatia_2.jpg",
      "original_downloaded": false,
      "source_categories": [
        "Linaria dalmatica",
        "Flora of Croatia"
      ],
      "attribution": "Balkan Toadflax (Linaria dalmatica), Brela, Croatia 2.jpg — viridian; CC0. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Balkan_Toadflax_(Linaria_dalmatica),_Brela,_Croatia_2.jpg; license: https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "plant_id": "dalmatian-toadflax",
      "path": "assets/photos/invasive-linaria-dalmatica-leaf.jpg",
      "width": 1280,
      "height": 1707,
      "bytes": 398560,
      "caption": "Broad blue-green leaves clasp the upright stem at their bases.",
      "alt": "Linaria dalmatica: Broad blue-green leaves clasp the upright stem at their bases.",
      "identification_note": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.  ",
      "changes": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06"
    },
    {
      "id": "invasive-15-03",
      "taxon": "Linaria vulgaris",
      "feature": "flower",
      "visible_feature": "Close view of pale yellow two-lipped flowers with orange-yellow throats.",
      "title": "File:Linaria-vulgaris-060806-wiki.jpg",
      "creator": "Michael H. Lemmer",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 2.5",
      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.5",
      "available_licenses": [
        {
          "name": "CC BY-SA 2.5",
          "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.5"
        }
      ],
      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Linaria-vulgaris-060806-wiki.jpg",
      "original_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5b/Linaria-vulgaris-060806-wiki.jpg",
      "source_description": "Echtes Leinkraut (linaria vulgaris), aufgenommen in Buseck",
      "source_credit": "http://www.naturkamera.de Own work",
      "access_date": "2026-09-06",
      "identity_verification": {
        "method": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
        "scientific_name": "Linaria vulgaris",
        "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Linaria-vulgaris-060806-wiki.jpg",
        "visible_features_checked": "Close view of pale yellow two-lipped flowers with orange-yellow throats.",
        "species_complex_caveat": "",
        "photographed_in_colorado_claimed": false,
        "source_categories": [
          "Linaria vulgaris (flowers)"
        ],
        "source_identification_basis": "Scientific identification in the source title, description, and/or displayed Commons taxon category; reviewed against the visible plant features."
      },
      "visual_review": {
        "status": "passed",
        "review_date": "2026-09-06",
        "method": "Every selected photograph inspected on final 15-image contact sheets; replacement bindweed and oxeye-daisy leaf images additionally inspected individually. Captions checked against visible features. Source descriptions and taxon categories inspected for identity consistency."
      },
      "modifications": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "dimensions": {
        "width": 1280,
        "height": 1075
      },
      "file": "assets/photos/invasive-linaria-vulgaris-flower.jpg",
      "sha256": "e7f9c0baf18ad8f95c317e0ee8b1795f411548f0e457934a632035ec41d4a0ed",
      "byte_size": 140573,
      "download_url": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Linaria-vulgaris-060806-wiki.jpg/1280px-Linaria-vulgaris-060806-wiki.jpg",
      "original_downloaded": false,
      "source_categories": [
        "Linaria vulgaris (flowers)"
      ],
      "attribution": "Linaria-vulgaris-060806-wiki.jpg — Michael H. Lemmer; CC BY-SA 2.5. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Linaria-vulgaris-060806-wiki.jpg; license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.5. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "plant_id": "yellow-toadflax",
      "path": "assets/photos/invasive-linaria-vulgaris-flower.jpg",
      "width": 1280,
      "height": 1075,
      "bytes": 140573,
      "caption": "Close view of pale yellow two-lipped flowers with orange-yellow throats.",
      "alt": "Linaria vulgaris: Close view of pale yellow two-lipped flowers with orange-yellow throats.",
      "identification_note": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.  ",
      "changes": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06",
      "thumbnail": {
        "path": "assets/thumbs/yellow-toadflax.webp",
        "width": 640,
        "height": 538,
        "sha256": "14b17193d47f7ea9061f0d2761b2c6cdc13ef7fbf003320c39c20598008c24e5",
        "parent_sha256": "e7f9c0baf18ad8f95c317e0ee8b1795f411548f0e457934a632035ec41d4a0ed",
        "changes": "Scaled within 640 by 640 pixels, converted to WebP at quality 82 for catalog performance. No crop or generative changes to the file. CSS may crop its catalog display.",
        "license": "CC BY-SA 2.5",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.5"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "invasive-15-06",
      "taxon": "Linaria vulgaris",
      "feature": "habit",
      "visible_feature": "Several upright stems with dense yellow flower spikes and narrow green foliage.",
      "title": "File:Linaria Vulgaris Mill.jpg",
      "creator": "Saharadesertfox",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/",
      "available_licenses": [
        {
          "name": "GFDL",
          "url": "http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html"
        },
        {
          "name": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
          "url": "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/"
        }
      ],
      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Linaria_Vulgaris_Mill.jpg",
      "original_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/98/Linaria_Vulgaris_Mill.jpg",
      "source_description": "Deutsch: Echtes (gewöhnliches) Leinkraut ( Linearia vulgaris Mill.)",
      "source_credit": "Own work",
      "access_date": "2026-09-06",
      "identity_verification": {
        "method": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
        "scientific_name": "Linaria vulgaris",
        "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Linaria_Vulgaris_Mill.jpg",
        "visible_features_checked": "Several upright stems with dense yellow flower spikes and narrow green foliage.",
        "species_complex_caveat": "",
        "photographed_in_colorado_claimed": false,
        "source_categories": [
          "Linaria vulgaris"
        ],
        "source_identification_basis": "Scientific identification in the source title, description, and/or displayed Commons taxon category; reviewed against the visible plant features."
      },
      "visual_review": {
        "status": "passed",
        "review_date": "2026-09-06",
        "method": "Every selected photograph inspected on final 15-image contact sheets; replacement bindweed and oxeye-daisy leaf images additionally inspected individually. Captions checked against visible features. Source descriptions and taxon categories inspected for identity consistency."
      },
      "modifications": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "dimensions": {
        "width": 1280,
        "height": 1707
      },
      "file": "assets/photos/invasive-linaria-vulgaris-habit.jpg",
      "sha256": "b47308fbf28331d0096f5bb09c2aa094ae4239a17c3a35bd44a71bf8c55c532b",
      "byte_size": 564079,
      "download_url": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Linaria_Vulgaris_Mill.jpg/1280px-Linaria_Vulgaris_Mill.jpg",
      "original_downloaded": false,
      "source_categories": [
        "Linaria vulgaris"
      ],
      "attribution": "Linaria Vulgaris Mill.jpg — Saharadesertfox; CC BY-SA 3.0. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Linaria_Vulgaris_Mill.jpg; license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "plant_id": "yellow-toadflax",
      "path": "assets/photos/invasive-linaria-vulgaris-habit.jpg",
      "width": 1280,
      "height": 1707,
      "bytes": 564079,
      "caption": "Several upright stems with dense yellow flower spikes and narrow green foliage.",
      "alt": "Linaria vulgaris: Several upright stems with dense yellow flower spikes and narrow green foliage.",
      "identification_note": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.  ",
      "changes": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06"
    },
    {
      "id": "invasive-15-13",
      "taxon": "Linaria vulgaris",
      "feature": "leaf",
      "visible_feature": "Magnified stem with very narrow linear leaves, photographed with a 20 mm scale.",
      "title": "File:Linaria vulgaris (s. str.) sl6.jpg",
      "creator": "Stefan.lefnaer",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0",
      "available_licenses": [
        {
          "name": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
          "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0"
        }
      ],
      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Linaria_vulgaris_(s._str.)_sl6.jpg",
      "original_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/90/Linaria_vulgaris_%28s._str.%29_sl6.jpg",
      "source_description": "Deutsch: Stängel mit Laubblättern Taxonym: Linaria vulgaris ss Fischer et al. EfÖLS 2008 ISBN 978-3-85474-187-9 Fundort: Bahnhof Wien-Jedlersdorf, Wien-Floridsdorf - ca. 160 m ü. A. Standort: Ruderalfläche English: Stem with leaves Taxonym: Linaria vulgaris ss Fischer et al. EfÖLS 2008 ISBN 978-3-85474-187-9 Location: Jedlersdorf rail station, Vienna-Floridsdorf - ca. 160 m a.s.l. Habitat: ruderal area",
      "source_credit": "Own work",
      "access_date": "2026-09-06",
      "identity_verification": {
        "method": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
        "scientific_name": "Linaria vulgaris",
        "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Linaria_vulgaris_(s._str.)_sl6.jpg",
        "visible_features_checked": "Magnified stem with very narrow linear leaves, photographed with a 20 mm scale.",
        "species_complex_caveat": "",
        "photographed_in_colorado_claimed": false,
        "source_categories": [
          "Linaria vulgaris (leaves)",
          "Bahnhof Wien Jedlersdorf",
          "Flora of Vienna",
          "Flora of Austria in July",
          "Pannonian Flora"
        ],
        "source_identification_basis": "Scientific identification in the source title, description, and/or displayed Commons taxon category; reviewed against the visible plant features."
      },
      "visual_review": {
        "status": "passed",
        "review_date": "2026-09-06",
        "method": "Every selected photograph inspected on final 15-image contact sheets; replacement bindweed and oxeye-daisy leaf images additionally inspected individually. Captions checked against visible features. Source descriptions and taxon categories inspected for identity consistency."
      },
      "modifications": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "dimensions": {
        "width": 1280,
        "height": 1525
      },
      "file": "assets/photos/invasive-linaria-vulgaris-leaf.jpg",
      "sha256": "2f2feefb53fb8c624d61d85caf3ea4601f51549ca5217005f2649061a6b3c325",
      "byte_size": 247882,
      "download_url": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Linaria_vulgaris_%28s._str.%29_sl6.jpg/1280px-Linaria_vulgaris_%28s._str.%29_sl6.jpg",
      "original_downloaded": false,
      "source_categories": [
        "Linaria vulgaris (leaves)",
        "Bahnhof Wien Jedlersdorf",
        "Flora of Vienna",
        "Flora of Austria in July",
        "Pannonian Flora"
      ],
      "attribution": "Linaria vulgaris (s. str.) sl6.jpg — Stefan.lefnaer; CC BY-SA 4.0. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Linaria_vulgaris_(s._str.)_sl6.jpg; license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "plant_id": "yellow-toadflax",
      "path": "assets/photos/invasive-linaria-vulgaris-leaf.jpg",
      "width": 1280,
      "height": 1525,
      "bytes": 247882,
      "caption": "Magnified stem with very narrow linear leaves, photographed with a 20 mm scale.",
      "alt": "Linaria vulgaris: Magnified stem with very narrow linear leaves, photographed with a 20 mm scale.",
      "identification_note": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.  ",
      "changes": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06"
    },
    {
      "id": "invasive-16-01",
      "taxon": "Leucanthemum vulgare",
      "feature": "habit",
      "visible_feature": "Upright clump with many long stems carrying white-rayed yellow-centered flower heads.",
      "title": "File:LEUCANTHEMUM VULGARE - SANT JUST - IB-700 (Margarida).JPG",
      "creator": "Isidre blanc",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0",
      "available_licenses": [
        {
          "name": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
          "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0"
        }
      ],
      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:LEUCANTHEMUM_VULGARE_-_SANT_JUST_-_IB-700_(Margarida).JPG",
      "original_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/af/LEUCANTHEMUM_VULGARE_-_SANT_JUST_-_IB-700_%28Margarida%29.JPG",
      "source_description": "Català: Margarida (Leucanthemum vulgare) .  Presa a la rasa de la Rovira, de Pinós (Solsonès  - Catalunya). A  610 m. d'alçada English: Leucanthemum vulgare . In Pinós (Solsonès  - Catalunya). To 610 m. altitude",
      "source_credit": "Own work",
      "access_date": "2026-09-06",
      "identity_verification": {
        "method": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
        "scientific_name": "Leucanthemum vulgare",
        "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:LEUCANTHEMUM_VULGARE_-_SANT_JUST_-_IB-700_(Margarida).JPG",
        "visible_features_checked": "Upright clump with many long stems carrying white-rayed yellow-centered flower heads.",
        "species_complex_caveat": "Oxeye daisy belongs to a taxonomically difficult group, and ornamental Shasta daisies may resemble it. Selected source photographs are labeled L. vulgare; a photograph alone does not establish cytotype or exclude every close relative.",
        "photographed_in_colorado_claimed": false,
        "source_categories": [
          "Leucanthemum vulgare",
          "Flora of Solsonès",
          "Flora of Pinós"
        ],
        "source_identification_basis": "Scientific identification in the source title, description, and/or displayed Commons taxon category; reviewed against the visible plant features."
      },
      "visual_review": {
        "status": "passed",
        "review_date": "2026-09-06",
        "method": "Every selected photograph inspected on final 15-image contact sheets; replacement bindweed and oxeye-daisy leaf images additionally inspected individually. Captions checked against visible features. Source descriptions and taxon categories inspected for identity consistency."
      },
      "modifications": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "dimensions": {
        "width": 1280,
        "height": 1707
      },
      "file": "assets/photos/invasive-leucanthemum-vulgare-habit.jpg",
      "sha256": "a7af4a493fd195ed43c550d6df61e2fdd01e3799f0f6ee3057442cb4390b9841",
      "byte_size": 1245819,
      "download_url": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/LEUCANTHEMUM_VULGARE_-_SANT_JUST_-_IB-700_%28Margarida%29.JPG/1280px-LEUCANTHEMUM_VULGARE_-_SANT_JUST_-_IB-700_%28Margarida%29.JPG",
      "original_downloaded": false,
      "source_categories": [
        "Leucanthemum vulgare",
        "Flora of Solsonès",
        "Flora of Pinós"
      ],
      "attribution": "LEUCANTHEMUM VULGARE - SANT JUST - IB-700 (Margarida).JPG — Isidre blanc; CC BY-SA 4.0. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:LEUCANTHEMUM_VULGARE_-_SANT_JUST_-_IB-700_(Margarida).JPG; license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "plant_id": "oxeye-daisy",
      "path": "assets/photos/invasive-leucanthemum-vulgare-habit.jpg",
      "width": 1280,
      "height": 1707,
      "bytes": 1245819,
      "caption": "Upright clump with many long stems carrying white-rayed yellow-centered flower heads.",
      "alt": "Leucanthemum vulgare: Upright clump with many long stems carrying white-rayed yellow-centered flower heads.",
      "identification_note": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.  Oxeye daisy belongs to a taxonomically difficult group, and ornamental Shasta daisies may resemble it. Selected source photographs are labeled L. vulgare; a photograph alone does not establish cytotype or exclude every close relative.",
      "changes": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06",
      "thumbnail": {
        "path": "assets/thumbs/oxeye-daisy.webp",
        "width": 480,
        "height": 640,
        "sha256": "f58e9a6981447961c9a08777dd2d7485c7b9da5d8730bf8ba4f123560c9ed7a1",
        "parent_sha256": "a7af4a493fd195ed43c550d6df61e2fdd01e3799f0f6ee3057442cb4390b9841",
        "changes": "Scaled within 640 by 640 pixels, converted to WebP at quality 82 for catalog performance. No crop or generative changes to the file. CSS may crop its catalog display.",
        "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "invasive-16-13",
      "taxon": "Leucanthemum vulgare",
      "feature": "flower",
      "visible_feature": "White ray florets surround a broad yellow disk of tiny florets in a single flower head.",
      "title": "File:Leucanthemum vulgare Kaldari.jpg",
      "creator": "Kaldari",
      "license": "Public domain",
      "license_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Leucanthemum_vulgare_Kaldari.jpg#Licensing",
      "available_licenses": [
        {
          "name": "Public domain",
          "url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:Copyright_tags"
        }
      ],
      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Leucanthemum_vulgare_Kaldari.jpg",
      "original_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bd/Leucanthemum_vulgare_Kaldari.jpg",
      "source_description": "English: Oxeye Daisy ( Leucanthemum vulgare ) Français : Marguerite commune ( Leucanthemum vulgare )",
      "source_credit": "Own work",
      "access_date": "2026-09-06",
      "identity_verification": {
        "method": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
        "scientific_name": "Leucanthemum vulgare",
        "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Leucanthemum_vulgare_Kaldari.jpg",
        "visible_features_checked": "White ray florets surround a broad yellow disk of tiny florets in a single flower head.",
        "species_complex_caveat": "Oxeye daisy belongs to a taxonomically difficult group, and ornamental Shasta daisies may resemble it. Selected source photographs are labeled L. vulgare; a photograph alone does not establish cytotype or exclude every close relative.",
        "photographed_in_colorado_claimed": false,
        "source_categories": [
          "Leucanthemum vulgare (flowers)",
          "White and yellow flowers",
          "Plants in June"
        ],
        "source_identification_basis": "Scientific identification in the source title, description, and/or displayed Commons taxon category; reviewed against the visible plant features."
      },
      "visual_review": {
        "status": "passed",
        "review_date": "2026-09-06",
        "method": "Every selected photograph inspected on final 15-image contact sheets; replacement bindweed and oxeye-daisy leaf images additionally inspected individually. Captions checked against visible features. Source descriptions and taxon categories inspected for identity consistency."
      },
      "modifications": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "dimensions": {
        "width": 1280,
        "height": 914
      },
      "file": "assets/photos/invasive-leucanthemum-vulgare-flower.jpg",
      "sha256": "9c458d34c6f688244fd6f6d97b4fd9cbeadd0d7105b5607c3f3ef5f4d89b7248",
      "byte_size": 95538,
      "download_url": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Leucanthemum_vulgare_Kaldari.jpg/1280px-Leucanthemum_vulgare_Kaldari.jpg",
      "original_downloaded": false,
      "source_categories": [
        "Leucanthemum vulgare (flowers)",
        "White and yellow flowers",
        "Plants in June"
      ],
      "attribution": "Leucanthemum vulgare Kaldari.jpg — Kaldari; Public domain. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Leucanthemum_vulgare_Kaldari.jpg; license: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Leucanthemum_vulgare_Kaldari.jpg#Licensing. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "plant_id": "oxeye-daisy",
      "path": "assets/photos/invasive-leucanthemum-vulgare-flower.jpg",
      "width": 1280,
      "height": 914,
      "bytes": 95538,
      "caption": "White ray florets surround a broad yellow disk of tiny florets in a single flower head.",
      "alt": "Leucanthemum vulgare: White ray florets surround a broad yellow disk of tiny florets in a single flower head.",
      "identification_note": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.  Oxeye daisy belongs to a taxonomically difficult group, and ornamental Shasta daisies may resemble it. Selected source photographs are labeled L. vulgare; a photograph alone does not establish cytotype or exclude every close relative.",
      "changes": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06"
    },
    {
      "id": "invasive-16-14",
      "taxon": "Leucanthemum vulgare",
      "feature": "leaf",
      "visible_feature": "Alternate toothed to lobed stem leaves with narrow bases along slender upright stems.",
      "title": "File:Leucanthemum vulgare (s. str.) sl6.jpg",
      "creator": "Stefan.lefnaer",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0",
      "available_licenses": [
        {
          "name": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
          "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0"
        }
      ],
      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Leucanthemum_vulgare_(s._str.)_sl6.jpg",
      "original_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9c/Leucanthemum_vulgare_%28s._str.%29_sl6.jpg",
      "source_description": "Deutsch: Stängel mit Laubblättern Taxonym: Leucanthemum vulgare ss Fischer et al. EfÖLS 2008 ISBN 978-3-85474-187-9 Fundort: Halbtrockenrasen nordöstlich Herzogbirbaum, Bezirk Korneuburg, Niederösterreich - ca. 250  m ü. A. Standort: Halbtrockenrasen English: Stems with leaves Taxonym: Leucanthemum vulgare ss Fischer et al. EfÖLS 2008 ISBN 978-3-85474-187-9 Location: semi-dry grassland to the Northeast of Herzogbirbaum, district Korneuburg, Lower Austria - ca. 250 m a.s.l. Habitat: semi-dry grassland",
      "source_credit": "Own work",
      "access_date": "2026-09-06",
      "identity_verification": {
        "method": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
        "scientific_name": "Leucanthemum vulgare",
        "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Leucanthemum_vulgare_(s._str.)_sl6.jpg",
        "visible_features_checked": "Alternate toothed to lobed stem leaves with narrow bases along slender upright stems.",
        "species_complex_caveat": "Oxeye daisy belongs to a taxonomically difficult group, and ornamental Shasta daisies may resemble it. Selected source photographs are labeled L. vulgare; a photograph alone does not establish cytotype or exclude every close relative.",
        "photographed_in_colorado_claimed": false,
        "source_categories": [
          "Leucanthemum vulgare (leaves)",
          "Halbtrockenrasen nordöstlich Herzogbirbaum",
          "Flora of Großmugl",
          "Asterales in Lower Austria",
          "Flora of Austria in May",
          "Pannonian Flora"
        ],
        "source_identification_basis": "Scientific identification in the source title, description, and/or displayed Commons taxon category; reviewed against the visible plant features."
      },
      "visual_review": {
        "status": "passed",
        "review_date": "2026-09-06",
        "method": "Every selected photograph inspected on final 15-image contact sheets; replacement bindweed and oxeye-daisy leaf images additionally inspected individually. Captions checked against visible features. Source descriptions and taxon categories inspected for identity consistency."
      },
      "modifications": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "dimensions": {
        "width": 1280,
        "height": 1707
      },
      "file": "assets/photos/invasive-leucanthemum-vulgare-leaf.jpg",
      "sha256": "b6392000f122c8cdf673e7601ff3be9f8b7ca59b1dcbac19d9de1a9b40e4822f",
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      "original_downloaded": false,
      "source_categories": [
        "Leucanthemum vulgare (leaves)",
        "Halbtrockenrasen nordöstlich Herzogbirbaum",
        "Flora of Großmugl",
        "Asterales in Lower Austria",
        "Flora of Austria in May",
        "Pannonian Flora"
      ],
      "attribution": "Leucanthemum vulgare (s. str.) sl6.jpg — Stefan.lefnaer; CC BY-SA 4.0. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Leucanthemum_vulgare_(s._str.)_sl6.jpg; license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "plant_id": "oxeye-daisy",
      "path": "assets/photos/invasive-leucanthemum-vulgare-leaf.jpg",
      "width": 1280,
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      "bytes": 264801,
      "caption": "Alternate toothed to lobed stem leaves with narrow bases along slender upright stems.",
      "alt": "Leucanthemum vulgare: Alternate toothed to lobed stem leaves with narrow bases along slender upright stems.",
      "identification_note": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.  Oxeye daisy belongs to a taxonomically difficult group, and ornamental Shasta daisies may resemble it. Selected source photographs are labeled L. vulgare; a photograph alone does not establish cytotype or exclude every close relative.",
      "changes": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06"
    },
    {
      "id": "invasive-17-01",
      "taxon": "Hesperis matronalis",
      "feature": "habit",
      "visible_feature": "Upright stems with alternate lance-shaped leaves and branching clusters of lilac flowers.",
      "title": "File:Hesperis matronalis Illakko VI08 H4934.jpg",
      "creator": "Anneli Salo",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0",
      "available_licenses": [
        {
          "name": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
          "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0"
        }
      ],
      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Hesperis_matronalis_Illakko_VI08_H4934.jpg",
      "original_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9d/Hesperis_matronalis_Illakko_VI08_H4934.jpg",
      "source_description": "English: Dame's rocket (Hesperis matronalis) - Kerava, Finland Suomi: Illakko (Hesperis matronalis) Keravalla",
      "source_credit": "Own work",
      "access_date": "2026-09-06",
      "identity_verification": {
        "method": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
        "scientific_name": "Hesperis matronalis",
        "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Hesperis_matronalis_Illakko_VI08_H4934.jpg",
        "visible_features_checked": "Upright stems with alternate lance-shaped leaves and branching clusters of lilac flowers.",
        "species_complex_caveat": "",
        "photographed_in_colorado_claimed": false,
        "source_categories": [
          "Hesperis matronalis (non-native)"
        ],
        "source_identification_basis": "Scientific identification in the source title, description, and/or displayed Commons taxon category; reviewed against the visible plant features."
      },
      "visual_review": {
        "status": "passed",
        "review_date": "2026-09-06",
        "method": "Every selected photograph inspected on final 15-image contact sheets; replacement bindweed and oxeye-daisy leaf images additionally inspected individually. Captions checked against visible features. Source descriptions and taxon categories inspected for identity consistency."
      },
      "modifications": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "dimensions": {
        "width": 1280,
        "height": 1699
      },
      "file": "assets/photos/invasive-hesperis-matronalis-habit.jpg",
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      "original_downloaded": false,
      "source_categories": [
        "Hesperis matronalis (non-native)"
      ],
      "attribution": "Hesperis matronalis Illakko VI08 H4934.jpg — Anneli Salo; CC BY-SA 3.0. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Hesperis_matronalis_Illakko_VI08_H4934.jpg; license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "plant_id": "dames-rocket",
      "path": "assets/photos/invasive-hesperis-matronalis-habit.jpg",
      "width": 1280,
      "height": 1699,
      "bytes": 653707,
      "caption": "Upright stems with alternate lance-shaped leaves and branching clusters of lilac flowers.",
      "alt": "Hesperis matronalis: Upright stems with alternate lance-shaped leaves and branching clusters of lilac flowers.",
      "identification_note": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.  ",
      "changes": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06",
      "thumbnail": {
        "path": "assets/thumbs/dames-rocket.webp",
        "width": 482,
        "height": 640,
        "sha256": "3fa28cde75ae01181c7baa43f9feb64b2aef64509c7cea688d5f4d4bcc041ecc",
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        "changes": "Scaled within 640 by 640 pixels, converted to WebP at quality 82 for catalog performance. No crop or generative changes to the file. CSS may crop its catalog display.",
        "license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "invasive-17-03",
      "taxon": "Hesperis matronalis",
      "feature": "flower",
      "visible_feature": "Pink-purple flowers with four petals beside broad toothed leaves.",
      "title": "File:Hesperis matronalis.JPG",
      "creator": "Algirdas at Lithuanian Wikipedia",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/",
      "available_licenses": [
        {
          "name": "GFDL",
          "url": "http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html"
        },
        {
          "name": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
          "url": "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/"
        }
      ],
      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Hesperis_matronalis.JPG",
      "original_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/32/Hesperis_matronalis.JPG",
      "source_description": "Lietuvių: Kvapioji vakarutė ( Hesperis matronalis ) Šeima. Bastutiniai ( Brassicaceae ) Foto: Algirdas , 2006 m. birželio 16 d.",
      "source_credit": "Transferred from lt.wikipedia to Commons by Justass using CommonsHelper .",
      "access_date": "2026-09-06",
      "identity_verification": {
        "method": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
        "scientific_name": "Hesperis matronalis",
        "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Hesperis_matronalis.JPG",
        "visible_features_checked": "Pink-purple flowers with four petals beside broad toothed leaves.",
        "species_complex_caveat": "",
        "photographed_in_colorado_claimed": false,
        "source_categories": [
          "Hesperis matronalis"
        ],
        "source_identification_basis": "Scientific identification in the source title, description, and/or displayed Commons taxon category; reviewed against the visible plant features."
      },
      "visual_review": {
        "status": "passed",
        "review_date": "2026-09-06",
        "method": "Every selected photograph inspected on final 15-image contact sheets; replacement bindweed and oxeye-daisy leaf images additionally inspected individually. Captions checked against visible features. Source descriptions and taxon categories inspected for identity consistency."
      },
      "modifications": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "dimensions": {
        "width": 1280,
        "height": 1898
      },
      "file": "assets/photos/invasive-hesperis-matronalis-flower.jpg",
      "sha256": "e2c92b50c24782c16a2e351ef70d78bc6750bfa7b28453399a1b7157124a59b9",
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      "download_url": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Hesperis_matronalis.JPG/1280px-Hesperis_matronalis.JPG",
      "original_downloaded": false,
      "source_categories": [
        "Hesperis matronalis"
      ],
      "attribution": "Hesperis matronalis.JPG — Algirdas at Lithuanian Wikipedia; CC BY-SA 3.0. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Hesperis_matronalis.JPG; license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "plant_id": "dames-rocket",
      "path": "assets/photos/invasive-hesperis-matronalis-flower.jpg",
      "width": 1280,
      "height": 1898,
      "bytes": 426797,
      "caption": "Pink-purple flowers with four petals beside broad toothed leaves.",
      "alt": "Hesperis matronalis: Pink-purple flowers with four petals beside broad toothed leaves.",
      "identification_note": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.  ",
      "changes": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06"
    },
    {
      "id": "invasive-17-12",
      "taxon": "Hesperis matronalis",
      "feature": "rosette",
      "visible_feature": "Basal rosette of green leaves growing close to the soil surface.",
      "title": "File:Hesperis matronalis basal whorl 001.JPG",
      "creator": "User:SB_Johnny",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/",
      "available_licenses": [
        {
          "name": "GFDL",
          "url": "http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html"
        },
        {
          "name": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
          "url": "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/"
        }
      ],
      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Hesperis_matronalis_basal_whorl_001.JPG",
      "original_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a2/Hesperis_matronalis_basal_whorl_001.JPG",
      "source_description": "Hesperis matronalis basal whorl in early spring",
      "source_credit": "Own work",
      "access_date": "2026-09-06",
      "identity_verification": {
        "method": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
        "scientific_name": "Hesperis matronalis",
        "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Hesperis_matronalis_basal_whorl_001.JPG",
        "visible_features_checked": "Basal rosette of green leaves growing close to the soil surface.",
        "species_complex_caveat": "",
        "photographed_in_colorado_claimed": false,
        "source_categories": [
          "Hesperis matronalis (non-native)"
        ],
        "source_identification_basis": "Scientific identification in the source title, description, and/or displayed Commons taxon category; reviewed against the visible plant features."
      },
      "visual_review": {
        "status": "passed",
        "review_date": "2026-09-06",
        "method": "Every selected photograph inspected on final 15-image contact sheets; replacement bindweed and oxeye-daisy leaf images additionally inspected individually. Captions checked against visible features. Source descriptions and taxon categories inspected for identity consistency."
      },
      "modifications": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "dimensions": {
        "width": 1280,
        "height": 853
      },
      "file": "assets/photos/invasive-hesperis-matronalis-rosette.jpg",
      "sha256": "0f8011ddc4c5e84e3778842f2ca2d0f49bfb1fcf78887a88838d671228cc9962",
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      "original_downloaded": false,
      "source_categories": [
        "Hesperis matronalis (non-native)"
      ],
      "attribution": "Hesperis matronalis basal whorl 001.JPG — User:SB_Johnny; CC BY-SA 3.0. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Hesperis_matronalis_basal_whorl_001.JPG; license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "plant_id": "dames-rocket",
      "path": "assets/photos/invasive-hesperis-matronalis-rosette.jpg",
      "width": 1280,
      "height": 853,
      "bytes": 440865,
      "caption": "Basal rosette of green leaves growing close to the soil surface.",
      "alt": "Hesperis matronalis: Basal rosette of green leaves growing close to the soil surface.",
      "identification_note": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.  ",
      "changes": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06"
    },
    {
      "id": "invasive-18-01",
      "taxon": "Elaeagnus angustifolia",
      "feature": "flower-leaf",
      "visible_feature": "Small yellow flowers and narrow silvery leaves on a twig.",
      "title": "File:Elaeagnus angustifolia 20050608 852.jpg",
      "creator": "Georg Slickers",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 2.5",
      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.5",
      "available_licenses": [
        {
          "name": "CC BY-SA 2.5",
          "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.5"
        },
        {
          "name": "GFDL",
          "url": "http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html"
        },
        {
          "name": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
          "url": "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/"
        }
      ],
      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Elaeagnus_angustifolia_20050608_852.jpg",
      "original_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f0/Elaeagnus_angustifolia_20050608_852.jpg",
      "source_description": "Deutsch: Schmalblättrige Ölweide Elaeagnus angustifolia , etwa 5 m hoch. Görlitzer Park, Berlin-Kreuzberg , Deutschland English: Oleaster Elaeagnus angustifolia about 5 m high, Görlitzer Park, Berlin-Kreuzberg , Germany.",
      "source_credit": "Own work",
      "access_date": "2026-09-06",
      "identity_verification": {
        "method": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
        "scientific_name": "Elaeagnus angustifolia",
        "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Elaeagnus_angustifolia_20050608_852.jpg",
        "visible_features_checked": "Small yellow flowers and narrow silvery leaves on a twig.",
        "species_complex_caveat": "",
        "photographed_in_colorado_claimed": false,
        "source_categories": [
          "Elaeagnus angustifolia (flowers)",
          "Elaeagnaceae in the Northern Hemisphere in June",
          "Flora of Berlin in June",
          "Ornamental plants in Berlin",
          "Shrubs in spring in Berlin"
        ],
        "source_identification_basis": "Scientific identification in the source title, description, and/or displayed Commons taxon category; reviewed against the visible plant features."
      },
      "visual_review": {
        "status": "passed",
        "review_date": "2026-09-06",
        "method": "Every selected photograph inspected on final 15-image contact sheets; replacement bindweed and oxeye-daisy leaf images additionally inspected individually. Captions checked against visible features. Source descriptions and taxon categories inspected for identity consistency."
      },
      "modifications": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "dimensions": {
        "width": 1280,
        "height": 1707
      },
      "file": "assets/photos/invasive-elaeagnus-angustifolia-flower-leaf.jpg",
      "sha256": "5e30da9910ca2c0093923d008224013af4ef136646a92a5dfe0363f7a42fcd65",
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      "original_downloaded": false,
      "source_categories": [
        "Elaeagnus angustifolia (flowers)",
        "Elaeagnaceae in the Northern Hemisphere in June",
        "Flora of Berlin in June",
        "Ornamental plants in Berlin",
        "Shrubs in spring in Berlin"
      ],
      "attribution": "Elaeagnus angustifolia 20050608 852.jpg — Georg Slickers; CC BY-SA 2.5. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Elaeagnus_angustifolia_20050608_852.jpg; license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.5. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "plant_id": "russian-olive",
      "path": "assets/photos/invasive-elaeagnus-angustifolia-flower-leaf.jpg",
      "width": 1280,
      "height": 1707,
      "bytes": 421019,
      "caption": "Small yellow flowers and narrow silvery leaves on a twig.",
      "alt": "Elaeagnus angustifolia: Small yellow flowers and narrow silvery leaves on a twig.",
      "identification_note": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.  ",
      "changes": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06",
      "thumbnail": {
        "path": "assets/thumbs/russian-olive.webp",
        "width": 480,
        "height": 640,
        "sha256": "6b1e5df2c1cedf79f1f92c66c2791f0298e4f7380973222a23e1c13bfa7cd234",
        "parent_sha256": "5e30da9910ca2c0093923d008224013af4ef136646a92a5dfe0363f7a42fcd65",
        "changes": "Scaled within 640 by 640 pixels, converted to WebP at quality 82 for catalog performance. No crop or generative changes to the file. CSS may crop its catalog display.",
        "license": "CC BY-SA 2.5",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.5"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "invasive-18-10",
      "taxon": "Elaeagnus angustifolia",
      "feature": "fruit-leaf",
      "visible_feature": "Oval pale fruits hanging among narrow leaves with silvery surfaces.",
      "title": "File:Elaeagnus angustifolia 20050905 942.jpg",
      "creator": "Georg Slickers",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 2.5",
      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.5",
      "available_licenses": [
        {
          "name": "CC BY-SA 2.5",
          "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.5"
        },
        {
          "name": "GFDL",
          "url": "http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html"
        },
        {
          "name": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
          "url": "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/"
        }
      ],
      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Elaeagnus_angustifolia_20050905_942.jpg",
      "original_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Elaeagnus_angustifolia_20050905_942.jpg",
      "source_description": "Deutsch: Schmalblättrige Ölweide Elaeagnus angustifolia , etwa 5 m hoch. Görlitzer Park, Berlin-Kreuzberg , Deutschland English: Oleaster Elaeagnus angustifolia about 5 m high, Görlitzer Park, Berlin-Kreuzberg , Germany.",
      "source_credit": "Own work",
      "access_date": "2026-09-06",
      "identity_verification": {
        "method": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
        "scientific_name": "Elaeagnus angustifolia",
        "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Elaeagnus_angustifolia_20050905_942.jpg",
        "visible_features_checked": "Oval pale fruits hanging among narrow leaves with silvery surfaces.",
        "species_complex_caveat": "",
        "photographed_in_colorado_claimed": false,
        "source_categories": [
          "Elaeagnus angustifolia (fruit)",
          "Elaeagnaceae in the Northern Hemisphere in June",
          "Flora of Berlin in June",
          "Ornamental plants in Berlin",
          "Shrubs in spring in Berlin"
        ],
        "source_identification_basis": "Scientific identification in the source title, description, and/or displayed Commons taxon category; reviewed against the visible plant features."
      },
      "visual_review": {
        "status": "passed",
        "review_date": "2026-09-06",
        "method": "Every selected photograph inspected on final 15-image contact sheets; replacement bindweed and oxeye-daisy leaf images additionally inspected individually. Captions checked against visible features. Source descriptions and taxon categories inspected for identity consistency."
      },
      "modifications": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "dimensions": {
        "width": 1280,
        "height": 1707
      },
      "file": "assets/photos/invasive-elaeagnus-angustifolia-fruit-leaf.jpg",
      "sha256": "7165db2cf59a63b4332330967a54200196cc0a069db93aa7eb431e08e1bf2d1e",
      "byte_size": 533015,
      "download_url": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Elaeagnus_angustifolia_20050905_942.jpg/1280px-Elaeagnus_angustifolia_20050905_942.jpg",
      "original_downloaded": false,
      "source_categories": [
        "Elaeagnus angustifolia (fruit)",
        "Elaeagnaceae in the Northern Hemisphere in June",
        "Flora of Berlin in June",
        "Ornamental plants in Berlin",
        "Shrubs in spring in Berlin"
      ],
      "attribution": "Elaeagnus angustifolia 20050905 942.jpg — Georg Slickers; CC BY-SA 2.5. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Elaeagnus_angustifolia_20050905_942.jpg; license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.5. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "plant_id": "russian-olive",
      "path": "assets/photos/invasive-elaeagnus-angustifolia-fruit-leaf.jpg",
      "width": 1280,
      "height": 1707,
      "bytes": 533015,
      "caption": "Oval pale fruits hanging among narrow leaves with silvery surfaces.",
      "alt": "Elaeagnus angustifolia: Oval pale fruits hanging among narrow leaves with silvery surfaces.",
      "identification_note": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.  ",
      "changes": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06"
    },
    {
      "id": "invasive-18-11",
      "taxon": "Elaeagnus angustifolia",
      "feature": "habit",
      "visible_feature": "Mature tree with a branching dark trunk and a spreading silvery-green crown.",
      "title": "File:Elaeagnus-angustifolia-habit.JPG",
      "creator": "Sten Porse",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/",
      "available_licenses": [
        {
          "name": "GFDL",
          "url": "http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html"
        },
        {
          "name": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
          "url": "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/"
        },
        {
          "name": "CC BY-SA 2.5",
          "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.5"
        }
      ],
      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Elaeagnus-angustifolia-habit.JPG",
      "original_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Elaeagnus-angustifolia-habit.JPG",
      "source_description": "Elaeagnus angustifolia : Habit (as seen in Denmark).\nPhoto: Sten Porse Removed watermark read: Sten Porse 09-2001",
      "source_credit": "No machine-readable source provided. Own work assumed (based on copyright claims).",
      "access_date": "2026-09-06",
      "identity_verification": {
        "method": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
        "scientific_name": "Elaeagnus angustifolia",
        "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Elaeagnus-angustifolia-habit.JPG",
        "visible_features_checked": "Mature tree with a branching dark trunk and a spreading silvery-green crown.",
        "species_complex_caveat": "",
        "photographed_in_colorado_claimed": false,
        "source_categories": [
          "Elaeagnus angustifolia"
        ],
        "source_identification_basis": "Scientific identification in the source title, description, and/or displayed Commons taxon category; reviewed against the visible plant features."
      },
      "visual_review": {
        "status": "passed",
        "review_date": "2026-09-06",
        "method": "Every selected photograph inspected on final 15-image contact sheets; replacement bindweed and oxeye-daisy leaf images additionally inspected individually. Captions checked against visible features. Source descriptions and taxon categories inspected for identity consistency."
      },
      "modifications": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "dimensions": {
        "width": 1280,
        "height": 1707
      },
      "file": "assets/photos/invasive-elaeagnus-angustifolia-habit.jpg",
      "sha256": "092ad92bebbb5e193091806df054982cfc4fc538961e2b9ed8324d068556e5ae",
      "byte_size": 613478,
      "download_url": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Elaeagnus-angustifolia-habit.JPG/1280px-Elaeagnus-angustifolia-habit.JPG",
      "original_downloaded": false,
      "source_categories": [
        "Elaeagnus angustifolia"
      ],
      "creator_verification": "Source description explicitly states Photo: Sten Porse.",
      "attribution": "Elaeagnus-angustifolia-habit.JPG — Sten Porse; CC BY-SA 3.0. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Elaeagnus-angustifolia-habit.JPG; license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "plant_id": "russian-olive",
      "path": "assets/photos/invasive-elaeagnus-angustifolia-habit.jpg",
      "width": 1280,
      "height": 1707,
      "bytes": 613478,
      "caption": "Mature tree with a branching dark trunk and a spreading silvery-green crown.",
      "alt": "Elaeagnus angustifolia: Mature tree with a branching dark trunk and a spreading silvery-green crown.",
      "identification_note": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.  ",
      "changes": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06"
    },
    {
      "id": "invasive-19-01",
      "taxon": "Tamarix ramosissima",
      "feature": "flower",
      "visible_feature": "Slender pink flower racemes on fine twiggy branches.",
      "title": "File:Tamarix ramosissima a1.jpg",
      "creator": "Jerzy Opioła",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/",
      "available_licenses": [
        {
          "name": "GFDL",
          "url": "http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html"
        },
        {
          "name": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
          "url": "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/"
        },
        {
          "name": "CC BY-SA 2.5",
          "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.5"
        }
      ],
      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Tamarix_ramosissima_a1.jpg",
      "original_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/72/Tamarix_ramosissima_a1.jpg",
      "source_description": "Tamarix ramosissima (pl. tamaryszek rozgałęziony)",
      "source_credit": "Own work",
      "access_date": "2026-09-06",
      "identity_verification": {
        "method": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
        "scientific_name": "Tamarix ramosissima",
        "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Tamarix_ramosissima_a1.jpg",
        "visible_features_checked": "Slender pink flower racemes on fine twiggy branches.",
        "species_complex_caveat": "Saltcedars are difficult to separate by general photographs and hybridize, especially T. ramosissima with T. chinensis in North America. These photos are source-identified T. ramosissima references; species purity is not verified from photographs.",
        "photographed_in_colorado_claimed": false,
        "source_categories": [
          "Tamarix ramosissima (cultivated)",
          "Tamarix ramosissima (flowers)"
        ],
        "source_identification_basis": "Scientific identification in the source title, description, and/or displayed Commons taxon category; reviewed against the visible plant features."
      },
      "visual_review": {
        "status": "passed",
        "review_date": "2026-09-06",
        "method": "Every selected photograph inspected on final 15-image contact sheets; replacement bindweed and oxeye-daisy leaf images additionally inspected individually. Captions checked against visible features. Source descriptions and taxon categories inspected for identity consistency."
      },
      "modifications": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "dimensions": {
        "width": 1280,
        "height": 1707
      },
      "file": "assets/photos/invasive-tamarix-ramosissima-flower.jpg",
      "sha256": "eb970a1c6bb8e02491fde96ee231b6b7643228275429f5b2900df22431f2af2a",
      "byte_size": 361917,
      "download_url": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Tamarix_ramosissima_a1.jpg/1280px-Tamarix_ramosissima_a1.jpg",
      "original_downloaded": false,
      "source_categories": [
        "Tamarix ramosissima (cultivated)",
        "Tamarix ramosissima (flowers)"
      ],
      "attribution": "Tamarix ramosissima a1.jpg — Jerzy Opioła; CC BY-SA 3.0. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Tamarix_ramosissima_a1.jpg; license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "plant_id": "tamarisk",
      "path": "assets/photos/invasive-tamarix-ramosissima-flower.jpg",
      "width": 1280,
      "height": 1707,
      "bytes": 361917,
      "caption": "Slender pink flower racemes on fine twiggy branches.",
      "alt": "Tamarix ramosissima: Slender pink flower racemes on fine twiggy branches.",
      "identification_note": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.  Saltcedars are difficult to separate by general photographs and hybridize, especially T. ramosissima with T. chinensis in North America. These photos are source-identified T. ramosissima references; species purity is not verified from photographs.",
      "changes": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06",
      "thumbnail": {
        "path": "assets/thumbs/tamarisk.webp",
        "width": 480,
        "height": 640,
        "sha256": "001bc7dec1aaf62db8d3b4ed0e7bc47f3f92defba77a1299da1746a4c366e061",
        "parent_sha256": "eb970a1c6bb8e02491fde96ee231b6b7643228275429f5b2900df22431f2af2a",
        "changes": "Scaled within 640 by 640 pixels, converted to WebP at quality 82 for catalog performance. No crop or generative changes to the file. CSS may crop its catalog display.",
        "license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "invasive-19-03",
      "taxon": "Tamarix ramosissima",
      "feature": "flowering-branches",
      "visible_feature": "Slender branching pink racemes spread across thin woody twigs; fine green branchlets are visible behind.",
      "title": "File:Tamarix ramosissima a3.jpg",
      "creator": "Jerzy Opioła",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/",
      "available_licenses": [
        {
          "name": "GFDL",
          "url": "http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html"
        },
        {
          "name": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
          "url": "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/"
        },
        {
          "name": "CC BY-SA 2.5",
          "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.5"
        }
      ],
      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Tamarix_ramosissima_a3.jpg",
      "original_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/41/Tamarix_ramosissima_a3.jpg",
      "source_description": "Tamarix ramosissima (pl. tamaryszek rozgałęziony)",
      "source_credit": "Own work",
      "access_date": "2026-09-06",
      "identity_verification": {
        "method": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
        "scientific_name": "Tamarix ramosissima",
        "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Tamarix_ramosissima_a3.jpg",
        "visible_features_checked": "Slender branching pink racemes spread across thin woody twigs; fine green branchlets are visible behind.",
        "species_complex_caveat": "Saltcedars are difficult to separate by general photographs and hybridize, especially T. ramosissima with T. chinensis in North America. These photos are source-identified T. ramosissima references; species purity is not verified from photographs.",
        "photographed_in_colorado_claimed": false,
        "source_categories": [
          "Tamarix ramosissima (cultivated)",
          "Tamarix ramosissima (flowers)"
        ],
        "source_identification_basis": "Scientific identification in the source title, description, and/or displayed Commons taxon category; reviewed against the visible plant features."
      },
      "visual_review": {
        "status": "passed",
        "review_date": "2026-09-06",
        "method": "Every selected photograph inspected on final 15-image contact sheets; replacement bindweed and oxeye-daisy leaf images additionally inspected individually. Captions checked against visible features. Source descriptions and taxon categories inspected for identity consistency."
      },
      "modifications": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "dimensions": {
        "width": 1280,
        "height": 960
      },
      "file": "assets/photos/invasive-tamarix-ramosissima-flowering-branches.jpg",
      "sha256": "318ccfebe11095bfdd6902b18a0200547a4f1aae160c875098dd9f03c14782f0",
      "byte_size": 393213,
      "download_url": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Tamarix_ramosissima_a3.jpg/1280px-Tamarix_ramosissima_a3.jpg",
      "original_downloaded": false,
      "source_categories": [
        "Tamarix ramosissima (cultivated)",
        "Tamarix ramosissima (flowers)"
      ],
      "attribution": "Tamarix ramosissima a3.jpg — Jerzy Opioła; CC BY-SA 3.0. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Tamarix_ramosissima_a3.jpg; license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "plant_id": "tamarisk",
      "path": "assets/photos/invasive-tamarix-ramosissima-flowering-branches.jpg",
      "width": 1280,
      "height": 960,
      "bytes": 393213,
      "caption": "Slender branching pink racemes spread across thin woody twigs; fine green branchlets are visible behind.",
      "alt": "Tamarix ramosissima: Slender branching pink racemes spread across thin woody twigs; fine green branchlets are visible behind.",
      "identification_note": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.  Saltcedars are difficult to separate by general photographs and hybridize, especially T. ramosissima with T. chinensis in North America. These photos are source-identified T. ramosissima references; species purity is not verified from photographs.",
      "changes": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06"
    },
    {
      "id": "invasive-19-08",
      "taxon": "Tamarix ramosissima",
      "feature": "habit",
      "visible_feature": "Woody shrub or small tree with a branching crown covered in pink flower clusters.",
      "title": "File:Tamarix ramosissima (Tamaricaceae) (53139152639).jpg",
      "creator": "Dr. Alexey Yakovlev",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 2.0",
      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0",
      "available_licenses": [
        {
          "name": "CC BY-SA 2.0",
          "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0"
        }
      ],
      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Tamarix_ramosissima_(Tamaricaceae)_(53139152639).jpg",
      "original_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ce/Tamarix_ramosissima_%28Tamaricaceae%29_%2853139152639%29.jpg",
      "source_description": "Русский: Долина реки Алабуга , Нарынская область, внутренний Тянь-Шань , Киргизия. English: Ala-Buga river valley, Naryn Region, Inner Tian Shan, Kyrgystan.",
      "source_credit": "Tamarix ramosissima (Tamaricaceae)",
      "access_date": "2026-09-06",
      "identity_verification": {
        "method": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
        "scientific_name": "Tamarix ramosissima",
        "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Tamarix_ramosissima_(Tamaricaceae)_(53139152639).jpg",
        "visible_features_checked": "Woody shrub or small tree with a branching crown covered in pink flower clusters.",
        "species_complex_caveat": "Saltcedars are difficult to separate by general photographs and hybridize, especially T. ramosissima with T. chinensis in North America. These photos are source-identified T. ramosissima references; species purity is not verified from photographs.",
        "photographed_in_colorado_claimed": false,
        "source_categories": [
          "Tamarix ramosissima"
        ],
        "source_identification_basis": "Scientific identification in the source title, description, and/or displayed Commons taxon category; reviewed against the visible plant features."
      },
      "visual_review": {
        "status": "passed",
        "review_date": "2026-09-06",
        "method": "Every selected photograph inspected on final 15-image contact sheets; replacement bindweed and oxeye-daisy leaf images additionally inspected individually. Captions checked against visible features. Source descriptions and taxon categories inspected for identity consistency."
      },
      "modifications": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "dimensions": {
        "width": 1280,
        "height": 960
      },
      "file": "assets/photos/invasive-tamarix-ramosissima-habit.jpg",
      "sha256": "7deb451bb5170a8f004e8e0ecab2e8610d434df6befebcfca6998a7199dc6129",
      "byte_size": 442047,
      "download_url": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Tamarix_ramosissima_%28Tamaricaceae%29_%2853139152639%29.jpg/1280px-Tamarix_ramosissima_%28Tamaricaceae%29_%2853139152639%29.jpg",
      "original_downloaded": false,
      "source_categories": [
        "Tamarix ramosissima"
      ],
      "attribution": "Tamarix ramosissima (Tamaricaceae) (53139152639).jpg — Dr. Alexey Yakovlev; CC BY-SA 2.0. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Tamarix_ramosissima_(Tamaricaceae)_(53139152639).jpg; license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "plant_id": "tamarisk",
      "path": "assets/photos/invasive-tamarix-ramosissima-habit.jpg",
      "width": 1280,
      "height": 960,
      "bytes": 442047,
      "caption": "Woody shrub or small tree with a branching crown covered in pink flower clusters.",
      "alt": "Tamarix ramosissima: Woody shrub or small tree with a branching crown covered in pink flower clusters.",
      "identification_note": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.  Saltcedars are difficult to separate by general photographs and hybridize, especially T. ramosissima with T. chinensis in North America. These photos are source-identified T. ramosissima references; species purity is not verified from photographs.",
      "changes": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06"
    },
    {
      "id": "invasive-20-01",
      "taxon": "Dipsacus fullonum",
      "feature": "habit",
      "visible_feature": "Tall erect teasel stem with opposite leaves and branching upper flower-head stalks.",
      "title": "File:DIPSACUS FULLONUM - LLANERA - IB-822 (Cardó).JPG",
      "creator": "Isidre blanc",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0",
      "available_licenses": [
        {
          "name": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
          "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0"
        }
      ],
      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:DIPSACUS_FULLONUM_-_LLANERA_-_IB-822_(Card%C3%B3).JPG",
      "original_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/DIPSACUS_FULLONUM_-_LLANERA_-_IB-822_%28Card%C3%B3%29.JPG",
      "source_description": "Català: Cardó (Dipsacus fullonum) . Presa a la Rasa de Santa María de Torà (Segarra - Catalunya). A 570 m. d'altura English: Dipsacus fullonum . In Torà (Segarra - Catalunya). To 570 m. altitude",
      "source_credit": "Own work",
      "access_date": "2026-09-06",
      "identity_verification": {
        "method": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
        "scientific_name": "Dipsacus fullonum",
        "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:DIPSACUS_FULLONUM_-_LLANERA_-_IB-822_(Card%C3%B3).JPG",
        "visible_features_checked": "Tall erect teasel stem with opposite leaves and branching upper flower-head stalks.",
        "species_complex_caveat": "Common teasel is also recorded as Dipsacus sylvestris. Do not transfer the identification to cutleaf teasel (D. laciniatus) or cultivated fuller's teasel (D. sativus) without checking diagnostic features.",
        "photographed_in_colorado_claimed": false,
        "source_categories": [
          "Dipsacus fullonum in Spain",
          "Caprifoliaceae in the Northern Hemisphere in July",
          "Caprifoliaceae in Catalonia",
          "Dipsacales in Catalonia in July",
          "Dipsacales in Segarra",
          "Flora of Torà"
        ],
        "source_identification_basis": "Scientific identification in the source title, description, and/or displayed Commons taxon category; reviewed against the visible plant features."
      },
      "visual_review": {
        "status": "passed",
        "review_date": "2026-09-06",
        "method": "Every selected photograph inspected on final 15-image contact sheets; replacement bindweed and oxeye-daisy leaf images additionally inspected individually. Captions checked against visible features. Source descriptions and taxon categories inspected for identity consistency."
      },
      "modifications": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "dimensions": {
        "width": 1280,
        "height": 1707
      },
      "file": "assets/photos/invasive-dipsacus-fullonum-habit.jpg",
      "sha256": "369578ac677f1b2f6bca28e8f8a904763d6705850f7b410115e761dc3651b32a",
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      "original_downloaded": false,
      "source_categories": [
        "Dipsacus fullonum in Spain",
        "Caprifoliaceae in the Northern Hemisphere in July",
        "Caprifoliaceae in Catalonia",
        "Dipsacales in Catalonia in July",
        "Dipsacales in Segarra",
        "Flora of Torà"
      ],
      "attribution": "DIPSACUS FULLONUM - LLANERA - IB-822 (Cardó).JPG — Isidre blanc; CC BY-SA 4.0. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:DIPSACUS_FULLONUM_-_LLANERA_-_IB-822_(Card%C3%B3).JPG; license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "plant_id": "common-teasel",
      "path": "assets/photos/invasive-dipsacus-fullonum-habit.jpg",
      "width": 1280,
      "height": 1707,
      "bytes": 1200027,
      "caption": "Tall erect teasel stem with opposite leaves and branching upper flower-head stalks.",
      "alt": "Dipsacus fullonum: Tall erect teasel stem with opposite leaves and branching upper flower-head stalks.",
      "identification_note": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.  Common teasel is also recorded as Dipsacus sylvestris. Do not transfer the identification to cutleaf teasel (D. laciniatus) or cultivated fuller's teasel (D. sativus) without checking diagnostic features.",
      "changes": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06",
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        "changes": "Scaled within 640 by 640 pixels, converted to WebP at quality 82 for catalog performance. No crop or generative changes to the file. CSS may crop its catalog display.",
        "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "invasive-20-03",
      "taxon": "Dipsacus fullonum",
      "feature": "flower",
      "visible_feature": "Egg-shaped prickly head with a horizontal band of lilac flowers and long curved basal bracts.",
      "title": "File:DIPSACUS FULLONUM - LLANERA - IB-083 (Cardó).JPG",
      "creator": "Isidre blanc",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0",
      "available_licenses": [
        {
          "name": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
          "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0"
        }
      ],
      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:DIPSACUS_FULLONUM_-_LLANERA_-_IB-083_(Card%C3%B3).JPG",
      "original_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6f/DIPSACUS_FULLONUM_-_LLANERA_-_IB-083_%28Card%C3%B3%29.JPG",
      "source_description": "Català: Cardó (Dipsacus fullonum) . Presa a la Rasa de Santa María de Torà (Segarra - Catalunya). A 570 m. d'altura English: Dipsacus fullonum . In Torà (Segarra - Catalunya). To 570 m. altitude",
      "source_credit": "Own work",
      "access_date": "2026-09-06",
      "identity_verification": {
        "method": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
        "scientific_name": "Dipsacus fullonum",
        "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:DIPSACUS_FULLONUM_-_LLANERA_-_IB-083_(Card%C3%B3).JPG",
        "visible_features_checked": "Egg-shaped prickly head with a horizontal band of lilac flowers and long curved basal bracts.",
        "species_complex_caveat": "Common teasel is also recorded as Dipsacus sylvestris. Do not transfer the identification to cutleaf teasel (D. laciniatus) or cultivated fuller's teasel (D. sativus) without checking diagnostic features.",
        "photographed_in_colorado_claimed": false,
        "source_categories": [
          "Dipsacus fullonum (flowers)",
          "Caprifoliaceae in the Northern Hemisphere in July",
          "Caprifoliaceae in Catalonia",
          "Dipsacales in Catalonia in July",
          "Dipsacales in Segarra",
          "Flora of Torà"
        ],
        "source_identification_basis": "Scientific identification in the source title, description, and/or displayed Commons taxon category; reviewed against the visible plant features."
      },
      "visual_review": {
        "status": "passed",
        "review_date": "2026-09-06",
        "method": "Every selected photograph inspected on final 15-image contact sheets; replacement bindweed and oxeye-daisy leaf images additionally inspected individually. Captions checked against visible features. Source descriptions and taxon categories inspected for identity consistency."
      },
      "modifications": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "dimensions": {
        "width": 1280,
        "height": 1707
      },
      "file": "assets/photos/invasive-dipsacus-fullonum-flower.jpg",
      "sha256": "ca327ba8f3be1c3aca37fed16b57f6684a80834776d8defedee9d6e7103606ee",
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      "original_downloaded": false,
      "source_categories": [
        "Dipsacus fullonum (flowers)",
        "Caprifoliaceae in the Northern Hemisphere in July",
        "Caprifoliaceae in Catalonia",
        "Dipsacales in Catalonia in July",
        "Dipsacales in Segarra",
        "Flora of Torà"
      ],
      "attribution": "DIPSACUS FULLONUM - LLANERA - IB-083 (Cardó).JPG — Isidre blanc; CC BY-SA 4.0. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:DIPSACUS_FULLONUM_-_LLANERA_-_IB-083_(Card%C3%B3).JPG; license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "plant_id": "common-teasel",
      "path": "assets/photos/invasive-dipsacus-fullonum-flower.jpg",
      "width": 1280,
      "height": 1707,
      "bytes": 509638,
      "caption": "Egg-shaped prickly head with a horizontal band of lilac flowers and long curved basal bracts.",
      "alt": "Dipsacus fullonum: Egg-shaped prickly head with a horizontal band of lilac flowers and long curved basal bracts.",
      "identification_note": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.  Common teasel is also recorded as Dipsacus sylvestris. Do not transfer the identification to cutleaf teasel (D. laciniatus) or cultivated fuller's teasel (D. sativus) without checking diagnostic features.",
      "changes": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06"
    },
    {
      "id": "invasive-20-12",
      "taxon": "Dipsacus fullonum",
      "feature": "leaf-stem",
      "visible_feature": "Opposite leaves join around a prickly stem to form a water-holding cup.",
      "title": "File:Dipsacus-fullonum-water-storage.jpg",
      "creator": "Björn Appel",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/",
      "available_licenses": [
        {
          "name": "GFDL",
          "url": "http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html"
        },
        {
          "name": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
          "url": "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/"
        }
      ],
      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Dipsacus-fullonum-water-storage.jpg",
      "original_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/78/Dipsacus-fullonum-water-storage.jpg",
      "source_description": "Dipsacus fullonum (Wild Teasel, Common Teasel). Rainwater is held back in leaves. Date: 2005-07-24. Author: Björn Appel.",
      "source_credit": "",
      "access_date": "2026-09-06",
      "identity_verification": {
        "method": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
        "scientific_name": "Dipsacus fullonum",
        "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Dipsacus-fullonum-water-storage.jpg",
        "visible_features_checked": "Opposite leaves join around a prickly stem to form a water-holding cup.",
        "species_complex_caveat": "Common teasel is also recorded as Dipsacus sylvestris. Do not transfer the identification to cutleaf teasel (D. laciniatus) or cultivated fuller's teasel (D. sativus) without checking diagnostic features.",
        "photographed_in_colorado_claimed": false,
        "source_categories": [
          "Dipsacus fullonum (leaves)"
        ],
        "source_identification_basis": "Scientific identification in the source title, description, and/or displayed Commons taxon category; reviewed against the visible plant features."
      },
      "visual_review": {
        "status": "passed",
        "review_date": "2026-09-06",
        "method": "Every selected photograph inspected on final 15-image contact sheets; replacement bindweed and oxeye-daisy leaf images additionally inspected individually. Captions checked against visible features. Source descriptions and taxon categories inspected for identity consistency."
      },
      "modifications": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "dimensions": {
        "width": 1280,
        "height": 960
      },
      "file": "assets/photos/invasive-dipsacus-fullonum-leaf-stem.jpg",
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      "original_downloaded": false,
      "source_categories": [
        "Dipsacus fullonum (leaves)"
      ],
      "creator_verification": "Source page English and German text explicitly credits Björn Appel.",
      "attribution": "Dipsacus-fullonum-water-storage.jpg — Björn Appel; CC BY-SA 3.0. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Dipsacus-fullonum-water-storage.jpg; license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "plant_id": "common-teasel",
      "path": "assets/photos/invasive-dipsacus-fullonum-leaf-stem.jpg",
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      "height": 960,
      "bytes": 249827,
      "caption": "Opposite leaves join around a prickly stem to form a water-holding cup.",
      "alt": "Dipsacus fullonum: Opposite leaves join around a prickly stem to form a water-holding cup.",
      "identification_note": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.  Common teasel is also recorded as Dipsacus sylvestris. Do not transfer the identification to cutleaf teasel (D. laciniatus) or cultivated fuller's teasel (D. sativus) without checking diagnostic features.",
      "changes": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06"
    },
    {
      "id": "sage-tumbleweed-photos-01-07",
      "taxon": "Salvia yangii",
      "feature": "leaf",
      "visible_feature": "Gray-green deeply divided leaves arranged in opposite pairs on a pale stem.",
      "title": "File:Perovskia atriplicifolia leave.jpg",
      "creator": "Doronenko",
      "license": "CC BY 2.5",
      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.5",
      "available_licenses": [
        {
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        },
        {
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          "url": "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/"
        },
        {
          "name": "CC BY 2.5",
          "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.5"
        }
      ],
      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Perovskia_atriplicifolia_leave.jpg",
      "original_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bd/Perovskia_atriplicifolia_leave.jpg",
      "source_description": "Perovskia atriplicifolia, leaves",
      "source_credit": "Own work",
      "access_date": "2026-09-06",
      "identity_verification": {
        "method": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
        "scientific_name": "Salvia yangii",
        "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Perovskia_atriplicifolia_leave.jpg",
        "visible_features_checked": "Gray-green deeply divided leaves arranged in opposite pairs on a pale stem.",
        "species_complex_caveat": "Perovskia atriplicifolia is the synonym used on these source pages. Garden photographs do not establish cultivar identity or exclude hybrid ancestry; captions use the source-identified species.",
        "photographed_in_colorado_claimed": false,
        "source_identified_taxon": "Perovskia atriplicifolia (synonym of Salvia yangii)",
        "source_categories": [
          "Salvia yangii"
        ],
        "source_identification_basis": "Scientific name in the source title, description, and/or displayed Commons taxon category, reviewed against visible morphology."
      },
      "visual_review": {
        "status": "passed",
        "review_date": "2026-09-06",
        "method": "Every selected image visually inspected on the final nine-image contact sheet; replacement Russian sage habit and flower photographs additionally inspected individually at full downloaded resolution. Source descriptions and taxon categories checked for consistency."
      },
      "modifications": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "source_identified_taxon": "Perovskia atriplicifolia (synonym of Salvia yangii)",
      "common_name": "Russian sage",
      "source_categories": [
        "Salvia yangii"
      ],
      "download_url": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Perovskia_atriplicifolia_leave.jpg/1280px-Perovskia_atriplicifolia_leave.jpg",
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      "attribution": "Perovskia atriplicifolia leave.jpg — Doronenko; CC BY 2.5. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Perovskia_atriplicifolia_leave.jpg; license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.5. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "plant_id": "russian-sage",
      "path": "assets/photos/sage-tumbleweed-photos-salvia-yangii-01-07-leaf.jpg",
      "file": "assets/photos/sage-tumbleweed-photos-salvia-yangii-01-07-leaf.jpg",
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      "height": 1384,
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      "caption": "Gray-green deeply divided leaves arranged in opposite pairs on a pale stem.",
      "alt": "Salvia yangii: Gray-green deeply divided leaves arranged in opposite pairs on a pale stem.",
      "identification_note": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Perovskia atriplicifolia is the synonym used on these source pages. Garden photographs do not establish cultivar identity or exclude hybrid ancestry; captions use the source-identified species.",
      "changes": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06",
      "thumbnail": {
        "path": "assets/thumbs/russian-sage.webp",
        "width": 592,
        "height": 640,
        "sha256": "b14d73a10644b1f2ca1532cee5bbb9f8bcb0abaea23476e3a5a35b78d99703c1",
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        "changes": "Scaled within 640 by 640 pixels and converted to WebP at quality 82. No crop or generative changes to the file; CSS may crop catalog display.",
        "license": "CC BY 2.5",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.5"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "sage-tumbleweed-photos-01-13",
      "taxon": "Salvia yangii",
      "feature": "flower",
      "visible_feature": "Small violet-blue flowers with pale hairy calyces cluster around a slender flowering stem.",
      "title": "File:20170719Perovskia atriplicifolia1.jpg",
      "creator": "AnRo0002",
      "license": "CC0",
      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en",
      "available_licenses": [
        {
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          "url": "http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en"
        }
      ],
      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:20170719Perovskia_atriplicifolia1.jpg",
      "original_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f3/20170719Perovskia_atriplicifolia1.jpg",
      "source_description": "Deutsch: Ausgewilderte Silber-Perowskie ( Perovskia atriplicifolia ) in Hockenheim-Talhaus",
      "source_credit": "Own work",
      "access_date": "2026-09-06",
      "identity_verification": {
        "method": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
        "scientific_name": "Salvia yangii",
        "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:20170719Perovskia_atriplicifolia1.jpg",
        "visible_features_checked": "Small violet-blue flowers with pale hairy calyces cluster around a slender flowering stem.",
        "species_complex_caveat": "Perovskia atriplicifolia is the synonym used on these source pages. Garden photographs do not establish cultivar identity or exclude hybrid ancestry; captions use the source-identified species.",
        "photographed_in_colorado_claimed": false,
        "source_identified_taxon": "Perovskia atriplicifolia (synonym of Salvia yangii)",
        "source_categories": [
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          "Lamiaceae in Hockenheim in July",
          "Mentheae in Hockenheim",
          "Invasive plants in Hockenheim (Lamiales)",
          "Mentheae in the Northern Hemisphere in July",
          "Salvia yangii"
        ],
        "source_identification_basis": "Scientific name in the source title, description, and/or displayed Commons taxon category, reviewed against visible morphology."
      },
      "visual_review": {
        "status": "passed",
        "review_date": "2026-09-06",
        "method": "Every selected image visually inspected on the final nine-image contact sheet; replacement Russian sage habit and flower photographs additionally inspected individually at full downloaded resolution. Source descriptions and taxon categories checked for consistency."
      },
      "modifications": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "source_identified_taxon": "Perovskia atriplicifolia (synonym of Salvia yangii)",
      "common_name": "Russian sage",
      "source_categories": [
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        "Lamiaceae in Hockenheim in July",
        "Mentheae in Hockenheim",
        "Invasive plants in Hockenheim (Lamiales)",
        "Mentheae in the Northern Hemisphere in July",
        "Salvia yangii"
      ],
      "download_url": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/20170719Perovskia_atriplicifolia1.jpg/1280px-20170719Perovskia_atriplicifolia1.jpg",
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      "attribution": "20170719Perovskia atriplicifolia1.jpg — AnRo0002; CC0. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:20170719Perovskia_atriplicifolia1.jpg; license: https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "plant_id": "russian-sage",
      "path": "assets/photos/sage-tumbleweed-photos-salvia-yangii-01-13-flower.jpg",
      "file": "assets/photos/sage-tumbleweed-photos-salvia-yangii-01-13-flower.jpg",
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      "height": 1707,
      "bytes": 350790,
      "caption": "Small violet-blue flowers with pale hairy calyces cluster around a slender flowering stem.",
      "alt": "Salvia yangii: Small violet-blue flowers with pale hairy calyces cluster around a slender flowering stem.",
      "identification_note": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Perovskia atriplicifolia is the synonym used on these source pages. Garden photographs do not establish cultivar identity or exclude hybrid ancestry; captions use the source-identified species.",
      "changes": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06"
    },
    {
      "id": "sage-tumbleweed-photos-01-21",
      "taxon": "Salvia yangii",
      "feature": "habit",
      "visible_feature": "Many pale branched stems with deeply cut gray-green leaves and scattered violet-blue flowers form a loose leafy clump.",
      "title": "File:Perovskia atriplicifolia 0zz.jpg",
      "creator": "David J. Stang",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0",
      "available_licenses": [
        {
          "name": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
          "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0"
        }
      ],
      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Perovskia_atriplicifolia_0zz.jpg",
      "original_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/Perovskia_atriplicifolia_0zz.jpg",
      "source_description": "English: Location taken: <a href=\" http://www.usna.usda.gov/ \" target=\"_blank\">the United States National Arboretum</a>, Washington D.C.. Names: Perovskia atriplicifolia Benth., Russian Sage, Russian-Sage, Silber Perowskie, Silber-Perowskie, Sølv Perovski Classification: Plantae > Magnoliophyta > Magnoliopsida > Lamiales > Lamiaceae > Mentheae > Salviinae > Perovskia > Perovskia atriplicifolia .",
      "source_credit": "source: David Stang.  First published at ZipcodeZoo.com",
      "access_date": "2026-09-06",
      "identity_verification": {
        "method": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
        "scientific_name": "Salvia yangii",
        "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Perovskia_atriplicifolia_0zz.jpg",
        "visible_features_checked": "Many pale branched stems with deeply cut gray-green leaves and scattered violet-blue flowers form a loose leafy clump.",
        "species_complex_caveat": "Perovskia atriplicifolia is the synonym used on these source pages. Garden photographs do not establish cultivar identity or exclude hybrid ancestry; captions use the source-identified species.",
        "photographed_in_colorado_claimed": false,
        "source_identified_taxon": "Perovskia atriplicifolia (synonym of Salvia yangii)",
        "source_categories": [
          "Salvia yangii"
        ],
        "source_identification_basis": "Scientific name in the source title, description, and/or displayed Commons taxon category, reviewed against visible morphology."
      },
      "visual_review": {
        "status": "passed",
        "review_date": "2026-09-06",
        "method": "Every selected image visually inspected on the final nine-image contact sheet; replacement Russian sage habit and flower photographs additionally inspected individually at full downloaded resolution. Source descriptions and taxon categories checked for consistency."
      },
      "modifications": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "source_identified_taxon": "Perovskia atriplicifolia (synonym of Salvia yangii)",
      "common_name": "Russian sage",
      "source_categories": [
        "Salvia yangii"
      ],
      "download_url": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Perovskia_atriplicifolia_0zz.jpg/1280px-Perovskia_atriplicifolia_0zz.jpg",
      "dimensions": {
        "width": 1280,
        "height": 960
      },
      "sha256": "02bd416b24921beec01581c8d042b8b0bfc1e8da5343383de399d103522fd27e",
      "byte_size": 504238,
      "original_downloaded": false,
      "attribution": "Perovskia atriplicifolia 0zz.jpg — David J. Stang; CC BY-SA 4.0. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Perovskia_atriplicifolia_0zz.jpg; license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "plant_id": "russian-sage",
      "path": "assets/photos/sage-tumbleweed-photos-salvia-yangii-01-21-habit.jpg",
      "file": "assets/photos/sage-tumbleweed-photos-salvia-yangii-01-21-habit.jpg",
      "width": 1280,
      "height": 960,
      "bytes": 504238,
      "caption": "Many pale branched stems with deeply cut gray-green leaves and scattered violet-blue flowers form a loose leafy clump.",
      "alt": "Salvia yangii: Many pale branched stems with deeply cut gray-green leaves and scattered violet-blue flowers form a loose leafy clump.",
      "identification_note": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Perovskia atriplicifolia is the synonym used on these source pages. Garden photographs do not establish cultivar identity or exclude hybrid ancestry; captions use the source-identified species.",
      "changes": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06"
    },
    {
      "id": "sage-tumbleweed-photos-02-06",
      "taxon": "Salsola tragus",
      "feature": "habit",
      "visible_feature": "Rounded, densely branched green plant with slender leaves and spiny-looking branch tips.",
      "title": "File:Salsola tragus sl7.jpg",
      "creator": "Stefan.lefnaer",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0",
      "available_licenses": [
        {
          "name": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
          "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0"
        }
      ],
      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Salsola_tragus_sl7.jpg",
      "original_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/41/Salsola_tragus_sl7.jpg",
      "source_description": "Deutsch: Habitus Taxon: Kali-Salzkraut, Salsola tragus (sensu Fischer et al. EfÖLS 2008 ISBN 978-3-85474-187-9 ) Fundort: Haulesbergen, Ulrichskirchen-Schleinbach, Bezirk Mistelbach, Niederösterreich - ca. 200 m ü. A. Standort: Getreidefeld über Löss English: Habitus Taxon: Salsola tragus (sensu Fischer et al. EfÖLS 2008 ISBN 978-3-85474-187-9 ) Location: Haulesbergen, Ulrichskirchen-Schleinbach, district Mistelbach, Lower Austria - ca. 200 m a.s.l. Habitat: grainfield on Loess",
      "source_credit": "Own work",
      "access_date": "2026-09-06",
      "identity_verification": {
        "method": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
        "scientific_name": "Salsola tragus",
        "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Salsola_tragus_sl7.jpg",
        "visible_features_checked": "Rounded, densely branched green plant with slender leaves and spiny-looking branch tips.",
        "species_complex_caveat": "Russian thistle is a species complex, and related Salsola/Kali taxa can form similar tumbleweeds. These are source-identified Salsola tragus/Kali tragus reference photographs; a dry tumbleweed or general habit photograph alone cannot establish species identity.",
        "photographed_in_colorado_claimed": false,
        "source_identified_taxon": "Salsola tragus / Kali tragus",
        "source_categories": [
          "Caryophyllales of Haulesbergen (Ulrichskirchen-Schleinbach)",
          "Salsola tragus",
          "Caryophyllales in Lower Austria in July",
          "Salsoloideae in Lower Austria",
          "Salsoloideae in the Northern Hemisphere in July",
          "Pannonian Flora"
        ],
        "source_identification_basis": "Scientific name in the source title, description, and/or displayed Commons taxon category, reviewed against visible morphology."
      },
      "visual_review": {
        "status": "passed",
        "review_date": "2026-09-06",
        "method": "Every selected image visually inspected on the final nine-image contact sheet; replacement Russian sage habit and flower photographs additionally inspected individually at full downloaded resolution. Source descriptions and taxon categories checked for consistency."
      },
      "modifications": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "source_identified_taxon": "Salsola tragus / Kali tragus",
      "common_name": "Russian thistle",
      "source_categories": [
        "Caryophyllales of Haulesbergen (Ulrichskirchen-Schleinbach)",
        "Salsola tragus",
        "Caryophyllales in Lower Austria in July",
        "Salsoloideae in Lower Austria",
        "Salsoloideae in the Northern Hemisphere in July",
        "Pannonian Flora"
      ],
      "download_url": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Salsola_tragus_sl7.jpg/1280px-Salsola_tragus_sl7.jpg",
      "dimensions": {
        "width": 1280,
        "height": 1707
      },
      "sha256": "f6d8ae90a23d69f7db41ee1ebff04ba62bfcba5e4a93f7ed60c2313c8669bfcb",
      "byte_size": 605244,
      "original_downloaded": false,
      "attribution": "Salsola tragus sl7.jpg — Stefan.lefnaer; CC BY-SA 3.0. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Salsola_tragus_sl7.jpg; license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "plant_id": "russian-thistle",
      "path": "assets/photos/sage-tumbleweed-photos-salsola-tragus-02-06-habit.jpg",
      "file": "assets/photos/sage-tumbleweed-photos-salsola-tragus-02-06-habit.jpg",
      "width": 1280,
      "height": 1707,
      "bytes": 605244,
      "caption": "Rounded, densely branched green plant with slender leaves and spiny-looking branch tips.",
      "alt": "Salsola tragus: Rounded, densely branched green plant with slender leaves and spiny-looking branch tips.",
      "identification_note": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Russian thistle is a species complex, and related Salsola/Kali taxa can form similar tumbleweeds. These are source-identified Salsola tragus/Kali tragus reference photographs; a dry tumbleweed or general habit photograph alone cannot establish species identity.",
      "changes": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06",
      "thumbnail": {
        "path": "assets/thumbs/russian-thistle.webp",
        "width": 480,
        "height": 640,
        "sha256": "1281a0c68004511e622d0e4eceb5c9b5adb5d6cdcee54de121a041fdd1592341",
        "parent_sha256": "f6d8ae90a23d69f7db41ee1ebff04ba62bfcba5e4a93f7ed60c2313c8669bfcb",
        "changes": "Scaled within 640 by 640 pixels and converted to WebP at quality 82. No crop or generative changes to the file; CSS may crop catalog display.",
        "license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "sage-tumbleweed-photos-02-07",
      "taxon": "Salsola tragus",
      "feature": "mature-fruiting-branches",
      "visible_feature": "Rows of pink-red papery fruiting structures line branching stems among narrow green leaves.",
      "title": "File:Kali tragus NPS-1.jpg",
      "creator": "Jim Pisarowicz",
      "license": "Public domain",
      "license_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kali_tragus_NPS-1.jpg#Licensing",
      "available_licenses": [
        {
          "name": "Public domain",
          "url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:Copyright_tags"
        }
      ],
      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kali_tragus_NPS-1.jpg",
      "original_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ca/Kali_tragus_NPS-1.jpg",
      "source_description": "Kali tragus (Syn. Salsola tragus , S. iberica ) at Wind Cave National Park, South Dakota, USA",
      "source_credit": "http://www.nps.gov/wica/photosmultimedia/photo%2Dgallery%2Dwildflowers%2Ehtm?eid=133239&aId=169&root_aid=169&sort=title&startRow=82#e_133239",
      "access_date": "2026-09-06",
      "identity_verification": {
        "method": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
        "scientific_name": "Salsola tragus",
        "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kali_tragus_NPS-1.jpg",
        "visible_features_checked": "Rows of pink-red papery fruiting structures line branching stems among narrow green leaves.",
        "species_complex_caveat": "Russian thistle is a species complex, and related Salsola/Kali taxa can form similar tumbleweeds. These are source-identified Salsola tragus/Kali tragus reference photographs; a dry tumbleweed or general habit photograph alone cannot establish species identity.",
        "photographed_in_colorado_claimed": false,
        "source_identified_taxon": "Salsola tragus / Kali tragus",
        "source_categories": [
          "Caryophyllales in South Dakota",
          "Salsola tragus",
          "Flora of the United States in September",
          "Amaranthaceae in the United States",
          "Salsoloideae in the Northern Hemisphere in September",
          "Photographs by Jim Pisarowicz"
        ],
        "source_identification_basis": "Scientific name in the source title, description, and/or displayed Commons taxon category, reviewed against visible morphology."
      },
      "visual_review": {
        "status": "passed",
        "review_date": "2026-09-06",
        "method": "Every selected image visually inspected on the final nine-image contact sheet; replacement Russian sage habit and flower photographs additionally inspected individually at full downloaded resolution. Source descriptions and taxon categories checked for consistency."
      },
      "modifications": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "source_identified_taxon": "Salsola tragus / Kali tragus",
      "common_name": "Russian thistle",
      "source_categories": [
        "Caryophyllales in South Dakota",
        "Salsola tragus",
        "Flora of the United States in September",
        "Amaranthaceae in the United States",
        "Salsoloideae in the Northern Hemisphere in September",
        "Photographs by Jim Pisarowicz"
      ],
      "download_url": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Kali_tragus_NPS-1.jpg/1280px-Kali_tragus_NPS-1.jpg",
      "dimensions": {
        "width": 1280,
        "height": 960
      },
      "sha256": "cc345f314f08f11f2f5345656fa897993bfc6a72baa93ab097331b3a197b738a",
      "byte_size": 601568,
      "original_downloaded": false,
      "attribution": "Kali tragus NPS-1.jpg — Jim Pisarowicz; Public domain. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kali_tragus_NPS-1.jpg; license: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kali_tragus_NPS-1.jpg#Licensing. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "plant_id": "russian-thistle",
      "path": "assets/photos/sage-tumbleweed-photos-salsola-tragus-02-07-mature-fruiting-branches.jpg",
      "file": "assets/photos/sage-tumbleweed-photos-salsola-tragus-02-07-mature-fruiting-branches.jpg",
      "width": 1280,
      "height": 960,
      "bytes": 601568,
      "caption": "Rows of pink-red papery fruiting structures line branching stems among narrow green leaves.",
      "alt": "Salsola tragus: Rows of pink-red papery fruiting structures line branching stems among narrow green leaves.",
      "identification_note": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Russian thistle is a species complex, and related Salsola/Kali taxa can form similar tumbleweeds. These are source-identified Salsola tragus/Kali tragus reference photographs; a dry tumbleweed or general habit photograph alone cannot establish species identity.",
      "changes": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06"
    },
    {
      "id": "sage-tumbleweed-photos-02-11",
      "taxon": "Salsola tragus",
      "feature": "dried-form",
      "visible_feature": "Dry pale-brown branching plant with persistent spiny bracts and small papery fruiting structures.",
      "title": "File:Kali tragus sl10.jpg",
      "creator": "Stefan.lefnaer",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 3.0 at",
      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/at/deed.en",
      "available_licenses": [
        {
          "name": "CC BY-SA 3.0 at",
          "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/at/deed.en"
        }
      ],
      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kali_tragus_sl10.jpg",
      "original_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Kali_tragus_sl10.jpg",
      "source_description": "Deutsch: Habitus Taxonym: Kali tragus ss Fischer et al. EfÖLS 2008 ISBN 978-3-85474-187-9 Fundort: Naturschutzgebiet Erdpresshöhe, Lassee, Bezirk Gänserndorf, Niederösterreich - ca. 145 m ü. A. Standort: Sandsteppe English: Habitus Taxonym: Kali tragus ss Fischer et al. EfÖLS 2008 ISBN 978-3-85474-187-9 Location: nature reserve Erdpresshöhe, Lassee, district Gänserndorf, Lower Austria - ca. 145 m a.s.l. Habitat: sand steppe This media shows the nature reserve in Lower Austria  with the ID 70. ( commons , de )",
      "source_credit": "Own work",
      "access_date": "2026-09-06",
      "identity_verification": {
        "method": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
        "scientific_name": "Salsola tragus",
        "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kali_tragus_sl10.jpg",
        "visible_features_checked": "Dry pale-brown branching plant with persistent spiny bracts and small papery fruiting structures.",
        "species_complex_caveat": "Russian thistle is a species complex, and related Salsola/Kali taxa can form similar tumbleweeds. These are source-identified Salsola tragus/Kali tragus reference photographs; a dry tumbleweed or general habit photograph alone cannot establish species identity.",
        "photographed_in_colorado_claimed": false,
        "source_identified_taxon": "Salsola tragus / Kali tragus",
        "source_categories": [
          "Naturschutzgebiet Erdpresshöhe Lassee",
          "Salsola tragus",
          "Salsoloideae in the Northern Hemisphere in October",
          "Caryophyllales in Lower Austria in October",
          "Salsoloideae in Lower Austria",
          "Caryophyllales in Bezirk Gänserndorf",
          "Pannonian Flora"
        ],
        "source_identification_basis": "Scientific name in the source title, description, and/or displayed Commons taxon category, reviewed against visible morphology."
      },
      "visual_review": {
        "status": "passed",
        "review_date": "2026-09-06",
        "method": "Every selected image visually inspected on the final nine-image contact sheet; replacement Russian sage habit and flower photographs additionally inspected individually at full downloaded resolution. Source descriptions and taxon categories checked for consistency."
      },
      "modifications": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "source_identified_taxon": "Salsola tragus / Kali tragus",
      "common_name": "Russian thistle",
      "source_categories": [
        "Naturschutzgebiet Erdpresshöhe Lassee",
        "Salsola tragus",
        "Salsoloideae in the Northern Hemisphere in October",
        "Caryophyllales in Lower Austria in October",
        "Salsoloideae in Lower Austria",
        "Caryophyllales in Bezirk Gänserndorf",
        "Pannonian Flora"
      ],
      "download_url": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Kali_tragus_sl10.jpg/1280px-Kali_tragus_sl10.jpg",
      "dimensions": {
        "width": 1280,
        "height": 1707
      },
      "sha256": "1003ed81b04a56520c820467ea6ad1308c76bb02a36085ea30629b9005cf8809",
      "byte_size": 556341,
      "original_downloaded": false,
      "attribution": "Kali tragus sl10.jpg — Stefan.lefnaer; CC BY-SA 3.0 at. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kali_tragus_sl10.jpg; license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/at/deed.en. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "plant_id": "russian-thistle",
      "path": "assets/photos/sage-tumbleweed-photos-salsola-tragus-02-11-dried-form.jpg",
      "file": "assets/photos/sage-tumbleweed-photos-salsola-tragus-02-11-dried-form.jpg",
      "width": 1280,
      "height": 1707,
      "bytes": 556341,
      "caption": "Dry pale-brown branching plant with persistent spiny bracts and small papery fruiting structures.",
      "alt": "Salsola tragus: Dry pale-brown branching plant with persistent spiny bracts and small papery fruiting structures.",
      "identification_note": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Russian thistle is a species complex, and related Salsola/Kali taxa can form similar tumbleweeds. These are source-identified Salsola tragus/Kali tragus reference photographs; a dry tumbleweed or general habit photograph alone cannot establish species identity.",
      "changes": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06"
    },
    {
      "id": "sage-tumbleweed-photos-03-01",
      "taxon": "Bassia scoparia",
      "feature": "habit",
      "visible_feature": "Upright bushy green plant with many narrow leaves on densely branched stems.",
      "title": "File:Kochia scoparia 01.JPG",
      "creator": "WildBoar",
      "license": "Public domain",
      "license_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kochia_scoparia_01.JPG#Licensing",
      "available_licenses": [
        {
          "name": "Public domain",
          "url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:Copyright_tags"
        }
      ],
      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kochia_scoparia_01.JPG",
      "original_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/74/Kochia_scoparia_01.JPG",
      "source_description": "English: Bassia scoparia (Syn. Kochia scoparia L. Русский: Bassia scoparia (Syn. Kochia scoparia L. - Прутняк веничный, он же «летний кипарис»",
      "source_credit": "Own work",
      "access_date": "2026-09-06",
      "identity_verification": {
        "method": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
        "scientific_name": "Bassia scoparia",
        "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kochia_scoparia_01.JPG",
        "visible_features_checked": "Upright bushy green plant with many narrow leaves on densely branched stems.",
        "species_complex_caveat": "Kochia scoparia is a synonym of Bassia scoparia. Habit can differ between feral plants and cultivated compact forms; no cultivar or subspecies determination is made from these photographs.",
        "photographed_in_colorado_claimed": false,
        "source_identified_taxon": "Bassia scoparia / Kochia scoparia",
        "source_categories": [
          "Bassia scoparia"
        ],
        "source_identification_basis": "Scientific name in the source title, description, and/or displayed Commons taxon category, reviewed against visible morphology."
      },
      "visual_review": {
        "status": "passed",
        "review_date": "2026-09-06",
        "method": "Every selected image visually inspected on the final nine-image contact sheet; replacement Russian sage habit and flower photographs additionally inspected individually at full downloaded resolution. Source descriptions and taxon categories checked for consistency."
      },
      "modifications": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "source_identified_taxon": "Bassia scoparia / Kochia scoparia",
      "common_name": "Kochia",
      "source_categories": [
        "Bassia scoparia"
      ],
      "download_url": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Kochia_scoparia_01.JPG/1280px-Kochia_scoparia_01.JPG",
      "dimensions": {
        "width": 1280,
        "height": 1707
      },
      "sha256": "ce4856d801e7d031548cb73a85c9b616484532f6141ea45c3597430fab08acbe",
      "byte_size": 669709,
      "original_downloaded": false,
      "attribution": "Kochia scoparia 01.JPG — WildBoar; Public domain. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kochia_scoparia_01.JPG; license: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kochia_scoparia_01.JPG#Licensing. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "plant_id": "kochia",
      "path": "assets/photos/sage-tumbleweed-photos-bassia-scoparia-03-01-habit.jpg",
      "file": "assets/photos/sage-tumbleweed-photos-bassia-scoparia-03-01-habit.jpg",
      "width": 1280,
      "height": 1707,
      "bytes": 669709,
      "caption": "Upright bushy green plant with many narrow leaves on densely branched stems.",
      "alt": "Bassia scoparia: Upright bushy green plant with many narrow leaves on densely branched stems.",
      "identification_note": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Kochia scoparia is a synonym of Bassia scoparia. Habit can differ between feral plants and cultivated compact forms; no cultivar or subspecies determination is made from these photographs.",
      "changes": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06",
      "thumbnail": {
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    },
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      "taxon": "Bassia scoparia",
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      "creator": "Matt Lavin from Bozeman, Montana, USA",
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        "method": "Source scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
        "scientific_name": "Isatis tinctoria",
        "requested_taxon": "Isatis tinctoria",
        "source_page": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/13222215",
        "visible_features_checked": "Close view of small four-petalled yellow flowers and unopened buds.",
        "species_complex_caveat": "",
        "photographed_in_colorado_claimed": false,
        "colorado_source_evidence": null,
        "source_categories": [],
        "source_identification_basis": "Photo belongs to an iNaturalist research-grade observation; exact source taxon, identifications, and photo-specific licensing retained in the archived API record."
      },
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        "review_date": "2026-09-06",
        "method": "Every selected photograph inspected on labelled contact sheets. Replacement images were additionally inspected on candidate sheets. Captions describe visible content."
      },
      "modifications": "iNaturalist large server-resized image; no local crop, colour change, or generative editing.",
      "original_downloaded": false,
      "license_evidence": "Photo-specific iNaturalist API license_code and attribution are retained in raw_source_metadata.photo. iNaturalist license codes map to the displayed CC 4.0 or CC0 1.0 licenses.",
      "attribution": "Isatis tinctoria — observation 13222215, photo 19338209 — Reuven Martin; CC0 1.0. Source: https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/13222215; license: https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/. iNaturalist large server-resized image; no local crop, colour change, or generative editing.",
      "plant_id": "dyers-woad",
      "path": "assets/photos/list-a-photos-isatis-tinctoria-2.jpg",
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      "width": 1024,
      "height": 768,
      "bytes": 265927,
      "alt": "Isatis tinctoria: Close view of small four-petalled yellow flowers and unopened buds.",
      "identification_note": "Source scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
      "changes": "iNaturalist large server-resized image; no local crop, colour change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06",
      "license_record": {
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        "attribution": "no rights reserved",
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    },
    {
      "id": "list-a-photos-05-03",
      "taxon": "Isatis tinctoria",
      "slug": "isatis-tinctoria",
      "access_date": "2026-09-06",
      "provider": "iNaturalist",
      "source_page": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/9381472",
      "photo_page": "https://www.inaturalist.org/photos/12742971",
      "original_url": "https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/12742971/original.jpg",
      "download_url": "https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/12742971/large.jpg",
      "title": "Isatis tinctoria — observation 9381472, photo 12742971",
      "creator": "aroche",
      "creator_role": "Photographer named in photo attribution.",
      "license": "CC BY 4.0",
      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
      "source_description": "Isatis tinctoria; 53424 Remagen, Allemagne",
      "source_credit": "(c) aroche, some rights reserved (CC BY)",
      "source_identified_taxon": "Isatis tinctoria",
      "dimensions": {
        "width": 768,
        "height": 1024
      },
      "sha256": "7bf3c25ba498cce6fe160d3fc370ea7c70dfb83d2c96d9d8f9658859119d1adc",
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      "feature": "habit",
      "visible_feature": "An entire flowering stem with lower foliage growing from a stony surface.",
      "caption": "An entire flowering stem with lower foliage growing from a stony surface.",
      "alt_text": "Isatis tinctoria: An entire flowering stem with lower foliage growing from a stony surface.",
      "requested_synonyms": [],
      "available_licenses": [
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          "name": "CC BY 4.0",
          "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"
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      ],
      "source_categories": [],
      "identity_verification": {
        "method": "Source scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
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        "requested_taxon": "Isatis tinctoria",
        "source_page": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/9381472",
        "visible_features_checked": "An entire flowering stem with lower foliage growing from a stony surface.",
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        "source_categories": [],
        "source_identification_basis": "Photo belongs to an iNaturalist research-grade observation; exact source taxon, identifications, and photo-specific licensing retained in the archived API record."
      },
      "visual_review": {
        "status": "passed",
        "review_date": "2026-09-06",
        "method": "Every selected photograph inspected on labelled contact sheets. Replacement images were additionally inspected on candidate sheets. Captions describe visible content."
      },
      "modifications": "iNaturalist large server-resized image; no local crop, colour change, or generative editing.",
      "original_downloaded": false,
      "license_evidence": "Photo-specific iNaturalist API license_code and attribution are retained in raw_source_metadata.photo. iNaturalist license codes map to the displayed CC 4.0 or CC0 1.0 licenses.",
      "attribution": "Isatis tinctoria — observation 9381472, photo 12742971 — aroche; CC BY 4.0. Source: https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/9381472; license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. iNaturalist large server-resized image; no local crop, colour change, or generative editing.",
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      "alt": "Isatis tinctoria: An entire flowering stem with lower foliage growing from a stony surface.",
      "identification_note": "Source scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
      "changes": "iNaturalist large server-resized image; no local crop, colour change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06",
      "license_record": {
        "id": 12742971,
        "license_code": "cc-by",
        "attribution": "(c) aroche, some rights reserved (CC BY)",
        "original_dimensions": {
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      },
      "metadata_archive_sha256": "a7626dd24cf67271d69351a1b67892147c1652dc2d50c79cc5e1a6d5959265cb"
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    {
      "provider": "iNaturalist",
      "source_page": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/123682558",
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      "original_url": "https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/209553087/original.jpeg",
      "download_url": "https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/209553087/large.jpeg",
      "title": "Brassica elongata integrifolia — observation 123682558, photo 209553087",
      "creator": "Dmitriy Bochkov",
      "creator_role": "Photographer named in photo attribution.",
      "license": "CC BY 4.0",
      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
      "source_description": "Brassica elongata integrifolia; Novaya, Moskva, Russia, 111024",
      "source_credit": "(c) Dmitriy Bochkov, some rights reserved (CC BY)",
      "source_identified_taxon": "Brassica elongata integrifolia",
      "id": "list-a-photos-06-01",
      "taxon": "Brassica elongata",
      "slug": "brassica-elongata",
      "access_date": "2026-09-06",
      "dimensions": {
        "width": 768,
        "height": 1024
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      "sha256": "67432d7624935925511af3df9f191eb93ff4ed1e9c4ed8196e3b7bea4f5b38ae",
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      "feature": "flowering stem",
      "visible_feature": "A branched stem with yellow flowers growing beside paving.",
      "caption": "A branched stem with yellow flowers growing beside paving.",
      "alt_text": "Brassica elongata: A branched stem with yellow flowers growing beside paving.",
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      "identity_verification": {
        "method": "Source scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
        "scientific_name": "Brassica elongata integrifolia",
        "requested_taxon": "Brassica elongata",
        "source_page": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/123682558",
        "visible_features_checked": "A branched stem with yellow flowers growing beside paving.",
        "species_complex_caveat": "The selected observation is identified more narrowly as Brassica elongata integrifolia. That source name is preserved rather than silently relabelled as an unspecified subspecies.",
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        "method": "Every selected photograph inspected on labelled contact sheets. Replacement images were additionally inspected on candidate sheets. Captions describe visible content."
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      "modifications": "iNaturalist large server-resized image; no local crop, colour change, or generative editing.",
      "original_downloaded": false,
      "license_evidence": "Photo-specific iNaturalist API license_code and attribution are retained in raw_source_metadata.photo. iNaturalist license codes map to the displayed CC 4.0 or CC0 1.0 licenses.",
      "attribution": "Brassica elongata integrifolia — observation 123682558, photo 209553087 — Dmitriy Bochkov; CC BY 4.0. Source: https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/123682558; license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. iNaturalist large server-resized image; no local crop, colour change, or generative editing.",
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      "alt": "Brassica elongata: A branched stem with yellow flowers growing beside paving.",
      "identification_note": "Source scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. The selected observation is identified more narrowly as Brassica elongata integrifolia. That source name is preserved rather than silently relabelled as an unspecified subspecies.",
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        "attribution": "(c) Dmitriy Bochkov, some rights reserved (CC BY)",
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        "license": "CC BY 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"
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    {
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      "download_url": "https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/209553236/large.jpeg",
      "title": "Brassica elongata integrifolia — observation 123682558, photo 209553236",
      "creator": "Dmitriy Bochkov",
      "creator_role": "Photographer named in photo attribution.",
      "license": "CC BY 4.0",
      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
      "source_description": "Brassica elongata integrifolia; Novaya, Moskva, Russia, 111024",
      "source_credit": "(c) Dmitriy Bochkov, some rights reserved (CC BY)",
      "source_identified_taxon": "Brassica elongata integrifolia",
      "id": "list-a-photos-06-02",
      "taxon": "Brassica elongata",
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      "access_date": "2026-09-06",
      "dimensions": {
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        "height": 1024
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      "feature": "lower foliage",
      "visible_feature": "Lower leaves and the base of a sprawling stem beside a wall and path.",
      "caption": "Lower leaves and the base of a sprawling stem beside a wall and path.",
      "alt_text": "Brassica elongata: Lower leaves and the base of a sprawling stem beside a wall and path.",
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      "license_evidence": "Photo-specific iNaturalist API license_code and attribution are retained in raw_source_metadata.photo. iNaturalist license codes map to the displayed CC 4.0 or CC0 1.0 licenses.",
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      "identification_note": "Source scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. The selected observation is identified more narrowly as Brassica elongata integrifolia. That source name is preserved rather than silently relabelled as an unspecified subspecies.",
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    {
      "provider": "iNaturalist",
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      "download_url": "https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/209553302/large.jpeg",
      "title": "Brassica elongata integrifolia — observation 123682558, photo 209553302",
      "creator": "Dmitriy Bochkov",
      "creator_role": "Photographer named in photo attribution.",
      "license": "CC BY 4.0",
      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
      "source_description": "Brassica elongata integrifolia; Novaya, Moskva, Russia, 111024",
      "source_credit": "(c) Dmitriy Bochkov, some rights reserved (CC BY)",
      "source_identified_taxon": "Brassica elongata integrifolia",
      "id": "list-a-photos-06-03",
      "taxon": "Brassica elongata",
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      "access_date": "2026-09-06",
      "dimensions": {
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        "height": 1024
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      "feature": "habit",
      "visible_feature": "The flowering plant viewed from above, showing its branching pattern and lower leaves.",
      "caption": "The flowering plant viewed from above, showing its branching pattern and lower leaves.",
      "alt_text": "Brassica elongata: The flowering plant viewed from above, showing its branching pattern and lower leaves.",
      "requested_synonyms": [],
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        "method": "Source scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
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        "source_page": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/123682558",
        "visible_features_checked": "The flowering plant viewed from above, showing its branching pattern and lower leaves.",
        "species_complex_caveat": "The selected observation is identified more narrowly as Brassica elongata integrifolia. That source name is preserved rather than silently relabelled as an unspecified subspecies.",
        "photographed_in_colorado_claimed": false,
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        "source_identification_basis": "Photo belongs to an iNaturalist research-grade observation; exact source taxon, identifications, and photo-specific licensing retained in the archived API record."
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        "method": "Every selected photograph inspected on labelled contact sheets. Replacement images were additionally inspected on candidate sheets. Captions describe visible content."
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      "original_downloaded": false,
      "license_evidence": "Photo-specific iNaturalist API license_code and attribution are retained in raw_source_metadata.photo. iNaturalist license codes map to the displayed CC 4.0 or CC0 1.0 licenses.",
      "attribution": "Brassica elongata integrifolia — observation 123682558, photo 209553302 — Dmitriy Bochkov; CC BY 4.0. Source: https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/123682558; license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. iNaturalist large server-resized image; no local crop, colour change, or generative editing.",
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      "identification_note": "Source scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. The selected observation is identified more narrowly as Brassica elongata integrifolia. That source name is preserved rather than silently relabelled as an unspecified subspecies.",
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      "accessed": "2026-09-06",
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        "attribution": "(c) Dmitriy Bochkov, some rights reserved (CC BY)",
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    {
      "provider": "iNaturalist",
      "source_page": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/29862742",
      "photo_page": "https://www.inaturalist.org/photos/46629677",
      "original_url": "https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/46629677/original.jpeg",
      "download_url": "https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/46629677/large.jpeg",
      "title": "Butomus umbellatus — observation 29862742, photo 46629677",
      "creator": "Jacek Pietruszewski",
      "creator_role": "Photographer named in photo attribution.",
      "license": "CC BY 4.0",
      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
      "source_description": "Butomus umbellatus; Thayatal, AT-NO-BL, AT-NO, AT",
      "source_credit": "(c) Jacek Pietruszewski, some rights reserved (CC BY)",
      "source_identified_taxon": "Butomus umbellatus",
      "id": "list-a-photos-07-01",
      "taxon": "Butomus umbellatus",
      "slug": "butomus-umbellatus",
      "access_date": "2026-09-06",
      "dimensions": {
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      "feature": "flowering umbel",
      "visible_feature": "A cluster of pale pink flowers and buds held on radiating stalks beside open water.",
      "caption": "A cluster of pale pink flowers and buds held on radiating stalks beside open water.",
      "alt_text": "Butomus umbellatus: A cluster of pale pink flowers and buds held on radiating stalks beside open water.",
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          "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"
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      ],
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        "method": "Source scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
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        "requested_taxon": "Butomus umbellatus",
        "source_page": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/29862742",
        "visible_features_checked": "A cluster of pale pink flowers and buds held on radiating stalks beside open water.",
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        "source_categories": [],
        "source_identification_basis": "Photo belongs to an iNaturalist research-grade observation; exact source taxon, identifications, and photo-specific licensing retained in the archived API record."
      },
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      "attribution": "Arundo donax — observation 332542446, photo 603526777 — zebedeugalinha; CC BY 4.0. Source: https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/332542446; license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. iNaturalist large server-resized image; no local crop, colour change, or generative editing.",
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    {
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      ],
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        "method": "Source scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
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      "changes": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no local crop, colour change, or generative editing. Source photographer describes the original as focus-stacked from 20 exposures. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
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      "source_description": "Japanischer Staudenknöterich ( Fallopia japonica , Blätter) in Steyr (Oberösterreich)",
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        "visible_features_checked": "Broad pointed leaves and pale flower clusters viewed against the light.",
        "species_complex_caveat": "Japanese, giant, and Bohemian knotweeds can overlap in overall appearance. These photographs retain the source identification; a field determination should use mature leaf bases, underside hairs, and other diagnostic characters.",
        "photographed_in_colorado_claimed": false,
        "colorado_source_evidence": null,
        "source_categories": [
          "GFDL",
          "License migration redundant",
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          "Polygonaceae in Upper Austria",
          "Caryophyllales in Upper Austria in September",
          "Caryophyllales in Bezirk Steyr-Land",
          "Reynoutria japonica (non-native)",
          "Reynoutria in the Northern Hemisphere in September 2005"
        ],
        "source_identification_basis": "Scientific identification in the Commons source title, description and/or taxon categories; reviewed against visible features."
      },
      "visual_review": {
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        "method": "Every selected photograph inspected on labelled contact sheets. Replacement images were additionally inspected on candidate sheets. Captions describe visible content."
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      "plant_id": "japanese-knotweed",
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      "alt": "Reynoutria japonica: Broad pointed leaves and pale flower clusters viewed against the light.",
      "identification_note": "Source scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Japanese, giant, and Bohemian knotweeds can overlap in overall appearance. These photographs retain the source identification; a field determination should use mature leaf bases, underside hairs, and other diagnostic characters.",
      "changes": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no local crop, colour change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06",
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    },
    {
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      "original_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d0/Reynoutria_japonica_Habitus_BotGardBln0906.jpg",
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      "title": "File:Reynoutria japonica Habitus BotGardBln0906.jpg",
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      "source_description": "Species \n   Fallopia japonica   \n Familia \n  Polygonaceae   \n Location: Botanical Gardens Berlin \n \nHabitus",
      "source_credit": "Own work",
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        "Flora of Berlin in September",
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      "original_downloaded": false,
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      "identification_note": "Source scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Japanese, giant, and Bohemian knotweeds can overlap in overall appearance. These photographs retain the source identification; a field determination should use mature leaf bases, underside hairs, and other diagnostic characters.",
      "changes": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no local crop, colour change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06",
      "metadata_archive_sha256": "7279898fff7134a3661df293cae868f5ebd1f362e7159316e7fdaf1a47904148"
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    {
      "provider": "Wikimedia Commons",
      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Reynoutria_japonica_Houtt._Syn.-_Fallopia_japonica_Houtt_(9221546461).jpg",
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      "title": "File:Reynoutria japonica Houtt. Syn.- Fallopia japonica Houtt (9221546461).jpg",
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      "source_description": "Japanischer Staudenknöterich, Polygonaceae, Deutschland, Bayern, Oberfranken, Selbitz\n \nFoto: U.Schmidt, X.2012",
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      "source_categories": [
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      "download_url": "https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/170078727/large.jpg",
      "title": "Reynoutria sachalinensis — observation 101817066, photo 170078727",
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      "title": "Reynoutria sachalinensis — observation 101817066, photo 170078917",
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    {
      "provider": "iNaturalist",
      "source_page": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/101817066",
      "photo_page": "https://www.inaturalist.org/photos/170079644",
      "original_url": "https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/170079644/original.jpg",
      "download_url": "https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/170079644/large.jpg",
      "title": "Reynoutria sachalinensis — observation 101817066, photo 170079644",
      "creator": "Oleksandr Shynder",
      "creator_role": "Photographer named in photo attribution.",
      "license": "CC BY 4.0",
      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
      "source_description": "Reynoutria sachalinensis; Печерский район, Киев, Украина, 02000",
      "source_credit": "(c) Oleksandr Shynder, some rights reserved (CC BY)",
      "source_identified_taxon": "Reynoutria sachalinensis",
      "id": "list-a-photos-13-03",
      "taxon": "Reynoutria sachalinensis",
      "slug": "reynoutria-sachalinensis",
      "access_date": "2026-09-06",
      "dimensions": {
        "width": 1024,
        "height": 768
      },
      "sha256": "138d2b4288424edb5710631a4e9647b42f9c8d9c07e5be483c6978bec198c878",
      "byte_size": 216326,
      "feature": "leaf hairs",
      "visible_feature": "Magnified leaf surface showing long, slender hairs near veins; the circular viewing field is part of the source photo.",
      "caption": "Magnified leaf surface showing long, slender hairs near veins; the circular viewing field is part of the source photo.",
      "alt_text": "Reynoutria sachalinensis: Magnified leaf surface showing long, slender hairs near veins; the circular viewing field is part of the source photo.",
      "requested_synonyms": [
        "Fallopia sachalinensis"
      ],
      "available_licenses": [
        {
          "name": "CC BY 4.0",
          "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"
        }
      ],
      "source_categories": [],
      "identity_verification": {
        "method": "Source scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
        "scientific_name": "Reynoutria sachalinensis",
        "requested_taxon": "Reynoutria sachalinensis",
        "source_page": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/101817066",
        "visible_features_checked": "Magnified leaf surface showing long, slender hairs near veins; the circular viewing field is part of the source photo.",
        "species_complex_caveat": "Giant knotweed can be confused with Bohemian knotweed. Identification follows the research-grade source; leaf-base and magnified hair views are included, but photos alone do not establish hybrid ancestry.",
        "photographed_in_colorado_claimed": false,
        "colorado_source_evidence": null,
        "source_categories": [],
        "source_identification_basis": "Photo belongs to an iNaturalist research-grade observation; exact source taxon, identifications, and photo-specific licensing retained in the archived API record."
      },
      "visual_review": {
        "status": "passed",
        "review_date": "2026-09-06",
        "method": "Every selected photograph inspected on labelled contact sheets. Replacement images were additionally inspected on candidate sheets. Captions describe visible content."
      },
      "modifications": "iNaturalist large server-resized image; no local crop, colour change, or generative editing.",
      "original_downloaded": false,
      "license_evidence": "Photo-specific iNaturalist API license_code and attribution are retained in raw_source_metadata.photo. iNaturalist license codes map to the displayed CC 4.0 or CC0 1.0 licenses.",
      "attribution": "Reynoutria sachalinensis — observation 101817066, photo 170079644 — Oleksandr Shynder; CC BY 4.0. Source: https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/101817066; license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. iNaturalist large server-resized image; no local crop, colour change, or generative editing.",
      "plant_id": "giant-knotweed",
      "path": "assets/photos/list-a-photos-reynoutria-sachalinensis-3.jpg",
      "file": "assets/photos/list-a-photos-reynoutria-sachalinensis-3.jpg",
      "width": 1024,
      "height": 768,
      "bytes": 216326,
      "alt": "Reynoutria sachalinensis: Magnified leaf surface showing long, slender hairs near veins; the circular viewing field is part of the source photo.",
      "identification_note": "Source scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Giant knotweed can be confused with Bohemian knotweed. Identification follows the research-grade source; leaf-base and magnified hair views are included, but photos alone do not establish hybrid ancestry.",
      "changes": "iNaturalist large server-resized image; no local crop, colour change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06",
      "license_record": {
        "id": 170079644,
        "license_code": "cc-by",
        "attribution": "(c) Oleksandr Shynder, some rights reserved (CC BY)",
        "original_dimensions": {
          "width": 2048,
          "height": 1536
        }
      },
      "metadata_archive_sha256": "803b699050967e2c6a9865f8affcdbec36a3c0c9cd02c404a1f66e8682149d78"
    },
    {
      "provider": "iNaturalist",
      "source_page": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/158864261",
      "photo_page": "https://www.inaturalist.org/photos/274484098",
      "original_url": "https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/274484098/original.jpeg",
      "download_url": "https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/274484098/large.jpeg",
      "title": "Reynoutria × bohemica — observation 158864261, photo 274484098",
      "creator": "Patrick Hacker",
      "creator_role": "Photographer named in photo attribution.",
      "license": "CC BY 4.0",
      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
      "source_description": "Reynoutria × bohemica; Maria Ellend, NÖ, Österreich",
      "source_credit": "(c) Patrick Hacker, some rights reserved (CC BY)",
      "source_identified_taxon": "Reynoutria × bohemica",
      "id": "list-a-photos-14-01",
      "taxon": "Reynoutria × bohemica",
      "slug": "reynoutria-x-bohemica",
      "access_date": "2026-09-06",
      "dimensions": {
        "width": 1024,
        "height": 884
      },
      "sha256": "2a8f3991021f895ec814e603e0223e10fbd0ab221e607347e5826c9746dcefe4",
      "byte_size": 291773,
      "feature": "young foliage",
      "visible_feature": "Young rounded leaves with reddish-purple tones and a folded emerging leaf.",
      "caption": "Young rounded leaves with reddish-purple tones and a folded emerging leaf.",
      "alt_text": "Reynoutria × bohemica: Young rounded leaves with reddish-purple tones and a folded emerging leaf.",
      "requested_synonyms": [
        "Fallopia × bohemica",
        "Fallopia × bohemicum"
      ],
      "available_licenses": [
        {
          "name": "CC BY 4.0",
          "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"
        }
      ],
      "source_categories": [],
      "identity_verification": {
        "method": "Source scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
        "scientific_name": "Reynoutria × bohemica",
        "requested_taxon": "Reynoutria × bohemica",
        "source_page": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/158864261",
        "visible_features_checked": "Young rounded leaves with reddish-purple tones and a folded emerging leaf.",
        "species_complex_caveat": "This is the source-identified hybrid, not a substituted parent species. The selected observation is research grade; these views show young foliage and leaf hairs, and are not a genetic or specimen-based confirmation of hybridity.",
        "photographed_in_colorado_claimed": false,
        "colorado_source_evidence": null,
        "source_categories": [],
        "source_identification_basis": "Photo belongs to an iNaturalist research-grade observation; exact source taxon, identifications, and photo-specific licensing retained in the archived API record."
      },
      "visual_review": {
        "status": "passed",
        "review_date": "2026-09-06",
        "method": "Every selected photograph inspected on labelled contact sheets. Replacement images were additionally inspected on candidate sheets. Captions describe visible content."
      },
      "modifications": "iNaturalist large server-resized image; no local crop, colour change, or generative editing.",
      "original_downloaded": false,
      "license_evidence": "Photo-specific iNaturalist API license_code and attribution are retained in raw_source_metadata.photo. iNaturalist license codes map to the displayed CC 4.0 or CC0 1.0 licenses.",
      "attribution": "Reynoutria × bohemica — observation 158864261, photo 274484098 — Patrick Hacker; CC BY 4.0. Source: https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/158864261; license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. iNaturalist large server-resized image; no local crop, colour change, or generative editing.",
      "plant_id": "bohemian-knotweed",
      "path": "assets/photos/list-a-photos-reynoutria-x-bohemica-1.jpg",
      "file": "assets/photos/list-a-photos-reynoutria-x-bohemica-1.jpg",
      "width": 1024,
      "height": 884,
      "bytes": 291773,
      "alt": "Reynoutria × bohemica: Young rounded leaves with reddish-purple tones and a folded emerging leaf.",
      "identification_note": "Source scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. This is the source-identified hybrid, not a substituted parent species. The selected observation is research grade; these views show young foliage and leaf hairs, and are not a genetic or specimen-based confirmation of hybridity.",
      "changes": "iNaturalist large server-resized image; no local crop, colour change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06",
      "license_record": {
        "id": 274484098,
        "license_code": "cc-by",
        "attribution": "(c) Patrick Hacker, some rights reserved (CC BY)",
        "original_dimensions": {
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          "height": 1768
        }
      },
      "metadata_archive_sha256": "fb3684e1855559d208ee8b74ec9a6a43106a53376b7761304ef06c76070f4aca",
      "thumbnail": {
        "path": "assets/thumbs/bohemian-knotweed.webp",
        "width": 640,
        "height": 553,
        "sha256": "49498993f2e0d509efa60324330f92825543e17767ab5ebeb582d15d8bc4be78",
        "parent_sha256": "2a8f3991021f895ec814e603e0223e10fbd0ab221e607347e5826c9746dcefe4",
        "changes": "Scaled within 640 by 640 pixels and converted to WebP at quality 82. No crop or generative changes to the file; CSS may crop catalog display.",
        "license": "CC BY 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"
      }
    },
    {
      "provider": "iNaturalist",
      "source_page": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/158864261",
      "photo_page": "https://www.inaturalist.org/photos/274484178",
      "original_url": "https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/274484178/original.jpeg",
      "download_url": "https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/274484178/large.jpeg",
      "title": "Reynoutria × bohemica — observation 158864261, photo 274484178",
      "creator": "Patrick Hacker",
      "creator_role": "Photographer named in photo attribution.",
      "license": "CC BY 4.0",
      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
      "source_description": "Reynoutria × bohemica; Maria Ellend, NÖ, Österreich",
      "source_credit": "(c) Patrick Hacker, some rights reserved (CC BY)",
      "source_identified_taxon": "Reynoutria × bohemica",
      "id": "list-a-photos-14-02",
      "taxon": "Reynoutria × bohemica",
      "slug": "reynoutria-x-bohemica",
      "access_date": "2026-09-06",
      "dimensions": {
        "width": 1024,
        "height": 1024
      },
      "sha256": "a8b26509bb1074ae453f91deff4993bec61029aae98a540a234f23c2465b9ea4",
      "byte_size": 361241,
      "feature": "leaf hairs",
      "visible_feature": "Magnified view of a leaf edge and vein with short projecting hairs.",
      "caption": "Magnified view of a leaf edge and vein with short projecting hairs.",
      "alt_text": "Reynoutria × bohemica: Magnified view of a leaf edge and vein with short projecting hairs.",
      "requested_synonyms": [
        "Fallopia × bohemica",
        "Fallopia × bohemicum"
      ],
      "available_licenses": [
        {
          "name": "CC BY 4.0",
          "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"
        }
      ],
      "source_categories": [],
      "identity_verification": {
        "method": "Source scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
        "scientific_name": "Reynoutria × bohemica",
        "requested_taxon": "Reynoutria × bohemica",
        "source_page": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/158864261",
        "visible_features_checked": "Magnified view of a leaf edge and vein with short projecting hairs.",
        "species_complex_caveat": "This is the source-identified hybrid, not a substituted parent species. The selected observation is research grade; these views show young foliage and leaf hairs, and are not a genetic or specimen-based confirmation of hybridity.",
        "photographed_in_colorado_claimed": false,
        "colorado_source_evidence": null,
        "source_categories": [],
        "source_identification_basis": "Photo belongs to an iNaturalist research-grade observation; exact source taxon, identifications, and photo-specific licensing retained in the archived API record."
      },
      "visual_review": {
        "status": "passed",
        "review_date": "2026-09-06",
        "method": "Every selected photograph inspected on labelled contact sheets. Replacement images were additionally inspected on candidate sheets. Captions describe visible content."
      },
      "modifications": "iNaturalist large server-resized image; no local crop, colour change, or generative editing.",
      "original_downloaded": false,
      "license_evidence": "Photo-specific iNaturalist API license_code and attribution are retained in raw_source_metadata.photo. iNaturalist license codes map to the displayed CC 4.0 or CC0 1.0 licenses.",
      "attribution": "Reynoutria × bohemica — observation 158864261, photo 274484178 — Patrick Hacker; CC BY 4.0. Source: https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/158864261; license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. iNaturalist large server-resized image; no local crop, colour change, or generative editing.",
      "plant_id": "bohemian-knotweed",
      "path": "assets/photos/list-a-photos-reynoutria-x-bohemica-2.jpg",
      "file": "assets/photos/list-a-photos-reynoutria-x-bohemica-2.jpg",
      "width": 1024,
      "height": 1024,
      "bytes": 361241,
      "alt": "Reynoutria × bohemica: Magnified view of a leaf edge and vein with short projecting hairs.",
      "identification_note": "Source scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. This is the source-identified hybrid, not a substituted parent species. The selected observation is research grade; these views show young foliage and leaf hairs, and are not a genetic or specimen-based confirmation of hybridity.",
      "changes": "iNaturalist large server-resized image; no local crop, colour change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06",
      "license_record": {
        "id": 274484178,
        "license_code": "cc-by",
        "attribution": "(c) Patrick Hacker, some rights reserved (CC BY)",
        "original_dimensions": {
          "width": 2048,
          "height": 2048
        }
      },
      "metadata_archive_sha256": "9b26f1148e1a019cf549e49f778d1fc80855c9c09b093b7ab710d6fb88301ece"
    },
    {
      "provider": "iNaturalist",
      "source_page": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/158864261",
      "photo_page": "https://www.inaturalist.org/photos/274484247",
      "original_url": "https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/274484247/original.jpeg",
      "download_url": "https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/274484247/large.jpeg",
      "title": "Reynoutria × bohemica — observation 158864261, photo 274484247",
      "creator": "Patrick Hacker",
      "creator_role": "Photographer named in photo attribution.",
      "license": "CC BY 4.0",
      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
      "source_description": "Reynoutria × bohemica; Maria Ellend, NÖ, Österreich",
      "source_credit": "(c) Patrick Hacker, some rights reserved (CC BY)",
      "source_identified_taxon": "Reynoutria × bohemica",
      "id": "list-a-photos-14-03",
      "taxon": "Reynoutria × bohemica",
      "slug": "reynoutria-x-bohemica",
      "access_date": "2026-09-06",
      "dimensions": {
        "width": 1024,
        "height": 683
      },
      "sha256": "5ad09a998e3f42a51d1bbe8a3e052cf59d486819242192c2495f9bb136475c67",
      "byte_size": 395950,
      "feature": "young growth",
      "visible_feature": "A small young knotweed shoot with purplish leaves in mixed low vegetation.",
      "caption": "A small young knotweed shoot with purplish leaves in mixed low vegetation.",
      "alt_text": "Reynoutria × bohemica: A small young knotweed shoot with purplish leaves in mixed low vegetation.",
      "requested_synonyms": [
        "Fallopia × bohemica",
        "Fallopia × bohemicum"
      ],
      "available_licenses": [
        {
          "name": "CC BY 4.0",
          "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"
        }
      ],
      "source_categories": [],
      "identity_verification": {
        "method": "Source scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
        "scientific_name": "Reynoutria × bohemica",
        "requested_taxon": "Reynoutria × bohemica",
        "source_page": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/158864261",
        "visible_features_checked": "A small young knotweed shoot with purplish leaves in mixed low vegetation.",
        "species_complex_caveat": "This is the source-identified hybrid, not a substituted parent species. The selected observation is research grade; these views show young foliage and leaf hairs, and are not a genetic or specimen-based confirmation of hybridity.",
        "photographed_in_colorado_claimed": false,
        "colorado_source_evidence": null,
        "source_categories": [],
        "source_identification_basis": "Photo belongs to an iNaturalist research-grade observation; exact source taxon, identifications, and photo-specific licensing retained in the archived API record."
      },
      "visual_review": {
        "status": "passed",
        "review_date": "2026-09-06",
        "method": "Every selected photograph inspected on labelled contact sheets. Replacement images were additionally inspected on candidate sheets. Captions describe visible content."
      },
      "modifications": "iNaturalist large server-resized image; no local crop, colour change, or generative editing.",
      "original_downloaded": false,
      "license_evidence": "Photo-specific iNaturalist API license_code and attribution are retained in raw_source_metadata.photo. iNaturalist license codes map to the displayed CC 4.0 or CC0 1.0 licenses.",
      "attribution": "Reynoutria × bohemica — observation 158864261, photo 274484247 — Patrick Hacker; CC BY 4.0. Source: https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/158864261; license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. iNaturalist large server-resized image; no local crop, colour change, or generative editing.",
      "plant_id": "bohemian-knotweed",
      "path": "assets/photos/list-a-photos-reynoutria-x-bohemica-3.jpg",
      "file": "assets/photos/list-a-photos-reynoutria-x-bohemica-3.jpg",
      "width": 1024,
      "height": 683,
      "bytes": 395950,
      "alt": "Reynoutria × bohemica: A small young knotweed shoot with purplish leaves in mixed low vegetation.",
      "identification_note": "Source scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. This is the source-identified hybrid, not a substituted parent species. The selected observation is research grade; these views show young foliage and leaf hairs, and are not a genetic or specimen-based confirmation of hybridity.",
      "changes": "iNaturalist large server-resized image; no local crop, colour change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06",
      "license_record": {
        "id": 274484247,
        "license_code": "cc-by",
        "attribution": "(c) Patrick Hacker, some rights reserved (CC BY)",
        "original_dimensions": {
          "width": 2048,
          "height": 1365
        }
      },
      "metadata_archive_sha256": "05236e03ef07fd8b6f19bae6eb2f1e80a61e9a5dfdd8468536a867829b0ec470"
    },
    {
      "provider": "Wikimedia Commons",
      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Centaurea_%C3%97_moncktonii_5435714.jpg",
      "original_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/11/Centaurea_%C3%97_moncktonii_5435714.jpg",
      "download_url": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Centaurea_%C3%97_moncktonii_5435714.jpg/960px-Centaurea_%C3%97_moncktonii_5435714.jpg",
      "title": "File:Centaurea × moncktonii 5435714.jpg",
      "creator": "Eric Coombs, Oregon Department of Agriculture, Bugwood.org",
      "license": "CC BY 3.0 us",
      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/us/deed.en",
      "source_description": "Centaurea moncktonii  C. E. Britton [C. jacea × C. nigra] (meadow knapweed)",
      "source_credit": "This image is  Image Number 5435714  at  Invasive.org , a source for images of invasive and exotic species operated by  The Bugwood Network  at the University of Georgia and the  USDA APHIS Plant Protection and Quarantine program .",
      "source_categories": [
        "Files from external sources with reviewed licenses",
        "Centaurea × moncktonii",
        "Images from Invasive.org"
      ],
      "source_identified_taxon": "Centaurea × moncktonii",
      "id": "list-a-photos-15-01",
      "taxon": "Centaurea × moncktonii",
      "slug": "centaurea-x-moncktonii",
      "access_date": "2026-09-06",
      "dimensions": {
        "width": 960,
        "height": 720
      },
      "sha256": "d9b71cf6c4596c63b51a607a5b86f9f47c7e8261869d3260cb7bfb31060abca0",
      "byte_size": 198805,
      "feature": "flowers",
      "visible_feature": "A purple flower head among additional buds and spent heads.",
      "caption": "A purple flower head among additional buds and spent heads.",
      "alt_text": "Centaurea × moncktonii: A purple flower head among additional buds and spent heads.",
      "requested_synonyms": [
        "Centaurea moncktonii"
      ],
      "available_licenses": [
        {
          "name": "CC BY 3.0 us",
          "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/us/deed.en"
        }
      ],
      "identity_verification": {
        "method": "Source scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
        "scientific_name": "Centaurea × moncktonii",
        "requested_taxon": "Centaurea × moncktonii",
        "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Centaurea_%C3%97_moncktonii_5435714.jpg",
        "visible_features_checked": "A purple flower head among additional buds and spent heads.",
        "species_complex_caveat": "This is the source-identified hybrid meadow knapweed (C. jacea × C. nigra). The complex overlaps morphologically; the photographs do not independently establish hybrid ancestry.",
        "photographed_in_colorado_claimed": false,
        "colorado_source_evidence": null,
        "source_categories": [
          "Files from external sources with reviewed licenses",
          "Centaurea × moncktonii",
          "Images from Invasive.org"
        ],
        "source_identification_basis": "Scientific identification in the Commons source title, description and/or taxon categories; reviewed against visible features."
      },
      "visual_review": {
        "status": "passed",
        "review_date": "2026-09-06",
        "method": "Every selected photograph inspected on labelled contact sheets. Replacement images were additionally inspected on candidate sheets. Captions describe visible content."
      },
      "modifications": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no local crop, colour change, or generative editing.",
      "original_downloaded": false,
      "license_evidence": "Photo-specific Commons imageinfo licensing metadata is retained in raw_source_metadata.",
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      "title": "Myriophyllum aquaticum — observation 327259315, photo 592853044",
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      "title": "Lythrum salicaria — observation 281222505, photo 505029214",
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        "review_date": "2026-09-06",
        "method": "Every selected photograph inspected on labelled contact sheets. Replacement images were additionally inspected on candidate sheets. Captions describe visible content."
      },
      "modifications": "iNaturalist large server-resized image; no local crop, colour change, or generative editing.",
      "original_downloaded": false,
      "license_evidence": "Photo-specific iNaturalist API license_code and attribution are retained in raw_source_metadata.photo. iNaturalist license codes map to the displayed CC 4.0 or CC0 1.0 licenses.",
      "attribution": "Chondrilla juncea — observation 87516388, photo 144314499 — KAnatoliy; CC BY 4.0. Source: https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/87516388; license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. iNaturalist large server-resized image; no local crop, colour change, or generative editing.",
      "plant_id": "rush-skeletonweed",
      "path": "assets/photos/list-a-photos-chondrilla-juncea-3.jpg",
      "file": "assets/photos/list-a-photos-chondrilla-juncea-3.jpg",
      "width": 768,
      "height": 1024,
      "bytes": 811866,
      "alt": "Chondrilla juncea: A dense upright plant with many thin branches and small developing or spent heads.",
      "identification_note": "Source scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
      "changes": "iNaturalist large server-resized image; no local crop, colour change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06",
      "license_record": {
        "id": 144314499,
        "license_code": "cc-by",
        "attribution": "(c) KAnatoliy, some rights reserved (CC BY)",
        "original_dimensions": {
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        }
      },
      "metadata_archive_sha256": "3df755b50f045ac782a02addae537b0720c5eb811d929dcc89d7a7c148d50546"
    },
    {
      "id": "list-a-photos-22-01",
      "taxon": "Centaurea virgata",
      "slug": "centaurea-virgata",
      "access_date": "2026-09-06",
      "provider": "iNaturalist",
      "source_page": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/238399194",
      "photo_page": "https://www.inaturalist.org/photos/424414396",
      "original_url": "https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/424414396/original.jpg",
      "download_url": "https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/424414396/large.jpg",
      "title": "Centaurea virgata squarrosa — observation 238399194, photo 424414396",
      "creator": "Alexander Dubynin",
      "creator_role": "Photographer named in photo attribution.",
      "license": "CC BY 4.0",
      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
      "source_description": "Centaurea virgata squarrosa; Жамбылский район, Казахстан",
      "source_credit": "(c) Alexander Dubynin, some rights reserved (CC BY)",
      "source_identified_taxon": "Centaurea virgata squarrosa",
      "dimensions": {
        "width": 1024,
        "height": 1024
      },
      "sha256": "28d1a563fc32b2db96f168f5305a488d4d77afffbc1e064d94c6addf4fa787e7",
      "byte_size": 325358,
      "feature": "flower and head",
      "visible_feature": "A small pink-purple flower head and slender leafy stem held in front of a hand.",
      "caption": "A small pink-purple flower head and slender leafy stem held in front of a hand.",
      "alt_text": "Centaurea virgata: A small pink-purple flower head and slender leafy stem held in front of a hand.",
      "requested_synonyms": [],
      "available_licenses": [
        {
          "name": "CC BY 4.0",
          "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"
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      ],
      "source_categories": [],
      "identity_verification": {
        "method": "Source scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
        "scientific_name": "Centaurea virgata squarrosa",
        "requested_taxon": "Centaurea virgata",
        "source_page": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/238399194",
        "visible_features_checked": "A small pink-purple flower head and slender leafy stem held in front of a hand.",
        "species_complex_caveat": "The selected observations are identified more narrowly as Centaurea virgata squarrosa. The source subspecies name is preserved.",
        "photographed_in_colorado_claimed": false,
        "colorado_source_evidence": null,
        "source_categories": [],
        "source_identification_basis": "Photo belongs to an iNaturalist research-grade observation; exact source taxon, identifications, and photo-specific licensing retained in the archived API record."
      },
      "visual_review": {
        "status": "passed",
        "review_date": "2026-09-06",
        "method": "Every selected photograph inspected on labelled contact sheets. Replacement images were additionally inspected on candidate sheets. Captions describe visible content."
      },
      "modifications": "iNaturalist large server-resized image; no local crop, colour change, or generative editing.",
      "original_downloaded": false,
      "license_evidence": "Photo-specific iNaturalist API license_code and attribution are retained in raw_source_metadata.photo. iNaturalist license codes map to the displayed CC 4.0 or CC0 1.0 licenses.",
      "attribution": "Centaurea virgata squarrosa — observation 238399194, photo 424414396 — Alexander Dubynin; CC BY 4.0. Source: https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/238399194; license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. iNaturalist large server-resized image; no local crop, colour change, or generative editing.",
      "plant_id": "squarrose-knapweed",
      "path": "assets/photos/list-a-photos-centaurea-virgata-1.jpg",
      "file": "assets/photos/list-a-photos-centaurea-virgata-1.jpg",
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      "height": 1024,
      "bytes": 325358,
      "alt": "Centaurea virgata: A small pink-purple flower head and slender leafy stem held in front of a hand.",
      "identification_note": "Source scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. The selected observations are identified more narrowly as Centaurea virgata squarrosa. The source subspecies name is preserved.",
      "changes": "iNaturalist large server-resized image; no local crop, colour change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06",
      "license_record": {
        "id": 424414396,
        "license_code": "cc-by",
        "attribution": "(c) Alexander Dubynin, some rights reserved (CC BY)",
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      "metadata_archive_sha256": "c4248e8d2e5ac6577055d72b1045ed0af03503ca5731f0bf841aaef418ea6a70",
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        "width": 640,
        "height": 640,
        "sha256": "a07ccb98fcf3e964b1648e7f6436dd62fd58a1d1a34e0032e0a9a5da9741be5a",
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        "changes": "Scaled within 640 by 640 pixels and converted to WebP at quality 82. No crop or generative changes to the file; CSS may crop catalog display.",
        "license": "CC BY 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"
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    },
    {
      "provider": "iNaturalist",
      "source_page": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/274426317",
      "photo_page": "https://www.inaturalist.org/photos/493336493",
      "original_url": "https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/493336493/original.jpg",
      "download_url": "https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/493336493/large.jpg",
      "title": "Centaurea virgata squarrosa — observation 274426317, photo 493336493",
      "creator": "Alexander Dubynin",
      "creator_role": "Photographer named in photo attribution.",
      "license": "CC BY 4.0",
      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
      "source_description": "Centaurea virgata squarrosa; Qonayev, Казахстан",
      "source_credit": "(c) Alexander Dubynin, some rights reserved (CC BY)",
      "source_identified_taxon": "Centaurea virgata squarrosa",
      "id": "list-a-photos-22-02",
      "taxon": "Centaurea virgata",
      "slug": "centaurea-virgata",
      "access_date": "2026-09-06",
      "dimensions": {
        "width": 1024,
        "height": 1024
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      "sha256": "243cb2d9a7df592a8cae7a1cecc8eb9ec228d1db492249c45f436180a3a148f8",
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      "feature": "dry heads",
      "visible_feature": "A slender branching stalk with dry flower heads held for viewing.",
      "caption": "A slender branching stalk with dry flower heads held for viewing.",
      "alt_text": "Centaurea virgata: A slender branching stalk with dry flower heads held for viewing.",
      "requested_synonyms": [],
      "available_licenses": [
        {
          "name": "CC BY 4.0",
          "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"
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      ],
      "source_categories": [],
      "identity_verification": {
        "method": "Source scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
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        "visible_features_checked": "A slender branching stalk with dry flower heads held for viewing.",
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      },
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        "method": "Every selected photograph inspected on labelled contact sheets. Replacement images were additionally inspected on candidate sheets. Captions describe visible content."
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      "original_downloaded": false,
      "license_evidence": "Photo-specific iNaturalist API license_code and attribution are retained in raw_source_metadata.photo. iNaturalist license codes map to the displayed CC 4.0 or CC0 1.0 licenses.",
      "attribution": "Centaurea virgata squarrosa — observation 274426317, photo 493336493 — Alexander Dubynin; CC BY 4.0. Source: https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/274426317; license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. iNaturalist large server-resized image; no local crop, colour change, or generative editing.",
      "plant_id": "squarrose-knapweed",
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      "alt": "Centaurea virgata: A slender branching stalk with dry flower heads held for viewing.",
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      "changes": "iNaturalist large server-resized image; no local crop, colour change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
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      "license_record": {
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        "attribution": "(c) Alexander Dubynin, some rights reserved (CC BY)",
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      "metadata_archive_sha256": "0fab26a0963e429fc2bf89f8fd7be08cc5c5b01b2cdf49a7445447c227bdb0e4"
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    {
      "provider": "iNaturalist",
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      "download_url": "https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/493336428/large.jpg",
      "title": "Centaurea virgata squarrosa — observation 274426317, photo 493336428",
      "creator": "Alexander Dubynin",
      "creator_role": "Photographer named in photo attribution.",
      "license": "CC BY 4.0",
      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
      "source_description": "Centaurea virgata squarrosa; Qonayev, Казахстан",
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      "source_identified_taxon": "Centaurea virgata squarrosa",
      "id": "list-a-photos-22-03",
      "taxon": "Centaurea virgata",
      "slug": "centaurea-virgata",
      "access_date": "2026-09-06",
      "dimensions": {
        "width": 1024,
        "height": 1024
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      "sha256": "ca48bf2f9a0ac6aba755b108c5041ce8332f42a19008c3abe1d14f7d8a19d733",
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      "feature": "habit",
      "visible_feature": "A low, spreading, finely branched plant with narrow divided foliage in dry rocky ground.",
      "caption": "A low, spreading, finely branched plant with narrow divided foliage in dry rocky ground.",
      "alt_text": "Centaurea virgata: A low, spreading, finely branched plant with narrow divided foliage in dry rocky ground.",
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        "method": "Source scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
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        "species_complex_caveat": "The selected observations are identified more narrowly as Centaurea virgata squarrosa. The source subspecies name is preserved.",
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        "source_identification_basis": "Photo belongs to an iNaturalist research-grade observation; exact source taxon, identifications, and photo-specific licensing retained in the archived API record."
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      "plant_id": "squarrose-knapweed",
      "path": "assets/photos/list-a-photos-centaurea-virgata-3.jpg",
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      "changes": "iNaturalist large server-resized image; no local crop, colour change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06",
      "license_record": {
        "id": 493336428,
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        "attribution": "(c) Alexander Dubynin, some rights reserved (CC BY)",
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      "metadata_archive_sha256": "5c4c2befdeeeaf049e8410fa1217f25d475d27af5f91cba99554e7b42b8f0a20"
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    {
      "provider": "iNaturalist",
      "source_page": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/126244220",
      "photo_page": "https://www.inaturalist.org/photos/214180355",
      "original_url": "https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/214180355/original.jpg",
      "download_url": "https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/214180355/large.jpg",
      "title": "Jacobaea vulgaris — observation 126244220, photo 214180355",
      "creator": "jamie-aa",
      "creator_role": "Photographer named in photo attribution.",
      "license": "CC BY 4.0",
      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
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      "source_credit": "(c) jamie-aa, some rights reserved (CC BY)",
      "source_identified_taxon": "Jacobaea vulgaris",
      "id": "list-a-photos-23-01",
      "taxon": "Jacobaea vulgaris",
      "slug": "jacobaea-vulgaris",
      "access_date": "2026-09-06",
      "dimensions": {
        "width": 768,
        "height": 1024
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      "sha256": "4dc77bd6591d9ff595f1df63fab2dc17a6bf2fcea8192248fafc8e6193a67312",
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      "feature": "flowering habit",
      "visible_feature": "An upright flowering plant with yellow heads and deeply divided leaves.",
      "caption": "An upright flowering plant with yellow heads and deeply divided leaves.",
      "alt_text": "Jacobaea vulgaris: An upright flowering plant with yellow heads and deeply divided leaves.",
      "requested_synonyms": [
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      "available_licenses": [
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      ],
      "source_categories": [],
      "identity_verification": {
        "method": "Source scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
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        "requested_taxon": "Jacobaea vulgaris",
        "source_page": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/126244220",
        "visible_features_checked": "An upright flowering plant with yellow heads and deeply divided leaves.",
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      "visual_review": {
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      "modifications": "iNaturalist large server-resized image; no local crop, colour change, or generative editing.",
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      "license_evidence": "Photo-specific iNaturalist API license_code and attribution are retained in raw_source_metadata.photo. iNaturalist license codes map to the displayed CC 4.0 or CC0 1.0 licenses.",
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      "alt": "Jacobaea vulgaris: An upright flowering plant with yellow heads and deeply divided leaves.",
      "identification_note": "Source scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
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      "accessed": "2026-09-06",
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    },
    {
      "provider": "iNaturalist",
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      "download_url": "https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/214200970/large.jpeg",
      "title": "Jacobaea vulgaris — observation 126244220, photo 214200970",
      "creator": "jamie-aa",
      "creator_role": "Photographer named in photo attribution.",
      "license": "CC BY 4.0",
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      "source_description": "Jacobaea vulgaris; Kingston upon Thames, New Malden, England, GB",
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      "source_identified_taxon": "Jacobaea vulgaris",
      "id": "list-a-photos-23-02",
      "taxon": "Jacobaea vulgaris",
      "slug": "jacobaea-vulgaris",
      "access_date": "2026-09-06",
      "dimensions": {
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        "height": 768
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      "sha256": "3e715debf5c704a7c881c3f29225763299e301fcfee42bfe50bcaf24c971abe8",
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      "feature": "flower heads",
      "visible_feature": "Close view of yellow ray florets and central disks on several heads.",
      "caption": "Close view of yellow ray florets and central disks on several heads.",
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      ],
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      "identity_verification": {
        "method": "Source scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
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        "visible_features_checked": "Close view of yellow ray florets and central disks on several heads.",
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      "title": "Jacobaea vulgaris — observation 126244220, photo 214200978",
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      "title": "Centaurea solstitialis — observation 78210836, photo 127963997",
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      "id": "list-bc-photos-saponaria-officinalis-06",
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      "id": "list-bc-photos-saponaria-officinalis-09",
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      "location_evidence": "Clematis orientalis in the Botanischer Garten, Berlin-Dahlem",
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      "plant_id": "chinese-clematis",
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      "id": "list-bc-photos-tanacetum-vulgare-01",
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      "id": "list-bc-photos-tanacetum-vulgare-05",
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    {
      "id": "list-bc-photos-tanacetum-vulgare-18",
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          "Asteraceae in August",
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    {
      "id": "list-bc-photos-lepidium-draba-02",
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      "feature": "green flowering stems",
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      }
    },
    {
      "id": "list-bc-photos-aegilops-cylindrica-06",
      "scientific_name": "Aegilops cylindrica",
      "view": "spikelet detail",
      "caption": "Source photographic plate showing jointed goatgrass spikelets and their attachment to the spike axis, with a 5 mm scale.",
      "alt_text": "Source photographic plate showing jointed goatgrass spikelets and their attachment to the spike axis, with a 5 mm scale.",
      "file": "assets/photos/list-bc-photos-aegilops-cylindrica-06.jpg",
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        "inspected": true,
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        "observed": "Source photographic plate showing jointed goatgrass spikelets and their attachment to the spike axis, with a 5 mm scale.",
        "note": "Factual source photographic plate or flatbed scan, not a drawing or generative image; retained as supplied."
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      "photo_date_as_recorded": "2015-06-25 20:59:52",
      "location_evidence": "Spikelets Taxonym: Aegilops cylindrica ss Fischer et al. EfÖLS 2008 ISBN 978-3-85474-187-9 ; det. Gergely Király 2015-06-07 Location: Veszprém County, Hungary - ca. 200 m a.s.l. Habitat: slope",
      "derivative_changes": "Wikimedia-generated thumbnail rescaling only; downloaded bytes unchanged.",
      "attribution_text": "Stefan.lefnaer / Wikimedia Commons / CC BY-SA 4.0",
      "plant_id": "jointed-goatgrass",
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      "taxon": "Aegilops cylindrica",
      "feature": "spikelet detail",
      "alt": "Source photographic plate showing jointed goatgrass spikelets and their attachment to the spike axis, with a 5 mm scale.",
      "identification_note": "Source-identified photograph with visual consistency check Spikelets Taxonym: Aegilops cylindrica ss Fischer et al. EfÖLS 2008 ISBN 978-3-85474-187-9 ; det. Gergely Király 2015-06-07 Location: Veszprém County, Hungary - ca. 200 m a.s.l. Habitat: slope Source labeling and visible consistency checked; not an independent specimen determination.",
      "changes": "Wikimedia-generated thumbnail rescaling only; downloaded bytes unchanged. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06",
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    },
    {
      "id": "list-bc-photos-aegilops-cylindrica-07",
      "scientific_name": "Aegilops cylindrica",
      "view": "maturing stand",
      "caption": "Slender jointed-goatgrass stems and cylindrical spikes turning reddish brown in a dense stand.",
      "alt_text": "Slender jointed-goatgrass stems and cylindrical spikes turning reddish brown in a dense stand.",
      "file": "assets/photos/list-bc-photos-aegilops-cylindrica-07.jpg",
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        "inspected": true,
        "method": "Individual photo and contact-sheet inspection",
        "observed": "Slender jointed-goatgrass stems and cylindrical spikes turning reddish brown in a dense stand."
      },
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        "https://www.flickr.com/people/35478170@N08"
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      "license": "CC BY-SA 2.0",
      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0",
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      "attribution_required": true,
      "share_alike_required": true,
      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Aegilops_cylindrica_(3822187792).jpg",
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      "downloaded_variant": "Wikimedia Commons photographic thumbnail",
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      "original_width": 2272,
      "original_height": 1704,
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        "https://www.flickr.com/photos/plant_diversity/3822187792/"
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        "status": "Source-identified photograph with visual consistency check",
        "source_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Aegilops_cylindrica_(3822187792).jpg",
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          "Files uploaded from Flickr by Jacopo Werther via Bot",
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      "attribution_text": "Matt Lavin from Bozeman, Montana, USA / Wikimedia Commons / CC BY-SA 2.0",
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      "changes": "Wikimedia-generated thumbnail rescaling only; downloaded bytes unchanged. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
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    },
    {
      "id": "list-bc-photos-anthemis-cotula-03",
      "scientific_name": "Anthemis cotula",
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      "caption": "Mayweed chamomile heads with white rays around raised yellow centers.",
      "alt_text": "Mayweed chamomile heads with white rays around raised yellow centers.",
      "file": "assets/photos/list-bc-photos-anthemis-cotula-03.jpg",
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        "inspected": true,
        "method": "Individual photo and contact-sheet inspection",
        "observed": "Mayweed chamomile heads with white rays around raised yellow centers."
      },
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      "creator": "NY State IPM Program at Cornell University from New York, USA",
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      "share_alike_required": false,
      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Anthemis_cotula_-_flowers_(closeup)_(18744849431).jpg",
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        "status": "Source-identified photograph with visual consistency check",
        "source_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Anthemis_cotula_-_flowers_(closeup)_(18744849431).jpg",
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      "attribution_text": "NY State IPM Program at Cornell University from New York, USA / Wikimedia Commons / CC BY 2.0",
      "plant_id": "mayweed-chamomile",
      "path": "assets/photos/list-bc-photos-anthemis-cotula-03.jpg",
      "taxon": "Anthemis cotula",
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    },
    {
      "id": "list-bc-photos-anthemis-cotula-06",
      "scientific_name": "Anthemis cotula",
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      "caption": "A broad, branching mayweed chamomile plant covered with numerous small white-and-yellow flower heads.",
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        "method": "Individual photo and contact-sheet inspection",
        "observed": "A broad, branching mayweed chamomile plant covered with numerous small white-and-yellow flower heads."
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      "share_alike_required": false,
      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Anthemis_cotula_-_whole_plant_(18737495852).jpg",
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      "attribution_text": "NY State IPM Program at Cornell University from New York, USA / Wikimedia Commons / CC BY 2.0",
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      "taxon": "Anthemis cotula",
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      "changes": "Wikimedia-generated thumbnail rescaling only; downloaded bytes unchanged. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06",
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    },
    {
      "id": "list-bc-photos-anthemis-cotula-08",
      "scientific_name": "Anthemis cotula",
      "view": "foliage",
      "caption": "A leafy mayweed chamomile shoot with finely divided green foliage.",
      "alt_text": "A leafy mayweed chamomile shoot with finely divided green foliage.",
      "file": "assets/photos/list-bc-photos-anthemis-cotula-08.jpg",
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      "visual_inspection": {
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        "observed": "A leafy mayweed chamomile shoot with finely divided green foliage."
      },
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      "creator": "Andrianl",
      "creator_links": [
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      "license": "CC0",
      "license_url": "http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en",
      "license_evidence_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Anthemis_cotula_592189591.jpg#Licensing",
      "attribution_required": false,
      "share_alike_required": false,
      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Anthemis_cotula_592189591.jpg",
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      "original_downloaded": false,
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        "status": "Source-identified photograph with visual consistency check",
        "source_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Anthemis_cotula_592189591.jpg",
        "evidence": "Stinking chamomile ( Anthemis cotula ) in New Zealand",
        "source_title": "File:Anthemis cotula 592189591.jpg",
        "source_categories": [
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          "CC-Zero",
          "Media from iNaturalist",
          "INaturalist images reviewed by iNaturalistReviewBot",
          "Files with coordinates missing SDC location of creation",
          "Uploaded with iNaturalist2Commons",
          "Media from GBIF",
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        ],
        "limitation": "Source labeling and visible consistency checked; not an independent specimen determination."
      },
      "photo_date_as_recorded": "2025-11-17",
      "location_evidence": "Stinking chamomile ( Anthemis cotula ) in New Zealand",
      "derivative_changes": "Wikimedia-generated thumbnail rescaling only; downloaded bytes unchanged.",
      "attribution_text": "Andrianl / Wikimedia Commons / CC0",
      "plant_id": "mayweed-chamomile",
      "path": "assets/photos/list-bc-photos-anthemis-cotula-08.jpg",
      "taxon": "Anthemis cotula",
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    },
    {
      "id": "list-bc-photos-lepidium-latifolium-05",
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      "alt_text": "A patch of perennial pepperweed with broad leaves and branching clusters of small white flowers.",
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      },
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      "share_alike_required": true,
      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lepidium_latifolium_15-p.bot-lepi.lati-19.jpg",
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          "Uploaded with pattypan",
          "Botanical collection of Université Laval"
        ],
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      "feature": "habit",
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    {
      "id": "list-bc-photos-carduus-acanthoides-01",
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      "view": "leaf",
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        "method": "Individual photo and contact-sheet inspection",
        "observed": "Flatbed photographic scan of a deeply lobed, spiny plumeless-thistle leaf with a millimeter scale.",
        "note": "Factual source photographic plate or flatbed scan, not a drawing or generative image; retained as supplied."
      },
      "colorado_location_claimed": false,
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          "Herbarium of Elektrostal. Summer",
          "Elektrostal. Herbarium - carduus acanthoides"
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      "id": "list-bc-photos-carduus-acanthoides-04",
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      "view": "flowering stem",
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        "status": "Source-identified photograph with visual consistency check",
        "source_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Carduus_acanthoides_2_RF.jpg",
        "evidence": "Spiny plumeless thistle ( Carduus acanthoides ), near Groß-Gerau-Wallerstädten at the bike path along L3094, Germany",
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          "Asterales in Kreis Groß-Gerau"
        ],
        "limitation": "Source labeling and visible consistency checked; not an independent specimen determination."
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      "derivative_changes": "Wikimedia-generated thumbnail rescaling only; downloaded bytes unchanged.",
      "attribution_text": "Robert Flogaus-Faust / Wikimedia Commons / CC BY 4.0",
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      "taxon": "Carduus acanthoides",
      "feature": "flowering stem",
      "alt": "Pink-purple plumeless-thistle flower heads above an extensively winged, spiny stem.",
      "identification_note": "Source-identified photograph with visual consistency check Spiny plumeless thistle ( Carduus acanthoides ), near Groß-Gerau-Wallerstädten at the bike path along L3094, Germany Source labeling and visible consistency checked; not an independent specimen determination.",
      "changes": "Wikimedia-generated thumbnail rescaling only; downloaded bytes unchanged. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
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    {
      "id": "list-bc-photos-carduus-acanthoides-05",
      "scientific_name": "Carduus acanthoides",
      "view": "flowers and seed dispersal",
      "caption": "Purple plumeless-thistle heads beside a mature head releasing pale feathery seed structures.",
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      "file": "assets/photos/list-bc-photos-carduus-acanthoides-05.jpg",
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      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Carduus_acanthoides_4_RF.jpg",
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    {
      "id": "list-bc-photos-tripleurospermum-inodorum-01",
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        "observed": "A low branching scentless-chamomile plant with many white-and-yellow flower heads on bare ground."
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      "share_alike_required": true,
      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Tripleurospermum_inodorum_kz13.jpg",
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        "limitation": "Source labeling and visible consistency checked; not an independent specimen determination."
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      "photo_date_as_recorded": "2025-07-19 13:30:51",
      "location_evidence": "Tripleurospermum inodorum in Lubanowo near Banie, NW Poland",
      "derivative_changes": "Wikimedia-generated thumbnail rescaling only; downloaded bytes unchanged.",
      "attribution_text": "Krzysztof Ziarnek, Kenraiz / Wikimedia Commons / CC BY-SA 4.0",
      "plant_id": "scentless-chamomile",
      "path": "assets/photos/list-bc-photos-tripleurospermum-inodorum-01.jpg",
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      "feature": "habit",
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      "identification_note": "Source-identified photograph with visual consistency check Tripleurospermum inodorum in Lubanowo near Banie, NW Poland Source labeling and visible consistency checked; not an independent specimen determination.",
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        "status": "Source-identified photograph with visual consistency check",
        "source_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Tripleurospermum_inodorum_kz11.jpg",
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          "Files with coordinates missing SDC location of creation",
          "Tripleurospermum inodorum (seedlings)"
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      "photo_date_as_recorded": "2019-04-19 15:46:27",
      "location_evidence": "Tripleurospermum inodorum seedling, Przęsocin near Szczecin, NW Poland",
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      "plant_id": "scentless-chamomile",
      "path": "assets/photos/list-bc-photos-tripleurospermum-inodorum-05.jpg",
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      "id": "list-bc-photos-tripleurospermum-inodorum-08",
      "scientific_name": "Tripleurospermum inodorum",
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      "file": "assets/photos/list-bc-photos-tripleurospermum-inodorum-08.jpg",
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        "source_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Tripleurospermum_inodorum_RH_(18).jpg",
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        "limitation": "Source labeling and visible consistency checked; not an independent specimen determination."
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      "photo_date_as_recorded": "2011-08-26",
      "location_evidence": "Tripleurospermum inodorum",
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      "plant_id": "scentless-chamomile",
      "path": "assets/photos/list-bc-photos-tripleurospermum-inodorum-08.jpg",
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    {
      "id": "list-bc-photos-potentilla-recta-03",
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      "alt_text": "A pale yellow, five-petaled sulphur-cinquefoil flower showing its central stamens.",
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      "photo_date_as_recorded": "2009-07-13 15:53",
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      "plant_id": "sulfur-cinquefoil",
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      "id": "list-bc-photos-potentilla-recta-05",
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    },
    {
      "id": "list-bc-photos-potentilla-recta-08",
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      "file": "assets/photos/list-bc-photos-potentilla-recta-08.jpg",
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      "creator": "Ayotte, Gilles, 1948-",
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      "attribution_required": true,
      "share_alike_required": true,
      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Potentilla_recta_15-p.bot-poten.recta-24.jpg",
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      "original_title": "File:Potentilla recta 15-p.bot-poten.recta-24.jpg",
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        "source_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Potentilla_recta_15-p.bot-poten.recta-24.jpg",
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      "path": "assets/photos/list-bc-photos-potentilla-recta-08.jpg",
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      "changes": "Wikimedia-generated thumbnail rescaling only; downloaded bytes unchanged. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06",
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    },
    {
      "id": "list-bc-photos-carum-carvi-01",
      "scientific_name": "Carum carvi",
      "view": "fruits",
      "caption": "Developing ribbed caraway fruits on the radiating stalks of a compound umbel.",
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      "file": "assets/photos/list-bc-photos-carum-carvi-01.jpg",
      "sha256": "2b55ea8aed70cdc2b580d95b1505c06e9e1d23ee71c88f10685790cf7ac6ce8f",
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      "date_accessed": "2026-09-06",
      "visual_inspection": {
        "inspected": true,
        "method": "Individual photo and contact-sheet inspection",
        "observed": "Developing ribbed caraway fruits on the radiating stalks of a compound umbel."
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      "colorado_location_claimed": false,
      "creator": "Ayotte, Gilles, 1948-",
      "creator_links": [],
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0",
      "license_evidence_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Carum_carvi_15-p.bot-carum.carvi-24.jpg#Licensing",
      "attribution_required": true,
      "share_alike_required": true,
      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Carum_carvi_15-p.bot-carum.carvi-24.jpg",
      "original_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/56/Carum_carvi_15-p.bot-carum.carvi-24.jpg",
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      "original_height": 2693,
      "original_title": "File:Carum carvi 15-p.bot-carum.carvi-24.jpg",
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        "status": "Source-identified photograph with visual consistency check",
        "source_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Carum_carvi_15-p.bot-carum.carvi-24.jpg",
        "evidence": "Nom français : carvi commun. Nom anglais : wild caraway. Infrutescence (ombelle composée, ombellules, fruits, diachaines) de carvi commun, vue de côté.",
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        "source_categories": [
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        ],
        "limitation": "Source labeling and visible consistency checked; not an independent specimen determination."
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      "location_evidence": "Nom français : carvi commun. Nom anglais : wild caraway. Infrutescence (ombelle composée, ombellules, fruits, diachaines) de carvi commun, vue de côté.",
      "derivative_changes": "Wikimedia-generated thumbnail rescaling only; downloaded bytes unchanged.",
      "attribution_text": "Ayotte, Gilles, 1948- / Wikimedia Commons / CC BY-SA 4.0",
      "plant_id": "wild-caraway",
      "path": "assets/photos/list-bc-photos-carum-carvi-01.jpg",
      "taxon": "Carum carvi",
      "feature": "fruits",
      "alt": "Developing ribbed caraway fruits on the radiating stalks of a compound umbel.",
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    {
      "id": "list-bc-photos-carum-carvi-03",
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        "status": "Source-identified photograph with visual consistency check",
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      "location_evidence": "Nom français : carvi commun. Nom anglais : wild caraway. Plants en fleur (inflorescence) de carvi commun, en milieu naturel.",
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      "attribution_text": "Ayotte, Gilles, 1948- / Wikimedia Commons / CC BY-SA 4.0",
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    },
    {
      "id": "list-bc-photos-carum-carvi-07",
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      "alt_text": "Several finely divided caraway leaves displayed against a dark background.",
      "file": "assets/photos/list-bc-photos-carum-carvi-07.jpg",
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      "species_verification": {
        "status": "Source-identified photograph with visual consistency check",
        "source_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Carum_carvi_15-p.bot-carum.carvi-08.jpg",
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        "source_categories": [
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          "Uploaded with pattypan",
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        "limitation": "Source labeling and visible consistency checked; not an independent specimen determination."
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      "photo_date_as_recorded": null,
      "location_evidence": "Nom français : carvi commun. Nom anglais : wild caraway. Feuilles de carvi commun.",
      "derivative_changes": "Wikimedia-generated thumbnail rescaling only; downloaded bytes unchanged.",
      "attribution_text": "Ayotte, Gilles, 1948- / Wikimedia Commons / CC BY-SA 4.0",
      "plant_id": "wild-caraway",
      "path": "assets/photos/list-bc-photos-carum-carvi-07.jpg",
      "taxon": "Carum carvi",
      "feature": "leaves",
      "alt": "Several finely divided caraway leaves displayed against a dark background.",
      "identification_note": "Source-identified photograph with visual consistency check Nom français : carvi commun. Nom anglais : wild caraway. Feuilles de carvi commun. Source labeling and visible consistency checked; not an independent specimen determination.",
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    {
      "id": "list-bc-photos-cyperus-esculentus-02",
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      "alt_text": "Yellow nutsedge with upright leafy stems and radiating yellow-green spikelet clusters.",
      "file": "assets/photos/list-bc-photos-cyperus-esculentus-02.jpg",
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        "status": "Source-identified photograph with visual consistency check",
        "source_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cyperus_esculentus_kz02.jpg",
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        "limitation": "Source labeling and visible consistency checked; not an independent specimen determination."
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      "photo_date_as_recorded": "2016-09-02 19:21:29",
      "location_evidence": "Cyperus esculentus at Ridgemoor Country Club in Chicago, USA",
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      "plant_id": "yellow-nutsedge",
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      "id": "list-bc-photos-cyperus-esculentus-03",
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        "limitation": "Source labeling and visible consistency checked; not an independent specimen determination."
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      "attribution_text": "Tamorlan / Wikimedia Commons / CC BY 3.0",
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      "id": "list-bc-photos-cyperus-esculentus-09",
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      "alt_text": "Several fresh hybrid-toadflax shoots with variable, relatively broad leaves, photographed against a white background.",
      "file": "assets/photos/list-bc-photos-hybrid-toadflax-federal-22b.jpg",
      "sha256": "df862b5422f3eb244e59fafd1f46eca1aa506254ec14fc494dc4317111838c3f",
      "bytes": 434110,
      "width": 644,
      "height": 1002,
      "date_accessed": "2026-09-06",
      "visual_inspection": {
        "inspected": true,
        "method": "Individual photo and contact-sheet inspection",
        "observed": "Several fresh hybrid-toadflax shoots with variable, relatively broad leaves, photographed against a white background."
      },
      "colorado_location_claimed": false,
      "creator": "Sharlene E. Sing, USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station",
      "creator_links": [],
      "license": "Public domain (U.S. federal employee work)",
      "license_url": "https://research.fs.usda.gov/sites/default/files/2024-05/srs-SRS-AuthorsGuide-2024.pdf",
      "license_evidence_url": "https://www.fs.usda.gov/rm/pubs_journals/2016/rmrs_2016_sing_s001.pdf#page=37",
      "license_basis": "The guide credits this photograph specifically to Sharlene E. Sing, USDA FS RMRS; Forest Service Authors Guide p.3 states that official-duty federal employee photographs are public domain. Nonfederal Sarah M. Ward/CSU photographs were excluded.",
      "attribution_required": false,
      "share_alike_required": false,
      "source_page": "https://www.fs.usda.gov/rm/pubs_journals/2016/rmrs_2016_sing_s001.pdf#page=37",
      "original_url": "https://www.fs.usda.gov/rm/pubs_journals/2016/rmrs_2016_sing_s001.pdf",
      "downloaded_url": "https://www.fs.usda.gov/rm/pubs_journals/2016/rmrs_2016_sing_s001.pdf",
      "downloaded_variant": "Embedded original JPEG extracted losslessly from a federal PDF",
      "original_downloaded": true,
      "original_width": 644,
      "original_height": 1002,
      "original_title": "Biology and Biological Control of Dalmatian and Yellow Toadflax (2016), Figure 22b",
      "species_verification": {
        "status": "Explicit federal publication identification of the requested hybrid",
        "evidence": "Printed page 28 explicitly defines hybrid toadflax as Linaria vulgaris × L. dalmatica / L. dalmatica × L. vulgaris. The caption to Figure 22b explicitly identifies the selected panel as hybrid toadflax.",
        "source_url": "https://www.fs.usda.gov/rm/pubs_journals/2016/rmrs_2016_sing_s001.pdf#page=37",
        "pdf_page": 37,
        "printed_page": 29,
        "figure": "Figure 22b",
        "image_xref": 163,
        "limitation": "Hybrid identity follows the publication; no independent genetic determination was performed."
      },
      "photo_date_as_recorded": null,
      "location_evidence": "The selected figure caption does not state the photograph location.",
      "derivative_changes": "None: original embedded JPEG byte stream extracted from PDF, not a rendered or cropped page.",
      "source_document_sha256": "60cdcb6ad67ac9785a04af69341998b2461307b97071e89835be5e012b21ff9b",
      "attribution_text": "Sharlene E. Sing / USDA Forest Service, RMRS / Public domain",
      "plant_id": "hybrid-toadflax",
      "path": "assets/photos/list-bc-photos-hybrid-toadflax-federal-22b.jpg",
      "taxon": "Linaria vulgaris × Linaria dalmatica",
      "feature": "leaf and shoot variation",
      "alt": "Several fresh hybrid-toadflax shoots with variable, relatively broad leaves, photographed against a white background.",
      "identification_note": "Explicit federal publication identification of the requested hybrid Printed page 28 explicitly defines hybrid toadflax as Linaria vulgaris × L. dalmatica / L. dalmatica × L. vulgaris. The caption to Figure 22b explicitly identifies the selected panel as hybrid toadflax. Hybrid identity follows the publication; no independent genetic determination was performed.",
      "changes": "None: original embedded JPEG byte stream extracted from PDF, not a rendered or cropped page. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06",
      "download_url": "https://www.fs.usda.gov/rm/pubs_journals/2016/rmrs_2016_sing_s001.pdf",
      "original_locator": "Figure 22b; printed page 29; PDF object 163",
      "thumbnail": {
        "path": "assets/thumbs/hybrid-toadflax.webp",
        "width": 411,
        "height": 640,
        "sha256": "8d21a3a05917254022d76109ad22e6d4735cb7b4c200cbbd326ef34617fb2c72",
        "parent_sha256": "df862b5422f3eb244e59fafd1f46eca1aa506254ec14fc494dc4317111838c3f",
        "changes": "Scaled within 640 by 640 pixels and converted to WebP at quality 82. No crop or generative changes to the file; CSS may crop catalog display.",
        "license": "Public domain (U.S. federal employee work)",
        "license_url": "https://research.fs.usda.gov/sites/default/files/2024-05/srs-SRS-AuthorsGuide-2024.pdf"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "list-bc-photos-hybrid-toadflax-federal-22c",
      "scientific_name": "Linaria vulgaris × Linaria dalmatica",
      "view": "narrower foliage and flowers",
      "caption": "Hybrid-toadflax shoots with narrower leaves, including a yellow-flowering stem and an uprooted stem, photographed against white.",
      "alt_text": "Hybrid-toadflax shoots with narrower leaves, including a yellow-flowering stem and an uprooted stem, photographed against white.",
      "file": "assets/photos/list-bc-photos-hybrid-toadflax-federal-22c.jpg",
      "sha256": "49bd56b3b774f6cae833ad23d0f2c229aff52421ca7d176ea342fa9c78873f60",
      "bytes": 351729,
      "width": 644,
      "height": 1002,
      "date_accessed": "2026-09-06",
      "visual_inspection": {
        "inspected": true,
        "method": "Individual photo and contact-sheet inspection",
        "observed": "Hybrid-toadflax shoots with narrower leaves, including a yellow-flowering stem and an uprooted stem, photographed against white."
      },
      "colorado_location_claimed": false,
      "creator": "Sharlene E. Sing, USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station",
      "creator_links": [],
      "license": "Public domain (U.S. federal employee work)",
      "license_url": "https://research.fs.usda.gov/sites/default/files/2024-05/srs-SRS-AuthorsGuide-2024.pdf",
      "license_evidence_url": "https://www.fs.usda.gov/rm/pubs_journals/2016/rmrs_2016_sing_s001.pdf#page=37",
      "license_basis": "The guide credits this photograph specifically to Sharlene E. Sing, USDA FS RMRS; Forest Service Authors Guide p.3 states that official-duty federal employee photographs are public domain. Nonfederal Sarah M. Ward/CSU photographs were excluded.",
      "attribution_required": false,
      "share_alike_required": false,
      "source_page": "https://www.fs.usda.gov/rm/pubs_journals/2016/rmrs_2016_sing_s001.pdf#page=37",
      "original_url": "https://www.fs.usda.gov/rm/pubs_journals/2016/rmrs_2016_sing_s001.pdf",
      "downloaded_url": "https://www.fs.usda.gov/rm/pubs_journals/2016/rmrs_2016_sing_s001.pdf",
      "downloaded_variant": "Embedded original JPEG extracted losslessly from a federal PDF",
      "original_downloaded": true,
      "original_width": 644,
      "original_height": 1002,
      "original_title": "Biology and Biological Control of Dalmatian and Yellow Toadflax (2016), Figure 22c",
      "species_verification": {
        "status": "Explicit federal publication identification of the requested hybrid",
        "evidence": "Printed page 28 explicitly defines hybrid toadflax as Linaria vulgaris × L. dalmatica / L. dalmatica × L. vulgaris. The caption to Figure 22c explicitly identifies the selected panel as hybrid toadflax.",
        "source_url": "https://www.fs.usda.gov/rm/pubs_journals/2016/rmrs_2016_sing_s001.pdf#page=37",
        "pdf_page": 37,
        "printed_page": 29,
        "figure": "Figure 22c",
        "image_xref": 164,
        "limitation": "Hybrid identity follows the publication; no independent genetic determination was performed."
      },
      "photo_date_as_recorded": null,
      "location_evidence": "The selected figure caption does not state the photograph location.",
      "derivative_changes": "None: original embedded JPEG byte stream extracted from PDF, not a rendered or cropped page.",
      "source_document_sha256": "60cdcb6ad67ac9785a04af69341998b2461307b97071e89835be5e012b21ff9b",
      "attribution_text": "Sharlene E. Sing / USDA Forest Service, RMRS / Public domain",
      "plant_id": "hybrid-toadflax",
      "path": "assets/photos/list-bc-photos-hybrid-toadflax-federal-22c.jpg",
      "taxon": "Linaria vulgaris × Linaria dalmatica",
      "feature": "narrower foliage and flowers",
      "alt": "Hybrid-toadflax shoots with narrower leaves, including a yellow-flowering stem and an uprooted stem, photographed against white.",
      "identification_note": "Explicit federal publication identification of the requested hybrid Printed page 28 explicitly defines hybrid toadflax as Linaria vulgaris × L. dalmatica / L. dalmatica × L. vulgaris. The caption to Figure 22c explicitly identifies the selected panel as hybrid toadflax. Hybrid identity follows the publication; no independent genetic determination was performed.",
      "changes": "None: original embedded JPEG byte stream extracted from PDF, not a rendered or cropped page. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06",
      "download_url": "https://www.fs.usda.gov/rm/pubs_journals/2016/rmrs_2016_sing_s001.pdf",
      "original_locator": "Figure 22c; printed page 29; PDF object 164"
    },
    {
      "id": "list-bc-photos-hybrid-toadflax-federal-24e",
      "scientific_name": "Linaria vulgaris × Linaria dalmatica",
      "view": "flowers",
      "caption": "Yellow hybrid-toadflax flowers with insects visible on the flowers; a small source photograph.",
      "alt_text": "Yellow hybrid-toadflax flowers with insects visible on the flowers; a small source photograph.",
      "file": "assets/photos/list-bc-photos-hybrid-toadflax-federal-24e.jpg",
      "sha256": "7bc62dc573df6066821cc4ef9e9da2c3b42d422d80c9aa47bf86da9d07d5d50c",
      "bytes": 59073,
      "width": 176,
      "height": 329,
      "date_accessed": "2026-09-06",
      "visual_inspection": {
        "inspected": true,
        "method": "Individual photo and contact-sheet inspection",
        "observed": "Yellow hybrid-toadflax flowers with insects visible on the flowers; a small source photograph."
      },
      "colorado_location_claimed": false,
      "creator": "Sharlene E. Sing, USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station",
      "creator_links": [],
      "license": "Public domain (U.S. federal employee work)",
      "license_url": "https://research.fs.usda.gov/sites/default/files/2024-05/srs-SRS-AuthorsGuide-2024.pdf",
      "license_evidence_url": "https://www.fs.usda.gov/rm/pubs_journals/2016/rmrs_2016_sing_s001.pdf#page=39",
      "license_basis": "The guide credits this photograph specifically to Sharlene E. Sing, USDA FS RMRS; Forest Service Authors Guide p.3 states that official-duty federal employee photographs are public domain. Nonfederal Sarah M. Ward/CSU photographs were excluded.",
      "attribution_required": false,
      "share_alike_required": false,
      "source_page": "https://www.fs.usda.gov/rm/pubs_journals/2016/rmrs_2016_sing_s001.pdf#page=39",
      "original_url": "https://www.fs.usda.gov/rm/pubs_journals/2016/rmrs_2016_sing_s001.pdf",
      "downloaded_url": "https://www.fs.usda.gov/rm/pubs_journals/2016/rmrs_2016_sing_s001.pdf",
      "downloaded_variant": "Embedded original JPEG extracted losslessly from a federal PDF",
      "original_downloaded": true,
      "original_width": 176,
      "original_height": 329,
      "original_title": "Biology and Biological Control of Dalmatian and Yellow Toadflax (2016), Figure 24e",
      "species_verification": {
        "status": "Explicit federal publication identification of the requested hybrid",
        "evidence": "Printed page 28 explicitly defines hybrid toadflax as Linaria vulgaris × L. dalmatica / L. dalmatica × L. vulgaris. The caption to Figure 24e explicitly identifies the selected panel as hybrid toadflax.",
        "source_url": "https://www.fs.usda.gov/rm/pubs_journals/2016/rmrs_2016_sing_s001.pdf#page=39",
        "pdf_page": 39,
        "printed_page": 31,
        "figure": "Figure 24e",
        "image_xref": 174,
        "limitation": "Hybrid identity follows the publication; no independent genetic determination was performed."
      },
      "photo_date_as_recorded": null,
      "location_evidence": "The selected figure caption does not state the photograph location.",
      "derivative_changes": "None: original embedded JPEG byte stream extracted from PDF, not a rendered or cropped page.",
      "source_document_sha256": "60cdcb6ad67ac9785a04af69341998b2461307b97071e89835be5e012b21ff9b",
      "attribution_text": "Sharlene E. Sing / USDA Forest Service, RMRS / Public domain",
      "quality_limitation": "The only independently photographed federal hybrid flower panel located in this guide is 176×329 pixels. It is retained as a clearly flagged small reference; it does not meet the requested 960–1280-pixel target and was not upscaled.",
      "plant_id": "hybrid-toadflax",
      "path": "assets/photos/list-bc-photos-hybrid-toadflax-federal-24e.jpg",
      "taxon": "Linaria vulgaris × Linaria dalmatica",
      "feature": "flowers",
      "alt": "Yellow hybrid-toadflax flowers with insects visible on the flowers; a small source photograph.",
      "identification_note": "Explicit federal publication identification of the requested hybrid Printed page 28 explicitly defines hybrid toadflax as Linaria vulgaris × L. dalmatica / L. dalmatica × L. vulgaris. The caption to Figure 24e explicitly identifies the selected panel as hybrid toadflax. Hybrid identity follows the publication; no independent genetic determination was performed. The only independently photographed federal hybrid flower panel located in this guide is 176×329 pixels. It is retained as a clearly flagged small reference; it does not meet the requested 960–1280-pixel target and was not upscaled.",
      "changes": "None: original embedded JPEG byte stream extracted from PDF, not a rendered or cropped page. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06",
      "download_url": "https://www.fs.usda.gov/rm/pubs_journals/2016/rmrs_2016_sing_s001.pdf",
      "original_locator": "Figure 24e; printed page 31; PDF object 174"
    },
    {
      "id": "common-priority-photos-01-03",
      "taxon": "Poa bulbosa",
      "feature": "habit",
      "visible_feature": "Low grass clump with slender upright culms and compact dark-tipped panicles.",
      "title": "File:Poa bulbosa sl3.jpg",
      "creator": "Stefan.lefnaer",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0",
      "available_licenses": [
        {
          "name": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
          "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0"
        }
      ],
      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Poa_bulbosa_sl3.jpg",
      "original_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/08/Poa_bulbosa_sl3.jpg",
      "source_description": "Deutsch: Habitus Taxonym: Poa bulbosa ss Fischer et al. EfÖLS 2008 ISBN 978-3-85474-187-9 Fundort: Wasserpark, Wien-Floridsdorf - ca. 160 m ü. A. Standort: trockene, ruderale Wiese English: Habitus Taxonym: Poa bulbosa ss Fischer et al. EfÖLS 2008 ISBN 978-3-85474-187-9 Location: Wasserpark, Vienna-Floridsdorf - ca. 160 m a.s.l. Habitat: dry, ruderal meadows",
      "source_credit": "Own work",
      "access_date": "2026-09-06",
      "identity_verification": {
        "method": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
        "scientific_name": "Poa bulbosa",
        "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Poa_bulbosa_sl3.jpg",
        "visible_features_checked": "Low grass clump with slender upright culms and compact dark-tipped panicles.",
        "species_complex_caveat": "Bulbiferous or viviparous forms are included. A bulbil-producing panicle and swollen shoot bases are different structures; photograph captions distinguish them.",
        "photographed_in_colorado_claimed": false,
        "source_identified_taxon": "Poa bulbosa",
        "source_categories": [
          "Poa bulbosa",
          "Floridsdorfer Wasserpark",
          "Poa in the Northern Hemisphere in April",
          "Poaceae in Floridsdorf",
          "Pooideae in Vienna",
          "Poales in Vienna in April",
          "Pannonian Flora"
        ],
        "source_identification_basis": "Scientific name in the source title, description, and/or displayed Commons taxon category, reviewed against visible morphology."
      },
      "visual_review": {
        "status": "passed",
        "review_date": "2026-09-06",
        "method": "Every selected photograph inspected on five final contact sheets at up to 500 pixels per image; replacement dandelion flower additionally inspected individually at full downloaded resolution. Captions checked against actual visible structures. Source descriptions and taxon categories checked for consistency."
      },
      "modifications": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "source_identified_taxon": "Poa bulbosa",
      "common_name": "Bulbous bluegrass",
      "source_categories": [
        "Poa bulbosa",
        "Floridsdorfer Wasserpark",
        "Poa in the Northern Hemisphere in April",
        "Poaceae in Floridsdorf",
        "Pooideae in Vienna",
        "Poales in Vienna in April",
        "Pannonian Flora"
      ],
      "download_url": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Poa_bulbosa_sl3.jpg/1280px-Poa_bulbosa_sl3.jpg",
      "dimensions": {
        "width": 1280,
        "height": 1707
      },
      "sha256": "1c9ef01f625d08ed6082d620ad6f3501d5d982492c4709bcc7e10e8a722ba403",
      "byte_size": 522318,
      "original_downloaded": false,
      "attribution": "Poa bulbosa sl3.jpg — Stefan.lefnaer; CC BY-SA 4.0. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Poa_bulbosa_sl3.jpg; license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "plant_id": "bulbous-bluegrass",
      "path": "assets/photos/common-priority-photos-poa-bulbosa-01-03-habit.jpg",
      "file": "assets/photos/common-priority-photos-poa-bulbosa-01-03-habit.jpg",
      "width": 1280,
      "height": 1707,
      "bytes": 522318,
      "caption": "Low grass clump with slender upright culms and compact dark-tipped panicles.",
      "alt": "Poa bulbosa: Low grass clump with slender upright culms and compact dark-tipped panicles.",
      "identification_note": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Bulbiferous or viviparous forms are included. A bulbil-producing panicle and swollen shoot bases are different structures; photograph captions distinguish them.",
      "changes": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06",
      "thumbnail": {
        "path": "assets/thumbs/bulbous-bluegrass.webp",
        "width": 480,
        "height": 640,
        "sha256": "ed5e411376bf438307fe9ab7081e43f8660330b48cc30f4a1b27d632da8015f2",
        "parent_sha256": "1c9ef01f625d08ed6082d620ad6f3501d5d982492c4709bcc7e10e8a722ba403",
        "changes": "Scaled within 640 by 640 pixels and converted to WebP at quality 82. No crop or generative changes to the file; CSS may crop catalog display.",
        "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "common-priority-photos-01-07",
      "taxon": "Poa bulbosa",
      "feature": "basal-bulbs",
      "visible_feature": "Close view of swollen pale bulb-like shoot bases above a fibrous root cluster.",
      "title": "File:Poa bulbosa sl6.jpg",
      "creator": "Stefan.lefnaer",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0",
      "available_licenses": [
        {
          "name": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
          "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0"
        }
      ],
      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Poa_bulbosa_sl6.jpg",
      "original_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/db/Poa_bulbosa_sl6.jpg",
      "source_description": "Deutsch: Stängelgrund Taxonym: Poa bulbosa ss Fischer et al. EfÖLS 2008 ISBN 978-3-85474-187-9 Fundort: Wasserpark, Wien-Floridsdorf - ca. 160 m ü. A. Standort: trockene, ruderale Wiese English: Base of stipes Taxonym: Poa bulbosa ss Fischer et al. EfÖLS 2008 ISBN 978-3-85474-187-9 Location: Wasserpark, Vienna-Floridsdorf - ca. 160 m a.s.l. Habitat: dry, ruderal meadows",
      "source_credit": "Own work",
      "access_date": "2026-09-06",
      "identity_verification": {
        "method": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
        "scientific_name": "Poa bulbosa",
        "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Poa_bulbosa_sl6.jpg",
        "visible_features_checked": "Close view of swollen pale bulb-like shoot bases above a fibrous root cluster.",
        "species_complex_caveat": "Bulbiferous or viviparous forms are included. A bulbil-producing panicle and swollen shoot bases are different structures; photograph captions distinguish them.",
        "photographed_in_colorado_claimed": false,
        "source_identified_taxon": "Poa bulbosa",
        "source_categories": [
          "Poa bulbosa",
          "Floridsdorfer Wasserpark",
          "Poa in the Northern Hemisphere in April",
          "Poaceae in Floridsdorf",
          "Pooideae in Vienna",
          "Poales in Vienna in April",
          "Pannonian Flora"
        ],
        "source_identification_basis": "Scientific name in the source title, description, and/or displayed Commons taxon category, reviewed against visible morphology."
      },
      "visual_review": {
        "status": "passed",
        "review_date": "2026-09-06",
        "method": "Every selected photograph inspected on five final contact sheets at up to 500 pixels per image; replacement dandelion flower additionally inspected individually at full downloaded resolution. Captions checked against actual visible structures. Source descriptions and taxon categories checked for consistency."
      },
      "modifications": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "source_identified_taxon": "Poa bulbosa",
      "common_name": "Bulbous bluegrass",
      "source_categories": [
        "Poa bulbosa",
        "Floridsdorfer Wasserpark",
        "Poa in the Northern Hemisphere in April",
        "Poaceae in Floridsdorf",
        "Pooideae in Vienna",
        "Poales in Vienna in April",
        "Pannonian Flora"
      ],
      "download_url": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Poa_bulbosa_sl6.jpg/1280px-Poa_bulbosa_sl6.jpg",
      "dimensions": {
        "width": 1280,
        "height": 1549
      },
      "sha256": "8cfa5baa202e10edd51716138efc613b044d46a9db9ba7fd64abc9dc9a688b25",
      "byte_size": 374361,
      "original_downloaded": false,
      "attribution": "Poa bulbosa sl6.jpg — Stefan.lefnaer; CC BY-SA 4.0. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Poa_bulbosa_sl6.jpg; license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "plant_id": "bulbous-bluegrass",
      "path": "assets/photos/common-priority-photos-poa-bulbosa-01-07-basal-bulbs.jpg",
      "file": "assets/photos/common-priority-photos-poa-bulbosa-01-07-basal-bulbs.jpg",
      "width": 1280,
      "height": 1549,
      "bytes": 374361,
      "caption": "Close view of swollen pale bulb-like shoot bases above a fibrous root cluster.",
      "alt": "Poa bulbosa: Close view of swollen pale bulb-like shoot bases above a fibrous root cluster.",
      "identification_note": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Bulbiferous or viviparous forms are included. A bulbil-producing panicle and swollen shoot bases are different structures; photograph captions distinguish them.",
      "changes": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06"
    },
    {
      "id": "common-priority-photos-01-11",
      "taxon": "Poa bulbosa",
      "feature": "bulbil",
      "visible_feature": "A single leafy bulbil photographed with a millimeter scale.",
      "title": "File:Poa bulbosa sl8.jpg",
      "creator": "Stefan.lefnaer",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0",
      "available_licenses": [
        {
          "name": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
          "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0"
        }
      ],
      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Poa_bulbosa_sl8.jpg",
      "original_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8c/Poa_bulbosa_sl8.jpg",
      "source_description": "Deutsch: Ährchen Taxonym: Poa bulbosa ss Fischer et al. EfÖLS 2008 ISBN 978-3-85474-187-9 Fundort: Wasserpark, Wien-Floridsdorf - ca. 160 m ü. A. Standort: trockene, ruderale Wiese English: Spikelet Taxonym: Poa bulbosa ss Fischer et al. EfÖLS 2008 ISBN 978-3-85474-187-9 Location: Wasserpark, Vienna-Floridsdorf - ca. 160 m a.s.l. Habitat: dry, ruderal meadows",
      "source_credit": "Own work",
      "access_date": "2026-09-06",
      "identity_verification": {
        "method": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
        "scientific_name": "Poa bulbosa",
        "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Poa_bulbosa_sl8.jpg",
        "visible_features_checked": "A single leafy bulbil photographed with a millimeter scale.",
        "species_complex_caveat": "Bulbiferous or viviparous forms are included. A bulbil-producing panicle and swollen shoot bases are different structures; photograph captions distinguish them.",
        "photographed_in_colorado_claimed": false,
        "source_identified_taxon": "Poa bulbosa",
        "source_categories": [
          "Vegetative apomixis in Poa bulbosa",
          "Floridsdorfer Wasserpark",
          "Poa in the Northern Hemisphere in April",
          "Poaceae in Floridsdorf",
          "Pooideae in Vienna",
          "Poales in Vienna in April",
          "Pannonian Flora",
          "Spikelets"
        ],
        "source_identification_basis": "Scientific name in the source title, description, and/or displayed Commons taxon category, reviewed against visible morphology."
      },
      "visual_review": {
        "status": "passed",
        "review_date": "2026-09-06",
        "method": "Every selected photograph inspected on five final contact sheets at up to 500 pixels per image; replacement dandelion flower additionally inspected individually at full downloaded resolution. Captions checked against actual visible structures. Source descriptions and taxon categories checked for consistency."
      },
      "modifications": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "source_identified_taxon": "Poa bulbosa",
      "common_name": "Bulbous bluegrass",
      "source_categories": [
        "Vegetative apomixis in Poa bulbosa",
        "Floridsdorfer Wasserpark",
        "Poa in the Northern Hemisphere in April",
        "Poaceae in Floridsdorf",
        "Pooideae in Vienna",
        "Poales in Vienna in April",
        "Pannonian Flora",
        "Spikelets"
      ],
      "download_url": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Poa_bulbosa_sl8.jpg/1280px-Poa_bulbosa_sl8.jpg",
      "dimensions": {
        "width": 1280,
        "height": 2191
      },
      "sha256": "9aebb6025d77717edf2b9b796824f7d3ca2270ee9464d588e6884edc4237d1ec",
      "byte_size": 684546,
      "original_downloaded": false,
      "attribution": "Poa bulbosa sl8.jpg — Stefan.lefnaer; CC BY-SA 4.0. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Poa_bulbosa_sl8.jpg; license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "plant_id": "bulbous-bluegrass",
      "path": "assets/photos/common-priority-photos-poa-bulbosa-01-11-bulbil.jpg",
      "file": "assets/photos/common-priority-photos-poa-bulbosa-01-11-bulbil.jpg",
      "width": 1280,
      "height": 2191,
      "bytes": 684546,
      "caption": "A single leafy bulbil photographed with a millimeter scale.",
      "alt": "Poa bulbosa: A single leafy bulbil photographed with a millimeter scale.",
      "identification_note": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Bulbiferous or viviparous forms are included. A bulbil-producing panicle and swollen shoot bases are different structures; photograph captions distinguish them.",
      "changes": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06"
    },
    {
      "id": "common-priority-photos-02-02",
      "taxon": "Cichorium intybus",
      "feature": "habit",
      "visible_feature": "Tall branched flowering plant above broad lower leaves at a grassy field edge.",
      "title": "File:Cichorium intybus 001.JPG",
      "creator": "H. Zell",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0",
      "available_licenses": [
        {
          "name": "GFDL",
          "url": "http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html"
        },
        {
          "name": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
          "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0"
        }
      ],
      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cichorium_intybus_001.JPG",
      "original_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/43/Cichorium_intybus_001.JPG",
      "source_description": "English: Cichorium intybus , Asteraceae, Common chicory, habitus; Karlsruhe, Germany. The fresh subterranean parts of the plant are used in homeopathy as remedy: Cichorium (Cich.) Deutsch: Cichorium intybus , Asteraceae, Gewöhnliche Wegwarte, Zichorie, Habitus; Karlsruhe, Deutschland. Die frischen unterirdischen Teile der Pflanze werden in der Homöopathie als Arzneimittel verwendet: Cichorium (Cich.)",
      "source_credit": "Own work",
      "access_date": "2026-09-06",
      "identity_verification": {
        "method": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
        "scientific_name": "Cichorium intybus",
        "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cichorium_intybus_001.JPG",
        "visible_features_checked": "Tall branched flowering plant above broad lower leaves at a grassy field edge.",
        "species_complex_caveat": "",
        "photographed_in_colorado_claimed": false,
        "source_identified_taxon": "Cichorium intybus",
        "source_categories": [
          "Cichorium intybus in Baden-Württemberg",
          "Cichorioideae in Karlsruhe",
          "Native plants and neophytes in Karlsruhe",
          "Cichorium intybus (whole plant)",
          "Cichorioideae in the Northern Hemisphere in July"
        ],
        "source_identification_basis": "Scientific name in the source title, description, and/or displayed Commons taxon category, reviewed against visible morphology."
      },
      "visual_review": {
        "status": "passed",
        "review_date": "2026-09-06",
        "method": "Every selected photograph inspected on five final contact sheets at up to 500 pixels per image; replacement dandelion flower additionally inspected individually at full downloaded resolution. Captions checked against actual visible structures. Source descriptions and taxon categories checked for consistency."
      },
      "modifications": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "source_identified_taxon": "Cichorium intybus",
      "common_name": "Chicory",
      "source_categories": [
        "Cichorium intybus in Baden-Württemberg",
        "Cichorioideae in Karlsruhe",
        "Native plants and neophytes in Karlsruhe",
        "Cichorium intybus (whole plant)",
        "Cichorioideae in the Northern Hemisphere in July"
      ],
      "download_url": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Cichorium_intybus_001.JPG/1280px-Cichorium_intybus_001.JPG",
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      "plant_id": "chicory",
      "path": "assets/photos/common-priority-photos-cichorium-intybus-02-02-habit.jpg",
      "file": "assets/photos/common-priority-photos-cichorium-intybus-02-02-habit.jpg",
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      "caption": "Tall branched flowering plant above broad lower leaves at a grassy field edge.",
      "alt": "Cichorium intybus: Tall branched flowering plant above broad lower leaves at a grassy field edge.",
      "identification_note": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
      "changes": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06",
      "thumbnail": {
        "path": "assets/thumbs/chicory.webp",
        "width": 480,
        "height": 640,
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        "license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "common-priority-photos-02-07",
      "taxon": "Cichorium intybus",
      "feature": "foliage-flowers",
      "visible_feature": "Blue flower heads among long green leaves and stiff branching stems.",
      "title": "File:Pflanze mit blauen Blüten.JPG",
      "creator": "4028mdk09",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0",
      "available_licenses": [
        {
          "name": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
          "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0"
        }
      ],
      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pflanze_mit_blauen_Bl%C3%BCten.JPG",
      "original_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ab/Pflanze_mit_blauen_Bl%C3%BCten.JPG",
      "source_description": "Deutsch: Gewöhnliche Wegwarte (Cichorium intybus) am Rand eines Feldes im nördlichen Baden-Württemberg (Deutschland)",
      "source_credit": "Own work",
      "access_date": "2026-09-06",
      "identity_verification": {
        "method": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
        "scientific_name": "Cichorium intybus",
        "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pflanze_mit_blauen_Bl%C3%BCten.JPG",
        "visible_features_checked": "Blue flower heads among long green leaves and stiff branching stems.",
        "species_complex_caveat": "",
        "photographed_in_colorado_claimed": false,
        "source_identified_taxon": "Cichorium intybus",
        "source_categories": [
          "Cichorioideae in the Northern Hemisphere in July",
          "Asterales in Baden-Württemberg in July",
          "Cichorium intybus in Baden-Württemberg",
          "Pale blue flowers",
          "Cichorium intybus (whole plant)"
        ],
        "source_identification_basis": "Scientific name in the source title, description, and/or displayed Commons taxon category, reviewed against visible morphology."
      },
      "visual_review": {
        "status": "passed",
        "review_date": "2026-09-06",
        "method": "Every selected photograph inspected on five final contact sheets at up to 500 pixels per image; replacement dandelion flower additionally inspected individually at full downloaded resolution. Captions checked against actual visible structures. Source descriptions and taxon categories checked for consistency."
      },
      "modifications": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "source_identified_taxon": "Cichorium intybus",
      "common_name": "Chicory",
      "source_categories": [
        "Cichorioideae in the Northern Hemisphere in July",
        "Asterales in Baden-Württemberg in July",
        "Cichorium intybus in Baden-Württemberg",
        "Pale blue flowers",
        "Cichorium intybus (whole plant)"
      ],
      "download_url": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Pflanze_mit_blauen_Bl%C3%BCten.JPG/1280px-Pflanze_mit_blauen_Bl%C3%BCten.JPG",
      "dimensions": {
        "width": 1280,
        "height": 1707
      },
      "sha256": "aa4cf93b5f25f1617ff5b624f7797b9721d820ca544a27010bab2957c7fb6593",
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      "original_downloaded": false,
      "attribution": "Pflanze mit blauen Blüten.JPG — 4028mdk09; CC BY-SA 3.0. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pflanze_mit_blauen_Bl%C3%BCten.JPG; license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "plant_id": "chicory",
      "path": "assets/photos/common-priority-photos-cichorium-intybus-02-07-foliage-flowers.jpg",
      "file": "assets/photos/common-priority-photos-cichorium-intybus-02-07-foliage-flowers.jpg",
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      "height": 1707,
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      "caption": "Blue flower heads among long green leaves and stiff branching stems.",
      "alt": "Cichorium intybus: Blue flower heads among long green leaves and stiff branching stems.",
      "identification_note": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
      "changes": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06"
    },
    {
      "id": "common-priority-photos-02-09",
      "taxon": "Cichorium intybus",
      "feature": "flower",
      "visible_feature": "Pale blue strap-shaped florets form a single chicory flower head.",
      "title": "File:CICHORIUM INTYBUS - MORIPOL - IB-765 (Xicoria).JPG",
      "creator": "Isidre blanc",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0",
      "available_licenses": [
        {
          "name": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
          "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0"
        }
      ],
      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:CICHORIUM_INTYBUS_-_MORIPOL_-_IB-765_(Xicoria).JPG",
      "original_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/86/CICHORIUM_INTYBUS_-_MORIPOL_-_IB-765_%28Xicoria%29.JPG",
      "source_description": "Català: Xicoria (Cichorium intybus) . Presa a Moripol, Gósol (Berguedà - Catalunya). A 1.350 m. d'alçada English: Cichorium intybus . In Gósol (Berguedà - Catalunya). To 1.350 m. altitude",
      "source_credit": "Own work",
      "access_date": "2026-09-06",
      "identity_verification": {
        "method": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
        "scientific_name": "Cichorium intybus",
        "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:CICHORIUM_INTYBUS_-_MORIPOL_-_IB-765_(Xicoria).JPG",
        "visible_features_checked": "Pale blue strap-shaped florets form a single chicory flower head.",
        "species_complex_caveat": "",
        "photographed_in_colorado_claimed": false,
        "source_identified_taxon": "Cichorium intybus",
        "source_categories": [
          "Close-ups of Cichorium intybus flowers",
          "Flora of Serra del Verd",
          "Flora of Berguedà",
          "Flora of Gósol"
        ],
        "source_identification_basis": "Scientific name in the source title, description, and/or displayed Commons taxon category, reviewed against visible morphology."
      },
      "visual_review": {
        "status": "passed",
        "review_date": "2026-09-06",
        "method": "Every selected photograph inspected on five final contact sheets at up to 500 pixels per image; replacement dandelion flower additionally inspected individually at full downloaded resolution. Captions checked against actual visible structures. Source descriptions and taxon categories checked for consistency."
      },
      "modifications": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "source_identified_taxon": "Cichorium intybus",
      "common_name": "Chicory",
      "source_categories": [
        "Close-ups of Cichorium intybus flowers",
        "Flora of Serra del Verd",
        "Flora of Berguedà",
        "Flora of Gósol"
      ],
      "download_url": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/CICHORIUM_INTYBUS_-_MORIPOL_-_IB-765_%28Xicoria%29.JPG/1280px-CICHORIUM_INTYBUS_-_MORIPOL_-_IB-765_%28Xicoria%29.JPG",
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      "attribution": "CICHORIUM INTYBUS - MORIPOL - IB-765 (Xicoria).JPG — Isidre blanc; CC BY-SA 4.0. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:CICHORIUM_INTYBUS_-_MORIPOL_-_IB-765_(Xicoria).JPG; license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "plant_id": "chicory",
      "path": "assets/photos/common-priority-photos-cichorium-intybus-02-09-flower.jpg",
      "file": "assets/photos/common-priority-photos-cichorium-intybus-02-09-flower.jpg",
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      "caption": "Pale blue strap-shaped florets form a single chicory flower head.",
      "alt": "Cichorium intybus: Pale blue strap-shaped florets form a single chicory flower head.",
      "identification_note": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
      "changes": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06"
    },
    {
      "id": "common-priority-photos-03-03",
      "taxon": "Arctium minus",
      "feature": "bur",
      "visible_feature": "Green spherical burs covered with long hooked bracts.",
      "title": "File:ARCTIUM MINUS - SANT JUST - IB-233 (Repalassa).JPG",
      "creator": "Isidre blanc",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0",
      "available_licenses": [
        {
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          "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0"
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      ],
      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:ARCTIUM_MINUS_-_SANT_JUST_-_IB-233_(Repalassa).JPG",
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      "source_credit": "Own work",
      "access_date": "2026-09-06",
      "identity_verification": {
        "method": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
        "scientific_name": "Arctium minus",
        "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:ARCTIUM_MINUS_-_SANT_JUST_-_IB-233_(Repalassa).JPG",
        "visible_features_checked": "Green spherical burs covered with long hooked bracts.",
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        "photographed_in_colorado_claimed": false,
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          "Arctium in the Northern Hemisphere in August 2010",
          "Carduoideae in Catalonia",
          "Asterales in Catalonia in August",
          "Asterales in Solsonès",
          "Flora of Pinós"
        ],
        "source_identification_basis": "Scientific name in the source title, description, and/or displayed Commons taxon category, reviewed against visible morphology."
      },
      "visual_review": {
        "status": "passed",
        "review_date": "2026-09-06",
        "method": "Every selected photograph inspected on five final contact sheets at up to 500 pixels per image; replacement dandelion flower additionally inspected individually at full downloaded resolution. Captions checked against actual visible structures. Source descriptions and taxon categories checked for consistency."
      },
      "modifications": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "source_identified_taxon": "Arctium minus",
      "common_name": "Common burdock",
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        "Carduoideae in Catalonia",
        "Asterales in Catalonia in August",
        "Asterales in Solsonès",
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      "path": "assets/photos/common-priority-photos-arctium-minus-03-03-bur.jpg",
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      "caption": "Green spherical burs covered with long hooked bracts.",
      "alt": "Arctium minus: Green spherical burs covered with long hooked bracts.",
      "identification_note": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
      "changes": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06",
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    },
    {
      "id": "common-priority-photos-03-04",
      "taxon": "Arctium minus",
      "feature": "habit",
      "visible_feature": "Large branching plant with broad leaves and numerous small flower heads.",
      "title": "File:Arctium minus habito.jpg",
      "creator": "Alberto Salguero Quiles",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/",
      "available_licenses": [
        {
          "name": "GFDL",
          "url": "http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html"
        },
        {
          "name": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
          "url": "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/"
        }
      ],
      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Arctium_minus_habito.jpg",
      "original_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d9/Arctium_minus_habito.jpg",
      "source_description": "Esta fotografía de una asteraceae de 1,30 m. fue tomada a orillas del Tajo en Toledo (España) en el mes de Junio por Alberto Salguero quiles.",
      "source_credit": "",
      "access_date": "2026-09-06",
      "identity_verification": {
        "method": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
        "scientific_name": "Arctium minus",
        "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Arctium_minus_habito.jpg",
        "visible_features_checked": "Large branching plant with broad leaves and numerous small flower heads.",
        "species_complex_caveat": "",
        "photographed_in_colorado_claimed": false,
        "source_identified_taxon": "Arctium minus",
        "source_categories": [
          "Arctium minus"
        ],
        "source_identification_basis": "Scientific name in the source title, description, and/or displayed Commons taxon category, reviewed against visible morphology."
      },
      "visual_review": {
        "status": "passed",
        "review_date": "2026-09-06",
        "method": "Every selected photograph inspected on five final contact sheets at up to 500 pixels per image; replacement dandelion flower additionally inspected individually at full downloaded resolution. Captions checked against actual visible structures. Source descriptions and taxon categories checked for consistency."
      },
      "modifications": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "source_identified_taxon": "Arctium minus",
      "common_name": "Common burdock",
      "source_categories": [
        "Arctium minus"
      ],
      "download_url": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Arctium_minus_habito.jpg/1280px-Arctium_minus_habito.jpg",
      "dimensions": {
        "width": 1280,
        "height": 1707
      },
      "sha256": "1b21ae7a5dc30461a1bb28dfe8aefcddc4f31b687b4807c4b8fcff296f601ab8",
      "byte_size": 472193,
      "original_downloaded": false,
      "attribution": "Arctium minus habito.jpg — Alberto Salguero Quiles; CC BY-SA 3.0. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Arctium_minus_habito.jpg; license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "creator_as_extracted": "",
      "creator_verification": "Source opening Spanish text credits Alberto Salguero quiles for the photograph.",
      "plant_id": "common-burdock",
      "path": "assets/photos/common-priority-photos-arctium-minus-03-04-habit.jpg",
      "file": "assets/photos/common-priority-photos-arctium-minus-03-04-habit.jpg",
      "width": 1280,
      "height": 1707,
      "bytes": 472193,
      "caption": "Large branching plant with broad leaves and numerous small flower heads.",
      "alt": "Arctium minus: Large branching plant with broad leaves and numerous small flower heads.",
      "identification_note": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
      "changes": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06"
    },
    {
      "id": "common-priority-photos-03-05",
      "taxon": "Arctium minus",
      "feature": "leaf",
      "visible_feature": "Broad basal leaves showing a green upper surface and pale underside.",
      "title": "File:Arctium minus hoja haz y envés.jpg",
      "creator": "Alberto Salguero Quiles",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/",
      "available_licenses": [
        {
          "name": "GFDL",
          "url": "http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html"
        },
        {
          "name": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
          "url": "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/"
        }
      ],
      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Arctium_minus_hoja_haz_y_env%C3%A9s.jpg",
      "original_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/67/Arctium_minus_hoja_haz_y_env%C3%A9s.jpg",
      "source_description": "Summary [ edit ] Español: Hoja haz y envés Esta fotografía de una asteraceae de 1,30 m. fue tomada a orillas del Tajo en Toledo (España) en el mes de Junio por Alberto Salguero quiles.",
      "source_credit": "",
      "access_date": "2026-09-06",
      "identity_verification": {
        "method": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
        "scientific_name": "Arctium minus",
        "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Arctium_minus_hoja_haz_y_env%C3%A9s.jpg",
        "visible_features_checked": "Broad basal leaves showing a green upper surface and pale underside.",
        "species_complex_caveat": "",
        "photographed_in_colorado_claimed": false,
        "source_identified_taxon": "Arctium minus",
        "source_categories": [
          "Arctium minus",
          "Arctium leaves"
        ],
        "source_identification_basis": "Scientific name in the source title, description, and/or displayed Commons taxon category, reviewed against visible morphology."
      },
      "visual_review": {
        "status": "passed",
        "review_date": "2026-09-06",
        "method": "Every selected photograph inspected on five final contact sheets at up to 500 pixels per image; replacement dandelion flower additionally inspected individually at full downloaded resolution. Captions checked against actual visible structures. Source descriptions and taxon categories checked for consistency."
      },
      "modifications": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "source_identified_taxon": "Arctium minus",
      "common_name": "Common burdock",
      "source_categories": [
        "Arctium minus",
        "Arctium leaves"
      ],
      "download_url": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Arctium_minus_hoja_haz_y_env%C3%A9s.jpg/1280px-Arctium_minus_hoja_haz_y_env%C3%A9s.jpg",
      "dimensions": {
        "width": 1280,
        "height": 846
      },
      "sha256": "ddf18441eb7461e6718bdf411c88b65c40dfbdac10917294a0e9fc4d89d4107f",
      "byte_size": 210614,
      "original_downloaded": false,
      "attribution": "Arctium minus hoja haz y envés.jpg — Alberto Salguero Quiles; CC BY-SA 3.0. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Arctium_minus_hoja_haz_y_env%C3%A9s.jpg; license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "creator_as_extracted": "",
      "creator_verification": "Source opening Spanish text credits Alberto Salguero quiles for the photograph.",
      "plant_id": "common-burdock",
      "path": "assets/photos/common-priority-photos-arctium-minus-03-05-leaf.jpg",
      "file": "assets/photos/common-priority-photos-arctium-minus-03-05-leaf.jpg",
      "width": 1280,
      "height": 846,
      "bytes": 210614,
      "caption": "Broad basal leaves showing a green upper surface and pale underside.",
      "alt": "Arctium minus: Broad basal leaves showing a green upper surface and pale underside.",
      "identification_note": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
      "changes": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06"
    },
    {
      "id": "common-priority-photos-04-02",
      "taxon": "Verbascum thapsus",
      "feature": "habit",
      "visible_feature": "Tall yellow flowering spike above a column of broad pale woolly leaves.",
      "title": "File:VERBASCUM THAPSUS - BÒFIA - IB-957 (Blenera).JPG",
      "creator": "Isidre blanc",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0",
      "available_licenses": [
        {
          "name": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
          "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0"
        }
      ],
      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:VERBASCUM_THAPSUS_-_B%C3%92FIA_-_IB-957_(Blenera).JPG",
      "original_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e6/VERBASCUM_THAPSUS_-_B%C3%92FIA_-_IB-957_%28Blenera%29.JPG",
      "source_description": "Català: Blenera ( Verbascum thapsus ). Presa a la Bòfia, Odèn (Solsonès - Catalunya). A 2.150 m. d'altitud English: Verbascum thapsus . In la Bòfia, Odèn (Solsonès - Catalunya). To 2.150 m. altitude",
      "source_credit": "Own work",
      "access_date": "2026-09-06",
      "identity_verification": {
        "method": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
        "scientific_name": "Verbascum thapsus",
        "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:VERBASCUM_THAPSUS_-_B%C3%92FIA_-_IB-957_(Blenera).JPG",
        "visible_features_checked": "Tall yellow flowering spike above a column of broad pale woolly leaves.",
        "species_complex_caveat": "Other mullein species and hybrids can resemble V. thapsus. Source-labeled V. phlomoides photographs found in gallery searches were not selected.",
        "photographed_in_colorado_claimed": false,
        "source_identified_taxon": "Verbascum thapsus",
        "source_categories": [
          "Verbascum thapsus",
          "Flora of Solsonès",
          "Flora of Serres d'Odèn - Port del Comte",
          "Flora of Odèn"
        ],
        "source_identification_basis": "Scientific name in the source title, description, and/or displayed Commons taxon category, reviewed against visible morphology."
      },
      "visual_review": {
        "status": "passed",
        "review_date": "2026-09-06",
        "method": "Every selected photograph inspected on five final contact sheets at up to 500 pixels per image; replacement dandelion flower additionally inspected individually at full downloaded resolution. Captions checked against actual visible structures. Source descriptions and taxon categories checked for consistency."
      },
      "modifications": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "source_identified_taxon": "Verbascum thapsus",
      "common_name": "Common mullein",
      "source_categories": [
        "Verbascum thapsus",
        "Flora of Solsonès",
        "Flora of Serres d'Odèn - Port del Comte",
        "Flora of Odèn"
      ],
      "download_url": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/VERBASCUM_THAPSUS_-_B%C3%92FIA_-_IB-957_%28Blenera%29.JPG/1280px-VERBASCUM_THAPSUS_-_B%C3%92FIA_-_IB-957_%28Blenera%29.JPG",
      "dimensions": {
        "width": 1280,
        "height": 1707
      },
      "sha256": "01b48cdeecd36d2858bf5bf86164f0d4416af61ae3df9ae1603c4f2b5f09a04c",
      "byte_size": 854462,
      "original_downloaded": false,
      "attribution": "VERBASCUM THAPSUS - BÒFIA - IB-957 (Blenera).JPG — Isidre blanc; CC BY-SA 4.0. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:VERBASCUM_THAPSUS_-_B%C3%92FIA_-_IB-957_(Blenera).JPG; license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "plant_id": "common-mullein",
      "path": "assets/photos/common-priority-photos-verbascum-thapsus-04-02-habit.jpg",
      "file": "assets/photos/common-priority-photos-verbascum-thapsus-04-02-habit.jpg",
      "width": 1280,
      "height": 1707,
      "bytes": 854462,
      "caption": "Tall yellow flowering spike above a column of broad pale woolly leaves.",
      "alt": "Verbascum thapsus: Tall yellow flowering spike above a column of broad pale woolly leaves.",
      "identification_note": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Other mullein species and hybrids can resemble V. thapsus. Source-labeled V. phlomoides photographs found in gallery searches were not selected.",
      "changes": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06",
      "thumbnail": {
        "path": "assets/thumbs/common-mullein.webp",
        "width": 480,
        "height": 640,
        "sha256": "fb2b192b50d155412a0691c09d551d540654d50b1c24298898d2b3511edede8c",
        "parent_sha256": "01b48cdeecd36d2858bf5bf86164f0d4416af61ae3df9ae1603c4f2b5f09a04c",
        "changes": "Scaled within 640 by 640 pixels and converted to WebP at quality 82. No crop or generative changes to the file; CSS may crop catalog display.",
        "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "common-priority-photos-04-08",
      "taxon": "Verbascum thapsus",
      "feature": "flower",
      "visible_feature": "Small yellow flowers and pale woolly buds crowd a dense upright spike.",
      "title": "File:Schwanheimer Duene fg14.jpg",
      "creator": "Fritz Geller-Grimm",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0",
      "available_licenses": [
        {
          "name": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
          "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0"
        },
        {
          "name": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
          "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0"
        },
        {
          "name": "GFDL",
          "url": "http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html"
        },
        {
          "name": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
          "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0"
        }
      ],
      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Schwanheimer_Duene_fg14.jpg",
      "original_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fd/Schwanheimer_Duene_fg14.jpg",
      "source_description": "Deutsch: Verbascum thapsus , Schwanheimer Düne, Frankfurt am Main, Hessen, Deutschland",
      "source_credit": "Own work",
      "access_date": "2026-09-06",
      "identity_verification": {
        "method": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
        "scientific_name": "Verbascum thapsus",
        "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Schwanheimer_Duene_fg14.jpg",
        "visible_features_checked": "Small yellow flowers and pale woolly buds crowd a dense upright spike.",
        "species_complex_caveat": "Other mullein species and hybrids can resemble V. thapsus. Source-labeled V. phlomoides photographs found in gallery searches were not selected.",
        "photographed_in_colorado_claimed": false,
        "source_identified_taxon": "Verbascum thapsus",
        "source_categories": [
          "Flora of Schwanheimer Düne",
          "Scrophulariaceae in Hesse",
          "Lamiales in Hesse in July",
          "Verbascum thapsus in Germany",
          "Verbascum in the Northern Hemisphere in July",
          "Verbascum thapsus (flowers)"
        ],
        "source_identification_basis": "Scientific name in the source title, description, and/or displayed Commons taxon category, reviewed against visible morphology."
      },
      "visual_review": {
        "status": "passed",
        "review_date": "2026-09-06",
        "method": "Every selected photograph inspected on five final contact sheets at up to 500 pixels per image; replacement dandelion flower additionally inspected individually at full downloaded resolution. Captions checked against actual visible structures. Source descriptions and taxon categories checked for consistency."
      },
      "modifications": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "source_identified_taxon": "Verbascum thapsus",
      "common_name": "Common mullein",
      "source_categories": [
        "Flora of Schwanheimer Düne",
        "Scrophulariaceae in Hesse",
        "Lamiales in Hesse in July",
        "Verbascum thapsus in Germany",
        "Verbascum in the Northern Hemisphere in July",
        "Verbascum thapsus (flowers)"
      ],
      "download_url": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Schwanheimer_Duene_fg14.jpg/1280px-Schwanheimer_Duene_fg14.jpg",
      "dimensions": {
        "width": 1280,
        "height": 1755
      },
      "sha256": "1501d263a8e7a6c39f2a2e90670bcbfe5c4d1dad843b97c510e0720214cc21e9",
      "byte_size": 225364,
      "original_downloaded": false,
      "attribution": "Schwanheimer Duene fg14.jpg — Fritz Geller-Grimm; CC BY-SA 3.0. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Schwanheimer_Duene_fg14.jpg; license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "plant_id": "common-mullein",
      "path": "assets/photos/common-priority-photos-verbascum-thapsus-04-08-flower.jpg",
      "file": "assets/photos/common-priority-photos-verbascum-thapsus-04-08-flower.jpg",
      "width": 1280,
      "height": 1755,
      "bytes": 225364,
      "caption": "Small yellow flowers and pale woolly buds crowd a dense upright spike.",
      "alt": "Verbascum thapsus: Small yellow flowers and pale woolly buds crowd a dense upright spike.",
      "identification_note": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Other mullein species and hybrids can resemble V. thapsus. Source-labeled V. phlomoides photographs found in gallery searches were not selected.",
      "changes": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06"
    },
    {
      "id": "common-priority-photos-04-13",
      "taxon": "Verbascum thapsus",
      "feature": "rosette",
      "visible_feature": "Young basal rosette of thick oval gray-green leaves covered in soft woolly hairs.",
      "title": "File:Verbascum thapsus 5799.jpg",
      "creator": "Borealis55",
      "license": "CC0",
      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en",
      "available_licenses": [
        {
          "name": "CC0",
          "url": "http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en"
        }
      ],
      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Verbascum_thapsus_5799.jpg",
      "original_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/48/Verbascum_thapsus_5799.jpg",
      "source_description": "Русский: Коровяк обыкновенный. Савинский район, Ивановская область English: Verbascum thapsus. Savinsky district, Ivanovo Oblast, Russia",
      "source_credit": "Own work",
      "access_date": "2026-09-06",
      "identity_verification": {
        "method": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
        "scientific_name": "Verbascum thapsus",
        "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Verbascum_thapsus_5799.jpg",
        "visible_features_checked": "Young basal rosette of thick oval gray-green leaves covered in soft woolly hairs.",
        "species_complex_caveat": "Other mullein species and hybrids can resemble V. thapsus. Source-labeled V. phlomoides photographs found in gallery searches were not selected.",
        "photographed_in_colorado_claimed": false,
        "source_identified_taxon": "Verbascum thapsus",
        "source_categories": [
          "Verbascum thapsus (seedlings)",
          "Flora of Ivanovo Oblast",
          "Verbascum thapsus rosettes",
          "Lamiales in Russia"
        ],
        "source_identification_basis": "Scientific name in the source title, description, and/or displayed Commons taxon category, reviewed against visible morphology."
      },
      "visual_review": {
        "status": "passed",
        "review_date": "2026-09-06",
        "method": "Every selected photograph inspected on five final contact sheets at up to 500 pixels per image; replacement dandelion flower additionally inspected individually at full downloaded resolution. Captions checked against actual visible structures. Source descriptions and taxon categories checked for consistency."
      },
      "modifications": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "source_identified_taxon": "Verbascum thapsus",
      "common_name": "Common mullein",
      "source_categories": [
        "Verbascum thapsus (seedlings)",
        "Flora of Ivanovo Oblast",
        "Verbascum thapsus rosettes",
        "Lamiales in Russia"
      ],
      "download_url": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Verbascum_thapsus_5799.jpg/1280px-Verbascum_thapsus_5799.jpg",
      "dimensions": {
        "width": 1280,
        "height": 960
      },
      "sha256": "8cc36deb9b040b0a4572e6410d135f83e8fe7967af219916b0cb6b77241e23aa",
      "byte_size": 601116,
      "original_downloaded": false,
      "attribution": "Verbascum thapsus 5799.jpg — Borealis55; CC0. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Verbascum_thapsus_5799.jpg; license: https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "plant_id": "common-mullein",
      "path": "assets/photos/common-priority-photos-verbascum-thapsus-04-13-rosette.jpg",
      "file": "assets/photos/common-priority-photos-verbascum-thapsus-04-13-rosette.jpg",
      "width": 1280,
      "height": 960,
      "bytes": 601116,
      "caption": "Young basal rosette of thick oval gray-green leaves covered in soft woolly hairs.",
      "alt": "Verbascum thapsus: Young basal rosette of thick oval gray-green leaves covered in soft woolly hairs.",
      "identification_note": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Other mullein species and hybrids can resemble V. thapsus. Source-labeled V. phlomoides photographs found in gallery searches were not selected.",
      "changes": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06"
    },
    {
      "id": "common-priority-photos-05-01",
      "taxon": "Hypericum perforatum",
      "feature": "flower",
      "visible_feature": "Five-petaled yellow flowers with numerous projecting stamens.",
      "title": "File:.00 3738 St. John's wort (Hypericum perforatum).jpg",
      "creator": "W. Bulach",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0",
      "available_licenses": [
        {
          "name": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
          "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0"
        }
      ],
      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:.00_3738_St._John%27s_wort_(Hypericum_perforatum).jpg",
      "original_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/68/.00_3738_St._John%27s_wort_%28Hypericum_perforatum%29.jpg",
      "source_description": "Deutsch: Echte Johanniskraut (Hypericum perforatum), eine einheimisch krautige Pflanze, die Wuchshöhen von 15 bis 100 Zentimetern erreicht und die als Heilpflanze für die Herstellung von Antidepressivum verwendet wird. Echtes Johanniskraut ist eine hochgiftige Pflanze, deren Blüten und Blätter die Chemikalie Hypericin enthalten. English: St. John's wort (Hypericum perforatum), a native herb that reaches heights of 15 to 100 centimeters and is used as a medicinal plant for the production of antidepressants. St. John's wort is a highly toxic plant whose flowers and leaves contain the chemical hypericin.",
      "source_credit": "Own work",
      "access_date": "2026-09-06",
      "identity_verification": {
        "method": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
        "scientific_name": "Hypericum perforatum",
        "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:.00_3738_St._John%27s_wort_(Hypericum_perforatum).jpg",
        "visible_features_checked": "Five-petaled yellow flowers with numerous projecting stamens.",
        "species_complex_caveat": "",
        "photographed_in_colorado_claimed": false,
        "source_identified_taxon": "Hypericum perforatum",
        "source_categories": [
          "Hypericum perforatum (flowers)"
        ],
        "source_identification_basis": "Scientific name in the source title, description, and/or displayed Commons taxon category, reviewed against visible morphology."
      },
      "visual_review": {
        "status": "passed",
        "review_date": "2026-09-06",
        "method": "Every selected photograph inspected on five final contact sheets at up to 500 pixels per image; replacement dandelion flower additionally inspected individually at full downloaded resolution. Captions checked against actual visible structures. Source descriptions and taxon categories checked for consistency."
      },
      "modifications": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "source_identified_taxon": "Hypericum perforatum",
      "common_name": "St. John’s wort",
      "source_categories": [
        "Hypericum perforatum (flowers)"
      ],
      "download_url": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/.00_3738_St._John%27s_wort_%28Hypericum_perforatum%29.jpg/1280px-.00_3738_St._John%27s_wort_%28Hypericum_perforatum%29.jpg",
      "dimensions": {
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      "attribution": ".00 3738 St. John's wort (Hypericum perforatum).jpg — W. Bulach; CC BY-SA 4.0. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:.00_3738_St._John%27s_wort_(Hypericum_perforatum).jpg; license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "plant_id": "common-st-johnswort",
      "path": "assets/photos/common-priority-photos-hypericum-perforatum-05-01-flower.jpg",
      "file": "assets/photos/common-priority-photos-hypericum-perforatum-05-01-flower.jpg",
      "width": 1280,
      "height": 1920,
      "bytes": 362573,
      "caption": "Five-petaled yellow flowers with numerous projecting stamens.",
      "alt": "Hypericum perforatum: Five-petaled yellow flowers with numerous projecting stamens.",
      "identification_note": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
      "changes": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06",
      "thumbnail": {
        "path": "assets/thumbs/common-st-johnswort.webp",
        "width": 427,
        "height": 640,
        "sha256": "c866d6637a12f4f8cc58738e2542d6fd7355ad34899c3445ecf384acbbbc1524",
        "parent_sha256": "2156bef7edca0c63033316ec34e2cfa9c1caf7f42ed7f3ca7a8d9bf0f131a07a",
        "changes": "Scaled within 640 by 640 pixels and converted to WebP at quality 82. No crop or generative changes to the file; CSS may crop catalog display.",
        "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "common-priority-photos-05-07",
      "taxon": "Hypericum perforatum",
      "feature": "habit",
      "visible_feature": "Erect branching stems with clusters of yellow flowers amid green foliage.",
      "title": "File:Hypericon-perforatum.JPG",
      "creator": "Sten Porse",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/",
      "available_licenses": [
        {
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          "url": "http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html"
        },
        {
          "name": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
          "url": "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/"
        },
        {
          "name": "CC BY-SA 2.5",
          "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.5"
        }
      ],
      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Hypericon-perforatum.JPG",
      "original_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2f/Hypericon-perforatum.JPG",
      "source_description": "Hypericum perforatum: Habit Hypericum perforatum",
      "source_credit": "Own work",
      "access_date": "2026-09-06",
      "identity_verification": {
        "method": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
        "scientific_name": "Hypericum perforatum",
        "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Hypericon-perforatum.JPG",
        "visible_features_checked": "Erect branching stems with clusters of yellow flowers amid green foliage.",
        "species_complex_caveat": "",
        "photographed_in_colorado_claimed": false,
        "source_identified_taxon": "Hypericum perforatum",
        "source_categories": [
          "Hypericum perforatum"
        ],
        "source_identification_basis": "Scientific name in the source title, description, and/or displayed Commons taxon category, reviewed against visible morphology."
      },
      "visual_review": {
        "status": "passed",
        "review_date": "2026-09-06",
        "method": "Every selected photograph inspected on five final contact sheets at up to 500 pixels per image; replacement dandelion flower additionally inspected individually at full downloaded resolution. Captions checked against actual visible structures. Source descriptions and taxon categories checked for consistency."
      },
      "modifications": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "source_identified_taxon": "Hypericum perforatum",
      "common_name": "St. John’s wort",
      "source_categories": [
        "Hypericum perforatum"
      ],
      "download_url": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Hypericon-perforatum.JPG/1280px-Hypericon-perforatum.JPG",
      "dimensions": {
        "width": 1280,
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      "sha256": "2d7411c655768a15ad87d5530e62e9a26cee6251fd5e0651d8141ac763558170",
      "byte_size": 380817,
      "original_downloaded": false,
      "attribution": "Hypericon-perforatum.JPG — Sten Porse; CC BY-SA 3.0. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Hypericon-perforatum.JPG; license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "plant_id": "common-st-johnswort",
      "path": "assets/photos/common-priority-photos-hypericum-perforatum-05-07-habit.jpg",
      "file": "assets/photos/common-priority-photos-hypericum-perforatum-05-07-habit.jpg",
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      "height": 922,
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      "caption": "Erect branching stems with clusters of yellow flowers amid green foliage.",
      "alt": "Hypericum perforatum: Erect branching stems with clusters of yellow flowers amid green foliage.",
      "identification_note": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
      "changes": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06"
    },
    {
      "id": "common-priority-photos-05-13",
      "taxon": "Hypericum perforatum",
      "feature": "leaf",
      "visible_feature": "Backlit oval leaf showing numerous translucent pale gland dots and darker marginal dots.",
      "title": "File:Hypericum-perforatum(Blatt).jpg",
      "creator": "Michael Gasperl (Migas)",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/",
      "available_licenses": [
        {
          "name": "GFDL",
          "url": "http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html"
        },
        {
          "name": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
          "url": "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/"
        }
      ],
      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Hypericum-perforatum(Blatt).jpg",
      "original_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Hypericum-perforatum%28Blatt%29.jpg",
      "source_description": "Beschreibung: Echtes Johanniskraut ( Hypericum perforatum ): Perforiertes Blatt Quelle: selbst fotografiert Fotograf: Michael Gasperl ( Migas ) Ort: Botanischer Garten Salzburg Datum: 9. August 2005",
      "source_credit": "",
      "access_date": "2026-09-06",
      "identity_verification": {
        "method": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
        "scientific_name": "Hypericum perforatum",
        "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Hypericum-perforatum(Blatt).jpg",
        "visible_features_checked": "Backlit oval leaf showing numerous translucent pale gland dots and darker marginal dots.",
        "species_complex_caveat": "",
        "photographed_in_colorado_claimed": false,
        "source_identified_taxon": "Hypericum perforatum",
        "source_categories": [
          "Hypericum perforatum (leaves)",
          "Glands (botany)",
          "Botanical Garden of the University of Salzburg",
          "August 2005 in Salzburg",
          "Flora of Salzburg in August"
        ],
        "source_identification_basis": "Scientific name in the source title, description, and/or displayed Commons taxon category, reviewed against visible morphology."
      },
      "visual_review": {
        "status": "passed",
        "review_date": "2026-09-06",
        "method": "Every selected photograph inspected on five final contact sheets at up to 500 pixels per image; replacement dandelion flower additionally inspected individually at full downloaded resolution. Captions checked against actual visible structures. Source descriptions and taxon categories checked for consistency."
      },
      "modifications": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "source_identified_taxon": "Hypericum perforatum",
      "common_name": "St. John’s wort",
      "source_categories": [
        "Hypericum perforatum (leaves)",
        "Glands (botany)",
        "Botanical Garden of the University of Salzburg",
        "August 2005 in Salzburg",
        "Flora of Salzburg in August"
      ],
      "download_url": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Hypericum-perforatum%28Blatt%29.jpg/1280px-Hypericum-perforatum%28Blatt%29.jpg",
      "dimensions": {
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        "height": 1914
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      "sha256": "d7cd010c37302f13400f57a9ba4cb4929cb555401adcb0003757bfcbf7b61474",
      "byte_size": 319703,
      "original_downloaded": false,
      "attribution": "Hypericum-perforatum(Blatt).jpg — Michael Gasperl (Migas); CC BY-SA 3.0. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Hypericum-perforatum(Blatt).jpg; license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "creator_as_extracted": "",
      "creator_verification": "Source opening German text states Fotograf: Michael Gasperl (Migas).",
      "plant_id": "common-st-johnswort",
      "path": "assets/photos/common-priority-photos-hypericum-perforatum-05-13-leaf.jpg",
      "file": "assets/photos/common-priority-photos-hypericum-perforatum-05-13-leaf.jpg",
      "width": 1280,
      "height": 1914,
      "bytes": 319703,
      "caption": "Backlit oval leaf showing numerous translucent pale gland dots and darker marginal dots.",
      "alt": "Hypericum perforatum: Backlit oval leaf showing numerous translucent pale gland dots and darker marginal dots.",
      "identification_note": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
      "changes": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06"
    },
    {
      "id": "common-priority-photos-06-06",
      "taxon": "Halogeton glomeratus",
      "feature": "leaf",
      "visible_feature": "Small fleshy cylindrical blue-green leaves cluster along a reddish stem.",
      "title": "File:Halogeton glomeratus (3939415093).jpg",
      "creator": "Matt Lavin from Bozeman, Montana, USA",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 2.0",
      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0",
      "available_licenses": [
        {
          "name": "CC BY-SA 2.0",
          "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0"
        }
      ],
      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Halogeton_glomeratus_(3939415093).jpg",
      "original_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bd/Halogeton_glomeratus_%283939415093%29.jpg",
      "source_description": "The soft reddish stems contrast against the gray green succulent leaves.",
      "source_credit": "Halogeton glomeratus Uploaded by Jacopo Werther",
      "access_date": "2026-09-06",
      "identity_verification": {
        "method": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
        "scientific_name": "Halogeton glomeratus",
        "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Halogeton_glomeratus_(3939415093).jpg",
        "visible_features_checked": "Small fleshy cylindrical blue-green leaves cluster along a reddish stem.",
        "species_complex_caveat": "",
        "photographed_in_colorado_claimed": false,
        "source_identified_taxon": "Halogeton glomeratus",
        "source_categories": [
          "Halogeton glomeratus",
          "Flora of Idaho",
          "Amaranthaceae (flowers)"
        ],
        "source_identification_basis": "Scientific name in the source title, description, and/or displayed Commons taxon category, reviewed against visible morphology."
      },
      "visual_review": {
        "status": "passed",
        "review_date": "2026-09-06",
        "method": "Every selected photograph inspected on five final contact sheets at up to 500 pixels per image; replacement dandelion flower additionally inspected individually at full downloaded resolution. Captions checked against actual visible structures. Source descriptions and taxon categories checked for consistency."
      },
      "modifications": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "source_identified_taxon": "Halogeton glomeratus",
      "common_name": "Halogeton",
      "source_categories": [
        "Halogeton glomeratus",
        "Flora of Idaho",
        "Amaranthaceae (flowers)"
      ],
      "download_url": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Halogeton_glomeratus_%283939415093%29.jpg/1280px-Halogeton_glomeratus_%283939415093%29.jpg",
      "dimensions": {
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        "height": 960
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      "attribution": "Halogeton glomeratus (3939415093).jpg — Matt Lavin from Bozeman, Montana, USA; CC BY-SA 2.0. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Halogeton_glomeratus_(3939415093).jpg; license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "plant_id": "halogeton",
      "path": "assets/photos/common-priority-photos-halogeton-glomeratus-06-06-leaf.jpg",
      "file": "assets/photos/common-priority-photos-halogeton-glomeratus-06-06-leaf.jpg",
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      "caption": "Small fleshy cylindrical blue-green leaves cluster along a reddish stem.",
      "alt": "Halogeton glomeratus: Small fleshy cylindrical blue-green leaves cluster along a reddish stem.",
      "identification_note": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
      "changes": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06",
      "thumbnail": {
        "path": "assets/thumbs/halogeton.webp",
        "width": 640,
        "height": 480,
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        "changes": "Scaled within 640 by 640 pixels and converted to WebP at quality 82. No crop or generative changes to the file; CSS may crop catalog display.",
        "license": "CC BY-SA 2.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "common-priority-photos-06-08",
      "taxon": "Halogeton glomeratus",
      "feature": "habit",
      "visible_feature": "Sparse branching green plants on open pale disturbed soil.",
      "title": "File:Halogeton glomeratus (3939417023).jpg",
      "creator": "Matt Lavin from Bozeman, Montana, USA",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 2.0",
      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0",
      "available_licenses": [
        {
          "name": "CC BY-SA 2.0",
          "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0"
        }
      ],
      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Halogeton_glomeratus_(3939417023).jpg",
      "original_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a1/Halogeton_glomeratus_%283939417023%29.jpg",
      "source_description": "Halogeton (the herb growing on the clay flat) reaches peak biomass production by late summer, like most species of Chenopodiaceae.",
      "source_credit": "Halogeton glomeratus Uploaded by Jacopo Werther",
      "access_date": "2026-09-06",
      "identity_verification": {
        "method": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
        "scientific_name": "Halogeton glomeratus",
        "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Halogeton_glomeratus_(3939417023).jpg",
        "visible_features_checked": "Sparse branching green plants on open pale disturbed soil.",
        "species_complex_caveat": "",
        "photographed_in_colorado_claimed": false,
        "source_identified_taxon": "Halogeton glomeratus",
        "source_categories": [
          "Halogeton glomeratus",
          "Flora of Idaho"
        ],
        "source_identification_basis": "Scientific name in the source title, description, and/or displayed Commons taxon category, reviewed against visible morphology."
      },
      "visual_review": {
        "status": "passed",
        "review_date": "2026-09-06",
        "method": "Every selected photograph inspected on five final contact sheets at up to 500 pixels per image; replacement dandelion flower additionally inspected individually at full downloaded resolution. Captions checked against actual visible structures. Source descriptions and taxon categories checked for consistency."
      },
      "modifications": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "source_identified_taxon": "Halogeton glomeratus",
      "common_name": "Halogeton",
      "source_categories": [
        "Halogeton glomeratus",
        "Flora of Idaho"
      ],
      "download_url": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Halogeton_glomeratus_%283939417023%29.jpg/1280px-Halogeton_glomeratus_%283939417023%29.jpg",
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      },
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      "original_downloaded": false,
      "attribution": "Halogeton glomeratus (3939417023).jpg — Matt Lavin from Bozeman, Montana, USA; CC BY-SA 2.0. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Halogeton_glomeratus_(3939417023).jpg; license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "plant_id": "halogeton",
      "path": "assets/photos/common-priority-photos-halogeton-glomeratus-06-08-habit.jpg",
      "file": "assets/photos/common-priority-photos-halogeton-glomeratus-06-08-habit.jpg",
      "width": 1280,
      "height": 960,
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      "caption": "Sparse branching green plants on open pale disturbed soil.",
      "alt": "Halogeton glomeratus: Sparse branching green plants on open pale disturbed soil.",
      "identification_note": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
      "changes": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06"
    },
    {
      "id": "common-priority-photos-06-10",
      "taxon": "Halogeton glomeratus",
      "feature": "mature-plant",
      "visible_feature": "Upright pinkish stems densely covered with pale papery reproductive structures.",
      "title": "File:Halogeton glomeratus (4030266721).jpg",
      "creator": "Matt Lavin from Bozeman, Montana, USA",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 2.0",
      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0",
      "available_licenses": [
        {
          "name": "CC BY-SA 2.0",
          "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0"
        }
      ],
      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Halogeton_glomeratus_(4030266721).jpg",
      "original_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c7/Halogeton_glomeratus_%284030266721%29.jpg",
      "source_description": "Halogeton produces a showy perianth during the fall when all seems completely dessicated. Agropyron cristatum sits in the background.",
      "source_credit": "Halogeton glomeratus Uploaded by Jacopo Werther",
      "access_date": "2026-09-06",
      "identity_verification": {
        "method": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
        "scientific_name": "Halogeton glomeratus",
        "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Halogeton_glomeratus_(4030266721).jpg",
        "visible_features_checked": "Upright pinkish stems densely covered with pale papery reproductive structures.",
        "species_complex_caveat": "",
        "photographed_in_colorado_claimed": false,
        "source_identified_taxon": "Halogeton glomeratus",
        "source_categories": [
          "Halogeton glomeratus",
          "Flora of Idaho"
        ],
        "source_identification_basis": "Scientific name in the source title, description, and/or displayed Commons taxon category, reviewed against visible morphology."
      },
      "visual_review": {
        "status": "passed",
        "review_date": "2026-09-06",
        "method": "Every selected photograph inspected on five final contact sheets at up to 500 pixels per image; replacement dandelion flower additionally inspected individually at full downloaded resolution. Captions checked against actual visible structures. Source descriptions and taxon categories checked for consistency."
      },
      "modifications": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "source_identified_taxon": "Halogeton glomeratus",
      "common_name": "Halogeton",
      "source_categories": [
        "Halogeton glomeratus",
        "Flora of Idaho"
      ],
      "download_url": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Halogeton_glomeratus_%284030266721%29.jpg/1280px-Halogeton_glomeratus_%284030266721%29.jpg",
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      "sha256": "b2c92ccae542fb0afe0a2eb2f76f7f4e52654b64918f712801ee9df18ded55bd",
      "byte_size": 253361,
      "original_downloaded": false,
      "attribution": "Halogeton glomeratus (4030266721).jpg — Matt Lavin from Bozeman, Montana, USA; CC BY-SA 2.0. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Halogeton_glomeratus_(4030266721).jpg; license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "plant_id": "halogeton",
      "path": "assets/photos/common-priority-photos-halogeton-glomeratus-06-10-mature-plant.jpg",
      "file": "assets/photos/common-priority-photos-halogeton-glomeratus-06-10-mature-plant.jpg",
      "width": 1280,
      "height": 960,
      "bytes": 253361,
      "caption": "Upright pinkish stems densely covered with pale papery reproductive structures.",
      "alt": "Halogeton glomeratus: Upright pinkish stems densely covered with pale papery reproductive structures.",
      "identification_note": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
      "changes": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06"
    },
    {
      "id": "common-priority-photos-07-02",
      "taxon": "Sorghum halepense",
      "feature": "flower",
      "visible_feature": "Close view of grass spikelets with dangling reddish anthers.",
      "title": "File:Sorghum halepense-flowers.jpg",
      "creator": "Jim Conrad",
      "license": "Public domain",
      "license_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sorghum_halepense-flowers.jpg#Licensing",
      "available_licenses": [
        {
          "name": "Public domain",
          "url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:Copyright_tags"
        }
      ],
      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sorghum_halepense-flowers.jpg",
      "original_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f5/Sorghum_halepense-flowers.jpg",
      "source_description": "Closeup of some Johnson Grass flowers",
      "source_credit": "JIM CONRAD'S NATURALIST NEWSLETTER. Written and issued at the woods edge near Natchez,\nMississippi. http://www.backyardnature.net/n/08/080630.htm http://www.backyardnature.net/n/08/080630ji.jpg",
      "access_date": "2026-09-06",
      "identity_verification": {
        "method": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
        "scientific_name": "Sorghum halepense",
        "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sorghum_halepense-flowers.jpg",
        "visible_features_checked": "Close view of grass spikelets with dangling reddish anthers.",
        "species_complex_caveat": "",
        "photographed_in_colorado_claimed": false,
        "source_identified_taxon": "Sorghum halepense",
        "source_categories": [
          "Sorghum halepense"
        ],
        "source_identification_basis": "Scientific name in the source title, description, and/or displayed Commons taxon category, reviewed against visible morphology."
      },
      "visual_review": {
        "status": "passed",
        "review_date": "2026-09-06",
        "method": "Every selected photograph inspected on five final contact sheets at up to 500 pixels per image; replacement dandelion flower additionally inspected individually at full downloaded resolution. Captions checked against actual visible structures. Source descriptions and taxon categories checked for consistency."
      },
      "modifications": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "source_identified_taxon": "Sorghum halepense",
      "common_name": "Johnsongrass",
      "source_categories": [
        "Sorghum halepense"
      ],
      "download_url": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Sorghum_halepense-flowers.jpg/1280px-Sorghum_halepense-flowers.jpg",
      "dimensions": {
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        "height": 1517
      },
      "sha256": "e2c80f101b4ab8569a7a2385f23d7dff98201b3fc873579d9ce657b6cc39ffcd",
      "byte_size": 232636,
      "original_downloaded": false,
      "attribution": "Sorghum halepense-flowers.jpg — Jim Conrad; Public domain. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sorghum_halepense-flowers.jpg; license: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sorghum_halepense-flowers.jpg#Licensing. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "plant_id": "johnsongrass",
      "path": "assets/photos/common-priority-photos-sorghum-halepense-07-02-flower.jpg",
      "file": "assets/photos/common-priority-photos-sorghum-halepense-07-02-flower.jpg",
      "width": 1280,
      "height": 1517,
      "bytes": 232636,
      "caption": "Close view of grass spikelets with dangling reddish anthers.",
      "alt": "Sorghum halepense: Close view of grass spikelets with dangling reddish anthers.",
      "identification_note": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
      "changes": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06",
      "thumbnail": {
        "path": "assets/thumbs/johnsongrass.webp",
        "width": 540,
        "height": 640,
        "sha256": "3e0d11fb84fc4030e81cfadd412289226b0ad7d8c927aaa9dcf4029d1f8feae7",
        "parent_sha256": "e2c80f101b4ab8569a7a2385f23d7dff98201b3fc873579d9ce657b6cc39ffcd",
        "changes": "Scaled within 640 by 640 pixels and converted to WebP at quality 82. No crop or generative changes to the file; CSS may crop catalog display.",
        "license": "Public domain",
        "license_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sorghum_halepense-flowers.jpg#Licensing"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "common-priority-photos-07-06",
      "taxon": "Sorghum halepense",
      "feature": "leaf",
      "visible_feature": "Long flat green leaf blades with conspicuous pale midribs.",
      "title": "File:Johnsongrass.JPG",
      "creator": "Rsberzerker",
      "license": "Public domain",
      "license_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Johnsongrass.JPG#Licensing",
      "available_licenses": [
        {
          "name": "Public domain",
          "url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:Copyright_tags"
        }
      ],
      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Johnsongrass.JPG",
      "original_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/28/Johnsongrass.JPG",
      "source_description": "English: Sorghum halepense, also known as Johnson grass",
      "source_credit": "Own work",
      "access_date": "2026-09-06",
      "identity_verification": {
        "method": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
        "scientific_name": "Sorghum halepense",
        "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Johnsongrass.JPG",
        "visible_features_checked": "Long flat green leaf blades with conspicuous pale midribs.",
        "species_complex_caveat": "",
        "photographed_in_colorado_claimed": false,
        "source_identified_taxon": "Sorghum halepense",
        "source_categories": [
          "Sorghum halepense"
        ],
        "source_identification_basis": "Scientific name in the source title, description, and/or displayed Commons taxon category, reviewed against visible morphology."
      },
      "visual_review": {
        "status": "passed",
        "review_date": "2026-09-06",
        "method": "Every selected photograph inspected on five final contact sheets at up to 500 pixels per image; replacement dandelion flower additionally inspected individually at full downloaded resolution. Captions checked against actual visible structures. Source descriptions and taxon categories checked for consistency."
      },
      "modifications": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "source_identified_taxon": "Sorghum halepense",
      "common_name": "Johnsongrass",
      "source_categories": [
        "Sorghum halepense"
      ],
      "download_url": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Johnsongrass.JPG/1280px-Johnsongrass.JPG",
      "dimensions": {
        "width": 1280,
        "height": 960
      },
      "sha256": "f3e64e301e85b9911de503fd28bb5fd4b49f96fd1f65fb29e85843c2ea8831ea",
      "byte_size": 396244,
      "original_downloaded": false,
      "attribution": "Johnsongrass.JPG — Rsberzerker; Public domain. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Johnsongrass.JPG; license: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Johnsongrass.JPG#Licensing. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "plant_id": "johnsongrass",
      "path": "assets/photos/common-priority-photos-sorghum-halepense-07-06-leaf.jpg",
      "file": "assets/photos/common-priority-photos-sorghum-halepense-07-06-leaf.jpg",
      "width": 1280,
      "height": 960,
      "bytes": 396244,
      "caption": "Long flat green leaf blades with conspicuous pale midribs.",
      "alt": "Sorghum halepense: Long flat green leaf blades with conspicuous pale midribs.",
      "identification_note": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
      "changes": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06"
    },
    {
      "id": "common-priority-photos-07-07",
      "taxon": "Sorghum halepense",
      "feature": "habit",
      "visible_feature": "Tall leafy grass clump with open branching panicles above long arching leaves.",
      "title": "File:Sorghum halepense sl1.jpg",
      "creator": "Stefan.lefnaer",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0",
      "available_licenses": [
        {
          "name": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
          "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0"
        }
      ],
      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sorghum_halepense_sl1.jpg",
      "original_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Sorghum_halepense_sl1.jpg",
      "source_description": "Deutsch: Habitus Taxonym: Sorghum halepense ss Fischer et al. EfÖLS 2008 ISBN 978-3-85474-187-9 Fundort: Sinawastingasse, Wien-Floridsdorf - ca. 160 m ü. A. Standort: Autobahnböschung English: Habitus Taxonym: Sorghum halepense ss Fischer et al. EfÖLS 2008 ISBN 978-3-85474-187-9 Location: Sinawastingasse, Vienna-Floridsdorf - ca. 160 m a.s.l. Habitat: slope",
      "source_credit": "Own work",
      "access_date": "2026-09-06",
      "identity_verification": {
        "method": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
        "scientific_name": "Sorghum halepense",
        "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sorghum_halepense_sl1.jpg",
        "visible_features_checked": "Tall leafy grass clump with open branching panicles above long arching leaves.",
        "species_complex_caveat": "",
        "photographed_in_colorado_claimed": false,
        "source_identified_taxon": "Sorghum halepense",
        "source_categories": [
          "Sorghum halepense",
          "Flora of Floridsdorf",
          "Flora of Austria in September",
          "Pannonian Flora"
        ],
        "source_identification_basis": "Scientific name in the source title, description, and/or displayed Commons taxon category, reviewed against visible morphology."
      },
      "visual_review": {
        "status": "passed",
        "review_date": "2026-09-06",
        "method": "Every selected photograph inspected on five final contact sheets at up to 500 pixels per image; replacement dandelion flower additionally inspected individually at full downloaded resolution. Captions checked against actual visible structures. Source descriptions and taxon categories checked for consistency."
      },
      "modifications": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "source_identified_taxon": "Sorghum halepense",
      "common_name": "Johnsongrass",
      "source_categories": [
        "Sorghum halepense",
        "Flora of Floridsdorf",
        "Flora of Austria in September",
        "Pannonian Flora"
      ],
      "download_url": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Sorghum_halepense_sl1.jpg/1280px-Sorghum_halepense_sl1.jpg",
      "dimensions": {
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        "height": 1707
      },
      "sha256": "10a4ce7b78d4df404ff3029ea20bfe4dc3ead81356dfd6c694cef9039149e5f3",
      "byte_size": 762001,
      "original_downloaded": false,
      "attribution": "Sorghum halepense sl1.jpg — Stefan.lefnaer; CC BY-SA 4.0. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sorghum_halepense_sl1.jpg; license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "plant_id": "johnsongrass",
      "path": "assets/photos/common-priority-photos-sorghum-halepense-07-07-habit.jpg",
      "file": "assets/photos/common-priority-photos-sorghum-halepense-07-07-habit.jpg",
      "width": 1280,
      "height": 1707,
      "bytes": 762001,
      "caption": "Tall leafy grass clump with open branching panicles above long arching leaves.",
      "alt": "Sorghum halepense: Tall leafy grass clump with open branching panicles above long arching leaves.",
      "identification_note": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
      "changes": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06"
    },
    {
      "id": "common-priority-photos-08-05",
      "taxon": "Sonchus arvensis",
      "feature": "habit",
      "visible_feature": "Branched upright sowthistle bearing yellow flower heads above deeply lobed foliage.",
      "title": "File:Sonchus arvensis Helgoland.JPG",
      "creator": "Gabriele Kothe-Heinrich",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0",
      "available_licenses": [
        {
          "name": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
          "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0"
        }
      ],
      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sonchus_arvensis_Helgoland.JPG",
      "original_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b4/Sonchus_arvensis_Helgoland.JPG",
      "source_description": "English: Sonchus arvensis , Heligoland (Germany) Deutsch: Acker-Gänsedistel ( Sonchus arvensis ), Helgoland, Düne",
      "source_credit": "Own work",
      "access_date": "2026-09-06",
      "identity_verification": {
        "method": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
        "scientific_name": "Sonchus arvensis",
        "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sonchus_arvensis_Helgoland.JPG",
        "visible_features_checked": "Branched upright sowthistle bearing yellow flower heads above deeply lobed foliage.",
        "species_complex_caveat": "",
        "photographed_in_colorado_claimed": false,
        "source_identified_taxon": "Sonchus arvensis",
        "source_categories": [
          "Sonchus arvensis",
          "Flora of Heligoland",
          "Cichorioideae in Schleswig-Holstein",
          "September 1987 in Schleswig-Holstein"
        ],
        "source_identification_basis": "Scientific name in the source title, description, and/or displayed Commons taxon category, reviewed against visible morphology."
      },
      "visual_review": {
        "status": "passed",
        "review_date": "2026-09-06",
        "method": "Every selected photograph inspected on five final contact sheets at up to 500 pixels per image; replacement dandelion flower additionally inspected individually at full downloaded resolution. Captions checked against actual visible structures. Source descriptions and taxon categories checked for consistency."
      },
      "modifications": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "source_identified_taxon": "Sonchus arvensis",
      "common_name": "Perennial sowthistle",
      "source_categories": [
        "Sonchus arvensis",
        "Flora of Heligoland",
        "Cichorioideae in Schleswig-Holstein",
        "September 1987 in Schleswig-Holstein"
      ],
      "download_url": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Sonchus_arvensis_Helgoland.JPG/1280px-Sonchus_arvensis_Helgoland.JPG",
      "dimensions": {
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        "height": 1920
      },
      "sha256": "36310b8edec9c7d9194e26aa6af60cfc7ab721adc6b8bfb36d7158178fbb6fd8",
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      "original_downloaded": false,
      "attribution": "Sonchus arvensis Helgoland.JPG — Gabriele Kothe-Heinrich; CC BY-SA 3.0. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sonchus_arvensis_Helgoland.JPG; license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "plant_id": "perennial-sowthistle",
      "path": "assets/photos/common-priority-photos-sonchus-arvensis-08-05-habit.jpg",
      "file": "assets/photos/common-priority-photos-sonchus-arvensis-08-05-habit.jpg",
      "width": 1280,
      "height": 1920,
      "bytes": 299768,
      "caption": "Branched upright sowthistle bearing yellow flower heads above deeply lobed foliage.",
      "alt": "Sonchus arvensis: Branched upright sowthistle bearing yellow flower heads above deeply lobed foliage.",
      "identification_note": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
      "changes": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06",
      "thumbnail": {
        "path": "assets/thumbs/perennial-sowthistle.webp",
        "width": 427,
        "height": 640,
        "sha256": "9bdefe438373aa080272cc9ac6e6672ad66519a1bb4b88d1cda3fbb406c90887",
        "parent_sha256": "36310b8edec9c7d9194e26aa6af60cfc7ab721adc6b8bfb36d7158178fbb6fd8",
        "changes": "Scaled within 640 by 640 pixels and converted to WebP at quality 82. No crop or generative changes to the file; CSS may crop catalog display.",
        "license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "common-priority-photos-08-07",
      "taxon": "Sonchus arvensis",
      "feature": "leaf",
      "visible_feature": "Long blue-green toothed leaf with a clasping base around an upright stem.",
      "title": "File:Sonchus arvensis Peltovalvatti C H8939.jpg",
      "creator": "Anneli Salo",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0",
      "available_licenses": [
        {
          "name": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
          "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0"
        }
      ],
      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sonchus_arvensis_Peltovalvatti_C_H8939.jpg",
      "original_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/42/Sonchus_arvensis_Peltovalvatti_C_H8939.jpg",
      "source_description": "English: Sonchus arvensis, Field Sow Thistle - Leaf - Kerava, Finland Suomi: Peltovalvatin lehti",
      "source_credit": "Self-photographed",
      "access_date": "2026-09-06",
      "identity_verification": {
        "method": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
        "scientific_name": "Sonchus arvensis",
        "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sonchus_arvensis_Peltovalvatti_C_H8939.jpg",
        "visible_features_checked": "Long blue-green toothed leaf with a clasping base around an upright stem.",
        "species_complex_caveat": "",
        "photographed_in_colorado_claimed": false,
        "source_identified_taxon": "Sonchus arvensis",
        "source_categories": [
          "Sonchus arvensis"
        ],
        "source_identification_basis": "Scientific name in the source title, description, and/or displayed Commons taxon category, reviewed against visible morphology."
      },
      "visual_review": {
        "status": "passed",
        "review_date": "2026-09-06",
        "method": "Every selected photograph inspected on five final contact sheets at up to 500 pixels per image; replacement dandelion flower additionally inspected individually at full downloaded resolution. Captions checked against actual visible structures. Source descriptions and taxon categories checked for consistency."
      },
      "modifications": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "source_identified_taxon": "Sonchus arvensis",
      "common_name": "Perennial sowthistle",
      "source_categories": [
        "Sonchus arvensis"
      ],
      "download_url": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Sonchus_arvensis_Peltovalvatti_C_H8939.jpg/1280px-Sonchus_arvensis_Peltovalvatti_C_H8939.jpg",
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      "original_downloaded": false,
      "attribution": "Sonchus arvensis Peltovalvatti C H8939.jpg — Anneli Salo; CC BY-SA 3.0. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sonchus_arvensis_Peltovalvatti_C_H8939.jpg; license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "plant_id": "perennial-sowthistle",
      "path": "assets/photos/common-priority-photos-sonchus-arvensis-08-07-leaf.jpg",
      "file": "assets/photos/common-priority-photos-sonchus-arvensis-08-07-leaf.jpg",
      "width": 1280,
      "height": 895,
      "bytes": 233475,
      "caption": "Long blue-green toothed leaf with a clasping base around an upright stem.",
      "alt": "Sonchus arvensis: Long blue-green toothed leaf with a clasping base around an upright stem.",
      "identification_note": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
      "changes": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06"
    },
    {
      "id": "common-priority-photos-08-11",
      "taxon": "Sonchus arvensis",
      "feature": "flower",
      "visible_feature": "A yellow head composed of many narrow strap-shaped florets.",
      "title": "File:Sonchus arvensis 2 bgiu.jpg",
      "creator": "Bogdan",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/",
      "available_licenses": [
        {
          "name": "GFDL",
          "url": "http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html"
        },
        {
          "name": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
          "url": "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/"
        }
      ],
      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sonchus_arvensis_2_bgiu.jpg",
      "original_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/46/Sonchus_arvensis_2_bgiu.jpg",
      "source_description": "Sonchus arvensis , Asteraceae Taken in Bucharest",
      "source_credit": "No machine-readable source provided. Own work assumed (based on copyright claims).",
      "access_date": "2026-09-06",
      "identity_verification": {
        "method": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
        "scientific_name": "Sonchus arvensis",
        "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sonchus_arvensis_2_bgiu.jpg",
        "visible_features_checked": "A yellow head composed of many narrow strap-shaped florets.",
        "species_complex_caveat": "",
        "photographed_in_colorado_claimed": false,
        "source_identified_taxon": "Sonchus arvensis",
        "source_categories": [
          "Sonchus arvensis (flowers)"
        ],
        "source_identification_basis": "Scientific name in the source title, description, and/or displayed Commons taxon category, reviewed against visible morphology."
      },
      "visual_review": {
        "status": "passed",
        "review_date": "2026-09-06",
        "method": "Every selected photograph inspected on five final contact sheets at up to 500 pixels per image; replacement dandelion flower additionally inspected individually at full downloaded resolution. Captions checked against actual visible structures. Source descriptions and taxon categories checked for consistency."
      },
      "modifications": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "source_identified_taxon": "Sonchus arvensis",
      "common_name": "Perennial sowthistle",
      "source_categories": [
        "Sonchus arvensis (flowers)"
      ],
      "download_url": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Sonchus_arvensis_2_bgiu.jpg/1280px-Sonchus_arvensis_2_bgiu.jpg",
      "dimensions": {
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        "height": 1002
      },
      "sha256": "d1861afcd2e8cf91835ccf8edc3f84ff14375348c93ad6114c78a1d87b6dc989",
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      "attribution": "Sonchus arvensis 2 bgiu.jpg — Bogdan; CC BY-SA 3.0. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sonchus_arvensis_2_bgiu.jpg; license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "creator_as_extracted": "No machine-readable author provided. Bogdan assumed (based on copyright claims).",
      "creator_verification": "Source copyright claim identifies the Commons user Bogdan; machine-readable author metadata was absent.",
      "plant_id": "perennial-sowthistle",
      "path": "assets/photos/common-priority-photos-sonchus-arvensis-08-11-flower.jpg",
      "file": "assets/photos/common-priority-photos-sonchus-arvensis-08-11-flower.jpg",
      "width": 1280,
      "height": 1002,
      "bytes": 199058,
      "caption": "A yellow head composed of many narrow strap-shaped florets.",
      "alt": "Sonchus arvensis: A yellow head composed of many narrow strap-shaped florets.",
      "identification_note": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
      "changes": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06"
    },
    {
      "id": "common-priority-photos-09-02",
      "taxon": "Elymus repens",
      "feature": "habit",
      "visible_feature": "Dense upright grass clump with long green blades and slender flower spikes.",
      "title": "File:Kweek Elytrigia repens.jpg",
      "creator": "Rasbak",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/",
      "available_licenses": [
        {
          "name": "GFDL",
          "url": "http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html"
        },
        {
          "name": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
          "url": "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/"
        }
      ],
      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kweek_Elytrigia_repens.jpg",
      "original_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f3/Kweek_Elytrigia_repens.jpg",
      "source_description": "Kweek Elytrigia repens;",
      "source_credit": "Own work",
      "access_date": "2026-09-06",
      "identity_verification": {
        "method": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
        "scientific_name": "Elymus repens",
        "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kweek_Elytrigia_repens.jpg",
        "visible_features_checked": "Dense upright grass clump with long green blades and slender flower spikes.",
        "species_complex_caveat": "Source names Elytrigia repens and Elymus repens are treated as synonyms. Similar grasses require spikelet orientation and leaf-collar characters for an unknown specimen.",
        "photographed_in_colorado_claimed": false,
        "source_identified_taxon": "Elymus repens / Elytrigia repens",
        "source_categories": [
          "Elymus repens"
        ],
        "source_identification_basis": "Scientific name in the source title, description, and/or displayed Commons taxon category, reviewed against visible morphology."
      },
      "visual_review": {
        "status": "passed",
        "review_date": "2026-09-06",
        "method": "Every selected photograph inspected on five final contact sheets at up to 500 pixels per image; replacement dandelion flower additionally inspected individually at full downloaded resolution. Captions checked against actual visible structures. Source descriptions and taxon categories checked for consistency."
      },
      "modifications": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "source_identified_taxon": "Elymus repens / Elytrigia repens",
      "common_name": "Quackgrass",
      "source_categories": [
        "Elymus repens"
      ],
      "download_url": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Kweek_Elytrigia_repens.jpg/1280px-Kweek_Elytrigia_repens.jpg",
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        "height": 1690
      },
      "sha256": "0bb7a2f55ef4bfeb60d5d2c2ee37b3a66379efb98b8d1d2734396d2138889cf5",
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      "attribution": "Kweek Elytrigia repens.jpg — Rasbak; CC BY-SA 3.0. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kweek_Elytrigia_repens.jpg; license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "plant_id": "quackgrass",
      "path": "assets/photos/common-priority-photos-elymus-repens-09-02-habit.jpg",
      "file": "assets/photos/common-priority-photos-elymus-repens-09-02-habit.jpg",
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      "caption": "Dense upright grass clump with long green blades and slender flower spikes.",
      "alt": "Elymus repens: Dense upright grass clump with long green blades and slender flower spikes.",
      "identification_note": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Source names Elytrigia repens and Elymus repens are treated as synonyms. Similar grasses require spikelet orientation and leaf-collar characters for an unknown specimen.",
      "changes": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06",
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        "height": 640,
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        "parent_sha256": "0bb7a2f55ef4bfeb60d5d2c2ee37b3a66379efb98b8d1d2734396d2138889cf5",
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        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/"
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    },
    {
      "id": "common-priority-photos-09-11",
      "taxon": "Elymus repens",
      "feature": "flower",
      "visible_feature": "Flattened spikelets arranged along a narrow spike, with pale anthers protruding.",
      "title": "File:Elymus.repens.3.jpg",
      "creator": "James K. Lindsey",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 2.5",
      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.5",
      "available_licenses": [
        {
          "name": "CC BY-SA 2.5",
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        },
        {
          "name": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
          "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0"
        }
      ],
      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Elymus.repens.3.jpg",
      "original_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c8/Elymus.repens.3.jpg",
      "source_description": "Picture taken in Commanster, Belgian High Ardennes . Species: Elytrigia repens",
      "source_credit": "James Lindsey's Ecology of Commanster Site",
      "access_date": "2026-09-06",
      "identity_verification": {
        "method": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
        "scientific_name": "Elymus repens",
        "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Elymus.repens.3.jpg",
        "visible_features_checked": "Flattened spikelets arranged along a narrow spike, with pale anthers protruding.",
        "species_complex_caveat": "Source names Elytrigia repens and Elymus repens are treated as synonyms. Similar grasses require spikelet orientation and leaf-collar characters for an unknown specimen.",
        "photographed_in_colorado_claimed": false,
        "source_identified_taxon": "Elymus repens / Elytrigia repens",
        "source_categories": [
          "Elymus repens (flowers)",
          "Elymus in the Northern Hemisphere in June 2006",
          "Poaceae in Commanster",
          "Poales in Belgium in June 2006"
        ],
        "source_identification_basis": "Scientific name in the source title, description, and/or displayed Commons taxon category, reviewed against visible morphology."
      },
      "visual_review": {
        "status": "passed",
        "review_date": "2026-09-06",
        "method": "Every selected photograph inspected on five final contact sheets at up to 500 pixels per image; replacement dandelion flower additionally inspected individually at full downloaded resolution. Captions checked against actual visible structures. Source descriptions and taxon categories checked for consistency."
      },
      "modifications": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "source_identified_taxon": "Elymus repens / Elytrigia repens",
      "common_name": "Quackgrass",
      "source_categories": [
        "Elymus repens (flowers)",
        "Elymus in the Northern Hemisphere in June 2006",
        "Poaceae in Commanster",
        "Poales in Belgium in June 2006"
      ],
      "download_url": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Elymus.repens.3.jpg/1280px-Elymus.repens.3.jpg",
      "dimensions": {
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      "sha256": "01b2b28276477674e0a0de2a1160cd0794634768eb6a08cf2ce65b0693adc6a8",
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      "original_downloaded": false,
      "attribution": "Elymus.repens.3.jpg — James K. Lindsey; CC BY-SA 2.5. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Elymus.repens.3.jpg; license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.5. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "plant_id": "quackgrass",
      "path": "assets/photos/common-priority-photos-elymus-repens-09-11-flower.jpg",
      "file": "assets/photos/common-priority-photos-elymus-repens-09-11-flower.jpg",
      "width": 1280,
      "height": 852,
      "bytes": 193078,
      "caption": "Flattened spikelets arranged along a narrow spike, with pale anthers protruding.",
      "alt": "Elymus repens: Flattened spikelets arranged along a narrow spike, with pale anthers protruding.",
      "identification_note": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Source names Elytrigia repens and Elymus repens are treated as synonyms. Similar grasses require spikelet orientation and leaf-collar characters for an unknown specimen.",
      "changes": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06"
    },
    {
      "id": "common-priority-photos-09-12",
      "taxon": "Elymus repens",
      "feature": "leaf-node",
      "visible_feature": "Close view of a leaf base and collar clasping a green culm, with a scale.",
      "title": "File:Elymus repens sl1.jpg",
      "creator": "Stefan.lefnaer",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0",
      "available_licenses": [
        {
          "name": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
          "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0"
        }
      ],
      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Elymus_repens_sl1.jpg",
      "original_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e7/Elymus_repens_sl1.jpg",
      "source_description": "Deutsch: Stängel mit Laubblattscheide Taxonym: Elymus repens ss Fischer et al. EfÖLS 2008 ISBN 978-3-85474-187-9 Fundort: bei Niederhollabrunn, Bezirk Korneuburg, Niederösterreich - ca. 350 m ü. A. Standort: Wiese English: Stipe with leaf sheath Taxonym: Elymus repens ss Fischer et al. EfÖLS 2008 ISBN 978-3-85474-187-9 Location: near Niederhollabrunn, district Korneuburg, Lower Austria - ca. 350 m a.s.l. Habitat: meadows",
      "source_credit": "Own work",
      "access_date": "2026-09-06",
      "identity_verification": {
        "method": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
        "scientific_name": "Elymus repens",
        "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Elymus_repens_sl1.jpg",
        "visible_features_checked": "Close view of a leaf base and collar clasping a green culm, with a scale.",
        "species_complex_caveat": "Source names Elytrigia repens and Elymus repens are treated as synonyms. Similar grasses require spikelet orientation and leaf-collar characters for an unknown specimen.",
        "photographed_in_colorado_claimed": false,
        "source_identified_taxon": "Elymus repens / Elytrigia repens",
        "source_categories": [
          "Elymus repens",
          "Elymus in the Northern Hemisphere in June 2015",
          "Poales in Lower Austria in June",
          "Pooideae in Lower Austria",
          "Poaceae in Niederhollabrunn",
          "Pannonian Flora"
        ],
        "source_identification_basis": "Scientific name in the source title, description, and/or displayed Commons taxon category, reviewed against visible morphology."
      },
      "visual_review": {
        "status": "passed",
        "review_date": "2026-09-06",
        "method": "Every selected photograph inspected on five final contact sheets at up to 500 pixels per image; replacement dandelion flower additionally inspected individually at full downloaded resolution. Captions checked against actual visible structures. Source descriptions and taxon categories checked for consistency."
      },
      "modifications": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "source_identified_taxon": "Elymus repens / Elytrigia repens",
      "common_name": "Quackgrass",
      "source_categories": [
        "Elymus repens",
        "Elymus in the Northern Hemisphere in June 2015",
        "Poales in Lower Austria in June",
        "Pooideae in Lower Austria",
        "Poaceae in Niederhollabrunn",
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      ],
      "download_url": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Elymus_repens_sl1.jpg/1280px-Elymus_repens_sl1.jpg",
      "dimensions": {
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        "height": 628
      },
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      "original_downloaded": false,
      "attribution": "Elymus repens sl1.jpg — Stefan.lefnaer; CC BY-SA 4.0. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Elymus_repens_sl1.jpg; license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "plant_id": "quackgrass",
      "path": "assets/photos/common-priority-photos-elymus-repens-09-12-leaf-node.jpg",
      "file": "assets/photos/common-priority-photos-elymus-repens-09-12-leaf-node.jpg",
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      "height": 628,
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      "caption": "Close view of a leaf base and collar clasping a green culm, with a scale.",
      "alt": "Elymus repens: Close view of a leaf base and collar clasping a green culm, with a scale.",
      "identification_note": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Source names Elytrigia repens and Elymus repens are treated as synonyms. Similar grasses require spikelet orientation and leaf-collar characters for an unknown specimen.",
      "changes": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06"
    },
    {
      "id": "common-priority-photos-10-06",
      "taxon": "Erodium cicutarium",
      "feature": "fruit",
      "visible_feature": "Cluster of long narrow beaked fruits above divided foliage.",
      "title": "File:Erodium cicutarium02.jpg",
      "creator": "Follavoine / follavoine.net",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/",
      "available_licenses": [
        {
          "name": "GFDL",
          "url": "http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html"
        },
        {
          "name": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
          "url": "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/"
        }
      ],
      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Erodium_cicutarium02.jpg",
      "original_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3e/Erodium_cicutarium02.jpg",
      "source_description": "Erodium cicutarium (L.) L'Her. Photo  : follavoine.net [ dead link ] Blasimon (Gironde, France) 2004 - GFDL",
      "source_credit": "",
      "access_date": "2026-09-06",
      "identity_verification": {
        "method": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
        "scientific_name": "Erodium cicutarium",
        "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Erodium_cicutarium02.jpg",
        "visible_features_checked": "Cluster of long narrow beaked fruits above divided foliage.",
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        "photographed_in_colorado_claimed": false,
        "source_identified_taxon": "Erodium cicutarium",
        "source_categories": [
          "Erodium cicutarium (fruit)"
        ],
        "source_identification_basis": "Scientific name in the source title, description, and/or displayed Commons taxon category, reviewed against visible morphology."
      },
      "visual_review": {
        "status": "passed",
        "review_date": "2026-09-06",
        "method": "Every selected photograph inspected on five final contact sheets at up to 500 pixels per image; replacement dandelion flower additionally inspected individually at full downloaded resolution. Captions checked against actual visible structures. Source descriptions and taxon categories checked for consistency."
      },
      "modifications": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "source_identified_taxon": "Erodium cicutarium",
      "common_name": "Redstem filaree",
      "source_categories": [
        "Erodium cicutarium (fruit)"
      ],
      "download_url": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Erodium_cicutarium02.jpg/1280px-Erodium_cicutarium02.jpg",
      "dimensions": {
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      },
      "sha256": "6e4a5d829f31936b75285bc027a00721778b5e92a5864db3cbc9e69e741585bc",
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      "attribution": "Erodium cicutarium02.jpg — Follavoine / follavoine.net; CC BY-SA 3.0. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Erodium_cicutarium02.jpg; license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "creator_as_extracted": "",
      "creator_verification": "Source opening text credits Photo: follavoine.net and lists Follavoine; Blasimon, France, 2004.",
      "plant_id": "redstem-filaree",
      "path": "assets/photos/common-priority-photos-erodium-cicutarium-10-06-fruit.jpg",
      "file": "assets/photos/common-priority-photos-erodium-cicutarium-10-06-fruit.jpg",
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      "height": 960,
      "bytes": 188782,
      "caption": "Cluster of long narrow beaked fruits above divided foliage.",
      "alt": "Erodium cicutarium: Cluster of long narrow beaked fruits above divided foliage.",
      "identification_note": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
      "changes": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06",
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        "path": "assets/thumbs/redstem-filaree.webp",
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        "height": 480,
        "sha256": "f85f940f53554bebe894fdf8f2cfe718d7d5dadf6d199dc29d8dcaaf1b2df18c",
        "parent_sha256": "6e4a5d829f31936b75285bc027a00721778b5e92a5864db3cbc9e69e741585bc",
        "changes": "Scaled within 640 by 640 pixels and converted to WebP at quality 82. No crop or generative changes to the file; CSS may crop catalog display.",
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        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/"
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    },
    {
      "id": "common-priority-photos-10-07",
      "taxon": "Erodium cicutarium",
      "feature": "habit-foliage",
      "visible_feature": "Low spreading plant with numerous finely divided fern-like leaves.",
      "title": "File:Erodium cicutarium03.jpg",
      "creator": "Follavoine / follavoine.net",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/",
      "available_licenses": [
        {
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          "url": "http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html"
        },
        {
          "name": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
          "url": "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/"
        }
      ],
      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Erodium_cicutarium03.jpg",
      "original_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0e/Erodium_cicutarium03.jpg",
      "source_description": "Erodium cicutarium (L.) L'Her. = Bec de grue à feuilles de ciguë Photo  : follavoine.net [ dead link ] Blasimon (Gironde, France) 2004 - GFDL",
      "source_credit": "",
      "access_date": "2026-09-06",
      "identity_verification": {
        "method": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
        "scientific_name": "Erodium cicutarium",
        "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Erodium_cicutarium03.jpg",
        "visible_features_checked": "Low spreading plant with numerous finely divided fern-like leaves.",
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        "photographed_in_colorado_claimed": false,
        "source_identified_taxon": "Erodium cicutarium",
        "source_categories": [
          "Erodium cicutarium"
        ],
        "source_identification_basis": "Scientific name in the source title, description, and/or displayed Commons taxon category, reviewed against visible morphology."
      },
      "visual_review": {
        "status": "passed",
        "review_date": "2026-09-06",
        "method": "Every selected photograph inspected on five final contact sheets at up to 500 pixels per image; replacement dandelion flower additionally inspected individually at full downloaded resolution. Captions checked against actual visible structures. Source descriptions and taxon categories checked for consistency."
      },
      "modifications": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "source_identified_taxon": "Erodium cicutarium",
      "common_name": "Redstem filaree",
      "source_categories": [
        "Erodium cicutarium"
      ],
      "download_url": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Erodium_cicutarium03.jpg/1280px-Erodium_cicutarium03.jpg",
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        "height": 960
      },
      "sha256": "fec8f2e3e7d0369081eb9c39280bffd1a5353328b74ca995b62c5f37e5a5f776",
      "byte_size": 439434,
      "original_downloaded": false,
      "attribution": "Erodium cicutarium03.jpg — Follavoine / follavoine.net; CC BY-SA 3.0. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Erodium_cicutarium03.jpg; license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "creator_as_extracted": "",
      "creator_verification": "Source opening text credits Photo: follavoine.net and lists Follavoine; Blasimon, France, 2004.",
      "plant_id": "redstem-filaree",
      "path": "assets/photos/common-priority-photos-erodium-cicutarium-10-07-habit-foliage.jpg",
      "file": "assets/photos/common-priority-photos-erodium-cicutarium-10-07-habit-foliage.jpg",
      "width": 1280,
      "height": 960,
      "bytes": 439434,
      "caption": "Low spreading plant with numerous finely divided fern-like leaves.",
      "alt": "Erodium cicutarium: Low spreading plant with numerous finely divided fern-like leaves.",
      "identification_note": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
      "changes": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06"
    },
    {
      "id": "common-priority-photos-10-08",
      "taxon": "Erodium cicutarium",
      "feature": "flower",
      "visible_feature": "Pink five-petaled flowers on slender stalks.",
      "title": "File:Erodium-cicutarium-250404.jpg",
      "creator": "Michael H. Lemmer",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 2.5",
      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.5",
      "available_licenses": [
        {
          "name": "CC BY-SA 2.5",
          "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.5"
        }
      ],
      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Erodium-cicutarium-250404.jpg",
      "original_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/19/Erodium-cicutarium-250404.jpg",
      "source_description": "Reiherschnabel (erodium cicutarium), aufgenommen in Buseck",
      "source_credit": "http://www.naturkamera.de Own work",
      "access_date": "2026-09-06",
      "identity_verification": {
        "method": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
        "scientific_name": "Erodium cicutarium",
        "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Erodium-cicutarium-250404.jpg",
        "visible_features_checked": "Pink five-petaled flowers on slender stalks.",
        "species_complex_caveat": "",
        "photographed_in_colorado_claimed": false,
        "source_identified_taxon": "Erodium cicutarium",
        "source_categories": [
          "Close-ups of Erodium cicutarium flowers",
          "2 flowers"
        ],
        "source_identification_basis": "Scientific name in the source title, description, and/or displayed Commons taxon category, reviewed against visible morphology."
      },
      "visual_review": {
        "status": "passed",
        "review_date": "2026-09-06",
        "method": "Every selected photograph inspected on five final contact sheets at up to 500 pixels per image; replacement dandelion flower additionally inspected individually at full downloaded resolution. Captions checked against actual visible structures. Source descriptions and taxon categories checked for consistency."
      },
      "modifications": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "source_identified_taxon": "Erodium cicutarium",
      "common_name": "Redstem filaree",
      "source_categories": [
        "Close-ups of Erodium cicutarium flowers",
        "2 flowers"
      ],
      "download_url": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Erodium-cicutarium-250404.jpg/1280px-Erodium-cicutarium-250404.jpg",
      "dimensions": {
        "width": 1280,
        "height": 1020
      },
      "sha256": "99da9c56cc6d37c9ff64fb3b2694770f6d742e8530d82a79c5febce88e2086bf",
      "byte_size": 164955,
      "original_downloaded": false,
      "attribution": "Erodium-cicutarium-250404.jpg — Michael H. Lemmer; CC BY-SA 2.5. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Erodium-cicutarium-250404.jpg; license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.5. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "plant_id": "redstem-filaree",
      "path": "assets/photos/common-priority-photos-erodium-cicutarium-10-08-flower.jpg",
      "file": "assets/photos/common-priority-photos-erodium-cicutarium-10-08-flower.jpg",
      "width": 1280,
      "height": 1020,
      "bytes": 164955,
      "caption": "Pink five-petaled flowers on slender stalks.",
      "alt": "Erodium cicutarium: Pink five-petaled flowers on slender stalks.",
      "identification_note": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
      "changes": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06"
    },
    {
      "id": "common-priority-photos-11-03",
      "taxon": "Ulmus pumila",
      "feature": "samaras",
      "visible_feature": "Clusters of pale green round winged fruits on a twig.",
      "title": "File:Elm in beijing.JPG",
      "creator": "Shizhao",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 2.5",
      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.5",
      "available_licenses": [
        {
          "name": "CC BY-SA 2.5",
          "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.5"
        }
      ],
      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Elm_in_beijing.JPG",
      "original_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/21/Elm_in_beijing.JPG",
      "source_description": "榆钱",
      "source_credit": "Own work",
      "access_date": "2026-09-06",
      "identity_verification": {
        "method": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
        "scientific_name": "Ulmus pumila",
        "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Elm_in_beijing.JPG",
        "visible_features_checked": "Clusters of pale green round winged fruits on a twig.",
        "species_complex_caveat": "Elms can hybridize and have similar foliage. These are source-identified U. pumila photographs; cultivar identity or hybrid ancestry is not determined.",
        "photographed_in_colorado_claimed": false,
        "source_identified_taxon": "Ulmus pumila",
        "source_categories": [
          "Ulmus pumila",
          "Ulmus (fruit)"
        ],
        "source_identification_basis": "Scientific name in the source title, description, and/or displayed Commons taxon category, reviewed against visible morphology."
      },
      "visual_review": {
        "status": "passed",
        "review_date": "2026-09-06",
        "method": "Every selected photograph inspected on five final contact sheets at up to 500 pixels per image; replacement dandelion flower additionally inspected individually at full downloaded resolution. Captions checked against actual visible structures. Source descriptions and taxon categories checked for consistency."
      },
      "modifications": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "source_identified_taxon": "Ulmus pumila",
      "common_name": "Siberian elm",
      "source_categories": [
        "Ulmus pumila",
        "Ulmus (fruit)"
      ],
      "download_url": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Elm_in_beijing.JPG/1280px-Elm_in_beijing.JPG",
      "dimensions": {
        "width": 1280,
        "height": 1707
      },
      "sha256": "a54d184c2da7f18ebbc747a33667c51d17c45b47779d4dd0518218b7cba74930",
      "byte_size": 359768,
      "original_downloaded": false,
      "attribution": "Elm in beijing.JPG — Shizhao; CC BY-SA 2.5. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Elm_in_beijing.JPG; license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.5. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "plant_id": "siberian-elm",
      "path": "assets/photos/common-priority-photos-ulmus-pumila-11-03-samaras.jpg",
      "file": "assets/photos/common-priority-photos-ulmus-pumila-11-03-samaras.jpg",
      "width": 1280,
      "height": 1707,
      "bytes": 359768,
      "caption": "Clusters of pale green round winged fruits on a twig.",
      "alt": "Ulmus pumila: Clusters of pale green round winged fruits on a twig.",
      "identification_note": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Elms can hybridize and have similar foliage. These are source-identified U. pumila photographs; cultivar identity or hybrid ancestry is not determined.",
      "changes": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06",
      "thumbnail": {
        "path": "assets/thumbs/siberian-elm.webp",
        "width": 480,
        "height": 640,
        "sha256": "89bdd10ff163b743ab1344621fd74877a2977168a9d65d0c3eb275243e8746b1",
        "parent_sha256": "a54d184c2da7f18ebbc747a33667c51d17c45b47779d4dd0518218b7cba74930",
        "changes": "Scaled within 640 by 640 pixels and converted to WebP at quality 82. No crop or generative changes to the file; CSS may crop catalog display.",
        "license": "CC BY-SA 2.5",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.5"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "common-priority-photos-11-05",
      "taxon": "Ulmus pumila",
      "feature": "leaf",
      "visible_feature": "Small green serrated leaves with strongly impressed side veins.",
      "title": "File:Ulmus pumila leaves.jpg",
      "creator": "Melburnian",
      "license": "CC BY 2.5",
      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.5",
      "available_licenses": [
        {
          "name": "GFDL",
          "url": "http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html"
        },
        {
          "name": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
          "url": "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/"
        },
        {
          "name": "CC BY 2.5",
          "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.5"
        }
      ],
      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ulmus_pumila_leaves.jpg",
      "original_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5b/Ulmus_pumila_leaves.jpg",
      "source_description": "Foliage of Siberian Elm ( Ulmus pumila ) in Alma Park, St Kilda, Victoria, Australia.",
      "source_credit": "Self-photographed",
      "access_date": "2026-09-06",
      "identity_verification": {
        "method": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
        "scientific_name": "Ulmus pumila",
        "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ulmus_pumila_leaves.jpg",
        "visible_features_checked": "Small green serrated leaves with strongly impressed side veins.",
        "species_complex_caveat": "Elms can hybridize and have similar foliage. These are source-identified U. pumila photographs; cultivar identity or hybrid ancestry is not determined.",
        "photographed_in_colorado_claimed": false,
        "source_identified_taxon": "Ulmus pumila",
        "source_categories": [
          "Ulmus pumila (leaves)"
        ],
        "source_identification_basis": "Scientific name in the source title, description, and/or displayed Commons taxon category, reviewed against visible morphology."
      },
      "visual_review": {
        "status": "passed",
        "review_date": "2026-09-06",
        "method": "Every selected photograph inspected on five final contact sheets at up to 500 pixels per image; replacement dandelion flower additionally inspected individually at full downloaded resolution. Captions checked against actual visible structures. Source descriptions and taxon categories checked for consistency."
      },
      "modifications": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "source_identified_taxon": "Ulmus pumila",
      "common_name": "Siberian elm",
      "source_categories": [
        "Ulmus pumila (leaves)"
      ],
      "download_url": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Ulmus_pumila_leaves.jpg/1280px-Ulmus_pumila_leaves.jpg",
      "dimensions": {
        "width": 1280,
        "height": 1055
      },
      "sha256": "a8a3fd541c9cd26120551834cf4aadd08fba315cadbac0abeabb3ab2653bdd3b",
      "byte_size": 273502,
      "original_downloaded": false,
      "attribution": "Ulmus pumila leaves.jpg — Melburnian; CC BY 2.5. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ulmus_pumila_leaves.jpg; license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.5. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "plant_id": "siberian-elm",
      "path": "assets/photos/common-priority-photos-ulmus-pumila-11-05-leaf.jpg",
      "file": "assets/photos/common-priority-photos-ulmus-pumila-11-05-leaf.jpg",
      "width": 1280,
      "height": 1055,
      "bytes": 273502,
      "caption": "Small green serrated leaves with strongly impressed side veins.",
      "alt": "Ulmus pumila: Small green serrated leaves with strongly impressed side veins.",
      "identification_note": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Elms can hybridize and have similar foliage. These are source-identified U. pumila photographs; cultivar identity or hybrid ancestry is not determined.",
      "changes": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06"
    },
    {
      "id": "common-priority-photos-11-10",
      "taxon": "Ulmus pumila",
      "feature": "habit",
      "visible_feature": "Mature leafy tree with an upright trunk and spreading irregular crown.",
      "title": "File:비술나무.JPG",
      "creator": "Dalgial",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0",
      "available_licenses": [
        {
          "name": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
          "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0"
        },
        {
          "name": "GFDL",
          "url": "http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html"
        }
      ],
      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:%EB%B9%84%EC%88%A0%EB%82%98%EB%AC%B4.JPG",
      "original_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c8/%EB%B9%84%EC%88%A0%EB%82%98%EB%AC%B4.JPG",
      "source_description": "English: Ulmus pumila in Gyeongbokgung , Korea 한국어: 경복궁 안 비술나무",
      "source_credit": "Own work",
      "access_date": "2026-09-06",
      "identity_verification": {
        "method": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
        "scientific_name": "Ulmus pumila",
        "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:%EB%B9%84%EC%88%A0%EB%82%98%EB%AC%B4.JPG",
        "visible_features_checked": "Mature leafy tree with an upright trunk and spreading irregular crown.",
        "species_complex_caveat": "Elms can hybridize and have similar foliage. These are source-identified U. pumila photographs; cultivar identity or hybrid ancestry is not determined.",
        "photographed_in_colorado_claimed": false,
        "source_identified_taxon": "Ulmus pumila",
        "source_categories": [
          "Ulmus pumila"
        ],
        "source_identification_basis": "Scientific name in the source title, description, and/or displayed Commons taxon category, reviewed against visible morphology."
      },
      "visual_review": {
        "status": "passed",
        "review_date": "2026-09-06",
        "method": "Every selected photograph inspected on five final contact sheets at up to 500 pixels per image; replacement dandelion flower additionally inspected individually at full downloaded resolution. Captions checked against actual visible structures. Source descriptions and taxon categories checked for consistency."
      },
      "modifications": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "source_identified_taxon": "Ulmus pumila",
      "common_name": "Siberian elm",
      "source_categories": [
        "Ulmus pumila"
      ],
      "download_url": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/%EB%B9%84%EC%88%A0%EB%82%98%EB%AC%B4.JPG/1280px-%EB%B9%84%EC%88%A0%EB%82%98%EB%AC%B4.JPG",
      "dimensions": {
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        "height": 1707
      },
      "sha256": "2e35567de4d17cfcd736bc85cd6bcc050bc7aa7ea0a2948086d12f6ba611e58b",
      "byte_size": 919316,
      "original_downloaded": false,
      "attribution": "비술나무.JPG — Dalgial; CC BY-SA 3.0. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:%EB%B9%84%EC%88%A0%EB%82%98%EB%AC%B4.JPG; license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "plant_id": "siberian-elm",
      "path": "assets/photos/common-priority-photos-ulmus-pumila-11-10-habit.jpg",
      "file": "assets/photos/common-priority-photos-ulmus-pumila-11-10-habit.jpg",
      "width": 1280,
      "height": 1707,
      "bytes": 919316,
      "caption": "Mature leafy tree with an upright trunk and spreading irregular crown.",
      "alt": "Ulmus pumila: Mature leafy tree with an upright trunk and spreading irregular crown.",
      "identification_note": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Elms can hybridize and have similar foliage. These are source-identified U. pumila photographs; cultivar identity or hybrid ancestry is not determined.",
      "changes": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06"
    },
    {
      "id": "common-priority-photos-12-04",
      "taxon": "Ailanthus altissima",
      "feature": "habit",
      "visible_feature": "Mature tree with a broad rounded leafy crown and single trunk.",
      "title": "File:Götterbaum (Ailanthus altissima).jpg",
      "creator": "Darkone",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 2.5",
      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.5",
      "available_licenses": [
        {
          "name": "CC BY-SA 2.5",
          "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.5"
        }
      ],
      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:G%C3%B6tterbaum_(Ailanthus_altissima).jpg",
      "original_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/eb/G%C3%B6tterbaum_%28Ailanthus_altissima%29.jpg",
      "source_description": "Beschreibung : Götterbaum ( Ailanthus altissima ) Fotograf : Dark one , 5. September 2005",
      "source_credit": "Own work",
      "access_date": "2026-09-06",
      "identity_verification": {
        "method": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
        "scientific_name": "Ailanthus altissima",
        "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:G%C3%B6tterbaum_(Ailanthus_altissima).jpg",
        "visible_features_checked": "Mature tree with a broad rounded leafy crown and single trunk.",
        "species_complex_caveat": "",
        "photographed_in_colorado_claimed": false,
        "source_identified_taxon": "Ailanthus altissima",
        "source_categories": [
          "Ailanthus altissima (cultivated)"
        ],
        "source_identification_basis": "Scientific name in the source title, description, and/or displayed Commons taxon category, reviewed against visible morphology."
      },
      "visual_review": {
        "status": "passed",
        "review_date": "2026-09-06",
        "method": "Every selected photograph inspected on five final contact sheets at up to 500 pixels per image; replacement dandelion flower additionally inspected individually at full downloaded resolution. Captions checked against actual visible structures. Source descriptions and taxon categories checked for consistency."
      },
      "modifications": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "source_identified_taxon": "Ailanthus altissima",
      "common_name": "Tree of heaven",
      "source_categories": [
        "Ailanthus altissima (cultivated)"
      ],
      "download_url": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/G%C3%B6tterbaum_%28Ailanthus_altissima%29.jpg/1280px-G%C3%B6tterbaum_%28Ailanthus_altissima%29.jpg",
      "dimensions": {
        "width": 1280,
        "height": 1730
      },
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      "original_downloaded": false,
      "attribution": "Götterbaum (Ailanthus altissima).jpg — Darkone; CC BY-SA 2.5. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:G%C3%B6tterbaum_(Ailanthus_altissima).jpg; license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.5. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "plant_id": "tree-of-heaven",
      "path": "assets/photos/common-priority-photos-ailanthus-altissima-12-04-habit.jpg",
      "file": "assets/photos/common-priority-photos-ailanthus-altissima-12-04-habit.jpg",
      "width": 1280,
      "height": 1730,
      "bytes": 843991,
      "caption": "Mature tree with a broad rounded leafy crown and single trunk.",
      "alt": "Ailanthus altissima: Mature tree with a broad rounded leafy crown and single trunk.",
      "identification_note": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
      "changes": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06",
      "thumbnail": {
        "path": "assets/thumbs/tree-of-heaven.webp",
        "width": 474,
        "height": 640,
        "sha256": "d3b62d0df406b4c13cd02241da85ec3ac43e0e6bd0911461954e389165b1058d",
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        "changes": "Scaled within 640 by 640 pixels and converted to WebP at quality 82. No crop or generative changes to the file; CSS may crop catalog display.",
        "license": "CC BY-SA 2.5",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.5"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "common-priority-photos-12-11",
      "taxon": "Ailanthus altissima",
      "feature": "foliage",
      "visible_feature": "Long pinnately compound leaves with many paired green leaflets.",
      "title": "File:Ailanthus altissima-1.jpg",
      "creator": "Karduelis",
      "license": "Public domain",
      "license_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ailanthus_altissima-1.jpg#Licensing",
      "available_licenses": [
        {
          "name": "Public domain",
          "url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:Copyright_tags"
        }
      ],
      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ailanthus_altissima-1.jpg",
      "original_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9a/Ailanthus_altissima-1.jpg",
      "source_description": "Türkçe: Kokarağaç ( Ailanthus altissima )",
      "source_credit": "Made self",
      "access_date": "2026-09-06",
      "identity_verification": {
        "method": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
        "scientific_name": "Ailanthus altissima",
        "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ailanthus_altissima-1.jpg",
        "visible_features_checked": "Long pinnately compound leaves with many paired green leaflets.",
        "species_complex_caveat": "",
        "photographed_in_colorado_claimed": false,
        "source_identified_taxon": "Ailanthus altissima",
        "source_categories": [
          "Ailanthus altissima leaves"
        ],
        "source_identification_basis": "Scientific name in the source title, description, and/or displayed Commons taxon category, reviewed against visible morphology."
      },
      "visual_review": {
        "status": "passed",
        "review_date": "2026-09-06",
        "method": "Every selected photograph inspected on five final contact sheets at up to 500 pixels per image; replacement dandelion flower additionally inspected individually at full downloaded resolution. Captions checked against actual visible structures. Source descriptions and taxon categories checked for consistency."
      },
      "modifications": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "source_identified_taxon": "Ailanthus altissima",
      "common_name": "Tree of heaven",
      "source_categories": [
        "Ailanthus altissima leaves"
      ],
      "download_url": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Ailanthus_altissima-1.jpg/1280px-Ailanthus_altissima-1.jpg",
      "dimensions": {
        "width": 1280,
        "height": 960
      },
      "sha256": "3df813d347a73beb8a4b962fd0984b0f627303f9daa12297c4e575bf3f1458ad",
      "byte_size": 666777,
      "original_downloaded": false,
      "attribution": "Ailanthus altissima-1.jpg — Karduelis; Public domain. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ailanthus_altissima-1.jpg; license: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ailanthus_altissima-1.jpg#Licensing. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "plant_id": "tree-of-heaven",
      "path": "assets/photos/common-priority-photos-ailanthus-altissima-12-11-foliage.jpg",
      "file": "assets/photos/common-priority-photos-ailanthus-altissima-12-11-foliage.jpg",
      "width": 1280,
      "height": 960,
      "bytes": 666777,
      "caption": "Long pinnately compound leaves with many paired green leaflets.",
      "alt": "Ailanthus altissima: Long pinnately compound leaves with many paired green leaflets.",
      "identification_note": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
      "changes": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06"
    },
    {
      "id": "common-priority-photos-12-13",
      "taxon": "Ailanthus altissima",
      "feature": "samaras",
      "visible_feature": "Four dry elongated winged fruits, each with a central seed, photographed with a scale.",
      "title": "File:Ailanthus altissima seeds.jpg",
      "creator": "Steve Hurst @ USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database",
      "license": "Public domain",
      "license_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ailanthus_altissima_seeds.jpg#Licensing",
      "available_licenses": [
        {
          "name": "Public domain",
          "url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:Copyright_tags"
        }
      ],
      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ailanthus_altissima_seeds.jpg",
      "original_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c6/Ailanthus_altissima_seeds.jpg",
      "source_description": "Ailanthus altissima (P. Mill.) Swingle English: Tree of Heaven; Português: Ailanto, Árvore-do-céu, Espanta-lobos. Seeds.",
      "source_credit": "USDA PLANTS Database",
      "access_date": "2026-09-06",
      "identity_verification": {
        "method": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
        "scientific_name": "Ailanthus altissima",
        "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ailanthus_altissima_seeds.jpg",
        "visible_features_checked": "Four dry elongated winged fruits, each with a central seed, photographed with a scale.",
        "species_complex_caveat": "",
        "photographed_in_colorado_claimed": false,
        "source_identified_taxon": "Ailanthus altissima",
        "source_categories": [
          "Ailanthus altissima (fruit)",
          "Images with unicolor background",
          "Images by Steve Hurst"
        ],
        "source_identification_basis": "Scientific name in the source title, description, and/or displayed Commons taxon category, reviewed against visible morphology."
      },
      "visual_review": {
        "status": "passed",
        "review_date": "2026-09-06",
        "method": "Every selected photograph inspected on five final contact sheets at up to 500 pixels per image; replacement dandelion flower additionally inspected individually at full downloaded resolution. Captions checked against actual visible structures. Source descriptions and taxon categories checked for consistency."
      },
      "modifications": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "source_identified_taxon": "Ailanthus altissima",
      "common_name": "Tree of heaven",
      "source_categories": [
        "Ailanthus altissima (fruit)",
        "Images with unicolor background",
        "Images by Steve Hurst"
      ],
      "download_url": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Ailanthus_altissima_seeds.jpg/1280px-Ailanthus_altissima_seeds.jpg",
      "dimensions": {
        "width": 1280,
        "height": 851
      },
      "sha256": "aee646599677ad3a93f3f23a9c312b2f29bdff1036b12e07a24997afcbf02044",
      "byte_size": 167463,
      "original_downloaded": false,
      "attribution": "Ailanthus altissima seeds.jpg — Steve Hurst @ USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database; Public domain. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ailanthus_altissima_seeds.jpg; license: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ailanthus_altissima_seeds.jpg#Licensing. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "plant_id": "tree-of-heaven",
      "path": "assets/photos/common-priority-photos-ailanthus-altissima-12-13-samaras.jpg",
      "file": "assets/photos/common-priority-photos-ailanthus-altissima-12-13-samaras.jpg",
      "width": 1280,
      "height": 851,
      "bytes": 167463,
      "caption": "Four dry elongated winged fruits, each with a central seed, photographed with a scale.",
      "alt": "Ailanthus altissima: Four dry elongated winged fruits, each with a central seed, photographed with a scale.",
      "identification_note": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
      "changes": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06"
    },
    {
      "id": "common-priority-photos-13-01",
      "taxon": "Abutilon theophrasti",
      "feature": "flower-leaf",
      "visible_feature": "Small yellow five-petaled flower among broad softly hairy heart-shaped leaves.",
      "title": "File:Abutilon theophrasti 2015-08-29 5732.JPG",
      "creator": "Salicyna",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0",
      "available_licenses": [
        {
          "name": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
          "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0"
        }
      ],
      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Abutilon_theophrasti_2015-08-29_5732.JPG",
      "original_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4f/Abutilon_theophrasti_2015-08-29_5732.JPG",
      "source_description": "Polski: Zaślaz pospolity ( Abutilon theophrasti ), Ogród Botaniczny UMCS w Lublinie",
      "source_credit": "Own work",
      "access_date": "2026-09-06",
      "identity_verification": {
        "method": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
        "scientific_name": "Abutilon theophrasti",
        "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Abutilon_theophrasti_2015-08-29_5732.JPG",
        "visible_features_checked": "Small yellow five-petaled flower among broad softly hairy heart-shaped leaves.",
        "species_complex_caveat": "",
        "photographed_in_colorado_claimed": false,
        "source_identified_taxon": "Abutilon theophrasti",
        "source_categories": [
          "Abutilon theophrasti",
          "Malvaceae in the UMCS Botanical Garden in Lublin"
        ],
        "source_identification_basis": "Scientific name in the source title, description, and/or displayed Commons taxon category, reviewed against visible morphology."
      },
      "visual_review": {
        "status": "passed",
        "review_date": "2026-09-06",
        "method": "Every selected photograph inspected on five final contact sheets at up to 500 pixels per image; replacement dandelion flower additionally inspected individually at full downloaded resolution. Captions checked against actual visible structures. Source descriptions and taxon categories checked for consistency."
      },
      "modifications": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "source_identified_taxon": "Abutilon theophrasti",
      "common_name": "Velvetleaf",
      "source_categories": [
        "Abutilon theophrasti",
        "Malvaceae in the UMCS Botanical Garden in Lublin"
      ],
      "download_url": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Abutilon_theophrasti_2015-08-29_5732.JPG/1280px-Abutilon_theophrasti_2015-08-29_5732.JPG",
      "dimensions": {
        "width": 1280,
        "height": 960
      },
      "sha256": "7e4d32f6282dda95a6ec9bda0a75f45800e4642e3f6f22e3c7bbb9410423620f",
      "byte_size": 217665,
      "original_downloaded": false,
      "attribution": "Abutilon theophrasti 2015-08-29 5732.JPG — Salicyna; CC BY-SA 4.0. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Abutilon_theophrasti_2015-08-29_5732.JPG; license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "plant_id": "velvetleaf",
      "path": "assets/photos/common-priority-photos-abutilon-theophrasti-13-01-flower-leaf.jpg",
      "file": "assets/photos/common-priority-photos-abutilon-theophrasti-13-01-flower-leaf.jpg",
      "width": 1280,
      "height": 960,
      "bytes": 217665,
      "caption": "Small yellow five-petaled flower among broad softly hairy heart-shaped leaves.",
      "alt": "Abutilon theophrasti: Small yellow five-petaled flower among broad softly hairy heart-shaped leaves.",
      "identification_note": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
      "changes": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06",
      "thumbnail": {
        "path": "assets/thumbs/velvetleaf.webp",
        "width": 640,
        "height": 480,
        "sha256": "2048e13b41d9bceaf3a7690a2cb40beca5a1e788b2dbf55d7dccc3d533b881d8",
        "parent_sha256": "7e4d32f6282dda95a6ec9bda0a75f45800e4642e3f6f22e3c7bbb9410423620f",
        "changes": "Scaled within 640 by 640 pixels and converted to WebP at quality 82. No crop or generative changes to the file; CSS may crop catalog display.",
        "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "common-priority-photos-13-05",
      "taxon": "Abutilon theophrasti",
      "feature": "mature-capsules",
      "visible_feature": "Dark cup-like seed capsules arranged along an upright stem beside a heart-shaped leaf.",
      "title": "File:Abutilon theophrasti sl13.jpg",
      "creator": "Stefan.lefnaer",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0",
      "available_licenses": [
        {
          "name": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
          "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0"
        }
      ],
      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Abutilon_theophrasti_sl13.jpg",
      "original_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2a/Abutilon_theophrasti_sl13.jpg",
      "source_description": "Deutsch: Blüten-/Fruchtstand Taxonym: Abutilon theophrasti ss Fischer et al. EfÖLS 2008 ISBN 978-3-85474-187-9 Fundort: nächst Unterzögersdorf, Bezirk Korneuburg, Niederösterreich - ca. 175  m ü. A. Standort: Zuckerrüben-Acker English: Inflorescence/infructescence Taxonym: Abutilon theophrasti ss Fischer et al. EfÖLS 2008 ISBN 978-3-85474-187-9 Location: near Unterzögersdorf, district Korneuburg, Lower Austria - ca. 175 m a.s.l. Habitat: field (sugar beet)",
      "source_credit": "Own work",
      "access_date": "2026-09-06",
      "identity_verification": {
        "method": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
        "scientific_name": "Abutilon theophrasti",
        "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Abutilon_theophrasti_sl13.jpg",
        "visible_features_checked": "Dark cup-like seed capsules arranged along an upright stem beside a heart-shaped leaf.",
        "species_complex_caveat": "",
        "photographed_in_colorado_claimed": false,
        "source_identified_taxon": "Abutilon theophrasti",
        "source_categories": [
          "Abutilon theophrasti",
          "Malvaceae in the Northern Hemisphere in September",
          "Flora of Stockerau",
          "Malvaceae in Bezirk Korneuburg",
          "Malvaceae in Lower Austria",
          "Malvales in Lower Austria in September",
          "Pannonian Flora"
        ],
        "source_identification_basis": "Scientific name in the source title, description, and/or displayed Commons taxon category, reviewed against visible morphology."
      },
      "visual_review": {
        "status": "passed",
        "review_date": "2026-09-06",
        "method": "Every selected photograph inspected on five final contact sheets at up to 500 pixels per image; replacement dandelion flower additionally inspected individually at full downloaded resolution. Captions checked against actual visible structures. Source descriptions and taxon categories checked for consistency."
      },
      "modifications": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "source_identified_taxon": "Abutilon theophrasti",
      "common_name": "Velvetleaf",
      "source_categories": [
        "Abutilon theophrasti",
        "Malvaceae in the Northern Hemisphere in September",
        "Flora of Stockerau",
        "Malvaceae in Bezirk Korneuburg",
        "Malvaceae in Lower Austria",
        "Malvales in Lower Austria in September",
        "Pannonian Flora"
      ],
      "download_url": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Abutilon_theophrasti_sl13.jpg/1280px-Abutilon_theophrasti_sl13.jpg",
      "dimensions": {
        "width": 1280,
        "height": 1707
      },
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      "attribution": "Abutilon theophrasti sl13.jpg — Stefan.lefnaer; CC BY-SA 4.0. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Abutilon_theophrasti_sl13.jpg; license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "plant_id": "velvetleaf",
      "path": "assets/photos/common-priority-photos-abutilon-theophrasti-13-05-mature-capsules.jpg",
      "file": "assets/photos/common-priority-photos-abutilon-theophrasti-13-05-mature-capsules.jpg",
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      "height": 1707,
      "bytes": 298390,
      "caption": "Dark cup-like seed capsules arranged along an upright stem beside a heart-shaped leaf.",
      "alt": "Abutilon theophrasti: Dark cup-like seed capsules arranged along an upright stem beside a heart-shaped leaf.",
      "identification_note": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
      "changes": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06"
    },
    {
      "id": "common-priority-photos-13-10",
      "taxon": "Abutilon theophrasti",
      "feature": "habit",
      "visible_feature": "Upright branched plant with many large heart-shaped leaves.",
      "title": "File:Abutilon theophrasti Prague 2017 1.jpg",
      "creator": "Karelj",
      "license": "Public domain",
      "license_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Abutilon_theophrasti_Prague_2017_1.jpg#Licensing",
      "available_licenses": [
        {
          "name": "Public domain",
          "url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:Copyright_tags"
        }
      ],
      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Abutilon_theophrasti_Prague_2017_1.jpg",
      "original_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/77/Abutilon_theophrasti_Prague_2017_1.jpg",
      "source_description": "English: Plants Abutilon theophrasti from the Botanical Gardens of Charles University , Prague , Czech Republic Čeština: Rostliny mračňák Theophrastův Abutilon theophrasti , Botanická zahrada Univerzity Karlovy Praha",
      "source_credit": "Own work",
      "access_date": "2026-09-06",
      "identity_verification": {
        "method": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
        "scientific_name": "Abutilon theophrasti",
        "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Abutilon_theophrasti_Prague_2017_1.jpg",
        "visible_features_checked": "Upright branched plant with many large heart-shaped leaves.",
        "species_complex_caveat": "",
        "photographed_in_colorado_claimed": false,
        "source_identified_taxon": "Abutilon theophrasti",
        "source_categories": [
          "Abutilon theophrasti",
          "Plants in the Botanical Garden of Charles University"
        ],
        "source_identification_basis": "Scientific name in the source title, description, and/or displayed Commons taxon category, reviewed against visible morphology."
      },
      "visual_review": {
        "status": "passed",
        "review_date": "2026-09-06",
        "method": "Every selected photograph inspected on five final contact sheets at up to 500 pixels per image; replacement dandelion flower additionally inspected individually at full downloaded resolution. Captions checked against actual visible structures. Source descriptions and taxon categories checked for consistency."
      },
      "modifications": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "source_identified_taxon": "Abutilon theophrasti",
      "common_name": "Velvetleaf",
      "source_categories": [
        "Abutilon theophrasti",
        "Plants in the Botanical Garden of Charles University"
      ],
      "download_url": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Abutilon_theophrasti_Prague_2017_1.jpg/1280px-Abutilon_theophrasti_Prague_2017_1.jpg",
      "dimensions": {
        "width": 1280,
        "height": 1582
      },
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      "original_downloaded": false,
      "attribution": "Abutilon theophrasti Prague 2017 1.jpg — Karelj; Public domain. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Abutilon_theophrasti_Prague_2017_1.jpg; license: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Abutilon_theophrasti_Prague_2017_1.jpg#Licensing. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "plant_id": "velvetleaf",
      "path": "assets/photos/common-priority-photos-abutilon-theophrasti-13-10-habit.jpg",
      "file": "assets/photos/common-priority-photos-abutilon-theophrasti-13-10-habit.jpg",
      "width": 1280,
      "height": 1582,
      "bytes": 792547,
      "caption": "Upright branched plant with many large heart-shaped leaves.",
      "alt": "Abutilon theophrasti: Upright branched plant with many large heart-shaped leaves.",
      "identification_note": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
      "changes": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06"
    },
    {
      "id": "common-priority-photos-14-03",
      "taxon": "Panicum miliaceum",
      "feature": "grain",
      "visible_feature": "Pale mature grains hang along densely branched drooping panicles.",
      "title": "File:Panicum miliaceum0.jpg",
      "creator": "Kurt Stüber",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/",
      "available_licenses": [
        {
          "name": "GFDL",
          "url": "http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html"
        },
        {
          "name": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
          "url": "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/"
        }
      ],
      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Panicum_miliaceum0.jpg",
      "original_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a4/Panicum_miliaceum0.jpg",
      "source_description": "Species : Panicum miliaceum Family : Image No. 1",
      "source_credit": "caliban.mpiz-koeln.mpg.de/mavica/index.html part of www.biolib.de",
      "access_date": "2026-09-06",
      "identity_verification": {
        "method": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
        "scientific_name": "Panicum miliaceum",
        "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Panicum_miliaceum0.jpg",
        "visible_features_checked": "Pale mature grains hang along densely branched drooping panicles.",
        "species_complex_caveat": "Cultivated and feral proso-millet forms differ. Source photographs include named P. miliaceum subsp. miliaceum; they do not establish a weedy biotype or cultivar.",
        "photographed_in_colorado_claimed": false,
        "source_identified_taxon": "Panicum miliaceum",
        "source_categories": [
          "Panicum miliaceum (fruit)"
        ],
        "source_identification_basis": "Scientific name in the source title, description, and/or displayed Commons taxon category, reviewed against visible morphology."
      },
      "visual_review": {
        "status": "passed",
        "review_date": "2026-09-06",
        "method": "Every selected photograph inspected on five final contact sheets at up to 500 pixels per image; replacement dandelion flower additionally inspected individually at full downloaded resolution. Captions checked against actual visible structures. Source descriptions and taxon categories checked for consistency."
      },
      "modifications": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "source_identified_taxon": "Panicum miliaceum",
      "common_name": "Proso millet",
      "source_categories": [
        "Panicum miliaceum (fruit)"
      ],
      "download_url": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Panicum_miliaceum0.jpg/1280px-Panicum_miliaceum0.jpg",
      "dimensions": {
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        "height": 960
      },
      "sha256": "0e2bdbcccbdccb4cd20fee390b1382efef329b02e8947af56f9f4cb53e7d1cc5",
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      "original_downloaded": false,
      "attribution": "Panicum miliaceum0.jpg — Kurt Stüber; CC BY-SA 3.0. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Panicum_miliaceum0.jpg; license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "plant_id": "wild-proso-millet",
      "path": "assets/photos/common-priority-photos-panicum-miliaceum-14-03-grain.jpg",
      "file": "assets/photos/common-priority-photos-panicum-miliaceum-14-03-grain.jpg",
      "width": 1280,
      "height": 960,
      "bytes": 123548,
      "caption": "Pale mature grains hang along densely branched drooping panicles.",
      "alt": "Panicum miliaceum: Pale mature grains hang along densely branched drooping panicles.",
      "identification_note": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Cultivated and feral proso-millet forms differ. Source photographs include named P. miliaceum subsp. miliaceum; they do not establish a weedy biotype or cultivar.",
      "changes": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06",
      "thumbnail": {
        "path": "assets/thumbs/wild-proso-millet.webp",
        "width": 640,
        "height": 480,
        "sha256": "73efee48040ee3fa94c31db698b65bc9fe7ca115598b54ffb27f73de1901e5f0",
        "parent_sha256": "0e2bdbcccbdccb4cd20fee390b1382efef329b02e8947af56f9f4cb53e7d1cc5",
        "changes": "Scaled within 640 by 640 pixels and converted to WebP at quality 82. No crop or generative changes to the file; CSS may crop catalog display.",
        "license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "common-priority-photos-14-06",
      "taxon": "Panicum miliaceum",
      "feature": "habit",
      "visible_feature": "Upright leafy grass stems with loose drooping panicles.",
      "title": "File:Panicum miliaceum.JPG",
      "creator": "Dalgial",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0",
      "available_licenses": [
        {
          "name": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
          "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0"
        }
      ],
      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Panicum_miliaceum.JPG",
      "original_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f6/Panicum_miliaceum.JPG",
      "source_description": "English: Panicum miliaceum in Hampyung, Korea 한국어: 함평나비축제에서. 기장",
      "source_credit": "Own work",
      "access_date": "2026-09-06",
      "identity_verification": {
        "method": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
        "scientific_name": "Panicum miliaceum",
        "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Panicum_miliaceum.JPG",
        "visible_features_checked": "Upright leafy grass stems with loose drooping panicles.",
        "species_complex_caveat": "Cultivated and feral proso-millet forms differ. Source photographs include named P. miliaceum subsp. miliaceum; they do not establish a weedy biotype or cultivar.",
        "photographed_in_colorado_claimed": false,
        "source_identified_taxon": "Panicum miliaceum",
        "source_categories": [
          "Panicum miliaceum"
        ],
        "source_identification_basis": "Scientific name in the source title, description, and/or displayed Commons taxon category, reviewed against visible morphology."
      },
      "visual_review": {
        "status": "passed",
        "review_date": "2026-09-06",
        "method": "Every selected photograph inspected on five final contact sheets at up to 500 pixels per image; replacement dandelion flower additionally inspected individually at full downloaded resolution. Captions checked against actual visible structures. Source descriptions and taxon categories checked for consistency."
      },
      "modifications": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "source_identified_taxon": "Panicum miliaceum",
      "common_name": "Proso millet",
      "source_categories": [
        "Panicum miliaceum"
      ],
      "download_url": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Panicum_miliaceum.JPG/1280px-Panicum_miliaceum.JPG",
      "dimensions": {
        "width": 1280,
        "height": 1707
      },
      "sha256": "68a45d840fb1d3c3748ab1c0a85bdf922da55b6f1fae1bb41db8a4981c58f630",
      "byte_size": 963073,
      "original_downloaded": false,
      "attribution": "Panicum miliaceum.JPG — Dalgial; CC BY-SA 3.0. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Panicum_miliaceum.JPG; license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "plant_id": "wild-proso-millet",
      "path": "assets/photos/common-priority-photos-panicum-miliaceum-14-06-habit.jpg",
      "file": "assets/photos/common-priority-photos-panicum-miliaceum-14-06-habit.jpg",
      "width": 1280,
      "height": 1707,
      "bytes": 963073,
      "caption": "Upright leafy grass stems with loose drooping panicles.",
      "alt": "Panicum miliaceum: Upright leafy grass stems with loose drooping panicles.",
      "identification_note": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Cultivated and feral proso-millet forms differ. Source photographs include named P. miliaceum subsp. miliaceum; they do not establish a weedy biotype or cultivar.",
      "changes": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06"
    },
    {
      "id": "common-priority-photos-14-09",
      "taxon": "Panicum miliaceum",
      "feature": "leaf-sheath",
      "visible_feature": "Hairy green leaf sheath and culm node photographed with a 10 mm scale.",
      "title": "File:Panicum miliaceum subsp. miliaceum sl1.jpg",
      "creator": "Stefan.lefnaer",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0",
      "available_licenses": [
        {
          "name": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
          "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0"
        }
      ],
      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Panicum_miliaceum_subsp._miliaceum_sl1.jpg",
      "original_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c7/Panicum_miliaceum_subsp._miliaceum_sl1.jpg",
      "source_description": "Deutsch: Stängel mit behaarter Blattscheide Taxonym: Panicum miliaceum subsp. miliaceum ss Fischer et al. EfÖLS 2008 ISBN 978-3-85474-187-9 Fundort: Schichtgründe, Leopoldau, Wien-Floridsdorf - ca. 160 m ü. A. Standort: Baufläche English: Stem with hairy leaf sheath Taxonym: Panicum miliaceum subsp. miliaceum ss Fischer et al. EfÖLS 2008 ISBN 978-3-85474-187-9 Location: Schichtgründe, Leopoldau, Vienna-Floridsdorf - ca. 160 m a.s.l. Habitat: building zone",
      "source_credit": "Own work",
      "access_date": "2026-09-06",
      "identity_verification": {
        "method": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
        "scientific_name": "Panicum miliaceum",
        "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Panicum_miliaceum_subsp._miliaceum_sl1.jpg",
        "visible_features_checked": "Hairy green leaf sheath and culm node photographed with a 10 mm scale.",
        "species_complex_caveat": "Cultivated and feral proso-millet forms differ. Source photographs include named P. miliaceum subsp. miliaceum; they do not establish a weedy biotype or cultivar.",
        "photographed_in_colorado_claimed": false,
        "source_identified_taxon": "Panicum miliaceum",
        "source_categories": [
          "Panicum miliaceum",
          "Flora of Leopoldau",
          "Flora of Austria in September",
          "Pannonian Flora"
        ],
        "source_identification_basis": "Scientific name in the source title, description, and/or displayed Commons taxon category, reviewed against visible morphology."
      },
      "visual_review": {
        "status": "passed",
        "review_date": "2026-09-06",
        "method": "Every selected photograph inspected on five final contact sheets at up to 500 pixels per image; replacement dandelion flower additionally inspected individually at full downloaded resolution. Captions checked against actual visible structures. Source descriptions and taxon categories checked for consistency."
      },
      "modifications": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "source_identified_taxon": "Panicum miliaceum",
      "common_name": "Proso millet",
      "source_categories": [
        "Panicum miliaceum",
        "Flora of Leopoldau",
        "Flora of Austria in September",
        "Pannonian Flora"
      ],
      "download_url": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Panicum_miliaceum_subsp._miliaceum_sl1.jpg/1280px-Panicum_miliaceum_subsp._miliaceum_sl1.jpg",
      "dimensions": {
        "width": 1280,
        "height": 797
      },
      "sha256": "ed2dab18d556557cfb123fb6d96fc4ec26822fd4149470347dfa93b89b8be304",
      "byte_size": 157720,
      "original_downloaded": false,
      "attribution": "Panicum miliaceum subsp. miliaceum sl1.jpg — Stefan.lefnaer; CC BY-SA 4.0. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Panicum_miliaceum_subsp._miliaceum_sl1.jpg; license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "plant_id": "wild-proso-millet",
      "path": "assets/photos/common-priority-photos-panicum-miliaceum-14-09-leaf-sheath.jpg",
      "file": "assets/photos/common-priority-photos-panicum-miliaceum-14-09-leaf-sheath.jpg",
      "width": 1280,
      "height": 797,
      "bytes": 157720,
      "caption": "Hairy green leaf sheath and culm node photographed with a 10 mm scale.",
      "alt": "Panicum miliaceum: Hairy green leaf sheath and culm node photographed with a 10 mm scale.",
      "identification_note": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Cultivated and feral proso-millet forms differ. Source photographs include named P. miliaceum subsp. miliaceum; they do not establish a weedy biotype or cultivar.",
      "changes": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06"
    },
    {
      "id": "common-priority-photos-15-05",
      "taxon": "Datura stramonium",
      "feature": "habit",
      "visible_feature": "Bushy plant with coarsely toothed broad leaves and upright white flowers.",
      "title": "File:Datura stramonium 001.JPG",
      "creator": "H. Zell",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0",
      "available_licenses": [
        {
          "name": "GFDL",
          "url": "http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html"
        },
        {
          "name": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
          "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0"
        }
      ],
      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Datura_stramonium_001.JPG",
      "original_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Datura_stramonium_001.JPG",
      "source_description": "English: Datura stramonium , Solanaceae, Jimson Weed, Angel's Trumpet, Devil's Weed, Thorn Apple, Tolguacha, Jamestown Weed, Stinkweed, Datura, Moonflower, habitus; Karlsruhe, Germany. The blooming plant is used in homeopathy as remedy: Stramonium (Stram.) Deutsch: Datura stramonium , Solanaceae, Gemeiner Stechapfel, Habitus; Karlsruhe, Deutschland. Die blühende Pflanze wird in der Homöopathie als Arzneimittel verwendet: Stramonium (Stram.)",
      "source_credit": "Own work",
      "access_date": "2026-09-06",
      "identity_verification": {
        "method": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
        "scientific_name": "Datura stramonium",
        "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Datura_stramonium_001.JPG",
        "visible_features_checked": "Bushy plant with coarsely toothed broad leaves and upright white flowers.",
        "species_complex_caveat": "",
        "photographed_in_colorado_claimed": false,
        "source_identified_taxon": "Datura stramonium",
        "source_categories": [
          "Datura stramonium in Germany",
          "Native plants and neophytes in Karlsruhe"
        ],
        "source_identification_basis": "Scientific name in the source title, description, and/or displayed Commons taxon category, reviewed against visible morphology."
      },
      "visual_review": {
        "status": "passed",
        "review_date": "2026-09-06",
        "method": "Every selected photograph inspected on five final contact sheets at up to 500 pixels per image; replacement dandelion flower additionally inspected individually at full downloaded resolution. Captions checked against actual visible structures. Source descriptions and taxon categories checked for consistency."
      },
      "modifications": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "source_identified_taxon": "Datura stramonium",
      "common_name": "Jimsonweed",
      "source_categories": [
        "Datura stramonium in Germany",
        "Native plants and neophytes in Karlsruhe"
      ],
      "download_url": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Datura_stramonium_001.JPG/1280px-Datura_stramonium_001.JPG",
      "dimensions": {
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      "byte_size": 521499,
      "original_downloaded": false,
      "attribution": "Datura stramonium 001.JPG — H. Zell; CC BY-SA 3.0. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Datura_stramonium_001.JPG; license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "plant_id": "jimsonweed",
      "path": "assets/photos/common-priority-photos-datura-stramonium-15-05-habit.jpg",
      "file": "assets/photos/common-priority-photos-datura-stramonium-15-05-habit.jpg",
      "width": 1280,
      "height": 960,
      "bytes": 521499,
      "caption": "Bushy plant with coarsely toothed broad leaves and upright white flowers.",
      "alt": "Datura stramonium: Bushy plant with coarsely toothed broad leaves and upright white flowers.",
      "identification_note": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
      "changes": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06",
      "thumbnail": {
        "path": "assets/thumbs/jimsonweed.webp",
        "width": 640,
        "height": 480,
        "sha256": "73f12926632942ca799e66d5291c7c172607c3ad2abb1e707caca663738aa00d",
        "parent_sha256": "086b2c02c4509a0172c62c194629ba12e323f9dfe197d5ece13bd90b495b05c8",
        "changes": "Scaled within 640 by 640 pixels and converted to WebP at quality 82. No crop or generative changes to the file; CSS may crop catalog display.",
        "license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "common-priority-photos-15-08",
      "taxon": "Datura stramonium",
      "feature": "flower",
      "visible_feature": "Large white funnel-shaped flower with pointed lobes above angular toothed leaves.",
      "title": "File:DATURA STRAMONIUM - GUIXERS - IB-615.JPG",
      "creator": "Isidre blanc",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0",
      "available_licenses": [
        {
          "name": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
          "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0"
        }
      ],
      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:DATURA_STRAMONIUM_-_GUIXERS_-_IB-615.JPG",
      "original_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d1/DATURA_STRAMONIUM_-_GUIXERS_-_IB-615.JPG",
      "source_description": "Català: Estramoni (Datura stramonium) . Presa a Guixers (Solsonès-Catalunya). A 1.205 m. d'alçada English: Datura stramonium . In Guixers (Solsonès-Catalunya). To 1205 m. altitude",
      "source_credit": "Own work",
      "access_date": "2026-09-06",
      "identity_verification": {
        "method": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
        "scientific_name": "Datura stramonium",
        "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:DATURA_STRAMONIUM_-_GUIXERS_-_IB-615.JPG",
        "visible_features_checked": "Large white funnel-shaped flower with pointed lobes above angular toothed leaves.",
        "species_complex_caveat": "",
        "photographed_in_colorado_claimed": false,
        "source_identified_taxon": "Datura stramonium",
        "source_categories": [
          "Datura stramonium (flowers)",
          "Solanaceae in the Northern Hemisphere in September 2012",
          "Solanaceae in Catalonia",
          "Solanales in Catalonia in September",
          "Solanales in Solsonès",
          "Flora of Guixers"
        ],
        "source_identification_basis": "Scientific name in the source title, description, and/or displayed Commons taxon category, reviewed against visible morphology."
      },
      "visual_review": {
        "status": "passed",
        "review_date": "2026-09-06",
        "method": "Every selected photograph inspected on five final contact sheets at up to 500 pixels per image; replacement dandelion flower additionally inspected individually at full downloaded resolution. Captions checked against actual visible structures. Source descriptions and taxon categories checked for consistency."
      },
      "modifications": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "source_identified_taxon": "Datura stramonium",
      "common_name": "Jimsonweed",
      "source_categories": [
        "Datura stramonium (flowers)",
        "Solanaceae in the Northern Hemisphere in September 2012",
        "Solanaceae in Catalonia",
        "Solanales in Catalonia in September",
        "Solanales in Solsonès",
        "Flora of Guixers"
      ],
      "download_url": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/DATURA_STRAMONIUM_-_GUIXERS_-_IB-615.JPG/1280px-DATURA_STRAMONIUM_-_GUIXERS_-_IB-615.JPG",
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        "height": 960
      },
      "sha256": "681d881752f7e18e3056db69203c60078b0916282c8f0a2a0bfd552ad20d6d12",
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      "attribution": "DATURA STRAMONIUM - GUIXERS - IB-615.JPG — Isidre blanc; CC BY-SA 3.0. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:DATURA_STRAMONIUM_-_GUIXERS_-_IB-615.JPG; license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "plant_id": "jimsonweed",
      "path": "assets/photos/common-priority-photos-datura-stramonium-15-08-flower.jpg",
      "file": "assets/photos/common-priority-photos-datura-stramonium-15-08-flower.jpg",
      "width": 1280,
      "height": 960,
      "bytes": 228541,
      "caption": "Large white funnel-shaped flower with pointed lobes above angular toothed leaves.",
      "alt": "Datura stramonium: Large white funnel-shaped flower with pointed lobes above angular toothed leaves.",
      "identification_note": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
      "changes": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06"
    },
    {
      "id": "common-priority-photos-15-13",
      "taxon": "Datura stramonium",
      "feature": "fruit",
      "visible_feature": "Sectioned unripe spiny capsules reveal pale seeds and internal chambers.",
      "title": "File:Datura stramonium unripe fruit.jpg",
      "creator": "Joozwa",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0",
      "available_licenses": [
        {
          "name": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
          "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0"
        }
      ],
      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Datura_stramonium_unripe_fruit.jpg",
      "original_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e6/Datura_stramonium_unripe_fruit.jpg",
      "source_description": "Polski: niedojrzałe owoce z białymi nasionami",
      "source_credit": "Own work",
      "access_date": "2026-09-06",
      "identity_verification": {
        "method": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
        "scientific_name": "Datura stramonium",
        "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Datura_stramonium_unripe_fruit.jpg",
        "visible_features_checked": "Sectioned unripe spiny capsules reveal pale seeds and internal chambers.",
        "species_complex_caveat": "",
        "photographed_in_colorado_claimed": false,
        "source_identified_taxon": "Datura stramonium",
        "source_categories": [
          "Datura stramonium (fruit)",
          "Unripe fruit"
        ],
        "source_identification_basis": "Scientific name in the source title, description, and/or displayed Commons taxon category, reviewed against visible morphology."
      },
      "visual_review": {
        "status": "passed",
        "review_date": "2026-09-06",
        "method": "Every selected photograph inspected on five final contact sheets at up to 500 pixels per image; replacement dandelion flower additionally inspected individually at full downloaded resolution. Captions checked against actual visible structures. Source descriptions and taxon categories checked for consistency."
      },
      "modifications": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "source_identified_taxon": "Datura stramonium",
      "common_name": "Jimsonweed",
      "source_categories": [
        "Datura stramonium (fruit)",
        "Unripe fruit"
      ],
      "download_url": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Datura_stramonium_unripe_fruit.jpg/1280px-Datura_stramonium_unripe_fruit.jpg",
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        "height": 960
      },
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      "byte_size": 296957,
      "original_downloaded": false,
      "attribution": "Datura stramonium unripe fruit.jpg — Joozwa; CC BY-SA 3.0. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Datura_stramonium_unripe_fruit.jpg; license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "plant_id": "jimsonweed",
      "path": "assets/photos/common-priority-photos-datura-stramonium-15-13-fruit.jpg",
      "file": "assets/photos/common-priority-photos-datura-stramonium-15-13-fruit.jpg",
      "width": 1280,
      "height": 960,
      "bytes": 296957,
      "caption": "Sectioned unripe spiny capsules reveal pale seeds and internal chambers.",
      "alt": "Datura stramonium: Sectioned unripe spiny capsules reveal pale seeds and internal chambers.",
      "identification_note": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
      "changes": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06"
    },
    {
      "id": "common-priority-photos-16-01",
      "taxon": "Xanthium strumarium",
      "feature": "leaf",
      "visible_feature": "Broad triangular to shallowly lobed leaf with coarse teeth and prominent veins.",
      "title": "File:Xanthium strumarium 001.jpg",
      "creator": "Franco Folini",
      "license": "CC BY 2.5",
      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.5",
      "available_licenses": [
        {
          "name": "GFDL",
          "url": "http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html"
        },
        {
          "name": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
          "url": "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/"
        },
        {
          "name": "CC BY 2.5",
          "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.5"
        }
      ],
      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Xanthium_strumarium_001.jpg",
      "original_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5d/Xanthium_strumarium_001.jpg",
      "source_description": "Description Xanthium strumarium , cocklebur. Date September 29, 2002 Location Wilbur Hot Spring, Colusa Co., CA, California Photographer Franco Folini",
      "source_credit": "No machine-readable source provided. Own work assumed (based on copyright claims).",
      "access_date": "2026-09-06",
      "identity_verification": {
        "method": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
        "scientific_name": "Xanthium strumarium",
        "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Xanthium_strumarium_001.jpg",
        "visible_features_checked": "Broad triangular to shallowly lobed leaf with coarse teeth and prominent veins.",
        "species_complex_caveat": "Cocklebur taxonomy varies by flora and Xanthium strumarium is often used broadly. Related X. orientale-group plants have historically been included. These are source-identified X. strumarium references; one bur is explicitly labeled sensu stricto. General foliage or habit does not independently resolve the complex or establish the identity of Colorado plants.",
        "photographed_in_colorado_claimed": false,
        "source_identified_taxon": "Xanthium strumarium",
        "source_categories": [
          "Xanthium strumarium",
          "Xanthium strumarium (leaves)"
        ],
        "source_identification_basis": "Scientific name in the source title, description, and/or displayed Commons taxon category, reviewed against visible morphology."
      },
      "visual_review": {
        "status": "passed",
        "review_date": "2026-09-06",
        "method": "Every selected photograph inspected on five final contact sheets at up to 500 pixels per image; replacement dandelion flower additionally inspected individually at full downloaded resolution. Captions checked against actual visible structures. Source descriptions and taxon categories checked for consistency."
      },
      "modifications": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "source_identified_taxon": "Xanthium strumarium",
      "common_name": "Common cocklebur",
      "source_categories": [
        "Xanthium strumarium",
        "Xanthium strumarium (leaves)"
      ],
      "download_url": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Xanthium_strumarium_001.jpg/1280px-Xanthium_strumarium_001.jpg",
      "dimensions": {
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        "height": 960
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      "byte_size": 161779,
      "original_downloaded": false,
      "attribution": "Xanthium strumarium 001.jpg — Franco Folini; CC BY 2.5. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Xanthium_strumarium_001.jpg; license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.5. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "creator_as_extracted": "No machine-readable author provided. Folini assumed (based on copyright claims).",
      "creator_verification": "Source description explicitly states Photographer Franco Folini.",
      "plant_id": "common-cocklebur",
      "path": "assets/photos/common-priority-photos-xanthium-strumarium-16-01-leaf.jpg",
      "file": "assets/photos/common-priority-photos-xanthium-strumarium-16-01-leaf.jpg",
      "width": 1280,
      "height": 960,
      "bytes": 161779,
      "caption": "Broad triangular to shallowly lobed leaf with coarse teeth and prominent veins.",
      "alt": "Xanthium strumarium: Broad triangular to shallowly lobed leaf with coarse teeth and prominent veins.",
      "identification_note": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Cocklebur taxonomy varies by flora and Xanthium strumarium is often used broadly. Related X. orientale-group plants have historically been included. These are source-identified X. strumarium references; one bur is explicitly labeled sensu stricto. General foliage or habit does not independently resolve the complex or establish the identity of Colorado plants.",
      "changes": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06",
      "thumbnail": {
        "path": "assets/thumbs/common-cocklebur.webp",
        "width": 640,
        "height": 480,
        "sha256": "c5fdee189489eb93cd2e9102012efa0b3d41357e499e4950371f92430cfb7e3e",
        "parent_sha256": "f437752161bb12e94a26892f06bf0e36f17904e12e6fd861b8771a55eab92bb2",
        "changes": "Scaled within 640 by 640 pixels and converted to WebP at quality 82. No crop or generative changes to the file; CSS may crop catalog display.",
        "license": "CC BY 2.5",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.5"
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    },
    {
      "id": "common-priority-photos-16-09",
      "taxon": "Xanthium strumarium",
      "feature": "habit",
      "visible_feature": "Branching plant with broad petioled leaves and inconspicuous axillary clusters.",
      "title": "File:Xanthium strumarium 7.jpg",
      "creator": "Stan Shebs",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0",
      "available_licenses": [
        {
          "name": "GFDL",
          "url": "http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html"
        },
        {
          "name": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
          "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0"
        },
        {
          "name": "CC BY-SA 2.5",
          "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.5"
        }
      ],
      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Xanthium_strumarium_7.jpg",
      "original_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/79/Xanthium_strumarium_7.jpg",
      "source_description": "Xanthium strumarium in Pine Creek Canyon near the old homestead, Red Rock Canyon, Spring Mountains, southern Nevada (elev. about 1200 m)",
      "source_credit": "Own work",
      "access_date": "2026-09-06",
      "identity_verification": {
        "method": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
        "scientific_name": "Xanthium strumarium",
        "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Xanthium_strumarium_7.jpg",
        "visible_features_checked": "Branching plant with broad petioled leaves and inconspicuous axillary clusters.",
        "species_complex_caveat": "Cocklebur taxonomy varies by flora and Xanthium strumarium is often used broadly. Related X. orientale-group plants have historically been included. These are source-identified X. strumarium references; one bur is explicitly labeled sensu stricto. General foliage or habit does not independently resolve the complex or establish the identity of Colorado plants.",
        "photographed_in_colorado_claimed": false,
        "source_identified_taxon": "Xanthium strumarium",
        "source_categories": [
          "Xanthium strumarium"
        ],
        "source_identification_basis": "Scientific name in the source title, description, and/or displayed Commons taxon category, reviewed against visible morphology."
      },
      "visual_review": {
        "status": "passed",
        "review_date": "2026-09-06",
        "method": "Every selected photograph inspected on five final contact sheets at up to 500 pixels per image; replacement dandelion flower additionally inspected individually at full downloaded resolution. Captions checked against actual visible structures. Source descriptions and taxon categories checked for consistency."
      },
      "modifications": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "source_identified_taxon": "Xanthium strumarium",
      "common_name": "Common cocklebur",
      "source_categories": [
        "Xanthium strumarium"
      ],
      "download_url": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Xanthium_strumarium_7.jpg/1280px-Xanthium_strumarium_7.jpg",
      "dimensions": {
        "width": 1280,
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      "original_downloaded": false,
      "attribution": "Xanthium strumarium 7.jpg — Stan Shebs; CC BY-SA 3.0. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Xanthium_strumarium_7.jpg; license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "plant_id": "common-cocklebur",
      "path": "assets/photos/common-priority-photos-xanthium-strumarium-16-09-habit.jpg",
      "file": "assets/photos/common-priority-photos-xanthium-strumarium-16-09-habit.jpg",
      "width": 1280,
      "height": 1071,
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      "caption": "Branching plant with broad petioled leaves and inconspicuous axillary clusters.",
      "alt": "Xanthium strumarium: Branching plant with broad petioled leaves and inconspicuous axillary clusters.",
      "identification_note": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Cocklebur taxonomy varies by flora and Xanthium strumarium is often used broadly. Related X. orientale-group plants have historically been included. These are source-identified X. strumarium references; one bur is explicitly labeled sensu stricto. General foliage or habit does not independently resolve the complex or establish the identity of Colorado plants.",
      "changes": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06"
    },
    {
      "id": "common-priority-photos-16-11",
      "taxon": "Xanthium strumarium",
      "feature": "bur",
      "visible_feature": "Dry oval cocklebur with hooked spines and terminal beaks, photographed with a scale.",
      "title": "File:Xanthium strumarium s. str. sl3.jpg",
      "creator": "Stefan.lefnaer",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0",
      "available_licenses": [
        {
          "name": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
          "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0"
        }
      ],
      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Xanthium_strumarium_s._str._sl3.jpg",
      "original_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/29/Xanthium_strumarium_s._str._sl3.jpg",
      "source_description": "Deutsch: Fruchtkorb mit Hüllendornen und dazwischen weichen Haaren Taxonym: Xanthium strumarium s. str. ss Fischer et al. EfÖLS 2008 ISBN 978-3-85474-187-9 Fundort: Darscho bei Apetlon, Bezirk Neusiedl am See, Burgenland, Österreich - ca. 120  m ü. A. Standort: Ufer einer Salzlacke English: Fruit capitula with hooked spines and flexible hairs in between Taxonym: Xanthium strumarium s. str. ss Fischer et al. EfÖLS 2008 ISBN 978-3-85474-187-9 Location: Darscho near Apetlon, district Neusiedl am See, Burgenland, Austria - ca. 120 m a.s.l. Habitat: shore of a small salt lake",
      "source_credit": "Own work",
      "access_date": "2026-09-06",
      "identity_verification": {
        "method": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
        "scientific_name": "Xanthium strumarium",
        "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Xanthium_strumarium_s._str._sl3.jpg",
        "visible_features_checked": "Dry oval cocklebur with hooked spines and terminal beaks, photographed with a scale.",
        "species_complex_caveat": "Cocklebur taxonomy varies by flora and Xanthium strumarium is often used broadly. Related X. orientale-group plants have historically been included. These are source-identified X. strumarium references; one bur is explicitly labeled sensu stricto. General foliage or habit does not independently resolve the complex or establish the identity of Colorado plants.",
        "photographed_in_colorado_claimed": false,
        "source_identified_taxon": "Xanthium strumarium",
        "source_categories": [
          "Xanthium strumarium (fruit)",
          "Flora of Apetlon",
          "Flora of Seewinkel",
          "Flora of Burgenland",
          "Flora of Austria in September",
          "Pannonian Flora"
        ],
        "source_identification_basis": "Scientific name in the source title, description, and/or displayed Commons taxon category, reviewed against visible morphology."
      },
      "visual_review": {
        "status": "passed",
        "review_date": "2026-09-06",
        "method": "Every selected photograph inspected on five final contact sheets at up to 500 pixels per image; replacement dandelion flower additionally inspected individually at full downloaded resolution. Captions checked against actual visible structures. Source descriptions and taxon categories checked for consistency."
      },
      "modifications": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "source_identified_taxon": "Xanthium strumarium",
      "common_name": "Common cocklebur",
      "source_categories": [
        "Xanthium strumarium (fruit)",
        "Flora of Apetlon",
        "Flora of Seewinkel",
        "Flora of Burgenland",
        "Flora of Austria in September",
        "Pannonian Flora"
      ],
      "download_url": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Xanthium_strumarium_s._str._sl3.jpg/1280px-Xanthium_strumarium_s._str._sl3.jpg",
      "dimensions": {
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        "height": 1370
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      "sha256": "dec05aa369e9590c594329290ce67b0161f26491cba4bdcc55f6363f4d832c02",
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      "original_downloaded": false,
      "attribution": "Xanthium strumarium s. str. sl3.jpg — Stefan.lefnaer; CC BY-SA 4.0. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Xanthium_strumarium_s._str._sl3.jpg; license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "plant_id": "common-cocklebur",
      "path": "assets/photos/common-priority-photos-xanthium-strumarium-16-11-bur.jpg",
      "file": "assets/photos/common-priority-photos-xanthium-strumarium-16-11-bur.jpg",
      "width": 1280,
      "height": 1370,
      "bytes": 253319,
      "caption": "Dry oval cocklebur with hooked spines and terminal beaks, photographed with a scale.",
      "alt": "Xanthium strumarium: Dry oval cocklebur with hooked spines and terminal beaks, photographed with a scale.",
      "identification_note": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Cocklebur taxonomy varies by flora and Xanthium strumarium is often used broadly. Related X. orientale-group plants have historically been included. These are source-identified X. strumarium references; one bur is explicitly labeled sensu stricto. General foliage or habit does not independently resolve the complex or establish the identity of Colorado plants.",
      "changes": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06"
    },
    {
      "id": "common-priority-photos-17-04",
      "taxon": "Cicuta douglasii",
      "feature": "habit",
      "visible_feature": "Upright leafy stems with pinnately divided, sharply toothed leaflets.",
      "title": "File:Cicuta douglasii 284166253.jpg",
      "creator": "Lee Cain",
      "license": "CC BY 4.0",
      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0",
      "available_licenses": [
        {
          "name": "CC BY 4.0",
          "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0"
        }
      ],
      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cicuta_douglasii_284166253.jpg",
      "original_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/18/Cicuta_douglasii_284166253.jpg",
      "source_description": "English: Western Water Hemlock ( Cicuta douglasii ) in the United States",
      "source_credit": "https://www.inaturalist.org/photos/284166253",
      "access_date": "2026-09-06",
      "identity_verification": {
        "method": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
        "scientific_name": "Cicuta douglasii",
        "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cicuta_douglasii_284166253.jpg",
        "visible_features_checked": "Upright leafy stems with pinnately divided, sharply toothed leaflets.",
        "species_complex_caveat": "Water-hemlock species are difficult to distinguish in general photographs. These references are explicitly source-identified C. douglasii; they are not proof that an unknown water-hemlock belongs to this species. C. maculata and related taxa require a regional botanical key and reproductive details. Comparison images also showing Conium were excluded.",
        "photographed_in_colorado_claimed": false,
        "source_identified_taxon": "Cicuta douglasii",
        "source_categories": [
          "Cicuta douglasii"
        ],
        "source_identification_basis": "Scientific name in the source title, description, and/or displayed Commons taxon category, reviewed against visible morphology."
      },
      "visual_review": {
        "status": "passed",
        "review_date": "2026-09-06",
        "method": "Every selected photograph inspected on five final contact sheets at up to 500 pixels per image; replacement dandelion flower additionally inspected individually at full downloaded resolution. Captions checked against actual visible structures. Source descriptions and taxon categories checked for consistency."
      },
      "modifications": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "source_identified_taxon": "Cicuta douglasii",
      "common_name": "Western water-hemlock",
      "source_categories": [
        "Cicuta douglasii"
      ],
      "download_url": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Cicuta_douglasii_284166253.jpg/1280px-Cicuta_douglasii_284166253.jpg",
      "dimensions": {
        "width": 1280,
        "height": 1707
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      "sha256": "905dcbbd19868882426eeffd6d25c1ae1fa42772c16694b95a87cea81bb10dd7",
      "byte_size": 980573,
      "original_downloaded": false,
      "attribution": "Cicuta douglasii 284166253.jpg — Lee Cain; CC BY 4.0. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cicuta_douglasii_284166253.jpg; license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "plant_id": "western-water-hemlock",
      "path": "assets/photos/common-priority-photos-cicuta-douglasii-17-04-habit.jpg",
      "file": "assets/photos/common-priority-photos-cicuta-douglasii-17-04-habit.jpg",
      "width": 1280,
      "height": 1707,
      "bytes": 980573,
      "caption": "Upright leafy stems with pinnately divided, sharply toothed leaflets.",
      "alt": "Cicuta douglasii: Upright leafy stems with pinnately divided, sharply toothed leaflets.",
      "identification_note": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Water-hemlock species are difficult to distinguish in general photographs. These references are explicitly source-identified C. douglasii; they are not proof that an unknown water-hemlock belongs to this species. C. maculata and related taxa require a regional botanical key and reproductive details. Comparison images also showing Conium were excluded.",
      "changes": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06",
      "thumbnail": {
        "path": "assets/thumbs/western-water-hemlock.webp",
        "width": 480,
        "height": 640,
        "sha256": "0eee53b4925e09ea8b102b2d88078a241a754c905193fbd5afe17123d60316ff",
        "parent_sha256": "905dcbbd19868882426eeffd6d25c1ae1fa42772c16694b95a87cea81bb10dd7",
        "changes": "Scaled within 640 by 640 pixels and converted to WebP at quality 82. No crop or generative changes to the file; CSS may crop catalog display.",
        "license": "CC BY 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "common-priority-photos-17-06",
      "taxon": "Cicuta douglasii",
      "feature": "flower",
      "visible_feature": "Rounded clusters of pale flowers and developing fruits form a compound umbel.",
      "title": "File:Cicuta douglasii 442485760.jpg",
      "creator": "Matt Berger",
      "license": "CC BY 4.0",
      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0",
      "available_licenses": [
        {
          "name": "CC BY 4.0",
          "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0"
        }
      ],
      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cicuta_douglasii_442485760.jpg",
      "original_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/eb/Cicuta_douglasii_442485760.jpg",
      "source_description": "English: Western Water Hemlock ( Cicuta douglasii ) in the United States",
      "source_credit": "https://www.inaturalist.org/photos/442485760",
      "access_date": "2026-09-06",
      "identity_verification": {
        "method": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
        "scientific_name": "Cicuta douglasii",
        "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cicuta_douglasii_442485760.jpg",
        "visible_features_checked": "Rounded clusters of pale flowers and developing fruits form a compound umbel.",
        "species_complex_caveat": "Water-hemlock species are difficult to distinguish in general photographs. These references are explicitly source-identified C. douglasii; they are not proof that an unknown water-hemlock belongs to this species. C. maculata and related taxa require a regional botanical key and reproductive details. Comparison images also showing Conium were excluded.",
        "photographed_in_colorado_claimed": false,
        "source_identified_taxon": "Cicuta douglasii",
        "source_categories": [
          "Cicuta douglasii"
        ],
        "source_identification_basis": "Scientific name in the source title, description, and/or displayed Commons taxon category, reviewed against visible morphology."
      },
      "visual_review": {
        "status": "passed",
        "review_date": "2026-09-06",
        "method": "Every selected photograph inspected on five final contact sheets at up to 500 pixels per image; replacement dandelion flower additionally inspected individually at full downloaded resolution. Captions checked against actual visible structures. Source descriptions and taxon categories checked for consistency."
      },
      "modifications": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "source_identified_taxon": "Cicuta douglasii",
      "common_name": "Western water-hemlock",
      "source_categories": [
        "Cicuta douglasii"
      ],
      "download_url": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Cicuta_douglasii_442485760.jpg/1280px-Cicuta_douglasii_442485760.jpg",
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      "byte_size": 511060,
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      "attribution": "Cicuta douglasii 442485760.jpg — Matt Berger; CC BY 4.0. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cicuta_douglasii_442485760.jpg; license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "plant_id": "western-water-hemlock",
      "path": "assets/photos/common-priority-photos-cicuta-douglasii-17-06-flower.jpg",
      "file": "assets/photos/common-priority-photos-cicuta-douglasii-17-06-flower.jpg",
      "width": 1280,
      "height": 1707,
      "bytes": 511060,
      "caption": "Rounded clusters of pale flowers and developing fruits form a compound umbel.",
      "alt": "Cicuta douglasii: Rounded clusters of pale flowers and developing fruits form a compound umbel.",
      "identification_note": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Water-hemlock species are difficult to distinguish in general photographs. These references are explicitly source-identified C. douglasii; they are not proof that an unknown water-hemlock belongs to this species. C. maculata and related taxa require a regional botanical key and reproductive details. Comparison images also showing Conium were excluded.",
      "changes": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06"
    },
    {
      "id": "common-priority-photos-17-07",
      "taxon": "Cicuta douglasii",
      "feature": "leaf",
      "visible_feature": "Pinnately arranged lance-shaped leaflets with sharply toothed margins and visible side veins.",
      "title": "File:Cicuta douglasii leaf detail.jpg",
      "creator": "N5jrn",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0",
      "available_licenses": [
        {
          "name": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
          "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0"
        }
      ],
      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cicuta_douglasii_leaf_detail.jpg",
      "original_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c7/Cicuta_douglasii_leaf_detail.jpg",
      "source_description": "English: Leaf detail, showing distinctive venation (see text).",
      "source_credit": "Own work",
      "access_date": "2026-09-06",
      "identity_verification": {
        "method": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
        "scientific_name": "Cicuta douglasii",
        "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cicuta_douglasii_leaf_detail.jpg",
        "visible_features_checked": "Pinnately arranged lance-shaped leaflets with sharply toothed margins and visible side veins.",
        "species_complex_caveat": "Water-hemlock species are difficult to distinguish in general photographs. These references are explicitly source-identified C. douglasii; they are not proof that an unknown water-hemlock belongs to this species. C. maculata and related taxa require a regional botanical key and reproductive details. Comparison images also showing Conium were excluded.",
        "photographed_in_colorado_claimed": false,
        "source_identified_taxon": "Cicuta douglasii",
        "source_categories": [
          "Cicuta douglasii"
        ],
        "source_identification_basis": "Scientific name in the source title, description, and/or displayed Commons taxon category, reviewed against visible morphology."
      },
      "visual_review": {
        "status": "passed",
        "review_date": "2026-09-06",
        "method": "Every selected photograph inspected on five final contact sheets at up to 500 pixels per image; replacement dandelion flower additionally inspected individually at full downloaded resolution. Captions checked against actual visible structures. Source descriptions and taxon categories checked for consistency."
      },
      "modifications": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "source_identified_taxon": "Cicuta douglasii",
      "common_name": "Western water-hemlock",
      "source_categories": [
        "Cicuta douglasii"
      ],
      "download_url": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Cicuta_douglasii_leaf_detail.jpg/1280px-Cicuta_douglasii_leaf_detail.jpg",
      "dimensions": {
        "width": 1280,
        "height": 1707
      },
      "sha256": "d6206e71f0f00b096a79c86b2b9d6aac4c3e61b1aee7eb2506e9b29c1898a1e1",
      "byte_size": 484053,
      "original_downloaded": false,
      "attribution": "Cicuta douglasii leaf detail.jpg — N5jrn; CC BY-SA 4.0. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cicuta_douglasii_leaf_detail.jpg; license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "plant_id": "western-water-hemlock",
      "path": "assets/photos/common-priority-photos-cicuta-douglasii-17-07-leaf.jpg",
      "file": "assets/photos/common-priority-photos-cicuta-douglasii-17-07-leaf.jpg",
      "width": 1280,
      "height": 1707,
      "bytes": 484053,
      "caption": "Pinnately arranged lance-shaped leaflets with sharply toothed margins and visible side veins.",
      "alt": "Cicuta douglasii: Pinnately arranged lance-shaped leaflets with sharply toothed margins and visible side veins.",
      "identification_note": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Water-hemlock species are difficult to distinguish in general photographs. These references are explicitly source-identified C. douglasii; they are not proof that an unknown water-hemlock belongs to this species. C. maculata and related taxa require a regional botanical key and reproductive details. Comparison images also showing Conium were excluded.",
      "changes": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06"
    },
    {
      "id": "common-priority-photos-18-01",
      "taxon": "Toxicodendron rydbergii",
      "feature": "fruit",
      "visible_feature": "Dense cluster of pale whitish berries among dry leaves and twigs.",
      "title": "File:2009.09.24 18.43.13 CIMG2618 (6678712231).jpg",
      "creator": "Andrey Zharkikh from Salt Lake City, USA",
      "license": "CC BY 2.0",
      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0",
      "available_licenses": [
        {
          "name": "CC BY 2.0",
          "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0"
        }
      ],
      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:2009.09.24_18.43.13_CIMG2618_(6678712231).jpg",
      "original_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ec/2009.09.24_18.43.13_CIMG2618_%286678712231%29.jpg",
      "source_description": "Western poison ivy (Toxicodendron rydbergii syn. Rhus radicans), Sumac family (Anacardiaceae). Slopes of Red Butte, Utah.",
      "source_credit": "2009.09.24_18.43.13_CIMG2618",
      "access_date": "2026-09-06",
      "identity_verification": {
        "method": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
        "scientific_name": "Toxicodendron rydbergii",
        "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:2009.09.24_18.43.13_CIMG2618_(6678712231).jpg",
        "visible_features_checked": "Dense cluster of pale whitish berries among dry leaves and twigs.",
        "species_complex_caveat": "Western poison ivy is treated differently in some floras, including within the T. radicans complex. Images are source-identified T. rydbergii; a three-leaflet leaf by itself is not species-specific.",
        "photographed_in_colorado_claimed": false,
        "source_identified_taxon": "Toxicodendron rydbergii",
        "source_categories": [
          "Toxicodendron rydbergii",
          "Specimens in the Red Butte Garden and Arboretum",
          "Flora of Utah in September",
          "September 2009 in Utah"
        ],
        "source_identification_basis": "Scientific name in the source title, description, and/or displayed Commons taxon category, reviewed against visible morphology."
      },
      "visual_review": {
        "status": "passed",
        "review_date": "2026-09-06",
        "method": "Every selected photograph inspected on five final contact sheets at up to 500 pixels per image; replacement dandelion flower additionally inspected individually at full downloaded resolution. Captions checked against actual visible structures. Source descriptions and taxon categories checked for consistency."
      },
      "modifications": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "source_identified_taxon": "Toxicodendron rydbergii",
      "common_name": "Western poison ivy",
      "source_categories": [
        "Toxicodendron rydbergii",
        "Specimens in the Red Butte Garden and Arboretum",
        "Flora of Utah in September",
        "September 2009 in Utah"
      ],
      "download_url": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/2009.09.24_18.43.13_CIMG2618_%286678712231%29.jpg/1280px-2009.09.24_18.43.13_CIMG2618_%286678712231%29.jpg",
      "dimensions": {
        "width": 1280,
        "height": 853
      },
      "sha256": "bce98a8dd61c7fd52e1588b6ad808bbe267a02d89a954e0c27f29c208f7baa11",
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      "original_downloaded": false,
      "attribution": "2009.09.24 18.43.13 CIMG2618 (6678712231).jpg — Andrey Zharkikh from Salt Lake City, USA; CC BY 2.0. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:2009.09.24_18.43.13_CIMG2618_(6678712231).jpg; license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "plant_id": "western-poison-ivy",
      "path": "assets/photos/common-priority-photos-toxicodendron-rydbergii-18-01-fruit.jpg",
      "file": "assets/photos/common-priority-photos-toxicodendron-rydbergii-18-01-fruit.jpg",
      "width": 1280,
      "height": 853,
      "bytes": 226086,
      "caption": "Dense cluster of pale whitish berries among dry leaves and twigs.",
      "alt": "Toxicodendron rydbergii: Dense cluster of pale whitish berries among dry leaves and twigs.",
      "identification_note": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Western poison ivy is treated differently in some floras, including within the T. radicans complex. Images are source-identified T. rydbergii; a three-leaflet leaf by itself is not species-specific.",
      "changes": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06",
      "thumbnail": {
        "path": "assets/thumbs/western-poison-ivy.webp",
        "width": 640,
        "height": 427,
        "sha256": "2ade8c94f0e52e15c162e311bf22c5b651d1ed3e84a2f9f3260ec82ee6f59825",
        "parent_sha256": "bce98a8dd61c7fd52e1588b6ad808bbe267a02d89a954e0c27f29c208f7baa11",
        "changes": "Scaled within 640 by 640 pixels and converted to WebP at quality 82. No crop or generative changes to the file; CSS may crop catalog display.",
        "license": "CC BY 2.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "common-priority-photos-18-08",
      "taxon": "Toxicodendron rydbergii",
      "feature": "flower",
      "visible_feature": "Branching clusters of tiny pale yellow-green flowers beside young stems.",
      "title": "File:Toxicodendron rydbergii 2 RF.jpg",
      "creator": "Robert Flogaus-Faust",
      "license": "CC BY 4.0",
      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0",
      "available_licenses": [
        {
          "name": "CC BY 4.0",
          "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0"
        }
      ],
      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Toxicodendron_rydbergii_2_RF.jpg",
      "original_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Toxicodendron_rydbergii_2_RF.jpg",
      "source_description": "English: Western poison ivy ( Toxicodendron rydbergii ), Tsútswecw Provincial Park, British Columbia, Canada",
      "source_credit": "Own work",
      "access_date": "2026-09-06",
      "identity_verification": {
        "method": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
        "scientific_name": "Toxicodendron rydbergii",
        "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Toxicodendron_rydbergii_2_RF.jpg",
        "visible_features_checked": "Branching clusters of tiny pale yellow-green flowers beside young stems.",
        "species_complex_caveat": "Western poison ivy is treated differently in some floras, including within the T. radicans complex. Images are source-identified T. rydbergii; a three-leaflet leaf by itself is not species-specific.",
        "photographed_in_colorado_claimed": false,
        "source_identified_taxon": "Toxicodendron rydbergii",
        "source_categories": [
          "Toxicodendron rydbergii"
        ],
        "source_identification_basis": "Scientific name in the source title, description, and/or displayed Commons taxon category, reviewed against visible morphology."
      },
      "visual_review": {
        "status": "passed",
        "review_date": "2026-09-06",
        "method": "Every selected photograph inspected on five final contact sheets at up to 500 pixels per image; replacement dandelion flower additionally inspected individually at full downloaded resolution. Captions checked against actual visible structures. Source descriptions and taxon categories checked for consistency."
      },
      "modifications": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "source_identified_taxon": "Toxicodendron rydbergii",
      "common_name": "Western poison ivy",
      "source_categories": [
        "Toxicodendron rydbergii"
      ],
      "download_url": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Toxicodendron_rydbergii_2_RF.jpg/1280px-Toxicodendron_rydbergii_2_RF.jpg",
      "dimensions": {
        "width": 1280,
        "height": 1699
      },
      "sha256": "aa5eb591595ac72d49203bc32d4cbd8104b98a48bc7873518977f16de8f5bd76",
      "byte_size": 281355,
      "original_downloaded": false,
      "attribution": "Toxicodendron rydbergii 2 RF.jpg — Robert Flogaus-Faust; CC BY 4.0. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Toxicodendron_rydbergii_2_RF.jpg; license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "plant_id": "western-poison-ivy",
      "path": "assets/photos/common-priority-photos-toxicodendron-rydbergii-18-08-flower.jpg",
      "file": "assets/photos/common-priority-photos-toxicodendron-rydbergii-18-08-flower.jpg",
      "width": 1280,
      "height": 1699,
      "bytes": 281355,
      "caption": "Branching clusters of tiny pale yellow-green flowers beside young stems.",
      "alt": "Toxicodendron rydbergii: Branching clusters of tiny pale yellow-green flowers beside young stems.",
      "identification_note": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Western poison ivy is treated differently in some floras, including within the T. radicans complex. Images are source-identified T. rydbergii; a three-leaflet leaf by itself is not species-specific.",
      "changes": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06"
    },
    {
      "id": "common-priority-photos-18-10",
      "taxon": "Toxicodendron rydbergii",
      "feature": "habit-foliage",
      "visible_feature": "Low patch of woody shoots bearing groups of three broad green leaflets.",
      "title": "File:Toxicodendron rydbergii RF.jpg",
      "creator": "Robert Flogaus-Faust",
      "license": "CC BY 4.0",
      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0",
      "available_licenses": [
        {
          "name": "CC BY 4.0",
          "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0"
        }
      ],
      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Toxicodendron_rydbergii_RF.jpg",
      "original_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/14/Toxicodendron_rydbergii_RF.jpg",
      "source_description": "English: Western poison ivy ( Toxicodendron rydbergii ), Tsútswecw Provincial Park, British Columbia, Canada",
      "source_credit": "Own work",
      "access_date": "2026-09-06",
      "identity_verification": {
        "method": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
        "scientific_name": "Toxicodendron rydbergii",
        "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Toxicodendron_rydbergii_RF.jpg",
        "visible_features_checked": "Low patch of woody shoots bearing groups of three broad green leaflets.",
        "species_complex_caveat": "Western poison ivy is treated differently in some floras, including within the T. radicans complex. Images are source-identified T. rydbergii; a three-leaflet leaf by itself is not species-specific.",
        "photographed_in_colorado_claimed": false,
        "source_identified_taxon": "Toxicodendron rydbergii",
        "source_categories": [
          "Toxicodendron rydbergii"
        ],
        "source_identification_basis": "Scientific name in the source title, description, and/or displayed Commons taxon category, reviewed against visible morphology."
      },
      "visual_review": {
        "status": "passed",
        "review_date": "2026-09-06",
        "method": "Every selected photograph inspected on five final contact sheets at up to 500 pixels per image; replacement dandelion flower additionally inspected individually at full downloaded resolution. Captions checked against actual visible structures. Source descriptions and taxon categories checked for consistency."
      },
      "modifications": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "source_identified_taxon": "Toxicodendron rydbergii",
      "common_name": "Western poison ivy",
      "source_categories": [
        "Toxicodendron rydbergii"
      ],
      "download_url": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Toxicodendron_rydbergii_RF.jpg/1280px-Toxicodendron_rydbergii_RF.jpg",
      "dimensions": {
        "width": 1280,
        "height": 1265
      },
      "sha256": "52d7ec8c49ad9fddc180c2937a2f3bddd5049e87730d7e1fd972867433c08e4f",
      "byte_size": 452589,
      "original_downloaded": false,
      "attribution": "Toxicodendron rydbergii RF.jpg — Robert Flogaus-Faust; CC BY 4.0. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Toxicodendron_rydbergii_RF.jpg; license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "plant_id": "western-poison-ivy",
      "path": "assets/photos/common-priority-photos-toxicodendron-rydbergii-18-10-habit-foliage.jpg",
      "file": "assets/photos/common-priority-photos-toxicodendron-rydbergii-18-10-habit-foliage.jpg",
      "width": 1280,
      "height": 1265,
      "bytes": 452589,
      "caption": "Low patch of woody shoots bearing groups of three broad green leaflets.",
      "alt": "Toxicodendron rydbergii: Low patch of woody shoots bearing groups of three broad green leaflets.",
      "identification_note": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Western poison ivy is treated differently in some floras, including within the T. radicans complex. Images are source-identified T. rydbergii; a three-leaflet leaf by itself is not species-specific.",
      "changes": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06"
    },
    {
      "id": "common-priority-photos-19-02",
      "taxon": "Amaranthus retroflexus",
      "feature": "habit",
      "visible_feature": "Upright plant with alternate broad leaves and a dense green terminal flower spike.",
      "title": "File:Amaranthus retroflexus full1.jpg",
      "creator": "Lynk media",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0",
      "available_licenses": [
        {
          "name": "GFDL",
          "url": "http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html"
        },
        {
          "name": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
          "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0"
        }
      ],
      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Amaranthus_retroflexus_full1.jpg",
      "original_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/26/Amaranthus_retroflexus_full1.jpg",
      "source_description": "English: Amaranthus retroflexus Українська: Щириця звичайна",
      "source_credit": "Own work",
      "access_date": "2026-09-06",
      "identity_verification": {
        "method": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
        "scientific_name": "Amaranthus retroflexus",
        "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Amaranthus_retroflexus_full1.jpg",
        "visible_features_checked": "Upright plant with alternate broad leaves and a dense green terminal flower spike.",
        "species_complex_caveat": "Several pigweed species are similar. These are source-identified A. retroflexus; an unknown specimen may require close floral and pubescence characters to separate related Amaranthus.",
        "photographed_in_colorado_claimed": false,
        "source_identified_taxon": "Amaranthus retroflexus",
        "source_categories": [
          "Amaranthus retroflexus",
          "Amaranthoideae in the Northern Hemisphere in August"
        ],
        "source_identification_basis": "Scientific name in the source title, description, and/or displayed Commons taxon category, reviewed against visible morphology."
      },
      "visual_review": {
        "status": "passed",
        "review_date": "2026-09-06",
        "method": "Every selected photograph inspected on five final contact sheets at up to 500 pixels per image; replacement dandelion flower additionally inspected individually at full downloaded resolution. Captions checked against actual visible structures. Source descriptions and taxon categories checked for consistency."
      },
      "modifications": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "source_identified_taxon": "Amaranthus retroflexus",
      "common_name": "Redroot pigweed",
      "source_categories": [
        "Amaranthus retroflexus",
        "Amaranthoideae in the Northern Hemisphere in August"
      ],
      "download_url": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Amaranthus_retroflexus_full1.jpg/1280px-Amaranthus_retroflexus_full1.jpg",
      "dimensions": {
        "width": 1280,
        "height": 1707
      },
      "sha256": "16d793e4aebf1e18abc8e1c676756828499bcce60bde0f234a6f4313f92115ee",
      "byte_size": 593377,
      "original_downloaded": false,
      "attribution": "Amaranthus retroflexus full1.jpg — Lynk media; CC BY-SA 3.0. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Amaranthus_retroflexus_full1.jpg; license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "plant_id": "redroot-pigweed",
      "path": "assets/photos/common-priority-photos-amaranthus-retroflexus-19-02-habit.jpg",
      "file": "assets/photos/common-priority-photos-amaranthus-retroflexus-19-02-habit.jpg",
      "width": 1280,
      "height": 1707,
      "bytes": 593377,
      "caption": "Upright plant with alternate broad leaves and a dense green terminal flower spike.",
      "alt": "Amaranthus retroflexus: Upright plant with alternate broad leaves and a dense green terminal flower spike.",
      "identification_note": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Several pigweed species are similar. These are source-identified A. retroflexus; an unknown specimen may require close floral and pubescence characters to separate related Amaranthus.",
      "changes": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06",
      "thumbnail": {
        "path": "assets/thumbs/redroot-pigweed.webp",
        "width": 480,
        "height": 640,
        "sha256": "b57c1e8584c04cd76e1e1db3388ea99761afa3fd412270ee71a9bf6a27e2b6b5",
        "parent_sha256": "16d793e4aebf1e18abc8e1c676756828499bcce60bde0f234a6f4313f92115ee",
        "changes": "Scaled within 640 by 640 pixels and converted to WebP at quality 82. No crop or generative changes to the file; CSS may crop catalog display.",
        "license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "common-priority-photos-19-06",
      "taxon": "Amaranthus retroflexus",
      "feature": "inflorescence",
      "visible_feature": "Dense branched green flower clusters above prominently veined leaves.",
      "title": "File:20140822Amaranthus retroflexus1.jpg",
      "creator": "AnRo0002",
      "license": "CC0",
      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en",
      "available_licenses": [
        {
          "name": "CC0",
          "url": "http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en"
        }
      ],
      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:20140822Amaranthus_retroflexus1.jpg",
      "original_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/89/20140822Amaranthus_retroflexus1.jpg",
      "source_description": "Deutsch: Zurückgebogener Amarant ( Amaranthus retroflexus ) in Hockenheim",
      "source_credit": "Own work",
      "access_date": "2026-09-06",
      "identity_verification": {
        "method": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
        "scientific_name": "Amaranthus retroflexus",
        "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:20140822Amaranthus_retroflexus1.jpg",
        "visible_features_checked": "Dense branched green flower clusters above prominently veined leaves.",
        "species_complex_caveat": "Several pigweed species are similar. These are source-identified A. retroflexus; an unknown specimen may require close floral and pubescence characters to separate related Amaranthus.",
        "photographed_in_colorado_claimed": false,
        "source_identified_taxon": "Amaranthus retroflexus",
        "source_categories": [
          "Amaranthus retroflexus in Hockenheim",
          "Amaranthaceae in Hockenheim in August 2014",
          "Amaranthoideae in the Northern Hemisphere in August"
        ],
        "source_identification_basis": "Scientific name in the source title, description, and/or displayed Commons taxon category, reviewed against visible morphology."
      },
      "visual_review": {
        "status": "passed",
        "review_date": "2026-09-06",
        "method": "Every selected photograph inspected on five final contact sheets at up to 500 pixels per image; replacement dandelion flower additionally inspected individually at full downloaded resolution. Captions checked against actual visible structures. Source descriptions and taxon categories checked for consistency."
      },
      "modifications": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "source_identified_taxon": "Amaranthus retroflexus",
      "common_name": "Redroot pigweed",
      "source_categories": [
        "Amaranthus retroflexus in Hockenheim",
        "Amaranthaceae in Hockenheim in August 2014",
        "Amaranthoideae in the Northern Hemisphere in August"
      ],
      "download_url": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/20140822Amaranthus_retroflexus1.jpg/1280px-20140822Amaranthus_retroflexus1.jpg",
      "dimensions": {
        "width": 1280,
        "height": 1707
      },
      "sha256": "83f0381f7d9b9c640d6a0043ea4ee87cbf355c80f3c1870b0944c4900fd33738",
      "byte_size": 673399,
      "original_downloaded": false,
      "attribution": "20140822Amaranthus retroflexus1.jpg — AnRo0002; CC0. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:20140822Amaranthus_retroflexus1.jpg; license: https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "plant_id": "redroot-pigweed",
      "path": "assets/photos/common-priority-photos-amaranthus-retroflexus-19-06-inflorescence.jpg",
      "file": "assets/photos/common-priority-photos-amaranthus-retroflexus-19-06-inflorescence.jpg",
      "width": 1280,
      "height": 1707,
      "bytes": 673399,
      "caption": "Dense branched green flower clusters above prominently veined leaves.",
      "alt": "Amaranthus retroflexus: Dense branched green flower clusters above prominently veined leaves.",
      "identification_note": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Several pigweed species are similar. These are source-identified A. retroflexus; an unknown specimen may require close floral and pubescence characters to separate related Amaranthus.",
      "changes": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06"
    },
    {
      "id": "common-priority-photos-19-12",
      "taxon": "Amaranthus retroflexus",
      "feature": "leaf-stem",
      "visible_feature": "Broad green leaves on long petioles beside a reddish upright stem.",
      "title": "File:Amaranthus retroflexus HojasyTallos 2010-9-13 SierraMadrona.jpg",
      "creator": "Javier martin",
      "license": "Public domain",
      "license_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Amaranthus_retroflexus_HojasyTallos_2010-9-13_SierraMadrona.jpg#Licensing",
      "available_licenses": [
        {
          "name": "Public domain",
          "url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:Copyright_tags"
        },
        {
          "name": "Public domain",
          "url": ""
        }
      ],
      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Amaranthus_retroflexus_HojasyTallos_2010-9-13_SierraMadrona.jpg",
      "original_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/82/Amaranthus_retroflexus_HojasyTallos_2010-9-13_SierraMadrona.jpg",
      "source_description": "Español: Amaranthus retroflexus tallo y hojas, Sierra Madrona , España English: Amaranthus retroflexus stem and leaves, Sierra Madrona , Spain",
      "source_credit": "Own work",
      "access_date": "2026-09-06",
      "identity_verification": {
        "method": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
        "scientific_name": "Amaranthus retroflexus",
        "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Amaranthus_retroflexus_HojasyTallos_2010-9-13_SierraMadrona.jpg",
        "visible_features_checked": "Broad green leaves on long petioles beside a reddish upright stem.",
        "species_complex_caveat": "Several pigweed species are similar. These are source-identified A. retroflexus; an unknown specimen may require close floral and pubescence characters to separate related Amaranthus.",
        "photographed_in_colorado_claimed": false,
        "source_identified_taxon": "Amaranthus retroflexus",
        "source_categories": [
          "Caryophyllales in Sierra Madrona",
          "Amaranthus retroflexus (non-native)",
          "Amaranthoideae in the Northern Hemisphere in September",
          "Amaranthaceae in Spain",
          "Plants of Spain in September"
        ],
        "source_identification_basis": "Scientific name in the source title, description, and/or displayed Commons taxon category, reviewed against visible morphology."
      },
      "visual_review": {
        "status": "passed",
        "review_date": "2026-09-06",
        "method": "Every selected photograph inspected on five final contact sheets at up to 500 pixels per image; replacement dandelion flower additionally inspected individually at full downloaded resolution. Captions checked against actual visible structures. Source descriptions and taxon categories checked for consistency."
      },
      "modifications": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "source_identified_taxon": "Amaranthus retroflexus",
      "common_name": "Redroot pigweed",
      "source_categories": [
        "Caryophyllales in Sierra Madrona",
        "Amaranthus retroflexus (non-native)",
        "Amaranthoideae in the Northern Hemisphere in September",
        "Amaranthaceae in Spain",
        "Plants of Spain in September"
      ],
      "download_url": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Amaranthus_retroflexus_HojasyTallos_2010-9-13_SierraMadrona.jpg/1280px-Amaranthus_retroflexus_HojasyTallos_2010-9-13_SierraMadrona.jpg",
      "dimensions": {
        "width": 1280,
        "height": 960
      },
      "sha256": "9d0a8277375d7de9dd2ede21dd263b356e0e078eb4d5b3a49356211479344fa9",
      "byte_size": 270068,
      "original_downloaded": false,
      "attribution": "Amaranthus retroflexus HojasyTallos 2010-9-13 SierraMadrona.jpg — Javier martin; Public domain. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Amaranthus_retroflexus_HojasyTallos_2010-9-13_SierraMadrona.jpg; license: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Amaranthus_retroflexus_HojasyTallos_2010-9-13_SierraMadrona.jpg#Licensing. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "plant_id": "redroot-pigweed",
      "path": "assets/photos/common-priority-photos-amaranthus-retroflexus-19-12-leaf-stem.jpg",
      "file": "assets/photos/common-priority-photos-amaranthus-retroflexus-19-12-leaf-stem.jpg",
      "width": 1280,
      "height": 960,
      "bytes": 270068,
      "caption": "Broad green leaves on long petioles beside a reddish upright stem.",
      "alt": "Amaranthus retroflexus: Broad green leaves on long petioles beside a reddish upright stem.",
      "identification_note": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Several pigweed species are similar. These are source-identified A. retroflexus; an unknown specimen may require close floral and pubescence characters to separate related Amaranthus.",
      "changes": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06"
    },
    {
      "id": "common-priority-photos-20-01",
      "taxon": "Portulaca oleracea",
      "feature": "flower",
      "visible_feature": "Small yellow flowers nestled among thick rounded succulent leaves.",
      "title": "File:PORTULACA OLERACEA - EMPALOUS - IB-518 (Verdolaga).JPG",
      "creator": "Isidre blanc",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0",
      "available_licenses": [
        {
          "name": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
          "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0"
        }
      ],
      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:PORTULACA_OLERACEA_-_EMPALOUS_-_IB-518_(Verdolaga).JPG",
      "original_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/19/PORTULACA_OLERACEA_-_EMPALOUS_-_IB-518_%28Verdolaga%29.JPG",
      "source_description": "Català: Verdolaga (Portulaca oleracea) .  Presa als Empalous de Torà  (Segarra -Catalunya). A 510 m. d'alçada English: Portulaca oleracea . In Torà (Segarra-Catalunya). To 510 m. altitude",
      "source_credit": "Own work",
      "access_date": "2026-09-06",
      "identity_verification": {
        "method": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
        "scientific_name": "Portulaca oleracea",
        "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:PORTULACA_OLERACEA_-_EMPALOUS_-_IB-518_(Verdolaga).JPG",
        "visible_features_checked": "Small yellow flowers nestled among thick rounded succulent leaves.",
        "species_complex_caveat": "Common purslane is a taxonomically variable aggregate. General photographs do not determine an infraspecific taxon or seed-based microspecies.",
        "photographed_in_colorado_claimed": false,
        "source_identified_taxon": "Portulaca oleracea",
        "source_categories": [
          "Portulaca oleracea (flowers)",
          "Portulacaceae in the Northern Hemisphere in July",
          "Portulacaceae in Catalonia",
          "Caryophyllales in Catalonia in July",
          "Caryophyllales in Segarra",
          "Flora of Torà"
        ],
        "source_identification_basis": "Scientific name in the source title, description, and/or displayed Commons taxon category, reviewed against visible morphology."
      },
      "visual_review": {
        "status": "passed",
        "review_date": "2026-09-06",
        "method": "Every selected photograph inspected on five final contact sheets at up to 500 pixels per image; replacement dandelion flower additionally inspected individually at full downloaded resolution. Captions checked against actual visible structures. Source descriptions and taxon categories checked for consistency."
      },
      "modifications": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "source_identified_taxon": "Portulaca oleracea",
      "common_name": "Common purslane",
      "source_categories": [
        "Portulaca oleracea (flowers)",
        "Portulacaceae in the Northern Hemisphere in July",
        "Portulacaceae in Catalonia",
        "Caryophyllales in Catalonia in July",
        "Caryophyllales in Segarra",
        "Flora of Torà"
      ],
      "download_url": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/PORTULACA_OLERACEA_-_EMPALOUS_-_IB-518_%28Verdolaga%29.JPG/1280px-PORTULACA_OLERACEA_-_EMPALOUS_-_IB-518_%28Verdolaga%29.JPG",
      "dimensions": {
        "width": 1280,
        "height": 960
      },
      "sha256": "11073511bb3ed322c063c8582720f38f4e475a50ec68eafba78fc0e7d406ff56",
      "byte_size": 369996,
      "original_downloaded": false,
      "attribution": "PORTULACA OLERACEA - EMPALOUS - IB-518 (Verdolaga).JPG — Isidre blanc; CC BY-SA 4.0. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:PORTULACA_OLERACEA_-_EMPALOUS_-_IB-518_(Verdolaga).JPG; license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "plant_id": "common-purslane",
      "path": "assets/photos/common-priority-photos-portulaca-oleracea-20-01-flower.jpg",
      "file": "assets/photos/common-priority-photos-portulaca-oleracea-20-01-flower.jpg",
      "width": 1280,
      "height": 960,
      "bytes": 369996,
      "caption": "Small yellow flowers nestled among thick rounded succulent leaves.",
      "alt": "Portulaca oleracea: Small yellow flowers nestled among thick rounded succulent leaves.",
      "identification_note": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Common purslane is a taxonomically variable aggregate. General photographs do not determine an infraspecific taxon or seed-based microspecies.",
      "changes": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06",
      "thumbnail": {
        "path": "assets/thumbs/common-purslane.webp",
        "width": 640,
        "height": 480,
        "sha256": "b1e79e85ede2014dc3421dc53fc858c1c1d98c9c5c1dd916dca07af938093c5f",
        "parent_sha256": "11073511bb3ed322c063c8582720f38f4e475a50ec68eafba78fc0e7d406ff56",
        "changes": "Scaled within 640 by 640 pixels and converted to WebP at quality 82. No crop or generative changes to the file; CSS may crop catalog display.",
        "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "common-priority-photos-20-05",
      "taxon": "Portulaca oleracea",
      "feature": "leaf-stem",
      "visible_feature": "Fleshy oval green leaves cluster along smooth reddish prostrate stems.",
      "title": "File:Starr 060406-7304 Portulaca oleracea.jpg",
      "creator": "Forest & Kim Starr",
      "license": "CC BY 3.0",
      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0",
      "available_licenses": [
        {
          "name": "CC BY 3.0",
          "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0"
        }
      ],
      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Starr_060406-7304_Portulaca_oleracea.jpg",
      "original_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e9/Starr_060406-7304_Portulaca_oleracea.jpg",
      "source_description": "English: Portulaca oleracea (seedlings). Location: Lanai, Puu Pehe",
      "source_credit": "Plants of Hawaii, Image 060406-7304 from http://www.hear.org/starr/plants/images/image/?q=060406-7304",
      "access_date": "2026-09-06",
      "identity_verification": {
        "method": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
        "scientific_name": "Portulaca oleracea",
        "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Starr_060406-7304_Portulaca_oleracea.jpg",
        "visible_features_checked": "Fleshy oval green leaves cluster along smooth reddish prostrate stems.",
        "species_complex_caveat": "Common purslane is a taxonomically variable aggregate. General photographs do not determine an infraspecific taxon or seed-based microspecies.",
        "photographed_in_colorado_claimed": false,
        "source_identified_taxon": "Portulaca oleracea",
        "source_categories": [
          "Portulaca oleracea (non-native)",
          "Caryophyllales in Lanai",
          "Portulacaceae in Hawaii",
          "Portulacaceae in the Northern Hemisphere in April",
          "Caryophyllales in Hawaii in April"
        ],
        "source_identification_basis": "Scientific name in the source title, description, and/or displayed Commons taxon category, reviewed against visible morphology."
      },
      "visual_review": {
        "status": "passed",
        "review_date": "2026-09-06",
        "method": "Every selected photograph inspected on five final contact sheets at up to 500 pixels per image; replacement dandelion flower additionally inspected individually at full downloaded resolution. Captions checked against actual visible structures. Source descriptions and taxon categories checked for consistency."
      },
      "modifications": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "source_identified_taxon": "Portulaca oleracea",
      "common_name": "Common purslane",
      "source_categories": [
        "Portulaca oleracea (non-native)",
        "Caryophyllales in Lanai",
        "Portulacaceae in Hawaii",
        "Portulacaceae in the Northern Hemisphere in April",
        "Caryophyllales in Hawaii in April"
      ],
      "download_url": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Starr_060406-7304_Portulaca_oleracea.jpg/1280px-Starr_060406-7304_Portulaca_oleracea.jpg",
      "dimensions": {
        "width": 1280,
        "height": 960
      },
      "sha256": "c52343b653fd0381c10c5ac5b9f6252033d41c8a840f0413ca6cf637d64db989",
      "byte_size": 478230,
      "original_downloaded": false,
      "attribution": "Starr 060406-7304 Portulaca oleracea.jpg — Forest & Kim Starr; CC BY 3.0. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Starr_060406-7304_Portulaca_oleracea.jpg; license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "plant_id": "common-purslane",
      "path": "assets/photos/common-priority-photos-portulaca-oleracea-20-05-leaf-stem.jpg",
      "file": "assets/photos/common-priority-photos-portulaca-oleracea-20-05-leaf-stem.jpg",
      "width": 1280,
      "height": 960,
      "bytes": 478230,
      "caption": "Fleshy oval green leaves cluster along smooth reddish prostrate stems.",
      "alt": "Portulaca oleracea: Fleshy oval green leaves cluster along smooth reddish prostrate stems.",
      "identification_note": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Common purslane is a taxonomically variable aggregate. General photographs do not determine an infraspecific taxon or seed-based microspecies.",
      "changes": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06"
    },
    {
      "id": "common-priority-photos-20-08",
      "taxon": "Portulaca oleracea",
      "feature": "habit",
      "visible_feature": "Low mat with radiating reddish stems over bare sandy soil.",
      "title": "File:Portulaca oleracea habitusDehesaBoyalPuertollano.jpg",
      "creator": "Javier martin",
      "license": "Public domain",
      "license_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Portulaca_oleracea_habitusDehesaBoyalPuertollano.jpg#Licensing",
      "available_licenses": [
        {
          "name": "Public domain",
          "url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:Copyright_tags"
        },
        {
          "name": "Public domain",
          "url": ""
        }
      ],
      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Portulaca_oleracea_habitusDehesaBoyalPuertollano.jpg",
      "original_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/da/Portulaca_oleracea_habitusDehesaBoyalPuertollano.jpg",
      "source_description": "English: Portulaca oleracea Habitus in Dehesa Boyal de Puertollano , Spain",
      "source_credit": "Own work",
      "access_date": "2026-09-06",
      "identity_verification": {
        "method": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
        "scientific_name": "Portulaca oleracea",
        "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Portulaca_oleracea_habitusDehesaBoyalPuertollano.jpg",
        "visible_features_checked": "Low mat with radiating reddish stems over bare sandy soil.",
        "species_complex_caveat": "Common purslane is a taxonomically variable aggregate. General photographs do not determine an infraspecific taxon or seed-based microspecies.",
        "photographed_in_colorado_claimed": false,
        "source_identified_taxon": "Portulaca oleracea",
        "source_categories": [
          "Caryophyllales in Dehesa Boyal de Puertollano",
          "Portulaca oleracea",
          "Portulacaceae in the Northern Hemisphere in July",
          "Portulacaceae in Spain",
          "2008 in the province of Ciudad Real"
        ],
        "source_identification_basis": "Scientific name in the source title, description, and/or displayed Commons taxon category, reviewed against visible morphology."
      },
      "visual_review": {
        "status": "passed",
        "review_date": "2026-09-06",
        "method": "Every selected photograph inspected on five final contact sheets at up to 500 pixels per image; replacement dandelion flower additionally inspected individually at full downloaded resolution. Captions checked against actual visible structures. Source descriptions and taxon categories checked for consistency."
      },
      "modifications": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "source_identified_taxon": "Portulaca oleracea",
      "common_name": "Common purslane",
      "source_categories": [
        "Caryophyllales in Dehesa Boyal de Puertollano",
        "Portulaca oleracea",
        "Portulacaceae in the Northern Hemisphere in July",
        "Portulacaceae in Spain",
        "2008 in the province of Ciudad Real"
      ],
      "download_url": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Portulaca_oleracea_habitusDehesaBoyalPuertollano.jpg/1280px-Portulaca_oleracea_habitusDehesaBoyalPuertollano.jpg",
      "dimensions": {
        "width": 1280,
        "height": 960
      },
      "sha256": "2df5982c5a17a3e7330d6577d5f50899c3b00a15b40fa12ad668f9315e7800f0",
      "byte_size": 754538,
      "original_downloaded": false,
      "attribution": "Portulaca oleracea habitusDehesaBoyalPuertollano.jpg — Javier martin; Public domain. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Portulaca_oleracea_habitusDehesaBoyalPuertollano.jpg; license: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Portulaca_oleracea_habitusDehesaBoyalPuertollano.jpg#Licensing. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "plant_id": "common-purslane",
      "path": "assets/photos/common-priority-photos-portulaca-oleracea-20-08-habit.jpg",
      "file": "assets/photos/common-priority-photos-portulaca-oleracea-20-08-habit.jpg",
      "width": 1280,
      "height": 960,
      "bytes": 754538,
      "caption": "Low mat with radiating reddish stems over bare sandy soil.",
      "alt": "Portulaca oleracea: Low mat with radiating reddish stems over bare sandy soil.",
      "identification_note": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Common purslane is a taxonomically variable aggregate. General photographs do not determine an infraspecific taxon or seed-based microspecies.",
      "changes": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06"
    },
    {
      "id": "common-priority-photos-21-13",
      "taxon": "Taraxacum officinale",
      "feature": "habit",
      "visible_feature": "Whole photographed plant with a taproot, basal lobed leaves, and a leafless stalk bearing a yellow flower head.",
      "title": "File:Taraxacum-officinalis-plant.jpg",
      "creator": "FoeNyx",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/",
      "available_licenses": [
        {
          "name": "GFDL",
          "url": "http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html"
        },
        {
          "name": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
          "url": "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/"
        },
        {
          "name": "CC BY-SA 1.0",
          "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/1.0"
        }
      ],
      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Taraxacum-officinalis-plant.jpg",
      "original_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/11/Taraxacum-officinalis-plant.jpg",
      "source_description": "Taraxacum (c) User:FoeNyx",
      "source_credit": "",
      "access_date": "2026-09-06",
      "identity_verification": {
        "method": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
        "scientific_name": "Taraxacum officinale",
        "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Taraxacum-officinalis-plant.jpg",
        "visible_features_checked": "Whole photographed plant with a taproot, basal lobed leaves, and a leafless stalk bearing a yellow flower head.",
        "species_complex_caveat": "Common dandelion is represented as the T. officinale aggregate / section Ruderalia. Numerous microspecies cannot be resolved from these general photographs.",
        "photographed_in_colorado_claimed": false,
        "source_identified_taxon": "Taraxacum officinale aggregate / Taraxacum section Ruderalia",
        "source_categories": [
          "Taraxacum officinale"
        ],
        "source_identification_basis": "Scientific name in the source title, description, and/or displayed Commons taxon category, reviewed against visible morphology."
      },
      "visual_review": {
        "status": "passed",
        "review_date": "2026-09-06",
        "method": "Every selected photograph inspected on five final contact sheets at up to 500 pixels per image; replacement dandelion flower additionally inspected individually at full downloaded resolution. Captions checked against actual visible structures. Source descriptions and taxon categories checked for consistency."
      },
      "modifications": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "source_identified_taxon": "Taraxacum officinale aggregate / Taraxacum section Ruderalia",
      "common_name": "Common dandelion",
      "source_categories": [
        "Taraxacum officinale"
      ],
      "download_url": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Taraxacum-officinalis-plant.jpg/1280px-Taraxacum-officinalis-plant.jpg",
      "dimensions": {
        "width": 1280,
        "height": 3292
      },
      "sha256": "ce1c11ebe9b4c52c1df7c8e323a1b99a40654fcef46cb79daab7bff746ffe036",
      "byte_size": 209390,
      "original_downloaded": false,
      "attribution": "Taraxacum-officinalis-plant.jpg — FoeNyx; CC BY-SA 3.0. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Taraxacum-officinalis-plant.jpg; license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "creator_as_extracted": "",
      "creator_verification": "Source opening text credits (c) User:FoeNyx.",
      "plant_id": "common-dandelion",
      "path": "assets/photos/common-priority-photos-taraxacum-officinale-21-13-habit.jpg",
      "file": "assets/photos/common-priority-photos-taraxacum-officinale-21-13-habit.jpg",
      "width": 1280,
      "height": 3292,
      "bytes": 209390,
      "caption": "Whole photographed plant with a taproot, basal lobed leaves, and a leafless stalk bearing a yellow flower head.",
      "alt": "Taraxacum officinale: Whole photographed plant with a taproot, basal lobed leaves, and a leafless stalk bearing a yellow flower head.",
      "identification_note": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Common dandelion is represented as the T. officinale aggregate / section Ruderalia. Numerous microspecies cannot be resolved from these general photographs.",
      "changes": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06",
      "thumbnail": {
        "path": "assets/thumbs/common-dandelion.webp",
        "width": 249,
        "height": 640,
        "sha256": "acb1d60f10ec63b4ea5022dd898e295ab34209379001ae151f862a00f5b12984",
        "parent_sha256": "ce1c11ebe9b4c52c1df7c8e323a1b99a40654fcef46cb79daab7bff746ffe036",
        "changes": "Scaled within 640 by 640 pixels and converted to WebP at quality 82. No crop or generative changes to the file; CSS may crop catalog display.",
        "license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "common-priority-photos-21-15",
      "taxon": "Taraxacum officinale",
      "feature": "seed-head",
      "visible_feature": "Rounded white seed head of many fruits, each attached to a radiating stalk and parachute-like pappus.",
      "title": "File:Ripe fruits by Common Dandelion.jpg",
      "creator": "Michael Gäbler",
      "license": "CC BY 3.0",
      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0",
      "available_licenses": [
        {
          "name": "CC BY 3.0",
          "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0"
        }
      ],
      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ripe_fruits_by_Common_Dandelion.jpg",
      "original_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Ripe_fruits_by_Common_Dandelion.jpg",
      "source_description": "Taraxacum sect. Ruderalia (Kirschner, H.Øllg. & Štěpánek) Syn. Taraxacum officinale (agg. G.H.Weber ex Wiggers). English: Ripe fruits by Common Dandelion . Deutsch: Pusteblume vom Gewöhnlichen Löwenzahn .",
      "source_credit": "Own work",
      "access_date": "2026-09-06",
      "identity_verification": {
        "method": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
        "scientific_name": "Taraxacum officinale",
        "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ripe_fruits_by_Common_Dandelion.jpg",
        "visible_features_checked": "Rounded white seed head of many fruits, each attached to a radiating stalk and parachute-like pappus.",
        "species_complex_caveat": "Common dandelion is represented as the T. officinale aggregate / section Ruderalia. Numerous microspecies cannot be resolved from these general photographs.",
        "photographed_in_colorado_claimed": false,
        "source_identified_taxon": "Taraxacum officinale aggregate / Taraxacum section Ruderalia",
        "source_categories": [
          "Taraxacum officinale (fruit)",
          "Focus stacking images of seeds"
        ],
        "source_identification_basis": "Scientific name in the source title, description, and/or displayed Commons taxon category, reviewed against visible morphology."
      },
      "visual_review": {
        "status": "passed",
        "review_date": "2026-09-06",
        "method": "Every selected photograph inspected on five final contact sheets at up to 500 pixels per image; replacement dandelion flower additionally inspected individually at full downloaded resolution. Captions checked against actual visible structures. Source descriptions and taxon categories checked for consistency."
      },
      "modifications": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "source_identified_taxon": "Taraxacum officinale aggregate / Taraxacum section Ruderalia",
      "common_name": "Common dandelion",
      "source_categories": [
        "Taraxacum officinale (fruit)",
        "Focus stacking images of seeds"
      ],
      "download_url": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Ripe_fruits_by_Common_Dandelion.jpg/1280px-Ripe_fruits_by_Common_Dandelion.jpg",
      "dimensions": {
        "width": 1280,
        "height": 992
      },
      "sha256": "e253a4a9a12f85ed342632281700aa4230a265815716801e3cfb0203b00037ab",
      "byte_size": 198978,
      "original_downloaded": false,
      "attribution": "Ripe fruits by Common Dandelion.jpg — Michael Gäbler; CC BY 3.0. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ripe_fruits_by_Common_Dandelion.jpg; license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "plant_id": "common-dandelion",
      "path": "assets/photos/common-priority-photos-taraxacum-officinale-21-15-seed-head.jpg",
      "file": "assets/photos/common-priority-photos-taraxacum-officinale-21-15-seed-head.jpg",
      "width": 1280,
      "height": 992,
      "bytes": 198978,
      "caption": "Rounded white seed head of many fruits, each attached to a radiating stalk and parachute-like pappus.",
      "alt": "Taraxacum officinale: Rounded white seed head of many fruits, each attached to a radiating stalk and parachute-like pappus.",
      "identification_note": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Common dandelion is represented as the T. officinale aggregate / section Ruderalia. Numerous microspecies cannot be resolved from these general photographs.",
      "changes": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06"
    },
    {
      "id": "common-priority-photos-21-16",
      "taxon": "Taraxacum officinale",
      "feature": "flower",
      "visible_feature": "Bright yellow flower heads made of many strap-shaped florets, with unopened buds and basal foliage nearby.",
      "title": "File:Taraxacum officinale flower 2005-05-01.jpg",
      "creator": "Slick (German Wikipedia)",
      "license": "Public domain",
      "license_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Taraxacum_officinale_flower_2005-05-01.jpg#Licensing",
      "available_licenses": [
        {
          "name": "Public domain",
          "url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:Copyright_tags"
        }
      ],
      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Taraxacum_officinale_flower_2005-05-01.jpg",
      "original_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dc/Taraxacum_officinale_flower_2005-05-01.jpg",
      "source_description": "Taraxacum officinale flower Deutsch: Löwenzahhn in Blüte Author: de:Benutzer:Slick Date: 1. Mai 2005",
      "source_credit": "No machine-readable source provided. Own work assumed (based on copyright claims).",
      "access_date": "2026-09-06",
      "identity_verification": {
        "method": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
        "scientific_name": "Taraxacum officinale",
        "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Taraxacum_officinale_flower_2005-05-01.jpg",
        "visible_features_checked": "Bright yellow flower heads made of many strap-shaped florets, with unopened buds and basal foliage nearby.",
        "species_complex_caveat": "Common dandelion is represented as the T. officinale aggregate / section Ruderalia. Numerous microspecies cannot be resolved from these general photographs.",
        "photographed_in_colorado_claimed": false,
        "source_identified_taxon": "Taraxacum officinale aggregate / Taraxacum section Ruderalia",
        "source_categories": [
          "Taraxacum sect. Ruderalia",
          "Plants in May"
        ],
        "source_identification_basis": "Scientific name in the source title, description, and/or displayed Commons taxon category, reviewed against visible morphology."
      },
      "visual_review": {
        "status": "passed",
        "review_date": "2026-09-06",
        "method": "Every selected photograph inspected on five final contact sheets at up to 500 pixels per image; replacement dandelion flower additionally inspected individually at full downloaded resolution. Captions checked against actual visible structures. Source descriptions and taxon categories checked for consistency."
      },
      "modifications": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "source_identified_taxon": "Taraxacum officinale aggregate / Taraxacum section Ruderalia",
      "common_name": "Common dandelion",
      "source_categories": [
        "Taraxacum sect. Ruderalia",
        "Plants in May"
      ],
      "download_url": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Taraxacum_officinale_flower_2005-05-01.jpg/1280px-Taraxacum_officinale_flower_2005-05-01.jpg",
      "dimensions": {
        "width": 1280,
        "height": 960
      },
      "sha256": "9b73e31523a47c33e7896e0032eb64bf3ed5953bcb975cbf7e00dad8da10e495",
      "byte_size": 284057,
      "original_downloaded": false,
      "attribution": "Taraxacum officinale flower 2005-05-01.jpg — Slick (German Wikipedia); Public domain. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Taraxacum_officinale_flower_2005-05-01.jpg; license: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Taraxacum_officinale_flower_2005-05-01.jpg#Licensing. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "creator_as_extracted": "No machine-readable author provided. Ixitixel assumed (based on copyright claims).",
      "creator_verification": "Source description explicitly states Author: de:Benutzer:Slick, 1 May 2005; this is used instead of an inferred uploader name.",
      "plant_id": "common-dandelion",
      "path": "assets/photos/common-priority-photos-taraxacum-officinale-21-16-flower.jpg",
      "file": "assets/photos/common-priority-photos-taraxacum-officinale-21-16-flower.jpg",
      "width": 1280,
      "height": 960,
      "bytes": 284057,
      "caption": "Bright yellow flower heads made of many strap-shaped florets, with unopened buds and basal foliage nearby.",
      "alt": "Taraxacum officinale: Bright yellow flower heads made of many strap-shaped florets, with unopened buds and basal foliage nearby.",
      "identification_note": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Common dandelion is represented as the T. officinale aggregate / section Ruderalia. Numerous microspecies cannot be resolved from these general photographs.",
      "changes": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06"
    },
    {
      "id": "common-priority-photos-22-03",
      "taxon": "Solanum dulcamara",
      "feature": "habit",
      "visible_feature": "Dense tangle of leafy scrambling stems with pointed green leaves.",
      "title": "File:Solanum dulcamara 0001.JPG",
      "creator": "H. Zell",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0",
      "available_licenses": [
        {
          "name": "GFDL",
          "url": "http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html"
        },
        {
          "name": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
          "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0"
        }
      ],
      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Solanum_dulcamara_0001.JPG",
      "original_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/Solanum_dulcamara_0001.JPG",
      "source_description": "English: Solanum dulcamara , Solanaceae; Bittersweet, plant. Deutsch: Solanum dulcamara , Solanaceae, Bittersüßer Nachtschatten, Bittersüß, Hundbeere, Mäuseholz, Mausholz, Natter(n)holz, Pissranken, Rote Hundsbeere, Saurebe, Stinkteufel, Süßstoff, Teufelsklatten, Waldnachtschatten, Wasserranke, Wolfsbeere, Habitus. Suomi: Punakoiso ( Solanum dulcamara ).",
      "source_credit": "Own work",
      "access_date": "2026-09-06",
      "identity_verification": {
        "method": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
        "scientific_name": "Solanum dulcamara",
        "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Solanum_dulcamara_0001.JPG",
        "visible_features_checked": "Dense tangle of leafy scrambling stems with pointed green leaves.",
        "species_complex_caveat": "",
        "photographed_in_colorado_claimed": false,
        "source_identified_taxon": "Solanum dulcamara",
        "source_categories": [
          "Solanum dulcamara"
        ],
        "source_identification_basis": "Scientific name in the source title, description, and/or displayed Commons taxon category, reviewed against visible morphology."
      },
      "visual_review": {
        "status": "passed",
        "review_date": "2026-09-06",
        "method": "Every selected photograph inspected on five final contact sheets at up to 500 pixels per image; replacement dandelion flower additionally inspected individually at full downloaded resolution. Captions checked against actual visible structures. Source descriptions and taxon categories checked for consistency."
      },
      "modifications": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "source_identified_taxon": "Solanum dulcamara",
      "common_name": "Bittersweet nightshade",
      "source_categories": [
        "Solanum dulcamara"
      ],
      "download_url": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Solanum_dulcamara_0001.JPG/1280px-Solanum_dulcamara_0001.JPG",
      "dimensions": {
        "width": 1280,
        "height": 960
      },
      "sha256": "883c32b4e45ce42d6e134e889f7ff270533714e7b6666fb01ca2436e43262ad7",
      "byte_size": 610542,
      "original_downloaded": false,
      "attribution": "Solanum dulcamara 0001.JPG — H. Zell; CC BY-SA 3.0. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Solanum_dulcamara_0001.JPG; license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "plant_id": "bittersweet-nightshade",
      "path": "assets/photos/common-priority-photos-solanum-dulcamara-22-03-habit.jpg",
      "file": "assets/photos/common-priority-photos-solanum-dulcamara-22-03-habit.jpg",
      "width": 1280,
      "height": 960,
      "bytes": 610542,
      "caption": "Dense tangle of leafy scrambling stems with pointed green leaves.",
      "alt": "Solanum dulcamara: Dense tangle of leafy scrambling stems with pointed green leaves.",
      "identification_note": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
      "changes": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06",
      "thumbnail": {
        "path": "assets/thumbs/bittersweet-nightshade.webp",
        "width": 640,
        "height": 480,
        "sha256": "a126ae498812ab95132c173ae6d613933d4a992ea0fa1c0e379c49a5ae89a0f0",
        "parent_sha256": "883c32b4e45ce42d6e134e889f7ff270533714e7b6666fb01ca2436e43262ad7",
        "changes": "Scaled within 640 by 640 pixels and converted to WebP at quality 82. No crop or generative changes to the file; CSS may crop catalog display.",
        "license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "common-priority-photos-22-10",
      "taxon": "Solanum dulcamara",
      "feature": "flower",
      "visible_feature": "Purple flowers with reflexed petals and projecting yellow anther cones.",
      "title": "File:Solanum dulcamara 0002.JPG",
      "creator": "H. Zell",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0",
      "available_licenses": [
        {
          "name": "GFDL",
          "url": "http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html"
        },
        {
          "name": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
          "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0"
        }
      ],
      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Solanum_dulcamara_0002.JPG",
      "original_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b5/Solanum_dulcamara_0002.JPG",
      "source_description": "English: Solanum dulcamara , Solanaceae; Bittersweet, flowers. Deutsch: Solanum dulcamara , Solanaceae, Bittersüßer Nachtschatten, Bittersüß, Hundbeere, Mäuseholz, Mausholz, Natter(n)holz, Pissranken, Rote Hundsbeere, Saurebe, Stinkteufel, Süßstoff, Teufelsklatten, Waldnachtschatten, Wasserranke, Wolfsbeere, Blüten. Suomi: Solanum dulcamara . Kuva punakoison kukista.",
      "source_credit": "Own work",
      "access_date": "2026-09-06",
      "identity_verification": {
        "method": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
        "scientific_name": "Solanum dulcamara",
        "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Solanum_dulcamara_0002.JPG",
        "visible_features_checked": "Purple flowers with reflexed petals and projecting yellow anther cones.",
        "species_complex_caveat": "",
        "photographed_in_colorado_claimed": false,
        "source_identified_taxon": "Solanum dulcamara",
        "source_categories": [
          "Solanum dulcamara (flowers)"
        ],
        "source_identification_basis": "Scientific name in the source title, description, and/or displayed Commons taxon category, reviewed against visible morphology."
      },
      "visual_review": {
        "status": "passed",
        "review_date": "2026-09-06",
        "method": "Every selected photograph inspected on five final contact sheets at up to 500 pixels per image; replacement dandelion flower additionally inspected individually at full downloaded resolution. Captions checked against actual visible structures. Source descriptions and taxon categories checked for consistency."
      },
      "modifications": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "source_identified_taxon": "Solanum dulcamara",
      "common_name": "Bittersweet nightshade",
      "source_categories": [
        "Solanum dulcamara (flowers)"
      ],
      "download_url": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Solanum_dulcamara_0002.JPG/1280px-Solanum_dulcamara_0002.JPG",
      "dimensions": {
        "width": 1280,
        "height": 1705
      },
      "sha256": "00ead39a5866e00a3e4b0082d5b2d3326442e0971e284c23d42c4afef47e95a1",
      "byte_size": 282169,
      "original_downloaded": false,
      "attribution": "Solanum dulcamara 0002.JPG — H. Zell; CC BY-SA 3.0. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Solanum_dulcamara_0002.JPG; license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "plant_id": "bittersweet-nightshade",
      "path": "assets/photos/common-priority-photos-solanum-dulcamara-22-10-flower.jpg",
      "file": "assets/photos/common-priority-photos-solanum-dulcamara-22-10-flower.jpg",
      "width": 1280,
      "height": 1705,
      "bytes": 282169,
      "caption": "Purple flowers with reflexed petals and projecting yellow anther cones.",
      "alt": "Solanum dulcamara: Purple flowers with reflexed petals and projecting yellow anther cones.",
      "identification_note": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
      "changes": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06"
    },
    {
      "id": "common-priority-photos-22-13",
      "taxon": "Solanum dulcamara",
      "feature": "fruit",
      "visible_feature": "Hanging cluster of glossy oval red berries on purple-brown stalks.",
      "title": "File:Solanum dulcamara fruits.JPG",
      "creator": "Olli Salmela, ( Dacnoh )",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0",
      "available_licenses": [
        {
          "name": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
          "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0"
        },
        {
          "name": "GFDL",
          "url": "http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html"
        }
      ],
      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Solanum_dulcamara_fruits.JPG",
      "original_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b0/Solanum_dulcamara_fruits.JPG",
      "source_description": "English: Fruits of Solanum dulcamara . Photo is take in Joensuu, Finland. Suomi: Punakoison ( Solanum dulcamara ) hedelmiä/marjoja. Kuva otettu: Joensuu, Suomi",
      "source_credit": "Own work",
      "access_date": "2026-09-06",
      "identity_verification": {
        "method": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
        "scientific_name": "Solanum dulcamara",
        "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Solanum_dulcamara_fruits.JPG",
        "visible_features_checked": "Hanging cluster of glossy oval red berries on purple-brown stalks.",
        "species_complex_caveat": "",
        "photographed_in_colorado_claimed": false,
        "source_identified_taxon": "Solanum dulcamara",
        "source_categories": [
          "Solanum dulcamara (fruit)",
          "Solanaceae in the Northern Hemisphere in August 2010",
          "Solanales in North Karelia",
          "Solanaceae in Finland"
        ],
        "source_identification_basis": "Scientific name in the source title, description, and/or displayed Commons taxon category, reviewed against visible morphology."
      },
      "visual_review": {
        "status": "passed",
        "review_date": "2026-09-06",
        "method": "Every selected photograph inspected on five final contact sheets at up to 500 pixels per image; replacement dandelion flower additionally inspected individually at full downloaded resolution. Captions checked against actual visible structures. Source descriptions and taxon categories checked for consistency."
      },
      "modifications": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "source_identified_taxon": "Solanum dulcamara",
      "common_name": "Bittersweet nightshade",
      "source_categories": [
        "Solanum dulcamara (fruit)",
        "Solanaceae in the Northern Hemisphere in August 2010",
        "Solanales in North Karelia",
        "Solanaceae in Finland"
      ],
      "download_url": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Solanum_dulcamara_fruits.JPG/1280px-Solanum_dulcamara_fruits.JPG",
      "dimensions": {
        "width": 1280,
        "height": 1707
      },
      "sha256": "1189ad6682db825eb84d16d1792530d1d6c621721177b89f77ac1e76c4b37309",
      "byte_size": 400678,
      "original_downloaded": false,
      "attribution": "Solanum dulcamara fruits.JPG — Olli Salmela, ( Dacnoh ); CC BY-SA 3.0. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Solanum_dulcamara_fruits.JPG; license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing.",
      "plant_id": "bittersweet-nightshade",
      "path": "assets/photos/common-priority-photos-solanum-dulcamara-22-13-fruit.jpg",
      "file": "assets/photos/common-priority-photos-solanum-dulcamara-22-13-fruit.jpg",
      "width": 1280,
      "height": 1707,
      "bytes": 400678,
      "caption": "Hanging cluster of glossy oval red berries on purple-brown stalks.",
      "alt": "Solanum dulcamara: Hanging cluster of glossy oval red berries on purple-brown stalks.",
      "identification_note": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
      "changes": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, color change, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06"
    },
    {
      "provider": "Wikimedia Commons",
      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Delphinium_barbeyi.jpg",
      "original_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/68/Delphinium_barbeyi.jpg",
      "download_url": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Delphinium_barbeyi.jpg/960px-Delphinium_barbeyi.jpg",
      "title": "File:Delphinium barbeyi.jpg",
      "creator": "Ms. Sticky",
      "license": "CC BY 2.0",
      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0",
      "source_description": "Delphinium barbeyi   in Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado, USA",
      "source_credit": "https://www.flickr.com/photos/oldstringer/6060011340/",
      "source_categories": [
        "Delphinium barbeyi",
        "Taken with Canon PowerShot A610",
        "Flickr images reviewed by FlickreviewR",
        "Flickr images missing SDC creator",
        "Flickr images missing SDC published in"
      ],
      "source_identified_taxon": "Delphinium barbeyi",
      "id": "additional-problem-photos-01-01",
      "taxon": "Delphinium barbeyi",
      "slug": "delphinium-barbeyi",
      "access_date": "2026-09-06",
      "dimensions": {
        "width": 960,
        "height": 1446
      },
      "sha256": "e4cf42df8369677afd876f33616792baf08454f775162fc1013a32d859f9be2f",
      "byte_size": 218975,
      "feature": "flowering stem",
      "visible_feature": "A blue-flowered larkspur stem with several spurred flowers and divided stem leaves.",
      "caption": "A blue-flowered larkspur stem with several spurred flowers and divided stem leaves.",
      "alt_text": "Delphinium barbeyi: A blue-flowered larkspur stem with several spurred flowers and divided stem leaves.",
      "requested_synonyms": [],
      "available_licenses": [
        {
          "name": "CC BY 2.0",
          "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0"
        }
      ],
      "identity_verification": {
        "method": "Source scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
        "scientific_name": "Delphinium barbeyi",
        "requested_taxon": "Delphinium barbeyi",
        "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Delphinium_barbeyi.jpg",
        "visible_features_checked": "A blue-flowered larkspur stem with several spurred flowers and divided stem leaves.",
        "species_complex_caveat": "Identification follows the exact source species. Other tall larkspurs can resemble this species, and a reference photo alone cannot establish livestock risk for an unknown plant.",
        "photographed_in_colorado_claimed": true,
        "colorado_source_evidence": "Delphinium barbeyi   in Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado, USA",
        "source_categories": [
          "Delphinium barbeyi",
          "Taken with Canon PowerShot A610",
          "Flickr images reviewed by FlickreviewR",
          "Flickr images missing SDC creator",
          "Flickr images missing SDC published in"
        ],
        "source_identification_basis": "Exact scientific identification in source file title, description and/or Commons taxon category; reviewed against visible content."
      },
      "visual_review": {
        "status": "passed",
        "review_date": "2026-09-06",
        "method": "Each selected photograph inspected on labelled contact sheets. Replacements were inspected on candidate sheets; captions checked against visible features."
      },
      "modifications": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, colour change or generative editing.",
      "original_downloaded": false,
      "license_evidence": "Photo-specific Commons imageinfo licensing metadata retained in raw_source_metadata.",
      "attribution": "Delphinium barbeyi.jpg — Ms. Sticky; CC BY 2.0. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Delphinium_barbeyi.jpg; license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, colour change or generative editing.",
      "plant_id": "tall-larkspur",
      "path": "assets/photos/additional-problem-photos-delphinium-barbeyi-1.jpg",
      "file": "assets/photos/additional-problem-photos-delphinium-barbeyi-1.jpg",
      "width": 960,
      "height": 1446,
      "bytes": 218975,
      "alt": "Delphinium barbeyi: A blue-flowered larkspur stem with several spurred flowers and divided stem leaves.",
      "identification_note": "Source scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Identification follows the exact source species. Other tall larkspurs can resemble this species, and a reference photo alone cannot establish livestock risk for an unknown plant.",
      "changes": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, colour change or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06",
      "metadata_archive_sha256": "3508075e414b997a95e5bf3cdeca6c1c94703d9502e061d1998a60eea0c8c1c7",
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        "path": "assets/thumbs/tall-larkspur.webp",
        "width": 425,
        "height": 640,
        "sha256": "9d3b97fe54f1413b9531f5c6ee443130a356491f3870abba6f5a768ba3b344d9",
        "parent_sha256": "e4cf42df8369677afd876f33616792baf08454f775162fc1013a32d859f9be2f",
        "changes": "Scaled within 640 by 640 pixels and converted to WebP at quality 82. No crop or generative changes to the file; CSS may crop catalog display.",
        "license": "CC BY 2.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "additional-problem-photos-01-02",
      "taxon": "Delphinium barbeyi",
      "slug": "delphinium-barbeyi",
      "access_date": "2026-09-06",
      "provider": "iNaturalist",
      "source_page": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/66494294",
      "photo_page": "https://www.inaturalist.org/photos/107202729",
      "original_url": "https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/107202729/original.jpeg",
      "download_url": "https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/107202729/large.jpeg",
      "title": "Delphinium barbeyi — observation 66494294, photo 107202729",
      "creator": "John Powers",
      "creator_role": "Photographer named in photo attribution.",
      "license": "CC BY 4.0",
      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
      "source_description": "Delphinium barbeyi; Gunnison County, CO, USA",
      "source_credit": "(c) John Powers, some rights reserved (CC BY)",
      "source_identified_taxon": "Delphinium barbeyi",
      "dimensions": {
        "width": 683,
        "height": 1024
      },
      "sha256": "0409e245fd3d89b7d27ca5ca7e42f4c0be0ae6262b54c51f3dec09ae88845501",
      "byte_size": 297529,
      "feature": "habit and habitat",
      "visible_feature": "Several tall purple-flowered stems rising above leafy subalpine vegetation, with a mountain slope behind.",
      "caption": "Several tall purple-flowered stems rising above leafy subalpine vegetation, with a mountain slope behind.",
      "alt_text": "Delphinium barbeyi: Several tall purple-flowered stems rising above leafy subalpine vegetation, with a mountain slope behind.",
      "requested_synonyms": [],
      "available_licenses": [
        {
          "name": "CC BY 4.0",
          "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"
        }
      ],
      "source_categories": [],
      "identity_verification": {
        "method": "Source scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
        "scientific_name": "Delphinium barbeyi",
        "requested_taxon": "Delphinium barbeyi",
        "source_page": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/66494294",
        "visible_features_checked": "Several tall purple-flowered stems rising above leafy subalpine vegetation, with a mountain slope behind.",
        "species_complex_caveat": "Identification follows the exact source species. Other tall larkspurs can resemble this species, and a reference photo alone cannot establish livestock risk for an unknown plant.",
        "photographed_in_colorado_claimed": true,
        "colorado_source_evidence": "Gunnison County, CO, USA",
        "source_categories": [],
        "source_identification_basis": "Photo belongs to an iNaturalist research-grade observation identified as the exact species. Exact taxon, identifications and photo licensing are retained in the archived source record."
      },
      "visual_review": {
        "status": "passed",
        "review_date": "2026-09-06",
        "method": "Each selected photograph inspected on labelled contact sheets. Replacements were inspected on candidate sheets; captions checked against visible features."
      },
      "modifications": "iNaturalist large server-resized photo; no crop, colour change or generative editing.",
      "original_downloaded": false,
      "license_evidence": "Photo-specific iNaturalist API license_code and attribution retained in raw_source_metadata.photo. License codes correspond to CC 4.0 or CC0 1.0.",
      "attribution": "Delphinium barbeyi — observation 66494294, photo 107202729 — John Powers; CC BY 4.0. Source: https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/66494294; license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. iNaturalist large server-resized photo; no crop, colour change or generative editing.",
      "plant_id": "tall-larkspur",
      "path": "assets/photos/additional-problem-photos-delphinium-barbeyi-2.jpg",
      "file": "assets/photos/additional-problem-photos-delphinium-barbeyi-2.jpg",
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      "height": 1024,
      "bytes": 297529,
      "alt": "Delphinium barbeyi: Several tall purple-flowered stems rising above leafy subalpine vegetation, with a mountain slope behind.",
      "identification_note": "Source scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Identification follows the exact source species. Other tall larkspurs can resemble this species, and a reference photo alone cannot establish livestock risk for an unknown plant.",
      "changes": "iNaturalist large server-resized photo; no crop, colour change or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06",
      "license_record": {
        "id": 107202729,
        "license_code": "cc-by",
        "attribution": "(c) John Powers, some rights reserved (CC BY)",
        "original_dimensions": {
          "width": 1365,
          "height": 2048
        }
      },
      "metadata_archive_sha256": "f334a5baac4f7137ba1a95ff002ad7cd8124d553d838d6e6ecd45e3b2a3db0a5"
    },
    {
      "provider": "iNaturalist",
      "source_page": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/66494294",
      "photo_page": "https://www.inaturalist.org/photos/107202638",
      "original_url": "https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/107202638/original.jpeg",
      "download_url": "https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/107202638/large.jpeg",
      "title": "Delphinium barbeyi — observation 66494294, photo 107202638",
      "creator": "John Powers",
      "creator_role": "Photographer named in photo attribution.",
      "license": "CC BY 4.0",
      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
      "source_description": "Delphinium barbeyi; Gunnison County, CO, USA",
      "source_credit": "(c) John Powers, some rights reserved (CC BY)",
      "source_identified_taxon": "Delphinium barbeyi",
      "id": "additional-problem-photos-01-03",
      "taxon": "Delphinium barbeyi",
      "slug": "delphinium-barbeyi",
      "access_date": "2026-09-06",
      "dimensions": {
        "width": 1024,
        "height": 683
      },
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      "feature": "flower detail",
      "visible_feature": "Side view of deep purple flowers showing elongated backward-pointing spurs and fine hairs.",
      "caption": "Side view of deep purple flowers showing elongated backward-pointing spurs and fine hairs.",
      "alt_text": "Delphinium barbeyi: Side view of deep purple flowers showing elongated backward-pointing spurs and fine hairs.",
      "requested_synonyms": [],
      "available_licenses": [
        {
          "name": "CC BY 4.0",
          "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"
        }
      ],
      "source_categories": [],
      "identity_verification": {
        "method": "Source scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
        "scientific_name": "Delphinium barbeyi",
        "requested_taxon": "Delphinium barbeyi",
        "source_page": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/66494294",
        "visible_features_checked": "Side view of deep purple flowers showing elongated backward-pointing spurs and fine hairs.",
        "species_complex_caveat": "Identification follows the exact source species. Other tall larkspurs can resemble this species, and a reference photo alone cannot establish livestock risk for an unknown plant.",
        "photographed_in_colorado_claimed": true,
        "colorado_source_evidence": "Gunnison County, CO, USA",
        "source_categories": [],
        "source_identification_basis": "Photo belongs to an iNaturalist research-grade observation identified as the exact species. Exact taxon, identifications and photo licensing are retained in the archived source record."
      },
      "visual_review": {
        "status": "passed",
        "review_date": "2026-09-06",
        "method": "Each selected photograph inspected on labelled contact sheets. Replacements were inspected on candidate sheets; captions checked against visible features."
      },
      "modifications": "iNaturalist large server-resized photo; no crop, colour change or generative editing.",
      "original_downloaded": false,
      "license_evidence": "Photo-specific iNaturalist API license_code and attribution retained in raw_source_metadata.photo. License codes correspond to CC 4.0 or CC0 1.0.",
      "attribution": "Delphinium barbeyi — observation 66494294, photo 107202638 — John Powers; CC BY 4.0. Source: https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/66494294; license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. iNaturalist large server-resized photo; no crop, colour change or generative editing.",
      "plant_id": "tall-larkspur",
      "path": "assets/photos/additional-problem-photos-delphinium-barbeyi-3.jpg",
      "file": "assets/photos/additional-problem-photos-delphinium-barbeyi-3.jpg",
      "width": 1024,
      "height": 683,
      "bytes": 130932,
      "alt": "Delphinium barbeyi: Side view of deep purple flowers showing elongated backward-pointing spurs and fine hairs.",
      "identification_note": "Source scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Identification follows the exact source species. Other tall larkspurs can resemble this species, and a reference photo alone cannot establish livestock risk for an unknown plant.",
      "changes": "iNaturalist large server-resized photo; no crop, colour change or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06",
      "license_record": {
        "id": 107202638,
        "license_code": "cc-by",
        "attribution": "(c) John Powers, some rights reserved (CC BY)",
        "original_dimensions": {
          "width": 2048,
          "height": 1365
        }
      },
      "metadata_archive_sha256": "d502955bf50efee4d0eb57896d4ce1bfa815aac4a7e21a6abd3bb227d8460ba4"
    },
    {
      "provider": "Wikimedia Commons",
      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Common_Larkspur_(Delphinium_nuttallianum)_(7ce5a6d0-44a3-4017-b3da-5f52d211f664).jpg",
      "original_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/de/Common_Larkspur_%28Delphinium_nuttallianum%29_%287ce5a6d0-44a3-4017-b3da-5f52d211f664%29.jpg",
      "download_url": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Common_Larkspur_%28Delphinium_nuttallianum%29_%287ce5a6d0-44a3-4017-b3da-5f52d211f664%29.jpg/960px-Common_Larkspur_%28Delphinium_nuttallianum%29_%287ce5a6d0-44a3-4017-b3da-5f52d211f664%29.jpg",
      "title": "File:Common Larkspur (Delphinium nuttallianum) (7ce5a6d0-44a3-4017-b3da-5f52d211f664).jpg",
      "creator": "NPS",
      "license": "Public domain",
      "license_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Common_Larkspur_(Delphinium_nuttallianum)_(7ce5a6d0-44a3-4017-b3da-5f52d211f664).jpg#Licensing",
      "source_description": "tiny fused purple flowers surround the stem of plants \n Common Larkspur wildflowers typically bloom mid to late May at the Clarno and Sheep Rock units.",
      "source_credit": "NPGallery",
      "source_categories": [
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        "PD US NPS",
        "Photographs taken on 2006-02-19",
        "Images from NPGallery",
        "Flora of John Day Fossil Beds National Monument"
      ],
      "source_identified_taxon": "Delphinium nuttallianum",
      "id": "additional-problem-photos-02-01",
      "taxon": "Delphinium nuttallianum",
      "slug": "delphinium-nuttallianum",
      "access_date": "2026-09-06",
      "dimensions": {
        "width": 960,
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      },
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      "feature": "flowering patch",
      "visible_feature": "A patch of low blue-flowered larkspur growing among stones and dry leaf litter.",
      "caption": "A patch of low blue-flowered larkspur growing among stones and dry leaf litter.",
      "alt_text": "Delphinium nuttallianum: A patch of low blue-flowered larkspur growing among stones and dry leaf litter.",
      "requested_synonyms": [],
      "available_licenses": [
        {
          "name": "Public domain",
          "url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Common_Larkspur_(Delphinium_nuttallianum)_(7ce5a6d0-44a3-4017-b3da-5f52d211f664).jpg#Licensing"
        }
      ],
      "identity_verification": {
        "method": "Source scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
        "scientific_name": "Delphinium nuttallianum",
        "requested_taxon": "Delphinium nuttallianum",
        "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Common_Larkspur_(Delphinium_nuttallianum)_(7ce5a6d0-44a3-4017-b3da-5f52d211f664).jpg",
        "visible_features_checked": "A patch of low blue-flowered larkspur growing among stones and dry leaf litter.",
        "species_complex_caveat": "Identification follows the exact source species, Delphinium nuttallianum; Delphinium nuttallii and other larkspurs were not substituted. Similar species require a full botanical key.",
        "photographed_in_colorado_claimed": false,
        "colorado_source_evidence": null,
        "source_categories": [
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          "Photographs taken on 2006-02-19",
          "Images from NPGallery",
          "Flora of John Day Fossil Beds National Monument"
        ],
        "source_identification_basis": "Exact scientific identification in source file title, description and/or Commons taxon category; reviewed against visible content."
      },
      "visual_review": {
        "status": "passed",
        "review_date": "2026-09-06",
        "method": "Each selected photograph inspected on labelled contact sheets. Replacements were inspected on candidate sheets; captions checked against visible features."
      },
      "modifications": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, colour change or generative editing.",
      "original_downloaded": false,
      "license_evidence": "Photo-specific Commons imageinfo licensing metadata retained in raw_source_metadata.",
      "attribution": "Common Larkspur (Delphinium nuttallianum) (7ce5a6d0-44a3-4017-b3da-5f52d211f664).jpg — NPS; Public domain. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Common_Larkspur_(Delphinium_nuttallianum)_(7ce5a6d0-44a3-4017-b3da-5f52d211f664).jpg; license: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Common_Larkspur_(Delphinium_nuttallianum)_(7ce5a6d0-44a3-4017-b3da-5f52d211f664).jpg#Licensing. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, colour change or generative editing.",
      "plant_id": "low-larkspur",
      "path": "assets/photos/additional-problem-photos-delphinium-nuttallianum-1.jpg",
      "file": "assets/photos/additional-problem-photos-delphinium-nuttallianum-1.jpg",
      "width": 960,
      "height": 1440,
      "bytes": 247644,
      "alt": "Delphinium nuttallianum: A patch of low blue-flowered larkspur growing among stones and dry leaf litter.",
      "identification_note": "Source scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Identification follows the exact source species, Delphinium nuttallianum; Delphinium nuttallii and other larkspurs were not substituted. Similar species require a full botanical key.",
      "changes": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, colour change or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06",
      "metadata_archive_sha256": "d14e028580c9eefbcac020950dce317264298d5652abd76bf810d536eb1f3ef7",
      "thumbnail": {
        "path": "assets/thumbs/low-larkspur.webp",
        "width": 427,
        "height": 640,
        "sha256": "5d2c4a4c77db29f69e7349e383cb792d5eb3e197b7991ab0d5099887393845af",
        "parent_sha256": "95809afda0f5f454c88a27d4f56805ce7d712bf754bceb0607deea6c1a0788dc",
        "changes": "Scaled within 640 by 640 pixels and converted to WebP at quality 82. No crop or generative changes to the file; CSS may crop catalog display.",
        "license": "Public domain",
        "license_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Common_Larkspur_(Delphinium_nuttallianum)_(7ce5a6d0-44a3-4017-b3da-5f52d211f664).jpg#Licensing"
      }
    },
    {
      "provider": "Wikimedia Commons",
      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Delphinium_nuttallianum_1824.JPG",
      "original_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a1/Delphinium_nuttallianum_1824.JPG",
      "download_url": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Delphinium_nuttallianum_1824.JPG/1280px-Delphinium_nuttallianum_1824.JPG",
      "title": "File:Delphinium nuttallianum 1824.JPG",
      "creator": "Walter Siegmund   (talk)",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0",
      "source_description": "Two-lobe Larkspur, Upland Larkspur",
      "source_credit": "Own work",
      "source_categories": [
        "Delphinium nuttallianum",
        "GFDL",
        "Taken with Canon EOS 450D",
        "CC-BY-SA-3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0",
        "License migration redundant",
        "Files with coordinates missing SDC location of creation",
        "Frenchman Coulee"
      ],
      "source_identified_taxon": "Delphinium nuttallianum",
      "id": "additional-problem-photos-02-02",
      "taxon": "Delphinium nuttallianum",
      "slug": "delphinium-nuttallianum",
      "access_date": "2026-09-06",
      "dimensions": {
        "width": 1280,
        "height": 853
      },
      "sha256": "166d124c9083fccbc0616d96ab9bbb9079f12c8dde7b8fc6a56fccf26b173094",
      "byte_size": 119816,
      "feature": "flower detail",
      "visible_feature": "Close view of blue sepals, a long spur, and pale central petals.",
      "caption": "Close view of blue sepals, a long spur, and pale central petals.",
      "alt_text": "Delphinium nuttallianum: Close view of blue sepals, a long spur, and pale central petals.",
      "requested_synonyms": [],
      "available_licenses": [
        {
          "name": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
          "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0"
        }
      ],
      "identity_verification": {
        "method": "Source scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
        "scientific_name": "Delphinium nuttallianum",
        "requested_taxon": "Delphinium nuttallianum",
        "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Delphinium_nuttallianum_1824.JPG",
        "visible_features_checked": "Close view of blue sepals, a long spur, and pale central petals.",
        "species_complex_caveat": "Identification follows the exact source species, Delphinium nuttallianum; Delphinium nuttallii and other larkspurs were not substituted. Similar species require a full botanical key.",
        "photographed_in_colorado_claimed": false,
        "colorado_source_evidence": null,
        "source_categories": [
          "Delphinium nuttallianum",
          "GFDL",
          "Taken with Canon EOS 450D",
          "CC-BY-SA-3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0",
          "License migration redundant",
          "Files with coordinates missing SDC location of creation",
          "Frenchman Coulee"
        ],
        "source_identification_basis": "Exact scientific identification in source file title, description and/or Commons taxon category; reviewed against visible content."
      },
      "visual_review": {
        "status": "passed",
        "review_date": "2026-09-06",
        "method": "Each selected photograph inspected on labelled contact sheets. Replacements were inspected on candidate sheets; captions checked against visible features."
      },
      "modifications": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, colour change or generative editing.",
      "original_downloaded": false,
      "license_evidence": "Photo-specific Commons imageinfo licensing metadata retained in raw_source_metadata.",
      "attribution": "Delphinium nuttallianum 1824.JPG — Walter Siegmund   (talk); CC BY-SA 3.0. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Delphinium_nuttallianum_1824.JPG; license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, colour change or generative editing.",
      "plant_id": "low-larkspur",
      "path": "assets/photos/additional-problem-photos-delphinium-nuttallianum-2.jpg",
      "file": "assets/photos/additional-problem-photos-delphinium-nuttallianum-2.jpg",
      "width": 1280,
      "height": 853,
      "bytes": 119816,
      "alt": "Delphinium nuttallianum: Close view of blue sepals, a long spur, and pale central petals.",
      "identification_note": "Source scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Identification follows the exact source species, Delphinium nuttallianum; Delphinium nuttallii and other larkspurs were not substituted. Similar species require a full botanical key.",
      "changes": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, colour change or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06",
      "metadata_archive_sha256": "4250663c03761b59712ae684f7512868f81a664ec25b33c971477832c4819761"
    },
    {
      "provider": "Wikimedia Commons",
      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Delphinium_nuttallianum_4815.JPG",
      "original_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/48/Delphinium_nuttallianum_4815.JPG",
      "download_url": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Delphinium_nuttallianum_4815.JPG/960px-Delphinium_nuttallianum_4815.JPG",
      "title": "File:Delphinium nuttallianum 4815.JPG",
      "creator": "Walter Siegmund   (talk)",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0",
      "source_description": "Two-lobe Larkspur, Upland Larkspur\n   Viewpoint location:  Tronsen Ridge Trail #1204,  Tronsen Ridge  \n  Viewpoint elevation:  1359  meter  (4459 ft) \n  Location source:  Garmin GPSmap 60CSx \n   Location Datum :  WGS84",
      "source_credit": "Own work",
      "source_categories": [
        "Delphinium nuttallianum",
        "GFDL",
        "Taken with Canon EOS 450D",
        "CC-BY-SA-3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0",
        "License migration redundant",
        "Files with coordinates missing SDC location of creation",
        "Tronsen Ridge"
      ],
      "source_identified_taxon": "Delphinium nuttallianum",
      "id": "additional-problem-photos-02-03",
      "taxon": "Delphinium nuttallianum",
      "slug": "delphinium-nuttallianum",
      "access_date": "2026-09-06",
      "dimensions": {
        "width": 960,
        "height": 1440
      },
      "sha256": "45d72b43d33de3add70d0605943bb22bb12b9fa0309c76da0ef3fb5588e1cf7a",
      "byte_size": 366057,
      "feature": "whole plant",
      "visible_feature": "A slender flowering stem rising from low divided foliage in mixed grassy vegetation.",
      "caption": "A slender flowering stem rising from low divided foliage in mixed grassy vegetation.",
      "alt_text": "Delphinium nuttallianum: A slender flowering stem rising from low divided foliage in mixed grassy vegetation.",
      "requested_synonyms": [],
      "available_licenses": [
        {
          "name": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
          "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0"
        }
      ],
      "identity_verification": {
        "method": "Source scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
        "scientific_name": "Delphinium nuttallianum",
        "requested_taxon": "Delphinium nuttallianum",
        "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Delphinium_nuttallianum_4815.JPG",
        "visible_features_checked": "A slender flowering stem rising from low divided foliage in mixed grassy vegetation.",
        "species_complex_caveat": "Identification follows the exact source species, Delphinium nuttallianum; Delphinium nuttallii and other larkspurs were not substituted. Similar species require a full botanical key.",
        "photographed_in_colorado_claimed": false,
        "colorado_source_evidence": null,
        "source_categories": [
          "Delphinium nuttallianum",
          "GFDL",
          "Taken with Canon EOS 450D",
          "CC-BY-SA-3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0",
          "License migration redundant",
          "Files with coordinates missing SDC location of creation",
          "Tronsen Ridge"
        ],
        "source_identification_basis": "Exact scientific identification in source file title, description and/or Commons taxon category; reviewed against visible content."
      },
      "visual_review": {
        "status": "passed",
        "review_date": "2026-09-06",
        "method": "Each selected photograph inspected on labelled contact sheets. Replacements were inspected on candidate sheets; captions checked against visible features."
      },
      "modifications": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, colour change or generative editing.",
      "original_downloaded": false,
      "license_evidence": "Photo-specific Commons imageinfo licensing metadata retained in raw_source_metadata.",
      "attribution": "Delphinium nuttallianum 4815.JPG — Walter Siegmund   (talk); CC BY-SA 3.0. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Delphinium_nuttallianum_4815.JPG; license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, colour change or generative editing.",
      "plant_id": "low-larkspur",
      "path": "assets/photos/additional-problem-photos-delphinium-nuttallianum-3.jpg",
      "file": "assets/photos/additional-problem-photos-delphinium-nuttallianum-3.jpg",
      "width": 960,
      "height": 1440,
      "bytes": 366057,
      "alt": "Delphinium nuttallianum: A slender flowering stem rising from low divided foliage in mixed grassy vegetation.",
      "identification_note": "Source scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Identification follows the exact source species, Delphinium nuttallianum; Delphinium nuttallii and other larkspurs were not substituted. Similar species require a full botanical key.",
      "changes": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, colour change or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06",
      "metadata_archive_sha256": "965eac336f542794e22271d7ef56eca12013bf0fdde5a082fab964ff467f134b"
    },
    {
      "provider": "Wikimedia Commons",
      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:File-Toxicoscordion_venenosum_-_native;_-Alternate_names-_Zigadenus_venenosus,_meadow_death_camas;-Blooms_June_-_August;-All_parts_(644b3042-f25d-4b6f-87d4-9e18f5a40c35).JPG",
      "original_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/08/File-Toxicoscordion_venenosum_-_native%3B_-Alternate_names-_Zigadenus_venenosus%2C_meadow_death_camas%3B-Blooms_June_-_August%3B-All_parts_%28644b3042-f25d-4b6f-87d4-9e18f5a40c35%29.JPG",
      "download_url": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/File-Toxicoscordion_venenosum_-_native%3B_-Alternate_names-_Zigadenus_venenosus%2C_meadow_death_camas%3B-Blooms_June_-_August%3B-All_parts_%28644b3042-f25d-4b6f-87d4-9e18f5a40c35%29.JPG/960px-File-Toxicoscordion_venenosum_-_native%3B_-Alternate_names-_Zigadenus_venenosus%2C_meadow_death_camas%3B-Blooms_June_-_August%3B-All_parts_%28644b3042-f25d-4b6f-87d4-9e18f5a40c35%29.JPG",
      "title": "File:File-Toxicoscordion venenosum - native; -Alternate names- Zigadenus venenosus, meadow death camas;-Blooms June - August;-All parts (644b3042-f25d-4b6f-87d4-9e18f5a40c35).JPG",
      "creator": "NPS Photo",
      "license": "Public domain",
      "license_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:File-Toxicoscordion_venenosum_-_native;_-Alternate_names-_Zigadenus_venenosus,_meadow_death_camas;-Blooms_June_-_August;-All_parts_(644b3042-f25d-4b6f-87d4-9e18f5a40c35).JPG#Licensing",
      "source_description": "a short plant with a cluster of small white flowers \n Toxicoscordion venenosum - native; \nAlternate names: Zigadenus venenosus, meadow death camas;\nBlooms June - August;\nAll parts are poisonous to humans and many animals hence its common name. \n  Keywords: white flower; death camas; wildflower",
      "source_credit": "NPGallery",
      "source_categories": [
        "PD US NPS",
        "Images from NPGallery to check",
        "Media needing category review with 3 suggested categories",
        "Flora of Wind Cave National Park",
        "Photographs taken on 2007-05-15",
        "White flowers in the United States",
        "Images from NPGallery",
        "Media needing category review as of 14 January 2022",
        "Wild flowers in Wyoming"
      ],
      "source_identified_taxon": "Toxicoscordion venenosum",
      "id": "additional-problem-photos-03-01",
      "taxon": "Toxicoscordion venenosum",
      "slug": "toxicoscordion-venenosum",
      "access_date": "2026-09-06",
      "dimensions": {
        "width": 960,
        "height": 1280
      },
      "sha256": "5e49caf6449610f033705f8f954a0f1ddfe91fda6c60723ba62d4f458afaae62",
      "byte_size": 326976,
      "feature": "whole plant",
      "visible_feature": "An upright cluster of small pale flowers above a basal group of narrow, strap-shaped leaves.",
      "caption": "An upright cluster of small pale flowers above a basal group of narrow, strap-shaped leaves.",
      "alt_text": "Toxicoscordion venenosum: An upright cluster of small pale flowers above a basal group of narrow, strap-shaped leaves.",
      "requested_synonyms": [
        "Zigadenus venenosus"
      ],
      "available_licenses": [
        {
          "name": "Public domain",
          "url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:File-Toxicoscordion_venenosum_-_native;_-Alternate_names-_Zigadenus_venenosus,_meadow_death_camas;-Blooms_June_-_August;-All_parts_(644b3042-f25d-4b6f-87d4-9e18f5a40c35).JPG#Licensing"
        }
      ],
      "identity_verification": {
        "method": "Source scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
        "scientific_name": "Toxicoscordion venenosum",
        "requested_taxon": "Toxicoscordion venenosum",
        "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:File-Toxicoscordion_venenosum_-_native;_-Alternate_names-_Zigadenus_venenosus,_meadow_death_camas;-Blooms_June_-_August;-All_parts_(644b3042-f25d-4b6f-87d4-9e18f5a40c35).JPG",
        "visible_features_checked": "An upright cluster of small pale flowers above a basal group of narrow, strap-shaped leaves.",
        "species_complex_caveat": "The requested name and synonym Zigadenus venenosus are preserved. Other death-camas taxa were not substituted; identification follows the exact scientific source label.",
        "photographed_in_colorado_claimed": false,
        "colorado_source_evidence": null,
        "source_categories": [
          "PD US NPS",
          "Images from NPGallery to check",
          "Media needing category review with 3 suggested categories",
          "Flora of Wind Cave National Park",
          "Photographs taken on 2007-05-15",
          "White flowers in the United States",
          "Images from NPGallery",
          "Media needing category review as of 14 January 2022",
          "Wild flowers in Wyoming"
        ],
        "source_identification_basis": "Exact scientific identification in source file title, description and/or Commons taxon category; reviewed against visible content."
      },
      "visual_review": {
        "status": "passed",
        "review_date": "2026-09-06",
        "method": "Each selected photograph inspected on labelled contact sheets. Replacements were inspected on candidate sheets; captions checked against visible features."
      },
      "modifications": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, colour change or generative editing.",
      "original_downloaded": false,
      "license_evidence": "Photo-specific Commons imageinfo licensing metadata retained in raw_source_metadata.",
      "attribution": "File-Toxicoscordion venenosum - native; -Alternate names- Zigadenus venenosus, meadow death camas;-Blooms June - August;-All parts (644b3042-f25d-4b6f-87d4-9e18f5a40c35).JPG — NPS Photo; Public domain. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:File-Toxicoscordion_venenosum_-_native;_-Alternate_names-_Zigadenus_venenosus,_meadow_death_camas;-Blooms_June_-_August;-All_parts_(644b3042-f25d-4b6f-87d4-9e18f5a40c35).JPG; license: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:File-Toxicoscordion_venenosum_-_native;_-Alternate_names-_Zigadenus_venenosus,_meadow_death_camas;-Blooms_June_-_August;-All_parts_(644b3042-f25d-4b6f-87d4-9e18f5a40c35).JPG#Licensing. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, colour change or generative editing.",
      "plant_id": "meadow-death-camas",
      "path": "assets/photos/additional-problem-photos-toxicoscordion-venenosum-1.jpg",
      "file": "assets/photos/additional-problem-photos-toxicoscordion-venenosum-1.jpg",
      "width": 960,
      "height": 1280,
      "bytes": 326976,
      "alt": "Toxicoscordion venenosum: An upright cluster of small pale flowers above a basal group of narrow, strap-shaped leaves.",
      "identification_note": "Source scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. The requested name and synonym Zigadenus venenosus are preserved. Other death-camas taxa were not substituted; identification follows the exact scientific source label.",
      "changes": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, colour change or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06",
      "metadata_archive_sha256": "97269dbd3aee0bdb199411d1a9636cbb3040209514b71ea01c8a54cff89173dd",
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        "width": 480,
        "height": 640,
        "sha256": "4e66293a59858cdb5b2810a48c435e5c66bbd06bd31c69bc69268e5fc6ce4d90",
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        "changes": "Scaled within 640 by 640 pixels and converted to WebP at quality 82. No crop or generative changes to the file; CSS may crop catalog display.",
        "license": "Public domain",
        "license_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:File-Toxicoscordion_venenosum_-_native;_-Alternate_names-_Zigadenus_venenosus,_meadow_death_camas;-Blooms_June_-_August;-All_parts_(644b3042-f25d-4b6f-87d4-9e18f5a40c35).JPG#Licensing"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "additional-problem-photos-03-02",
      "taxon": "Toxicoscordion venenosum",
      "slug": "toxicoscordion-venenosum",
      "access_date": "2026-09-06",
      "provider": "iNaturalist",
      "source_page": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/46337299",
      "photo_page": "https://www.inaturalist.org/photos/73488439",
      "original_url": "https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/73488439/original.jpg",
      "download_url": "https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/73488439/large.jpg",
      "title": "Toxicoscordion venenosum — observation 46337299, photo 73488439",
      "creator": "paulexcoff",
      "creator_role": "Photographer named in photo attribution.",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/",
      "source_description": "Toxicoscordion venenosum; San Luis Obispo, California, United States",
      "source_credit": "(c) paulexcoff, some rights reserved (CC BY-SA)",
      "source_identified_taxon": "Toxicoscordion venenosum",
      "dimensions": {
        "width": 1024,
        "height": 683
      },
      "sha256": "4c1a001b650f580a0cc9b8a116613de43d035b1b97f3d151c4ab149da80e8aaa",
      "byte_size": 836177,
      "feature": "basal foliage",
      "visible_feature": "Long, narrow basal leaves emerging in a tuft beside the flower stalk, among mixed grassland vegetation.",
      "caption": "Long, narrow basal leaves emerging in a tuft beside the flower stalk, among mixed grassland vegetation.",
      "alt_text": "Toxicoscordion venenosum: Long, narrow basal leaves emerging in a tuft beside the flower stalk, among mixed grassland vegetation.",
      "requested_synonyms": [
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      ],
      "available_licenses": [
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          "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/"
        }
      ],
      "source_categories": [],
      "identity_verification": {
        "method": "Source scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
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        "requested_taxon": "Toxicoscordion venenosum",
        "source_page": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/46337299",
        "visible_features_checked": "Long, narrow basal leaves emerging in a tuft beside the flower stalk, among mixed grassland vegetation.",
        "species_complex_caveat": "The requested name and synonym Zigadenus venenosus are preserved. Other death-camas taxa were not substituted; identification follows the exact scientific source label.",
        "photographed_in_colorado_claimed": false,
        "colorado_source_evidence": null,
        "source_categories": [],
        "source_identification_basis": "Photo belongs to an iNaturalist research-grade observation identified as the exact species. Exact taxon, identifications and photo licensing are retained in the archived source record."
      },
      "visual_review": {
        "status": "passed",
        "review_date": "2026-09-06",
        "method": "Each selected photograph inspected on labelled contact sheets. Replacements were inspected on candidate sheets; captions checked against visible features."
      },
      "modifications": "iNaturalist large server-resized photo; no crop, colour change or generative editing.",
      "original_downloaded": false,
      "license_evidence": "Photo-specific iNaturalist API license_code and attribution retained in raw_source_metadata.photo. License codes correspond to CC 4.0 or CC0 1.0.",
      "attribution": "Toxicoscordion venenosum — observation 46337299, photo 73488439 — paulexcoff; CC BY-SA 4.0. Source: https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/46337299; license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/. iNaturalist large server-resized photo; no crop, colour change or generative editing.",
      "plant_id": "meadow-death-camas",
      "path": "assets/photos/additional-problem-photos-toxicoscordion-venenosum-2.jpg",
      "file": "assets/photos/additional-problem-photos-toxicoscordion-venenosum-2.jpg",
      "width": 1024,
      "height": 683,
      "bytes": 836177,
      "alt": "Toxicoscordion venenosum: Long, narrow basal leaves emerging in a tuft beside the flower stalk, among mixed grassland vegetation.",
      "identification_note": "Source scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. The requested name and synonym Zigadenus venenosus are preserved. Other death-camas taxa were not substituted; identification follows the exact scientific source label.",
      "changes": "iNaturalist large server-resized photo; no crop, colour change or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06",
      "license_record": {
        "id": 73488439,
        "license_code": "cc-by-sa",
        "attribution": "(c) paulexcoff, some rights reserved (CC BY-SA)",
        "original_dimensions": {
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          "height": 1365
        }
      },
      "metadata_archive_sha256": "32e066748c806f14ab3b4b3285a93faf5362d2ffeecccb1bcffe0666b4816f3a"
    },
    {
      "id": "additional-problem-photos-03-03",
      "taxon": "Toxicoscordion venenosum",
      "slug": "toxicoscordion-venenosum",
      "access_date": "2026-09-06",
      "provider": "iNaturalist",
      "source_page": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/46337299",
      "photo_page": "https://www.inaturalist.org/photos/73488405",
      "original_url": "https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/73488405/original.jpg",
      "download_url": "https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/73488405/large.jpg",
      "title": "Toxicoscordion venenosum — observation 46337299, photo 73488405",
      "creator": "paulexcoff",
      "creator_role": "Photographer named in photo attribution.",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/",
      "source_description": "Toxicoscordion venenosum; San Luis Obispo, California, United States",
      "source_credit": "(c) paulexcoff, some rights reserved (CC BY-SA)",
      "source_identified_taxon": "Toxicoscordion venenosum",
      "dimensions": {
        "width": 683,
        "height": 1024
      },
      "sha256": "c947e8b52953b5b765543d3e739a02046554597f2fc72ca05c571fbd643eda61",
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      "feature": "flower cluster",
      "visible_feature": "A close view of numerous pale flowers and buds along a compact raceme, held in front of a hand.",
      "caption": "A close view of numerous pale flowers and buds along a compact raceme, held in front of a hand.",
      "alt_text": "Toxicoscordion venenosum: A close view of numerous pale flowers and buds along a compact raceme, held in front of a hand.",
      "requested_synonyms": [
        "Zigadenus venenosus"
      ],
      "available_licenses": [
        {
          "name": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
          "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/"
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      ],
      "source_categories": [],
      "identity_verification": {
        "method": "Source scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
        "scientific_name": "Toxicoscordion venenosum",
        "requested_taxon": "Toxicoscordion venenosum",
        "source_page": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/46337299",
        "visible_features_checked": "A close view of numerous pale flowers and buds along a compact raceme, held in front of a hand.",
        "species_complex_caveat": "The requested name and synonym Zigadenus venenosus are preserved. Other death-camas taxa were not substituted; identification follows the exact scientific source label.",
        "photographed_in_colorado_claimed": false,
        "colorado_source_evidence": null,
        "source_categories": [],
        "source_identification_basis": "Photo belongs to an iNaturalist research-grade observation identified as the exact species. Exact taxon, identifications and photo licensing are retained in the archived source record."
      },
      "visual_review": {
        "status": "passed",
        "review_date": "2026-09-06",
        "method": "Each selected photograph inspected on labelled contact sheets. Replacements were inspected on candidate sheets; captions checked against visible features."
      },
      "modifications": "iNaturalist large server-resized photo; no crop, colour change or generative editing.",
      "original_downloaded": false,
      "license_evidence": "Photo-specific iNaturalist API license_code and attribution retained in raw_source_metadata.photo. License codes correspond to CC 4.0 or CC0 1.0.",
      "attribution": "Toxicoscordion venenosum — observation 46337299, photo 73488405 — paulexcoff; CC BY-SA 4.0. Source: https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/46337299; license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/. iNaturalist large server-resized photo; no crop, colour change or generative editing.",
      "plant_id": "meadow-death-camas",
      "path": "assets/photos/additional-problem-photos-toxicoscordion-venenosum-3.jpg",
      "file": "assets/photos/additional-problem-photos-toxicoscordion-venenosum-3.jpg",
      "width": 683,
      "height": 1024,
      "bytes": 493286,
      "alt": "Toxicoscordion venenosum: A close view of numerous pale flowers and buds along a compact raceme, held in front of a hand.",
      "identification_note": "Source scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. The requested name and synonym Zigadenus venenosus are preserved. Other death-camas taxa were not substituted; identification follows the exact scientific source label.",
      "changes": "iNaturalist large server-resized photo; no crop, colour change or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06",
      "license_record": {
        "id": 73488405,
        "license_code": "cc-by-sa",
        "attribution": "(c) paulexcoff, some rights reserved (CC BY-SA)",
        "original_dimensions": {
          "width": 1365,
          "height": 2048
        }
      },
      "metadata_archive_sha256": "f8558d20babdfddb329158abf5b1915c9cc5156136a4f1ded3835a26fa9df157"
    },
    {
      "provider": "Wikimedia Commons",
      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Chenopodium_album_-_3714283761.jpg",
      "original_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c5/Chenopodium_album_-_3714283761.jpg",
      "download_url": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Chenopodium_album_-_3714283761.jpg/960px-Chenopodium_album_-_3714283761.jpg",
      "title": "File:Chenopodium album - 3714283761.jpg",
      "creator": "Matt Lavin",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 2.0",
      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0",
      "source_description": "the wide leaf base and marginal teeth are characteristic of this species",
      "source_credit": "https://www.flickr.com/photos/35478170@N08/3714283761/",
      "source_categories": [
        "Files with coordinates missing SDC location of creation",
        "Flickr images reviewed by FlickreviewR 2",
        "Chenopodium album (non-native)",
        "Flickr images missing SDC published in"
      ],
      "source_identified_taxon": "Chenopodium album",
      "id": "additional-problem-photos-04-01",
      "taxon": "Chenopodium album",
      "slug": "chenopodium-album",
      "access_date": "2026-09-06",
      "dimensions": {
        "width": 960,
        "height": 1280
      },
      "sha256": "4e13d8b65dd7f4ac27693c03f387c00be7e6250bdd55bdad9a38f46f066fed87",
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      "feature": "leaf",
      "visible_feature": "A broad-based, toothed leaf on an upright leafy stem.",
      "caption": "A broad-based, toothed leaf on an upright leafy stem.",
      "alt_text": "Chenopodium album: A broad-based, toothed leaf on an upright leafy stem.",
      "requested_synonyms": [],
      "available_licenses": [
        {
          "name": "CC BY-SA 2.0",
          "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0"
        }
      ],
      "identity_verification": {
        "method": "Source scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
        "scientific_name": "Chenopodium album",
        "requested_taxon": "Chenopodium album",
        "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Chenopodium_album_-_3714283761.jpg",
        "visible_features_checked": "A broad-based, toothed leaf on an upright leafy stem.",
        "species_complex_caveat": "Chenopodium album is a difficult species complex. These images retain the source identification; the two-cotyledon seedling cannot be distinguished to species from that view alone.",
        "photographed_in_colorado_claimed": false,
        "colorado_source_evidence": null,
        "source_categories": [
          "Files with coordinates missing SDC location of creation",
          "Flickr images reviewed by FlickreviewR 2",
          "Chenopodium album (non-native)",
          "Flickr images missing SDC published in"
        ],
        "source_identification_basis": "Exact scientific identification in source file title, description and/or Commons taxon category; reviewed against visible content."
      },
      "visual_review": {
        "status": "passed",
        "review_date": "2026-09-06",
        "method": "Each selected photograph inspected on labelled contact sheets. Replacements were inspected on candidate sheets; captions checked against visible features."
      },
      "modifications": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, colour change or generative editing.",
      "original_downloaded": false,
      "license_evidence": "Photo-specific Commons imageinfo licensing metadata retained in raw_source_metadata.",
      "attribution": "Chenopodium album - 3714283761.jpg — Matt Lavin; CC BY-SA 2.0. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Chenopodium_album_-_3714283761.jpg; license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, colour change or generative editing.",
      "plant_id": "common-lambsquarters",
      "path": "assets/photos/additional-problem-photos-chenopodium-album-1.jpg",
      "file": "assets/photos/additional-problem-photos-chenopodium-album-1.jpg",
      "width": 960,
      "height": 1280,
      "bytes": 229408,
      "alt": "Chenopodium album: A broad-based, toothed leaf on an upright leafy stem.",
      "identification_note": "Source scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Chenopodium album is a difficult species complex. These images retain the source identification; the two-cotyledon seedling cannot be distinguished to species from that view alone.",
      "changes": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, colour change or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06",
      "metadata_archive_sha256": "0ed32c5b728cc26256669701e671ba3563541b0e691aa5f9140f9a9134e719b6",
      "thumbnail": {
        "path": "assets/thumbs/common-lambsquarters.webp",
        "width": 480,
        "height": 640,
        "sha256": "073a5fb1c89118b7c0410ae285ef9c4b3e15b68df5c8c3002bfdcefdcaaeba15",
        "parent_sha256": "4e13d8b65dd7f4ac27693c03f387c00be7e6250bdd55bdad9a38f46f066fed87",
        "changes": "Scaled within 640 by 640 pixels and converted to WebP at quality 82. No crop or generative changes to the file; CSS may crop catalog display.",
        "license": "CC BY-SA 2.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0"
      }
    },
    {
      "provider": "Wikimedia Commons",
      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Chenopodium_album_-_4031382321.jpg",
      "original_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/08/Chenopodium_album_-_4031382321.jpg",
      "download_url": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Chenopodium_album_-_4031382321.jpg/960px-Chenopodium_album_-_4031382321.jpg",
      "title": "File:Chenopodium album - 4031382321.jpg",
      "creator": "Matt Lavin",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 2.0",
      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0",
      "source_description": "The very short curly white (mealy) hairs covering the leaves and inflorescences are characteristic of the family Chenopodiaceae.",
      "source_credit": "https://www.flickr.com/photos/35478170@N08/4031382321/",
      "source_categories": [
        "Files with coordinates missing SDC location of creation",
        "Flickr images reviewed by FlickreviewR 2",
        "Chenopodium album (non-native)"
      ],
      "source_identified_taxon": "Chenopodium album",
      "id": "additional-problem-photos-04-02",
      "taxon": "Chenopodium album",
      "slug": "chenopodium-album",
      "access_date": "2026-09-06",
      "dimensions": {
        "width": 960,
        "height": 1280
      },
      "sha256": "739b5ef7f4fab8b0be7cc50e0136791740fc5bf6abff969c8dce71b5ce570b07",
      "byte_size": 191692,
      "feature": "reproductive clusters",
      "visible_feature": "Close view of compact, mealy green and reddish reproductive clusters along the stem.",
      "caption": "Close view of compact, mealy green and reddish reproductive clusters along the stem.",
      "alt_text": "Chenopodium album: Close view of compact, mealy green and reddish reproductive clusters along the stem.",
      "requested_synonyms": [],
      "available_licenses": [
        {
          "name": "CC BY-SA 2.0",
          "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0"
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      ],
      "identity_verification": {
        "method": "Source scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
        "scientific_name": "Chenopodium album",
        "requested_taxon": "Chenopodium album",
        "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Chenopodium_album_-_4031382321.jpg",
        "visible_features_checked": "Close view of compact, mealy green and reddish reproductive clusters along the stem.",
        "species_complex_caveat": "Chenopodium album is a difficult species complex. These images retain the source identification; the two-cotyledon seedling cannot be distinguished to species from that view alone.",
        "photographed_in_colorado_claimed": false,
        "colorado_source_evidence": null,
        "source_categories": [
          "Files with coordinates missing SDC location of creation",
          "Flickr images reviewed by FlickreviewR 2",
          "Chenopodium album (non-native)"
        ],
        "source_identification_basis": "Exact scientific identification in source file title, description and/or Commons taxon category; reviewed against visible content."
      },
      "visual_review": {
        "status": "passed",
        "review_date": "2026-09-06",
        "method": "Each selected photograph inspected on labelled contact sheets. Replacements were inspected on candidate sheets; captions checked against visible features."
      },
      "modifications": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, colour change or generative editing.",
      "original_downloaded": false,
      "license_evidence": "Photo-specific Commons imageinfo licensing metadata retained in raw_source_metadata.",
      "attribution": "Chenopodium album - 4031382321.jpg — Matt Lavin; CC BY-SA 2.0. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Chenopodium_album_-_4031382321.jpg; license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, colour change or generative editing.",
      "plant_id": "common-lambsquarters",
      "path": "assets/photos/additional-problem-photos-chenopodium-album-2.jpg",
      "file": "assets/photos/additional-problem-photos-chenopodium-album-2.jpg",
      "width": 960,
      "height": 1280,
      "bytes": 191692,
      "alt": "Chenopodium album: Close view of compact, mealy green and reddish reproductive clusters along the stem.",
      "identification_note": "Source scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Chenopodium album is a difficult species complex. These images retain the source identification; the two-cotyledon seedling cannot be distinguished to species from that view alone.",
      "changes": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, colour change or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06",
      "metadata_archive_sha256": "b9573c2bf9cc477879449e4a018d2d903825e2bf1f685367166dd6db52742ce0"
    },
    {
      "provider": "Wikimedia Commons",
      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Chenopodium_album_2018-05-02_0061.jpg",
      "original_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b4/Chenopodium_album_2018-05-02_0061.jpg",
      "download_url": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Chenopodium_album_2018-05-02_0061.jpg/960px-Chenopodium_album_2018-05-02_0061.jpg",
      "title": "File:Chenopodium album 2018-05-02 0061.jpg",
      "creator": "Salicyna",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0",
      "source_description": "Chenopodium album  seedling, allotment garden in Lublin, Poland.",
      "source_credit": "Own work",
      "source_categories": [
        "Self-published work",
        "Photographs by Salicyna taken in 2018",
        "Photographs of seedlings by Salicyna",
        "Chenopodium album (seedlings)",
        "Chenopodium album in Poland"
      ],
      "source_identified_taxon": "Chenopodium album",
      "id": "additional-problem-photos-04-03",
      "taxon": "Chenopodium album",
      "slug": "chenopodium-album",
      "access_date": "2026-09-06",
      "dimensions": {
        "width": 960,
        "height": 1281
      },
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      "byte_size": 309843,
      "feature": "seedling",
      "visible_feature": "A very young seedling with two narrow cotyledons emerging from dark soil.",
      "caption": "A very young seedling with two narrow cotyledons emerging from dark soil.",
      "alt_text": "Chenopodium album: A very young seedling with two narrow cotyledons emerging from dark soil.",
      "requested_synonyms": [],
      "available_licenses": [
        {
          "name": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
          "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0"
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      ],
      "identity_verification": {
        "method": "Source scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
        "scientific_name": "Chenopodium album",
        "requested_taxon": "Chenopodium album",
        "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Chenopodium_album_2018-05-02_0061.jpg",
        "visible_features_checked": "A very young seedling with two narrow cotyledons emerging from dark soil.",
        "species_complex_caveat": "Chenopodium album is a difficult species complex. These images retain the source identification; the two-cotyledon seedling cannot be distinguished to species from that view alone.",
        "photographed_in_colorado_claimed": false,
        "colorado_source_evidence": null,
        "source_categories": [
          "Self-published work",
          "Photographs by Salicyna taken in 2018",
          "Photographs of seedlings by Salicyna",
          "Chenopodium album (seedlings)",
          "Chenopodium album in Poland"
        ],
        "source_identification_basis": "Exact scientific identification in source file title, description and/or Commons taxon category; reviewed against visible content."
      },
      "visual_review": {
        "status": "passed",
        "review_date": "2026-09-06",
        "method": "Each selected photograph inspected on labelled contact sheets. Replacements were inspected on candidate sheets; captions checked against visible features."
      },
      "modifications": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, colour change or generative editing.",
      "original_downloaded": false,
      "license_evidence": "Photo-specific Commons imageinfo licensing metadata retained in raw_source_metadata.",
      "attribution": "Chenopodium album 2018-05-02 0061.jpg — Salicyna; CC BY-SA 4.0. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Chenopodium_album_2018-05-02_0061.jpg; license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, colour change or generative editing.",
      "plant_id": "common-lambsquarters",
      "path": "assets/photos/additional-problem-photos-chenopodium-album-3.jpg",
      "file": "assets/photos/additional-problem-photos-chenopodium-album-3.jpg",
      "width": 960,
      "height": 1281,
      "bytes": 309843,
      "alt": "Chenopodium album: A very young seedling with two narrow cotyledons emerging from dark soil.",
      "identification_note": "Source scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Chenopodium album is a difficult species complex. These images retain the source identification; the two-cotyledon seedling cannot be distinguished to species from that view alone.",
      "changes": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, colour change or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06",
      "metadata_archive_sha256": "b3b869cc3c5499ff3c7af0345301cb61a1374aeed737ba31349ae4fb1fca90ca"
    },
    {
      "provider": "Wikimedia Commons",
      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Rumex_crispus_15-p.bot-rumex.crispu-19.jpg",
      "original_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0b/Rumex_crispus_15-p.bot-rumex.crispu-19.jpg",
      "download_url": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Rumex_crispus_15-p.bot-rumex.crispu-19.jpg/1280px-Rumex_crispus_15-p.bot-rumex.crispu-19.jpg",
      "title": "File:Rumex crispus 15-p.bot-rumex.crispu-19.jpg",
      "creator": "Ayotte, Gilles, 1948-",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0",
      "source_description": "Nom français : patience crépue. Nom anglais : curled dock. Plants en fruit (infrutescence) de patience crépue, en milieu naturel (terrain vague).",
      "source_credit": "Bibliothèque de l'Université Laval",
      "source_categories": [
        "Uploaded with pattypan",
        "Botanical collection of Université Laval",
        "Rumex crispus (non-native)"
      ],
      "source_identified_taxon": "Rumex crispus",
      "id": "additional-problem-photos-05-01",
      "taxon": "Rumex crispus",
      "slug": "rumex-crispus",
      "access_date": "2026-09-06",
      "dimensions": {
        "width": 1280,
        "height": 960
      },
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      "feature": "fruiting habit",
      "visible_feature": "A broad, branching fruiting plant in open disturbed ground.",
      "caption": "A broad, branching fruiting plant in open disturbed ground.",
      "alt_text": "Rumex crispus: A broad, branching fruiting plant in open disturbed ground.",
      "requested_synonyms": [],
      "available_licenses": [
        {
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          "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0"
        }
      ],
      "identity_verification": {
        "method": "Source scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
        "scientific_name": "Rumex crispus",
        "requested_taxon": "Rumex crispus",
        "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Rumex_crispus_15-p.bot-rumex.crispu-19.jpg",
        "visible_features_checked": "A broad, branching fruiting plant in open disturbed ground.",
        "species_complex_caveat": "Dock species and hybrids can overlap. Source identification is retained; the selected fruit view shows a valve and tubercle, while leaf shape alone is insufficient.",
        "photographed_in_colorado_claimed": false,
        "colorado_source_evidence": null,
        "source_categories": [
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          "Botanical collection of Université Laval",
          "Rumex crispus (non-native)"
        ],
        "source_identification_basis": "Exact scientific identification in source file title, description and/or Commons taxon category; reviewed against visible content."
      },
      "visual_review": {
        "status": "passed",
        "review_date": "2026-09-06",
        "method": "Each selected photograph inspected on labelled contact sheets. Replacements were inspected on candidate sheets; captions checked against visible features."
      },
      "modifications": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, colour change or generative editing.",
      "original_downloaded": false,
      "license_evidence": "Photo-specific Commons imageinfo licensing metadata retained in raw_source_metadata.",
      "attribution": "Rumex crispus 15-p.bot-rumex.crispu-19.jpg — Ayotte, Gilles, 1948-; CC BY-SA 4.0. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Rumex_crispus_15-p.bot-rumex.crispu-19.jpg; license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, colour change or generative editing.",
      "plant_id": "curly-dock",
      "path": "assets/photos/additional-problem-photos-rumex-crispus-1.jpg",
      "file": "assets/photos/additional-problem-photos-rumex-crispus-1.jpg",
      "width": 1280,
      "height": 960,
      "bytes": 593022,
      "alt": "Rumex crispus: A broad, branching fruiting plant in open disturbed ground.",
      "identification_note": "Source scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Dock species and hybrids can overlap. Source identification is retained; the selected fruit view shows a valve and tubercle, while leaf shape alone is insufficient.",
      "changes": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, colour change or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06",
      "metadata_archive_sha256": "61318d213f0583f1a37acf56f06a005e07e51c810f7cb667c7be146479f21450",
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        "width": 640,
        "height": 480,
        "sha256": "607ef9919b0ef09023e7cbbeaf9d29bcd0d7d5816fc457dc9e3152c5d88c9899",
        "parent_sha256": "4ee1b0a8e3332a19e873b3ae4ba19243edfa9c89287dbf022fe7f54cf34d66bf",
        "changes": "Scaled within 640 by 640 pixels and converted to WebP at quality 82. No crop or generative changes to the file; CSS may crop catalog display.",
        "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "additional-problem-photos-05-02",
      "taxon": "Rumex crispus",
      "slug": "rumex-crispus",
      "access_date": "2026-09-06",
      "provider": "iNaturalist",
      "source_page": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/172492542",
      "photo_page": "https://www.inaturalist.org/photos/299454892",
      "original_url": "https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/299454892/original.jpg",
      "download_url": "https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/299454892/large.jpg",
      "title": "Rumex crispus — observation 172492542, photo 299454892",
      "creator": "Douglas Goldman",
      "creator_role": "Photographer named in photo attribution.",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/",
      "source_description": "Rumex crispus; North Carolina, US",
      "source_credit": "(c) Douglas Goldman, some rights reserved (CC BY-SA)",
      "source_identified_taxon": "Rumex crispus",
      "dimensions": {
        "width": 1024,
        "height": 686
      },
      "sha256": "6260d20c0ec3ef0c879a6a472fb5394cf0a1baeefef419b65b18e3abb930846b",
      "byte_size": 508607,
      "feature": "leaf edge",
      "visible_feature": "Magnified view of a leaf surface and wavy margin.",
      "caption": "Magnified view of a leaf surface and wavy margin.",
      "alt_text": "Rumex crispus: Magnified view of a leaf surface and wavy margin.",
      "requested_synonyms": [],
      "available_licenses": [
        {
          "name": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
          "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/"
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      ],
      "source_categories": [],
      "identity_verification": {
        "method": "Source scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
        "scientific_name": "Rumex crispus",
        "requested_taxon": "Rumex crispus",
        "source_page": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/172492542",
        "visible_features_checked": "Magnified view of a leaf surface and wavy margin.",
        "species_complex_caveat": "Dock species and hybrids can overlap. Source identification is retained; the selected fruit view shows a valve and tubercle, while leaf shape alone is insufficient.",
        "photographed_in_colorado_claimed": false,
        "colorado_source_evidence": null,
        "source_categories": [],
        "source_identification_basis": "Photo belongs to an iNaturalist research-grade observation identified as the exact species. Exact taxon, identifications and photo licensing are retained in the archived source record."
      },
      "visual_review": {
        "status": "passed",
        "review_date": "2026-09-06",
        "method": "Each selected photograph inspected on labelled contact sheets. Replacements were inspected on candidate sheets; captions checked against visible features."
      },
      "modifications": "iNaturalist large server-resized photo; no crop, colour change or generative editing.",
      "original_downloaded": false,
      "license_evidence": "Photo-specific iNaturalist API license_code and attribution retained in raw_source_metadata.photo. License codes correspond to CC 4.0 or CC0 1.0.",
      "attribution": "Rumex crispus — observation 172492542, photo 299454892 — Douglas Goldman; CC BY-SA 4.0. Source: https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/172492542; license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/. iNaturalist large server-resized photo; no crop, colour change or generative editing.",
      "plant_id": "curly-dock",
      "path": "assets/photos/additional-problem-photos-rumex-crispus-2.jpg",
      "file": "assets/photos/additional-problem-photos-rumex-crispus-2.jpg",
      "width": 1024,
      "height": 686,
      "bytes": 508607,
      "alt": "Rumex crispus: Magnified view of a leaf surface and wavy margin.",
      "identification_note": "Source scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Dock species and hybrids can overlap. Source identification is retained; the selected fruit view shows a valve and tubercle, while leaf shape alone is insufficient.",
      "changes": "iNaturalist large server-resized photo; no crop, colour change or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06",
      "license_record": {
        "id": 299454892,
        "license_code": "cc-by-sa",
        "attribution": "(c) Douglas Goldman, some rights reserved (CC BY-SA)",
        "original_dimensions": {
          "width": 2048,
          "height": 1371
        }
      },
      "metadata_archive_sha256": "2c50382c97fb00474a67e86e7f5323935223d07e578f864a632143c80cb14e7f"
    },
    {
      "id": "additional-problem-photos-05-03",
      "taxon": "Rumex crispus",
      "slug": "rumex-crispus",
      "access_date": "2026-09-06",
      "provider": "iNaturalist",
      "source_page": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/172492542",
      "photo_page": "https://www.inaturalist.org/photos/299454085",
      "original_url": "https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/299454085/original.jpg",
      "download_url": "https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/299454085/large.jpg",
      "title": "Rumex crispus — observation 172492542, photo 299454085",
      "creator": "Douglas Goldman",
      "creator_role": "Photographer named in photo attribution.",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/",
      "source_description": "Rumex crispus; North Carolina, US",
      "source_credit": "(c) Douglas Goldman, some rights reserved (CC BY-SA)",
      "source_identified_taxon": "Rumex crispus",
      "dimensions": {
        "width": 1024,
        "height": 686
      },
      "sha256": "9e47c91f64f61f540f62287ffcb1c4943d27273268b4b437e92d648a58883af9",
      "byte_size": 99019,
      "feature": "fruit detail",
      "visible_feature": "A dry fruiting unit held with forceps, showing a papery net-veined valve and a prominent central tubercle.",
      "caption": "A dry fruiting unit held with forceps, showing a papery net-veined valve and a prominent central tubercle.",
      "alt_text": "Rumex crispus: A dry fruiting unit held with forceps, showing a papery net-veined valve and a prominent central tubercle.",
      "requested_synonyms": [],
      "available_licenses": [
        {
          "name": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
          "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/"
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      ],
      "source_categories": [],
      "identity_verification": {
        "method": "Source scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
        "scientific_name": "Rumex crispus",
        "requested_taxon": "Rumex crispus",
        "source_page": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/172492542",
        "visible_features_checked": "A dry fruiting unit held with forceps, showing a papery net-veined valve and a prominent central tubercle.",
        "species_complex_caveat": "Dock species and hybrids can overlap. Source identification is retained; the selected fruit view shows a valve and tubercle, while leaf shape alone is insufficient.",
        "photographed_in_colorado_claimed": false,
        "colorado_source_evidence": null,
        "source_categories": [],
        "source_identification_basis": "Photo belongs to an iNaturalist research-grade observation identified as the exact species. Exact taxon, identifications and photo licensing are retained in the archived source record."
      },
      "visual_review": {
        "status": "passed",
        "review_date": "2026-09-06",
        "method": "Each selected photograph inspected on labelled contact sheets. Replacements were inspected on candidate sheets; captions checked against visible features."
      },
      "modifications": "iNaturalist large server-resized photo; no crop, colour change or generative editing.",
      "original_downloaded": false,
      "license_evidence": "Photo-specific iNaturalist API license_code and attribution retained in raw_source_metadata.photo. License codes correspond to CC 4.0 or CC0 1.0.",
      "attribution": "Rumex crispus — observation 172492542, photo 299454085 — Douglas Goldman; CC BY-SA 4.0. Source: https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/172492542; license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/. iNaturalist large server-resized photo; no crop, colour change or generative editing.",
      "plant_id": "curly-dock",
      "path": "assets/photos/additional-problem-photos-rumex-crispus-3.jpg",
      "file": "assets/photos/additional-problem-photos-rumex-crispus-3.jpg",
      "width": 1024,
      "height": 686,
      "bytes": 99019,
      "alt": "Rumex crispus: A dry fruiting unit held with forceps, showing a papery net-veined valve and a prominent central tubercle.",
      "identification_note": "Source scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Dock species and hybrids can overlap. Source identification is retained; the selected fruit view shows a valve and tubercle, while leaf shape alone is insufficient.",
      "changes": "iNaturalist large server-resized photo; no crop, colour change or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06",
      "license_record": {
        "id": 299454085,
        "license_code": "cc-by-sa",
        "attribution": "(c) Douglas Goldman, some rights reserved (CC BY-SA)",
        "original_dimensions": {
          "width": 2048,
          "height": 1371
        }
      },
      "metadata_archive_sha256": "85f524a0a322fa682b8e7d224ba95497e26edc58f2e84cce53729678ecb49a33"
    },
    {
      "provider": "Wikimedia Commons",
      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Malva_neglecta_-_leaf,_inflorescence_(19059303085).jpg",
      "original_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c7/Malva_neglecta_-_leaf%2C_inflorescence_%2819059303085%29.jpg",
      "download_url": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Malva_neglecta_-_leaf%2C_inflorescence_%2819059303085%29.jpg/1280px-Malva_neglecta_-_leaf%2C_inflorescence_%2819059303085%29.jpg",
      "title": "File:Malva neglecta - leaf, inflorescence (19059303085).jpg",
      "creator": "NY State IPM Program  at Cornell University  from New York, USA",
      "license": "CC BY 2.0",
      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0",
      "source_description": "Common mallow. For more information on identification and control, visit <a href=\" http://turfweeds.cals.cornell.edu/plant/identify/219 \" rel=\"nofollow\">turfweeds.cals.cornell.edu/plant/identify/219</a>.",
      "source_credit": "Malva neglecta - leaf, inflorescence",
      "source_categories": [
        "Malva neglecta",
        "Flickr images reviewed by FlickreviewR 2"
      ],
      "source_identified_taxon": "Malva neglecta",
      "id": "additional-problem-photos-06-01",
      "taxon": "Malva neglecta",
      "slug": "malva-neglecta",
      "access_date": "2026-09-06",
      "dimensions": {
        "width": 1280,
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      "sha256": "629363cedeb59f3da3b71b0cd7784e0da83720a084fd92f735c2449dcf376826",
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      "feature": "flowers and leaves",
      "visible_feature": "A small pale flower beneath rounded, shallowly lobed leaves with toothed edges.",
      "caption": "A small pale flower beneath rounded, shallowly lobed leaves with toothed edges.",
      "alt_text": "Malva neglecta: A small pale flower beneath rounded, shallowly lobed leaves with toothed edges.",
      "requested_synonyms": [],
      "available_licenses": [
        {
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          "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0"
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      ],
      "identity_verification": {
        "method": "Source scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
        "scientific_name": "Malva neglecta",
        "requested_taxon": "Malva neglecta",
        "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Malva_neglecta_-_leaf,_inflorescence_(19059303085).jpg",
        "visible_features_checked": "A small pale flower beneath rounded, shallowly lobed leaves with toothed edges.",
        "species_complex_caveat": "Other mallows can have similar leaves and flowers. Identification follows the exact scientific source label; no close-relative placeholder was used.",
        "photographed_in_colorado_claimed": false,
        "colorado_source_evidence": null,
        "source_categories": [
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        "source_identification_basis": "Exact scientific identification in source file title, description and/or Commons taxon category; reviewed against visible content."
      },
      "visual_review": {
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        "review_date": "2026-09-06",
        "method": "Each selected photograph inspected on labelled contact sheets. Replacements were inspected on candidate sheets; captions checked against visible features."
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      "modifications": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, colour change or generative editing.",
      "original_downloaded": false,
      "license_evidence": "Photo-specific Commons imageinfo licensing metadata retained in raw_source_metadata.",
      "attribution": "Malva neglecta - leaf, inflorescence (19059303085).jpg — NY State IPM Program  at Cornell University  from New York, USA; CC BY 2.0. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Malva_neglecta_-_leaf,_inflorescence_(19059303085).jpg; license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, colour change or generative editing.",
      "plant_id": "common-mallow",
      "path": "assets/photos/additional-problem-photos-malva-neglecta-1.jpg",
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      "height": 1091,
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      "alt": "Malva neglecta: A small pale flower beneath rounded, shallowly lobed leaves with toothed edges.",
      "identification_note": "Source scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Other mallows can have similar leaves and flowers. Identification follows the exact scientific source label; no close-relative placeholder was used.",
      "changes": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, colour change or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06",
      "metadata_archive_sha256": "f6bbf5cc3994c477fc57038a1b0ee3a77d2503925ffb61e3bc87a34ec4aa7e18",
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        "path": "assets/thumbs/common-mallow.webp",
        "width": 640,
        "height": 546,
        "sha256": "45d095dfa45cc899386e585d8dc057a9040145774ba8eec35b25fbe4b612d50c",
        "parent_sha256": "629363cedeb59f3da3b71b0cd7784e0da83720a084fd92f735c2449dcf376826",
        "changes": "Scaled within 640 by 640 pixels and converted to WebP at quality 82. No crop or generative changes to the file; CSS may crop catalog display.",
        "license": "CC BY 2.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0"
      }
    },
    {
      "provider": "Wikimedia Commons",
      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Malva_neglecta_-_whole_plant_(18438619353).jpg",
      "original_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bd/Malva_neglecta_-_whole_plant_%2818438619353%29.jpg",
      "download_url": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Malva_neglecta_-_whole_plant_%2818438619353%29.jpg/1280px-Malva_neglecta_-_whole_plant_%2818438619353%29.jpg",
      "title": "File:Malva neglecta - whole plant (18438619353).jpg",
      "creator": "NY State IPM Program  at Cornell University  from New York, USA",
      "license": "CC BY 2.0",
      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0",
      "source_description": "Common mallow. For more information on identification and control, visit <a href=\" http://turfweeds.cals.cornell.edu/plant/identify/219 \" rel=\"nofollow\">turfweeds.cals.cornell.edu/plant/identify/219</a>.",
      "source_credit": "Malva neglecta - whole plant",
      "source_categories": [
        "Malva neglecta",
        "Flickr images reviewed by FlickreviewR 2"
      ],
      "source_identified_taxon": "Malva neglecta",
      "id": "additional-problem-photos-06-02",
      "taxon": "Malva neglecta",
      "slug": "malva-neglecta",
      "access_date": "2026-09-06",
      "dimensions": {
        "width": 1280,
        "height": 875
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      "sha256": "7369290bfa4c8b6399e557072bdcd61a456334731556106975600b7e20d48848",
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      "feature": "habit",
      "visible_feature": "A dense spreading patch of rounded, shallowly lobed leaves.",
      "caption": "A dense spreading patch of rounded, shallowly lobed leaves.",
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        "method": "Source scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
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        "requested_taxon": "Malva neglecta",
        "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Malva_neglecta_-_whole_plant_(18438619353).jpg",
        "visible_features_checked": "A dense spreading patch of rounded, shallowly lobed leaves.",
        "species_complex_caveat": "Other mallows can have similar leaves and flowers. Identification follows the exact scientific source label; no close-relative placeholder was used.",
        "photographed_in_colorado_claimed": false,
        "colorado_source_evidence": null,
        "source_categories": [
          "Malva neglecta",
          "Flickr images reviewed by FlickreviewR 2"
        ],
        "source_identification_basis": "Exact scientific identification in source file title, description and/or Commons taxon category; reviewed against visible content."
      },
      "visual_review": {
        "status": "passed",
        "review_date": "2026-09-06",
        "method": "Each selected photograph inspected on labelled contact sheets. Replacements were inspected on candidate sheets; captions checked against visible features."
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      "modifications": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, colour change or generative editing.",
      "original_downloaded": false,
      "license_evidence": "Photo-specific Commons imageinfo licensing metadata retained in raw_source_metadata.",
      "attribution": "Malva neglecta - whole plant (18438619353).jpg — NY State IPM Program  at Cornell University  from New York, USA; CC BY 2.0. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Malva_neglecta_-_whole_plant_(18438619353).jpg; license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, colour change or generative editing.",
      "plant_id": "common-mallow",
      "path": "assets/photos/additional-problem-photos-malva-neglecta-2.jpg",
      "file": "assets/photos/additional-problem-photos-malva-neglecta-2.jpg",
      "width": 1280,
      "height": 875,
      "bytes": 379841,
      "alt": "Malva neglecta: A dense spreading patch of rounded, shallowly lobed leaves.",
      "identification_note": "Source scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Other mallows can have similar leaves and flowers. Identification follows the exact scientific source label; no close-relative placeholder was used.",
      "changes": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, colour change or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06",
      "metadata_archive_sha256": "2600883ffc903a7c6bf5477a6d12f10dd31c6e0090665b9f034fc6fc7edb3c6c"
    },
    {
      "provider": "Wikimedia Commons",
      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Malva_neglecta_Bl%C3%BCte.jpg",
      "original_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6d/Malva_neglecta_Bl%C3%BCte.jpg",
      "download_url": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Malva_neglecta_Bl%C3%BCte.jpg/1280px-Malva_neglecta_Bl%C3%BCte.jpg",
      "title": "File:Malva neglecta Blüte.jpg",
      "creator": "Daniel Ballmer",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0",
      "source_description": "Malva neglecta on a farm in Gockhausen, Zürich, Switzerland",
      "source_credit": "Own work",
      "source_categories": [
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        "Self-published work"
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      "source_identified_taxon": "Malva neglecta",
      "id": "additional-problem-photos-06-03",
      "taxon": "Malva neglecta",
      "slug": "malva-neglecta",
      "access_date": "2026-09-06",
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        "height": 960
      },
      "sha256": "a5470561c001516b2a0f3e71bcf3d9b690ccbdbeaf32a1aa1e50d1c14d974891",
      "byte_size": 306703,
      "feature": "flower detail",
      "visible_feature": "A pale pink flower with five notched petals and a central column, among rounded leaves.",
      "caption": "A pale pink flower with five notched petals and a central column, among rounded leaves.",
      "alt_text": "Malva neglecta: A pale pink flower with five notched petals and a central column, among rounded leaves.",
      "requested_synonyms": [],
      "available_licenses": [
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          "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0"
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      ],
      "identity_verification": {
        "method": "Source scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
        "scientific_name": "Malva neglecta",
        "requested_taxon": "Malva neglecta",
        "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Malva_neglecta_Bl%C3%BCte.jpg",
        "visible_features_checked": "A pale pink flower with five notched petals and a central column, among rounded leaves.",
        "species_complex_caveat": "Other mallows can have similar leaves and flowers. Identification follows the exact scientific source label; no close-relative placeholder was used.",
        "photographed_in_colorado_claimed": false,
        "colorado_source_evidence": null,
        "source_categories": [
          "Malva neglecta",
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        ],
        "source_identification_basis": "Exact scientific identification in source file title, description and/or Commons taxon category; reviewed against visible content."
      },
      "visual_review": {
        "status": "passed",
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        "method": "Each selected photograph inspected on labelled contact sheets. Replacements were inspected on candidate sheets; captions checked against visible features."
      },
      "modifications": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, colour change or generative editing.",
      "original_downloaded": false,
      "license_evidence": "Photo-specific Commons imageinfo licensing metadata retained in raw_source_metadata.",
      "attribution": "Malva neglecta Blüte.jpg — Daniel Ballmer; CC BY-SA 4.0. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Malva_neglecta_Bl%C3%BCte.jpg; license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, colour change or generative editing.",
      "plant_id": "common-mallow",
      "path": "assets/photos/additional-problem-photos-malva-neglecta-3.jpg",
      "file": "assets/photos/additional-problem-photos-malva-neglecta-3.jpg",
      "width": 1280,
      "height": 960,
      "bytes": 306703,
      "alt": "Malva neglecta: A pale pink flower with five notched petals and a central column, among rounded leaves.",
      "identification_note": "Source scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Other mallows can have similar leaves and flowers. Identification follows the exact scientific source label; no close-relative placeholder was used.",
      "changes": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no crop, colour change or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; the catalog preview uses a CSS crop.",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06",
      "metadata_archive_sha256": "bd97f03dcfe502de01fee138378fb72d3de05d4cd1a749edd463ad83b1d53dad"
    },
    {
      "id": "coverage-garden-photos-01-02",
      "taxon": "Digitaria sanguinalis",
      "feature": "habit",
      "visible_feature": "A low spreading grass clump with green leaf blades and long radiating stems on bare soil.",
      "title": "File:Harig vingergras plant (Digitaria sanguinalis).jpg",
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      "source_description": "Nederlands: Harig vingergras plant English: Digitaria sanguinalis spikes",
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      "identity_verification": {
        "method": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
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        "visible_features_checked": "A low spreading grass clump with green leaf blades and long radiating stems on bare soil.",
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      "download_url": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Harig_vingergras_plant_%28Digitaria_sanguinalis%29.jpg/1280px-Harig_vingergras_plant_%28Digitaria_sanguinalis%29.jpg",
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      "changes": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative, reduced from the original; no crop, color change, upscaling, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; catalog preview may use a CSS crop.",
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      "taxon": "Digitaria sanguinalis",
      "feature": "leaf-collar",
      "visible_feature": "Several photographed leaf bases showing membranous ligules and conspicuous long hairs.",
      "title": "File:Harig vingergras ligula (Digitaria sanguinalis).jpg",
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      "source_description": "Picture taken by myself;(nl: Harig vingergras ligula) Digitaria sanguinalis;",
      "source_credit": "",
      "access_date": "2026-09-06",
      "identity_verification": {
        "method": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
        "scientific_name": "Digitaria sanguinalis",
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        "visible_features_checked": "Several photographed leaf bases showing membranous ligules and conspicuous long hairs.",
        "species_complex_caveat": "Source-identified D. sanguinalis. The inflorescence photo is explicitly labeled D. sanguinalis subsp. pectiniformis and retains that source wording. Similar crabgrasses require detailed hair, ligule, and spikelet characters for an unknown specimen; these references do not determine a Colorado specimen’s subspecies.",
        "photographed_in_colorado_claimed": false,
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        "source_categories": [
          "Digitaria sanguinalis"
        ],
        "source_identification_basis": "Source description/title and displayed scientific taxon category agree with the subject; the visible form was reviewed. This preserves the source identification and is not an independent specimen determination."
      },
      "visual_review": {
        "status": "passed",
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      },
      "modifications": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative, reduced from the original; no crop, color change, upscaling, or generative editing.",
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      "common_name": "Large crabgrass",
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      "download_url": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Harig_vingergras_ligula_%28Digitaria_sanguinalis%29.jpg/960px-Harig_vingergras_ligula_%28Digitaria_sanguinalis%29.jpg",
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      "changes": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative, reduced from the original; no crop, color change, upscaling, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; catalog preview may use a CSS crop.",
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      "taxon": "Digitaria sanguinalis",
      "feature": "inflorescence",
      "visible_feature": "Several slender finger-like flower spikes radiate from the top of a grass stem against a blue sky.",
      "title": "File:Digitaria sanguinalis subsp. pectiniformis sl18.jpg",
      "creator": "Stefan.lefnaer",
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      "original_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/42/Digitaria_sanguinalis_subsp._pectiniformis_sl18.jpg",
      "source_description": "Deutsch: Blütenstand Taxonym: Digitaria sanguinalis subsp. pectiniformis ss Fischer et al. EfÖLS 2008 ISBN 978-3-85474-187-9 Fundort: Unterschleißheim, Landkreis München, Bayern, Deutschland - ca. 473 msm Standort: Pflasterritze English: Inflorescence Taxonym: Digitaria sanguinalis subsp. pectiniformis ss Fischer et al. EfÖLS 2008 ISBN 978-3-85474-187-9 Location: Unterschleißheim, district München, Bavaria, Germany - ca. 473 m a.s.l. Habitat: gap in road surface",
      "source_credit": "Own work",
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        "photographed_in_colorado_claimed": false,
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          "Nature of Unterschleißheim"
        ],
        "source_identification_basis": "Source description/title and displayed scientific taxon category agree with the subject; the visible form was reviewed. This preserves the source identification and is not an independent specimen determination."
      },
      "visual_review": {
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      },
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      "source_processing_notes": "Photographic reference; any source-added scale, specimen arrangement or macro framing is part of the original image.",
      "plant_id": "large-crabgrass",
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      "changes": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative, reduced from the original; no crop, color change, upscaling, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; catalog preview may use a CSS crop.",
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    {
      "id": "coverage-garden-photos-02-06",
      "taxon": "Setaria viridis",
      "feature": "inflorescence",
      "visible_feature": "A curved green flower head is surrounded by many long fine bristles.",
      "title": "File:Setaria viridis.JPG",
      "creator": "Petr Filippov",
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      "original_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2a/Setaria_viridis.JPG",
      "source_description": "English: Setaria viridis, Choceň, Czech Republic",
      "source_credit": "Own work",
      "access_date": "2026-09-06",
      "identity_verification": {
        "method": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
        "scientific_name": "Setaria viridis",
        "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Setaria_viridis.JPG",
        "visible_features_checked": "A curved green flower head is surrounded by many long fine bristles.",
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        "source_identification_basis": "Source description/title and displayed scientific taxon category agree with the subject; the visible form was reviewed. This preserves the source identification and is not an independent specimen determination."
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      "modifications": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative, reduced from the original; no crop, color change, upscaling, or generative editing.",
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      "original_dimensions": {
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      "caption": "A curved green flower head is surrounded by many long fine bristles.",
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      "retrieval_date": "2026-09-06",
      "source_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Setaria_viridis.JPG",
      "source_processing_notes": "Photographic reference; any source-added scale, specimen arrangement or macro framing is part of the original image.",
      "plant_id": "green-foxtail",
      "path": "assets/photos/coverage-garden-photos-setaria-viridis-02-06-inflorescence.jpg",
      "file": "assets/photos/coverage-garden-photos-setaria-viridis-02-06-inflorescence.jpg",
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      "height": 958,
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      "alt": "Green foxtail: a curved green flower head is surrounded by many long fine bristles.",
      "identification_note": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Source-identified S. viridis. Other foxtails resemble it; the collar, bristles and spikelet characters need examination on an unknown specimen. A gallery photograph labeled S. faberi was excluded.",
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    {
      "id": "coverage-garden-photos-02-07",
      "taxon": "Setaria viridis",
      "feature": "habit",
      "visible_feature": "Leafy green grass clumps with upright bristly flower heads at a path edge.",
      "title": "File:Groene naaldaar plant (Setaria viridis).jpg",
      "creator": "Rasbak",
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      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/",
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          "url": "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/"
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      "original_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/38/Groene_naaldaar_plant_%28Setaria_viridis%29.jpg",
      "source_description": "Nederlands: Groene naaldaar plant English: Setaria viridis plant",
      "source_credit": "Own work",
      "access_date": "2026-09-06",
      "identity_verification": {
        "method": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
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        "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Groene_naaldaar_plant_(Setaria_viridis).jpg",
        "visible_features_checked": "Leafy green grass clumps with upright bristly flower heads at a path edge.",
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        "source_categories": [
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      "visual_review": {
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        }
      ],
      "identity_notes": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Source-identified S. viridis. Other foxtails resemble it; the collar, bristles and spikelet characters need examination on an unknown specimen. A gallery photograph labeled S. faberi was excluded.",
      "caption": "Leafy green grass clumps with upright bristly flower heads at a path edge.",
      "alt_text": "Green foxtail: leafy green grass clumps with upright bristly flower heads at a path edge.",
      "retrieval_date": "2026-09-06",
      "source_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Groene_naaldaar_plant_(Setaria_viridis).jpg",
      "source_processing_notes": "Photographic reference; any source-added scale, specimen arrangement or macro framing is part of the original image.",
      "plant_id": "green-foxtail",
      "path": "assets/photos/coverage-garden-photos-setaria-viridis-02-07-habit.jpg",
      "file": "assets/photos/coverage-garden-photos-setaria-viridis-02-07-habit.jpg",
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      "changes": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative, reduced from the original; no crop, color change, upscaling, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; catalog preview may use a CSS crop.",
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    {
      "id": "coverage-garden-photos-02-08",
      "taxon": "Setaria viridis",
      "feature": "leaf-collar",
      "visible_feature": "Photographed grass leaf bases show the collar and ligule region against a wooden background.",
      "title": "File:Groene naaldaar ligula (Setaria viridis).jpg",
      "creator": "Rasbak",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/",
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        },
        {
          "name": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
          "url": "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/"
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      ],
      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Groene_naaldaar_ligula_(Setaria_viridis).jpg",
      "original_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e3/Groene_naaldaar_ligula_%28Setaria_viridis%29.jpg",
      "source_description": "Nederlands: Groene naaldaar ligula English: Setaria viridis ligula",
      "source_credit": "Own work",
      "access_date": "2026-09-06",
      "identity_verification": {
        "method": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
        "scientific_name": "Setaria viridis",
        "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Groene_naaldaar_ligula_(Setaria_viridis).jpg",
        "visible_features_checked": "Photographed grass leaf bases show the collar and ligule region against a wooden background.",
        "species_complex_caveat": "Source-identified S. viridis. Other foxtails resemble it; the collar, bristles and spikelet characters need examination on an unknown specimen. A gallery photograph labeled S. faberi was excluded.",
        "photographed_in_colorado_claimed": false,
        "source_identified_taxon": "Setaria viridis",
        "source_categories": [
          "Setaria viridis"
        ],
        "source_identification_basis": "Source description/title and displayed scientific taxon category agree with the subject; the visible form was reviewed. This preserves the source identification and is not an independent specimen determination."
      },
      "visual_review": {
        "status": "passed",
        "review_date": "2026-09-06",
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      },
      "modifications": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative, reduced from the original; no crop, color change, upscaling, or generative editing.",
      "source_identified_taxon": "Setaria viridis",
      "common_name": "Green foxtail",
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      ],
      "download_url": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Groene_naaldaar_ligula_%28Setaria_viridis%29.jpg/1280px-Groene_naaldaar_ligula_%28Setaria_viridis%29.jpg",
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      "original_dimensions": {
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      ],
      "identity_notes": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Source-identified S. viridis. Other foxtails resemble it; the collar, bristles and spikelet characters need examination on an unknown specimen. A gallery photograph labeled S. faberi was excluded.",
      "caption": "Photographed grass leaf bases show the collar and ligule region against a wooden background.",
      "alt_text": "Green foxtail: photographed grass leaf bases show the collar and ligule region against a wooden background.",
      "retrieval_date": "2026-09-06",
      "source_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Groene_naaldaar_ligula_(Setaria_viridis).jpg",
      "source_processing_notes": "Photographic reference; any source-added scale, specimen arrangement or macro framing is part of the original image.",
      "plant_id": "green-foxtail",
      "path": "assets/photos/coverage-garden-photos-setaria-viridis-02-08-leaf-collar.jpg",
      "file": "assets/photos/coverage-garden-photos-setaria-viridis-02-08-leaf-collar.jpg",
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      "alt": "Green foxtail: photographed grass leaf bases show the collar and ligule region against a wooden background.",
      "identification_note": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Source-identified S. viridis. Other foxtails resemble it; the collar, bristles and spikelet characters need examination on an unknown specimen. A gallery photograph labeled S. faberi was excluded.",
      "changes": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative, reduced from the original; no crop, color change, upscaling, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; catalog preview may use a CSS crop.",
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    {
      "id": "coverage-garden-photos-03-03",
      "taxon": "Chenopodium berlandieri",
      "feature": "habit",
      "visible_feature": "A small upright leafy goosefoot plant growing among stones in open ground.",
      "title": "File:Chenopodium berlandieri (3767481167).jpg",
      "creator": "Matt Lavin",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 2.0",
      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0",
      "available_licenses": [
        {
          "name": "CC BY-SA 2.0",
          "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0"
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      ],
      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Chenopodium_berlandieri_(3767481167).jpg",
      "original_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7e/Chenopodium_berlandieri_%283767481167%29.jpg",
      "source_description": "This native colonizer differs from lambs quarters, Chenopodium album, in having a pitted seed coat. This species of goosefoot seems to be very common in the Bozeman area.",
      "source_credit": "Chenopodium berlandieri Uploaded by Jacopo Werther",
      "access_date": "2026-09-06",
      "identity_verification": {
        "method": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
        "scientific_name": "Chenopodium berlandieri",
        "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Chenopodium_berlandieri_(3767481167).jpg",
        "visible_features_checked": "A small upright leafy goosefoot plant growing among stones in open ground.",
        "species_complex_caveat": "Source-identified C. berlandieri. Goosefoot species and infraspecific taxa can be difficult to distinguish, and mature seed surface characters may be needed. Foliage photographs alone do not establish an unknown plant’s species or variety; mixed Atriplex/Chenopodium comparison scenes were excluded.",
        "photographed_in_colorado_claimed": false,
        "source_identified_taxon": "Chenopodium berlandieri",
        "source_categories": [
          "Bozeman Pass",
          "Chenopodium berlandieri",
          "Jackson Creek"
        ],
        "source_identification_basis": "Source description/title and displayed scientific taxon category agree with the subject; the visible form was reviewed. This preserves the source identification and is not an independent specimen determination."
      },
      "visual_review": {
        "status": "passed",
        "review_date": "2026-09-06",
        "method": "Every final image inspected on three contact sheets at up to 490 pixels per image, with source description, taxon categories, licenses and original dimensions checked. Visible-feature captions match the actual photographed structures."
      },
      "modifications": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative, reduced from the original; no crop, color change, upscaling, or generative editing.",
      "source_identified_taxon": "Chenopodium berlandieri",
      "common_name": "Pitseed goosefoot",
      "source_categories": [
        "Bozeman Pass",
        "Chenopodium berlandieri",
        "Jackson Creek"
      ],
      "download_url": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Chenopodium_berlandieri_%283767481167%29.jpg/1280px-Chenopodium_berlandieri_%283767481167%29.jpg",
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        "width": 1280,
        "height": 1707
      },
      "sha256": "611dcb2eaf6e9b2fe9604cf782ab12bbdb39ae0b36ece5f4a267c8f9b0f3b2f4",
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      "original_dimensions": {
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      "modification_history": [
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          "operation": "Wikimedia thumbnail resizing",
          "details": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative, reduced from the original; no crop, color change, upscaling, or generative editing.",
          "source_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7e/Chenopodium_berlandieri_%283767481167%29.jpg",
          "result_url": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Chenopodium_berlandieri_%283767481167%29.jpg/1280px-Chenopodium_berlandieri_%283767481167%29.jpg"
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      ],
      "identity_notes": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Source-identified C. berlandieri. Goosefoot species and infraspecific taxa can be difficult to distinguish, and mature seed surface characters may be needed. Foliage photographs alone do not establish an unknown plant’s species or variety; mixed Atriplex/Chenopodium comparison scenes were excluded.",
      "caption": "A small upright leafy goosefoot plant growing among stones in open ground.",
      "alt_text": "Pitseed goosefoot: a small upright leafy goosefoot plant growing among stones in open ground.",
      "retrieval_date": "2026-09-06",
      "source_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Chenopodium_berlandieri_(3767481167).jpg",
      "source_processing_notes": "Photographic reference; any source-added scale, specimen arrangement or macro framing is part of the original image.",
      "plant_id": "netseed-lambsquarters",
      "path": "assets/photos/coverage-garden-photos-chenopodium-berlandieri-03-03-habit.jpg",
      "file": "assets/photos/coverage-garden-photos-chenopodium-berlandieri-03-03-habit.jpg",
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      "height": 1707,
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      "alt": "Pitseed goosefoot: a small upright leafy goosefoot plant growing among stones in open ground.",
      "identification_note": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Source-identified C. berlandieri. Goosefoot species and infraspecific taxa can be difficult to distinguish, and mature seed surface characters may be needed. Foliage photographs alone do not establish an unknown plant’s species or variety; mixed Atriplex/Chenopodium comparison scenes were excluded.",
      "changes": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative, reduced from the original; no crop, color change, upscaling, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; catalog preview may use a CSS crop.",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06",
      "source_manifest_sha256": "61b4553895db6855f3994935dac944671a1225bf4369993569192b0907a77610",
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      "thumbnail": {
        "path": "assets/thumbs/netseed-lambsquarters.webp",
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        "height": 640,
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        "parent_sha256": "611dcb2eaf6e9b2fe9604cf782ab12bbdb39ae0b36ece5f4a267c8f9b0f3b2f4",
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        "license": "CC BY-SA 2.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0"
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    },
    {
      "id": "coverage-garden-photos-03-07",
      "taxon": "Chenopodium berlandieri",
      "feature": "leaf",
      "visible_feature": "Close view of a pale green, irregularly toothed leaf with a mealy-looking surface.",
      "title": "File:Chenopodium berlandieri (3767482897).jpg",
      "creator": "Matt Lavin",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 2.0",
      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0",
      "available_licenses": [
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          "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0"
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      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Chenopodium_berlandieri_(3767482897).jpg",
      "original_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Chenopodium_berlandieri_%283767482897%29.jpg",
      "source_description": "English: Chenopodium berlandieri Moq. - pit-seeded goosefoot",
      "source_credit": "flickr photo Chenopodium berlandieri by Matt Lavin",
      "access_date": "2026-09-06",
      "identity_verification": {
        "method": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
        "scientific_name": "Chenopodium berlandieri",
        "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Chenopodium_berlandieri_(3767482897).jpg",
        "visible_features_checked": "Close view of a pale green, irregularly toothed leaf with a mealy-looking surface.",
        "species_complex_caveat": "Source-identified C. berlandieri. Goosefoot species and infraspecific taxa can be difficult to distinguish, and mature seed surface characters may be needed. Foliage photographs alone do not establish an unknown plant’s species or variety; mixed Atriplex/Chenopodium comparison scenes were excluded.",
        "photographed_in_colorado_claimed": false,
        "source_identified_taxon": "Chenopodium berlandieri",
        "source_categories": [
          "Chenopodium berlandieri",
          "Chenopodium leaves"
        ],
        "source_identification_basis": "Source description/title and displayed scientific taxon category agree with the subject; the visible form was reviewed. This preserves the source identification and is not an independent specimen determination."
      },
      "visual_review": {
        "status": "passed",
        "review_date": "2026-09-06",
        "method": "Every final image inspected on three contact sheets at up to 490 pixels per image, with source description, taxon categories, licenses and original dimensions checked. Visible-feature captions match the actual photographed structures."
      },
      "modifications": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative, reduced from the original; no crop, color change, upscaling, or generative editing.",
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      "source_categories": [
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        "Chenopodium leaves"
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      "download_url": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Chenopodium_berlandieri_%283767482897%29.jpg/1280px-Chenopodium_berlandieri_%283767482897%29.jpg",
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          "operation": "Wikimedia thumbnail resizing",
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          "source_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Chenopodium_berlandieri_%283767482897%29.jpg",
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        }
      ],
      "identity_notes": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Source-identified C. berlandieri. Goosefoot species and infraspecific taxa can be difficult to distinguish, and mature seed surface characters may be needed. Foliage photographs alone do not establish an unknown plant’s species or variety; mixed Atriplex/Chenopodium comparison scenes were excluded.",
      "caption": "Close view of a pale green, irregularly toothed leaf with a mealy-looking surface.",
      "alt_text": "Pitseed goosefoot: close view of a pale green, irregularly toothed leaf with a mealy-looking surface.",
      "retrieval_date": "2026-09-06",
      "source_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Chenopodium_berlandieri_(3767482897).jpg",
      "source_processing_notes": "Photographic reference; any source-added scale, specimen arrangement or macro framing is part of the original image.",
      "plant_id": "netseed-lambsquarters",
      "path": "assets/photos/coverage-garden-photos-chenopodium-berlandieri-03-07-leaf.jpg",
      "file": "assets/photos/coverage-garden-photos-chenopodium-berlandieri-03-07-leaf.jpg",
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      "height": 1707,
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      "alt": "Pitseed goosefoot: close view of a pale green, irregularly toothed leaf with a mealy-looking surface.",
      "identification_note": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Source-identified C. berlandieri. Goosefoot species and infraspecific taxa can be difficult to distinguish, and mature seed surface characters may be needed. Foliage photographs alone do not establish an unknown plant’s species or variety; mixed Atriplex/Chenopodium comparison scenes were excluded.",
      "changes": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative, reduced from the original; no crop, color change, upscaling, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; catalog preview may use a CSS crop.",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06",
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      "id": "coverage-garden-photos-03-11",
      "taxon": "Chenopodium berlandieri",
      "feature": "reproductive-clusters",
      "visible_feature": "Close view of crowded green reproductive clusters beside a branching yellow-green stem.",
      "title": "File:Chenopodium berlandieri (5133107546).jpg",
      "creator": "Matt Lavin",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 2.0",
      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0",
      "available_licenses": [
        {
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          "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0"
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      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Chenopodium_berlandieri_(5133107546).jpg",
      "original_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/19/Chenopodium_berlandieri_%285133107546%29.jpg",
      "source_description": "The radially symmetric flowers with five calyx lobes each of which is keeled along the back is characteristic of this species.",
      "source_credit": "Chenopodium berlandieri Uploaded by Tim1357",
      "access_date": "2026-09-06",
      "identity_verification": {
        "method": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
        "scientific_name": "Chenopodium berlandieri",
        "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Chenopodium_berlandieri_(5133107546).jpg",
        "visible_features_checked": "Close view of crowded green reproductive clusters beside a branching yellow-green stem.",
        "species_complex_caveat": "Source-identified C. berlandieri. Goosefoot species and infraspecific taxa can be difficult to distinguish, and mature seed surface characters may be needed. Foliage photographs alone do not establish an unknown plant’s species or variety; mixed Atriplex/Chenopodium comparison scenes were excluded.",
        "photographed_in_colorado_claimed": false,
        "source_identified_taxon": "Chenopodium berlandieri",
        "source_categories": [
          "Chenopodium berlandieri",
          "Flora of Montana",
          "Amaranthaceae (flowers)"
        ],
        "source_identification_basis": "Source description/title and displayed scientific taxon category agree with the subject; the visible form was reviewed. This preserves the source identification and is not an independent specimen determination."
      },
      "visual_review": {
        "status": "passed",
        "review_date": "2026-09-06",
        "method": "Every final image inspected on three contact sheets at up to 490 pixels per image, with source description, taxon categories, licenses and original dimensions checked. Visible-feature captions match the actual photographed structures."
      },
      "modifications": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative, reduced from the original; no crop, color change, upscaling, or generative editing.",
      "source_identified_taxon": "Chenopodium berlandieri",
      "common_name": "Pitseed goosefoot",
      "source_categories": [
        "Chenopodium berlandieri",
        "Flora of Montana",
        "Amaranthaceae (flowers)"
      ],
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      ],
      "identity_notes": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Source-identified C. berlandieri. Goosefoot species and infraspecific taxa can be difficult to distinguish, and mature seed surface characters may be needed. Foliage photographs alone do not establish an unknown plant’s species or variety; mixed Atriplex/Chenopodium comparison scenes were excluded.",
      "caption": "Close view of crowded green reproductive clusters beside a branching yellow-green stem.",
      "alt_text": "Pitseed goosefoot: close view of crowded green reproductive clusters beside a branching yellow-green stem.",
      "retrieval_date": "2026-09-06",
      "source_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Chenopodium_berlandieri_(5133107546).jpg",
      "source_processing_notes": "Photographic reference; any source-added scale, specimen arrangement or macro framing is part of the original image.",
      "plant_id": "netseed-lambsquarters",
      "path": "assets/photos/coverage-garden-photos-chenopodium-berlandieri-03-11-reproductive-clusters.jpg",
      "file": "assets/photos/coverage-garden-photos-chenopodium-berlandieri-03-11-reproductive-clusters.jpg",
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      "alt": "Pitseed goosefoot: close view of crowded green reproductive clusters beside a branching yellow-green stem.",
      "identification_note": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Source-identified C. berlandieri. Goosefoot species and infraspecific taxa can be difficult to distinguish, and mature seed surface characters may be needed. Foliage photographs alone do not establish an unknown plant’s species or variety; mixed Atriplex/Chenopodium comparison scenes were excluded.",
      "changes": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative, reduced from the original; no crop, color change, upscaling, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; catalog preview may use a CSS crop.",
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      "source_manifest_sha256": "61b4553895db6855f3994935dac944671a1225bf4369993569192b0907a77610",
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    {
      "id": "coverage-garden-photos-04-04",
      "taxon": "Polygonum aviculare",
      "feature": "habit",
      "visible_feature": "A flattened mat of branching stems and small leaves spreads across bare soil.",
      "title": "File:Polygonum aviculare, Gewoon varkensgras plant.jpg",
      "creator": "Rasbak",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0",
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          "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0"
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      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Polygonum_aviculare,_Gewoon_varkensgras_plant.jpg",
      "original_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/20/Polygonum_aviculare%2C_Gewoon_varkensgras_plant.jpg",
      "source_description": "English: Polygonum aviculare plant Nederlands: Gewoon varkensgras plant",
      "source_credit": "Own work",
      "access_date": "2026-09-06",
      "identity_verification": {
        "method": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
        "scientific_name": "Polygonum aviculare",
        "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Polygonum_aviculare,_Gewoon_varkensgras_plant.jpg",
        "visible_features_checked": "A flattened mat of branching stems and small leaves spreads across bare soil.",
        "species_complex_caveat": "Polygonum aviculare is used as a variable species aggregate. The selected flower macro is explicitly source-labeled P. aviculare subsp. depressum (s. lat.); it is retained with that source wording. These photographs do not resolve every segregate taxon or the subspecies of an unknown Colorado specimen.",
        "photographed_in_colorado_claimed": false,
        "source_identified_taxon": "Polygonum aviculare",
        "source_categories": [
          "Polygonum aviculare"
        ],
        "source_identification_basis": "Source description/title and displayed scientific taxon category agree with the subject; the visible form was reviewed. This preserves the source identification and is not an independent specimen determination."
      },
      "visual_review": {
        "status": "passed",
        "review_date": "2026-09-06",
        "method": "Every final image inspected on three contact sheets at up to 490 pixels per image, with source description, taxon categories, licenses and original dimensions checked. Visible-feature captions match the actual photographed structures."
      },
      "modifications": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative, reduced from the original; no crop, color change, upscaling, or generative editing.",
      "source_identified_taxon": "Polygonum aviculare",
      "common_name": "Prostrate knotweed",
      "source_categories": [
        "Polygonum aviculare"
      ],
      "download_url": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Polygonum_aviculare%2C_Gewoon_varkensgras_plant.jpg/1280px-Polygonum_aviculare%2C_Gewoon_varkensgras_plant.jpg",
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          "date": "2026-09-06",
          "operation": "Wikimedia thumbnail resizing",
          "details": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative, reduced from the original; no crop, color change, upscaling, or generative editing.",
          "source_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/20/Polygonum_aviculare%2C_Gewoon_varkensgras_plant.jpg",
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      ],
      "identity_notes": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Polygonum aviculare is used as a variable species aggregate. The selected flower macro is explicitly source-labeled P. aviculare subsp. depressum (s. lat.); it is retained with that source wording. These photographs do not resolve every segregate taxon or the subspecies of an unknown Colorado specimen.",
      "caption": "A flattened mat of branching stems and small leaves spreads across bare soil.",
      "alt_text": "Prostrate knotweed: a flattened mat of branching stems and small leaves spreads across bare soil.",
      "retrieval_date": "2026-09-06",
      "source_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Polygonum_aviculare,_Gewoon_varkensgras_plant.jpg",
      "source_processing_notes": "Photographic reference; any source-added scale, specimen arrangement or macro framing is part of the original image.",
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      "identification_note": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Polygonum aviculare is used as a variable species aggregate. The selected flower macro is explicitly source-labeled P. aviculare subsp. depressum (s. lat.); it is retained with that source wording. These photographs do not resolve every segregate taxon or the subspecies of an unknown Colorado specimen.",
      "changes": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative, reduced from the original; no crop, color change, upscaling, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; catalog preview may use a CSS crop.",
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    },
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      "taxon": "Polygonum aviculare",
      "feature": "leaf-stem",
      "visible_feature": "Narrow alternate leaves and pale papery sheaths encircle the joints of a slender stem.",
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      "creator": "Matt Lavin",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 2.0",
      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0",
      "available_licenses": [
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          "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0"
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      "original_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cd/Polygonum_aviculare_%285143717459%29.jpg",
      "source_description": "The sheathing stipules are characteristic of most Polygonaceae and the erect flowers with white-tinged perianth segments are those of Polygonum aviculare.",
      "source_credit": "Polygonum aviculare Uploaded by Tim1357",
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        "method": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
        "scientific_name": "Polygonum aviculare",
        "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Polygonum_aviculare_(5143717459).jpg",
        "visible_features_checked": "Narrow alternate leaves and pale papery sheaths encircle the joints of a slender stem.",
        "species_complex_caveat": "Polygonum aviculare is used as a variable species aggregate. The selected flower macro is explicitly source-labeled P. aviculare subsp. depressum (s. lat.); it is retained with that source wording. These photographs do not resolve every segregate taxon or the subspecies of an unknown Colorado specimen.",
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        "source_identified_taxon": "Polygonum aviculare",
        "source_categories": [
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        ],
        "source_identification_basis": "Source description/title and displayed scientific taxon category agree with the subject; the visible form was reviewed. This preserves the source identification and is not an independent specimen determination."
      },
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        "status": "passed",
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        "method": "Every final image inspected on three contact sheets at up to 490 pixels per image, with source description, taxon categories, licenses and original dimensions checked. Visible-feature captions match the actual photographed structures."
      },
      "modifications": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative, reduced from the original; no crop, color change, upscaling, or generative editing.",
      "source_identified_taxon": "Polygonum aviculare",
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          "operation": "Wikimedia thumbnail resizing",
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      "identity_notes": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Polygonum aviculare is used as a variable species aggregate. The selected flower macro is explicitly source-labeled P. aviculare subsp. depressum (s. lat.); it is retained with that source wording. These photographs do not resolve every segregate taxon or the subspecies of an unknown Colorado specimen.",
      "caption": "Narrow alternate leaves and pale papery sheaths encircle the joints of a slender stem.",
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      "source_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Polygonum_aviculare_(5143717459).jpg",
      "source_processing_notes": "Photographic reference; any source-added scale, specimen arrangement or macro framing is part of the original image.",
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      "identification_note": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Polygonum aviculare is used as a variable species aggregate. The selected flower macro is explicitly source-labeled P. aviculare subsp. depressum (s. lat.); it is retained with that source wording. These photographs do not resolve every segregate taxon or the subspecies of an unknown Colorado specimen.",
      "changes": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative, reduced from the original; no crop, color change, upscaling, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; catalog preview may use a CSS crop.",
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      "taxon": "Polygonum aviculare",
      "feature": "flower",
      "visible_feature": "Tiny pale five-parted flowers and young leaves cluster at the stem joints, photographed with a 5 mm scale.",
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      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0",
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      "original_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/28/Polygonum_aviculare_subsp._depressum_%28s._lat.%29_sl8.jpg",
      "source_description": "Deutsch: Blütenstand Taxonym: Polygonum aviculare subsp. depressum (s. lat.) ss Fischer et al. EfÖLS 2008 ISBN 978-3-85474-187-9 Fundort: Bodenstedtgasse, Wien-Floridsdorf - ca. 160 m ü. A. Standort: Ruderalfläche English: Inflorescence Taxonym: Polygonum aviculare subsp. depressum (s. lat.) ss Fischer et al. EfÖLS 2008 ISBN 978-3-85474-187-9 Location: Bodenstedtgasse, Vienna-Floridsdorf - ca. 160 m a.s.l. Habitat: ruderal area",
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      "identity_verification": {
        "method": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
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        "species_complex_caveat": "Polygonum aviculare is used as a variable species aggregate. The selected flower macro is explicitly source-labeled P. aviculare subsp. depressum (s. lat.); it is retained with that source wording. These photographs do not resolve every segregate taxon or the subspecies of an unknown Colorado specimen.",
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        "source_identified_taxon": "Polygonum aviculare subsp. depressum (s. lat.)",
        "source_categories": [
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      },
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        "source_identification_basis": "Source description/title and displayed scientific taxon category agree with the subject; the visible form was reviewed. This preserves the source identification and is not an independent specimen determination."
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      "source_processing_notes": "Photographic reference; any source-added scale, specimen arrangement or macro framing is part of the original image.",
      "plant_id": "spotted-spurge",
      "path": "assets/photos/coverage-garden-photos-euphorbia-maculata-05-26-capsules-seeds.jpg",
      "file": "assets/photos/coverage-garden-photos-euphorbia-maculata-05-26-capsules-seeds.jpg",
      "width": 1280,
      "height": 1754,
      "bytes": 368439,
      "alt": "Spotted spurge: opened green capsules and separate small reddish-brown seeds photographed with a 3 mm scale.",
      "identification_note": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Chamaesyce maculata is a synonym used for this taxon. Other small prostrate spurges can look similar; dark leaf spots alone are not diagnostic, and capsule hairs and seed characters may be needed for an unknown plant.",
      "changes": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative, reduced from the original; no crop, color change, upscaling, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; catalog preview may use a CSS crop.",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06",
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    {
      "id": "coverage-garden-photos-06-01",
      "taxon": "Capsella bursa-pastoris",
      "feature": "rosette",
      "visible_feature": "A flat basal rosette of deeply lobed leaves spreads over bare soil.",
      "title": "File:Herderstasje bladrozet (Capsella bursa-pastoris).jpg",
      "creator": "Rasbak",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/",
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        },
        {
          "name": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
          "url": "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/"
        }
      ],
      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Herderstasje_bladrozet_(Capsella_bursa-pastoris).jpg",
      "original_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/95/Herderstasje_bladrozet_%28Capsella_bursa-pastoris%29.jpg",
      "source_description": "Picture taken by myself. (nl: Herderstasje bladrozet) Capsella bursa-pastoris;",
      "source_credit": "",
      "access_date": "2026-09-06",
      "identity_verification": {
        "method": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
        "scientific_name": "Capsella bursa-pastoris",
        "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Herderstasje_bladrozet_(Capsella_bursa-pastoris).jpg",
        "visible_features_checked": "A flat basal rosette of deeply lobed leaves spreads over bare soil.",
        "species_complex_caveat": "Source-identified C. bursa-pastoris. Rosette leaves vary greatly and overlap other mustards; the distinctive fruits and floral characters provide stronger identification than rosette shape alone.",
        "photographed_in_colorado_claimed": false,
        "source_identified_taxon": "Capsella bursa-pastoris",
        "source_categories": [
          "Capsella bursa-pastoris",
          "Camelineae in the Northern Hemisphere in April"
        ],
        "source_identification_basis": "Source description/title and displayed scientific taxon category agree with the subject; the visible form was reviewed. This preserves the source identification and is not an independent specimen determination."
      },
      "visual_review": {
        "status": "passed",
        "review_date": "2026-09-06",
        "method": "Every final image inspected on three contact sheets at up to 490 pixels per image, with source description, taxon categories, licenses and original dimensions checked. Visible-feature captions match the actual photographed structures."
      },
      "modifications": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative, reduced from the original; no crop, color change, upscaling, or generative editing.",
      "source_identified_taxon": "Capsella bursa-pastoris",
      "common_name": "Shepherd’s-purse",
      "source_categories": [
        "Capsella bursa-pastoris",
        "Camelineae in the Northern Hemisphere in April"
      ],
      "download_url": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Herderstasje_bladrozet_%28Capsella_bursa-pastoris%29.jpg/960px-Herderstasje_bladrozet_%28Capsella_bursa-pastoris%29.jpg",
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      "attribution": "Herderstasje bladrozet (Capsella bursa-pastoris).jpg — Rasbak; CC BY-SA 3.0. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Herderstasje_bladrozet_(Capsella_bursa-pastoris).jpg; license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/. Wikimedia server-resized derivative, reduced from the original; no crop, color change, upscaling, or generative editing.",
      "original_dimensions": {
        "width": 1109,
        "height": 1246
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      "modification_history": [
        {
          "date": "2026-09-06",
          "operation": "Wikimedia thumbnail resizing",
          "details": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative, reduced from the original; no crop, color change, upscaling, or generative editing.",
          "source_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/95/Herderstasje_bladrozet_%28Capsella_bursa-pastoris%29.jpg",
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      ],
      "creator_as_extracted": "",
      "creator_verification": "Source says picture taken by myself; original file-history upload and accompanying own-photo statement identify Rasbak.",
      "identity_notes": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Source-identified C. bursa-pastoris. Rosette leaves vary greatly and overlap other mustards; the distinctive fruits and floral characters provide stronger identification than rosette shape alone.",
      "caption": "A flat basal rosette of deeply lobed leaves spreads over bare soil.",
      "alt_text": "Shepherd’s-purse: a flat basal rosette of deeply lobed leaves spreads over bare soil.",
      "retrieval_date": "2026-09-06",
      "source_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Herderstasje_bladrozet_(Capsella_bursa-pastoris).jpg",
      "source_processing_notes": "Photographic reference; any source-added scale, specimen arrangement or macro framing is part of the original image.",
      "plant_id": "shepherds-purse",
      "path": "assets/photos/coverage-garden-photos-capsella-bursa-pastoris-06-01-rosette.jpg",
      "file": "assets/photos/coverage-garden-photos-capsella-bursa-pastoris-06-01-rosette.jpg",
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      "alt": "Shepherd’s-purse: a flat basal rosette of deeply lobed leaves spreads over bare soil.",
      "identification_note": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Source-identified C. bursa-pastoris. Rosette leaves vary greatly and overlap other mustards; the distinctive fruits and floral characters provide stronger identification than rosette shape alone.",
      "changes": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative, reduced from the original; no crop, color change, upscaling, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; catalog preview may use a CSS crop.",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06",
      "source_manifest_sha256": "61b4553895db6855f3994935dac944671a1225bf4369993569192b0907a77610",
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        "changes": "Scaled within 640 by 640 pixels and converted to WebP at quality 82. No crop or generative changes to file; CSS may crop catalog display.",
        "license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/"
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    },
    {
      "id": "coverage-garden-photos-06-06",
      "taxon": "Capsella bursa-pastoris",
      "feature": "habit",
      "visible_feature": "Whole plant laid against a plain surface, with a basal rosette and slender branching flowering stalks.",
      "title": "File:Starr 070308-5329 Capsella bursa-pastoris.jpg",
      "creator": "Forest & Kim Starr",
      "license": "CC BY 3.0",
      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0",
      "available_licenses": [
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      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Starr_070308-5329_Capsella_bursa-pastoris.jpg",
      "original_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/84/Starr_070308-5329_Capsella_bursa-pastoris.jpg",
      "source_description": "English: Capsella bursa-pastoris (plant on asphalt). Location: Maui, Kula",
      "source_credit": "Plants of Hawaii, Image 070308-5329 from http://www.hear.org/starr/plants/images/image/?q=070308-5329",
      "access_date": "2026-09-06",
      "identity_verification": {
        "method": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
        "scientific_name": "Capsella bursa-pastoris",
        "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Starr_070308-5329_Capsella_bursa-pastoris.jpg",
        "visible_features_checked": "Whole plant laid against a plain surface, with a basal rosette and slender branching flowering stalks.",
        "species_complex_caveat": "Source-identified C. bursa-pastoris. Rosette leaves vary greatly and overlap other mustards; the distinctive fruits and floral characters provide stronger identification than rosette shape alone.",
        "photographed_in_colorado_claimed": false,
        "source_identified_taxon": "Capsella bursa-pastoris",
        "source_categories": [
          "Capsella bursa-pastoris (non-native)",
          "Camelineae in the Northern Hemisphere in March",
          "Brassicales in Hawaii in March",
          "Brassicaceae in Hawaii",
          "Brassicales in Maui"
        ],
        "source_identification_basis": "Source description/title and displayed scientific taxon category agree with the subject; the visible form was reviewed. This preserves the source identification and is not an independent specimen determination."
      },
      "visual_review": {
        "status": "passed",
        "review_date": "2026-09-06",
        "method": "Every final image inspected on three contact sheets at up to 490 pixels per image, with source description, taxon categories, licenses and original dimensions checked. Visible-feature captions match the actual photographed structures."
      },
      "modifications": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative, reduced from the original; no crop, color change, upscaling, or generative editing.",
      "source_identified_taxon": "Capsella bursa-pastoris",
      "common_name": "Shepherd’s-purse",
      "source_categories": [
        "Capsella bursa-pastoris (non-native)",
        "Camelineae in the Northern Hemisphere in March",
        "Brassicales in Hawaii in March",
        "Brassicaceae in Hawaii",
        "Brassicales in Maui"
      ],
      "download_url": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Starr_070308-5329_Capsella_bursa-pastoris.jpg/1280px-Starr_070308-5329_Capsella_bursa-pastoris.jpg",
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      "original_dimensions": {
        "width": 2112,
        "height": 2816
      },
      "modification_history": [
        {
          "date": "2026-09-06",
          "operation": "Wikimedia thumbnail resizing",
          "details": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative, reduced from the original; no crop, color change, upscaling, or generative editing.",
          "source_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/84/Starr_070308-5329_Capsella_bursa-pastoris.jpg",
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        }
      ],
      "identity_notes": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Source-identified C. bursa-pastoris. Rosette leaves vary greatly and overlap other mustards; the distinctive fruits and floral characters provide stronger identification than rosette shape alone.",
      "caption": "Whole plant laid against a plain surface, with a basal rosette and slender branching flowering stalks.",
      "alt_text": "Shepherd’s-purse: whole plant laid against a plain surface, with a basal rosette and slender branching flowering stalks.",
      "retrieval_date": "2026-09-06",
      "source_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Starr_070308-5329_Capsella_bursa-pastoris.jpg",
      "source_processing_notes": "Photographic reference; any source-added scale, specimen arrangement or macro framing is part of the original image.",
      "plant_id": "shepherds-purse",
      "path": "assets/photos/coverage-garden-photos-capsella-bursa-pastoris-06-06-habit.jpg",
      "file": "assets/photos/coverage-garden-photos-capsella-bursa-pastoris-06-06-habit.jpg",
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      "alt": "Shepherd’s-purse: whole plant laid against a plain surface, with a basal rosette and slender branching flowering stalks.",
      "identification_note": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Source-identified C. bursa-pastoris. Rosette leaves vary greatly and overlap other mustards; the distinctive fruits and floral characters provide stronger identification than rosette shape alone.",
      "changes": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative, reduced from the original; no crop, color change, upscaling, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; catalog preview may use a CSS crop.",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06",
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    {
      "id": "coverage-garden-photos-06-16",
      "taxon": "Capsella bursa-pastoris",
      "feature": "fruit-flower",
      "visible_feature": "Triangular heart-shaped green pods line a slender stem below small white flowers.",
      "title": "File:Capsella bursa-pastoris 002.JPG",
      "creator": "H. Zell",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0",
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        {
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        },
        {
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          "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0"
        }
      ],
      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Capsella_bursa-pastoris_002.JPG",
      "original_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2d/Capsella_bursa-pastoris_002.JPG",
      "source_description": "English: Capsella bursa-pastoris , Brassicaceae, Shepherd's Purse, flowers and fuits; Karlsruhe, Germany. The fresh aerial parts of the blooming plant are used in homeopathy as remedy: Capsella bursa-pastoris (Thaspi.) Deutsch: Capsella bursa-pastoris , Brassicaceae, Gewöhnliches Hirtentäschel, Blüten und Früchte; Karlsruhe, Deutschland. Die frischen, oberirdischen Teile der blühenden Pflanzen werden in der Homöopathie als Arzneimittel verwendet: Capsella bursa-pastoris (Thaspi.)",
      "source_credit": "Own work",
      "access_date": "2026-09-06",
      "identity_verification": {
        "method": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
        "scientific_name": "Capsella bursa-pastoris",
        "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Capsella_bursa-pastoris_002.JPG",
        "visible_features_checked": "Triangular heart-shaped green pods line a slender stem below small white flowers.",
        "species_complex_caveat": "Source-identified C. bursa-pastoris. Rosette leaves vary greatly and overlap other mustards; the distinctive fruits and floral characters provide stronger identification than rosette shape alone.",
        "photographed_in_colorado_claimed": false,
        "source_identified_taxon": "Capsella bursa-pastoris",
        "source_categories": [
          "Capsella bursa-pastoris (fruit)",
          "Native plants and neophytes in Karlsruhe",
          "Flora of Karlsruhe in May",
          "Brassicaceae in Karlsruhe",
          "Camelineae in the Northern Hemisphere in May 2009",
          "Capsella bursa-pastoris (flowers)"
        ],
        "source_identification_basis": "Source description/title and displayed scientific taxon category agree with the subject; the visible form was reviewed. This preserves the source identification and is not an independent specimen determination."
      },
      "visual_review": {
        "status": "passed",
        "review_date": "2026-09-06",
        "method": "Every final image inspected on three contact sheets at up to 490 pixels per image, with source description, taxon categories, licenses and original dimensions checked. Visible-feature captions match the actual photographed structures."
      },
      "modifications": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative, reduced from the original; no crop, color change, upscaling, or generative editing.",
      "source_identified_taxon": "Capsella bursa-pastoris",
      "common_name": "Shepherd’s-purse",
      "source_categories": [
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        "Native plants and neophytes in Karlsruhe",
        "Flora of Karlsruhe in May",
        "Brassicaceae in Karlsruhe",
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        "Capsella bursa-pastoris (flowers)"
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      "attribution": "Capsella bursa-pastoris 002.JPG — H. Zell; CC BY-SA 3.0. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Capsella_bursa-pastoris_002.JPG; license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0. Wikimedia server-resized derivative, reduced from the original; no crop, color change, upscaling, or generative editing.",
      "original_dimensions": {
        "width": 1313,
        "height": 1752
      },
      "modification_history": [
        {
          "date": "2026-09-06",
          "operation": "Wikimedia thumbnail resizing",
          "details": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative, reduced from the original; no crop, color change, upscaling, or generative editing.",
          "source_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2d/Capsella_bursa-pastoris_002.JPG",
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      ],
      "identity_notes": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Source-identified C. bursa-pastoris. Rosette leaves vary greatly and overlap other mustards; the distinctive fruits and floral characters provide stronger identification than rosette shape alone.",
      "caption": "Triangular heart-shaped green pods line a slender stem below small white flowers.",
      "alt_text": "Shepherd’s-purse: triangular heart-shaped green pods line a slender stem below small white flowers.",
      "retrieval_date": "2026-09-06",
      "source_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Capsella_bursa-pastoris_002.JPG",
      "source_processing_notes": "Photographic reference; any source-added scale, specimen arrangement or macro framing is part of the original image.",
      "plant_id": "shepherds-purse",
      "path": "assets/photos/coverage-garden-photos-capsella-bursa-pastoris-06-16-fruit-flower.jpg",
      "file": "assets/photos/coverage-garden-photos-capsella-bursa-pastoris-06-16-fruit-flower.jpg",
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      "alt": "Shepherd’s-purse: triangular heart-shaped green pods line a slender stem below small white flowers.",
      "identification_note": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Source-identified C. bursa-pastoris. Rosette leaves vary greatly and overlap other mustards; the distinctive fruits and floral characters provide stronger identification than rosette shape alone.",
      "changes": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative, reduced from the original; no crop, color change, upscaling, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; catalog preview may use a CSS crop.",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06",
      "source_manifest_sha256": "61b4553895db6855f3994935dac944671a1225bf4369993569192b0907a77610",
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    },
    {
      "id": "coverage-garden-photos-07-08",
      "taxon": "Lactuca serriola",
      "feature": "flower",
      "visible_feature": "A pale yellow flower head composed of narrow strap-shaped florets.",
      "title": "File:Kompassla 08-07-2006 9.38.20.JPG",
      "creator": "Teun Spaans (TeunSpaans)",
      "license": "Public domain",
      "license_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kompassla_08-07-2006_9.38.20.JPG#Licensing",
      "available_licenses": [
        {
          "name": "Public domain",
          "url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:Copyright_tags"
        }
      ],
      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kompassla_08-07-2006_9.38.20.JPG",
      "original_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/91/Kompassla_08-07-2006_9.38.20.JPG",
      "source_description": "Nederlands: Deze foto toont een bloem van de nl:kompassla English: This photo shows a flower of Lactuca serriola",
      "source_credit": "Nederlands: Ik nam de foto op de Leyweg in Den Haag English: I took this photo in The Hague",
      "access_date": "2026-09-06",
      "identity_verification": {
        "method": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
        "scientific_name": "Lactuca serriola",
        "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kompassla_08-07-2006_9.38.20.JPG",
        "visible_features_checked": "A pale yellow flower head composed of narrow strap-shaped florets.",
        "species_complex_caveat": "Source-identified L. serriola. Leaf lobing varies, and related wild lettuces may share a prickly midrib; the photograph is a reference, not a determination of an unknown specimen.",
        "photographed_in_colorado_claimed": false,
        "source_identified_taxon": "Lactuca serriola",
        "source_categories": [
          "Lactuca serriola (flowers)",
          "Leyweg, The Hague",
          "Flora of The Hague",
          "Cichorioideae in the Netherlands",
          "Flora of the Netherlands in July",
          "Cichorioideae in the Northern Hemisphere in July",
          "2006 in The Hague"
        ],
        "source_identification_basis": "Source description/title and displayed scientific taxon category agree with the subject; the visible form was reviewed. This preserves the source identification and is not an independent specimen determination."
      },
      "visual_review": {
        "status": "passed",
        "review_date": "2026-09-06",
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      },
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        "Flora of the Netherlands in July",
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      "id": "coverage-garden-photos-08-01",
      "taxon": "Melilotus officinalis",
      "feature": "flower",
      "visible_feature": "Small yellow pea-like flowers hang along a narrow elongated raceme.",
      "title": "File:MELILOTUS OFFICINALIS - LLANERA - IB-549 (Melilot).JPG",
      "creator": "Isidre blanc",
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      "taxon": "Melilotus officinalis",
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      "visible_feature": "A branching leafy plant with many slender yellow flower racemes at a path edge.",
      "title": "File:Melilotus officinalis Citroengele honingklaver plant.jpg",
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      "source_description": "Melilotus officinalis (nl:Citroengele honingklaver plant]]",
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        "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Melilotus_officinalis_Citroengele_honingklaver_plant.jpg",
        "visible_features_checked": "A branching leafy plant with many slender yellow flower racemes at a path edge.",
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      "source_categories": [
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      "caption": "A branching leafy plant with many slender yellow flower racemes at a path edge.",
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      "source_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Melilotus_officinalis_Citroengele_honingklaver_plant.jpg",
      "source_processing_notes": "Photographic reference; any source-added scale, specimen arrangement or macro framing is part of the original image.",
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      "changes": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative, reduced from the original; no crop, color change, upscaling, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; catalog preview may use a CSS crop.",
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      "taxon": "Melilotus officinalis",
      "feature": "foliage",
      "visible_feature": "Compound leaves with three finely toothed leaflets along upright branching green stems.",
      "title": "File:Melilotus officinalis Citroengele honingklaver blad.jpg",
      "creator": "Rasbak",
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      "source_description": "Melilotus officinalis (nl:Citroengele honingklaver blad]]",
      "source_credit": "Own work",
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        "method": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
        "scientific_name": "Melilotus officinalis",
        "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Melilotus_officinalis_Citroengele_honingklaver_blad.jpg",
        "visible_features_checked": "Compound leaves with three finely toothed leaflets along upright branching green stems.",
        "species_complex_caveat": "Source-identified M. officinalis. Related yellow-flowered sweetclovers require reproductive characters for confident determination; flower color by itself is not species-specific.",
        "photographed_in_colorado_claimed": false,
        "source_identified_taxon": "Melilotus officinalis",
        "source_categories": [
          "Melilotus officinalis (leaves)"
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        "source_identification_basis": "Source description/title and displayed scientific taxon category agree with the subject; the visible form was reviewed. This preserves the source identification and is not an independent specimen determination."
      },
      "visual_review": {
        "status": "passed",
        "review_date": "2026-09-06",
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      },
      "modifications": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative, reduced from the original; no crop, color change, upscaling, or generative editing.",
      "source_identified_taxon": "Melilotus officinalis",
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      "source_categories": [
        "Melilotus officinalis (leaves)"
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      "download_url": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Melilotus_officinalis_Citroengele_honingklaver_blad.jpg/960px-Melilotus_officinalis_Citroengele_honingklaver_blad.jpg",
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      "identity_notes": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Source-identified M. officinalis. Related yellow-flowered sweetclovers require reproductive characters for confident determination; flower color by itself is not species-specific.",
      "caption": "Compound leaves with three finely toothed leaflets along upright branching green stems.",
      "alt_text": "Yellow sweetclover: compound leaves with three finely toothed leaflets along upright branching green stems.",
      "retrieval_date": "2026-09-06",
      "source_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Melilotus_officinalis_Citroengele_honingklaver_blad.jpg",
      "source_processing_notes": "Photographic reference; any source-added scale, specimen arrangement or macro framing is part of the original image.",
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      "path": "assets/photos/coverage-garden-photos-melilotus-officinalis-08-13-foliage.jpg",
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      "changes": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative, reduced from the original; no crop, color change, upscaling, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; catalog preview may use a CSS crop.",
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    {
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      "taxon": "Oxalis corniculata",
      "feature": "habit",
      "visible_feature": "A low leafy patch of creeping woodsorrel with small yellow flowers.",
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      "creator": "Forest & Kim Starr",
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      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0",
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      "original_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/67/Starr_050404-5397_Oxalis_corniculata.jpg",
      "source_description": "English: Oxalis corniculata (flowers). Location: Maui, Mokeehia",
      "source_credit": "Plants of Hawaii, Image 050404-5397 from http://www.hear.org/starr/plants/images/image/?q=050404-5397",
      "access_date": "2026-09-06",
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        "method": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
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        "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Starr_050404-5397_Oxalis_corniculata.jpg",
        "visible_features_checked": "A low leafy patch of creeping woodsorrel with small yellow flowers.",
        "species_complex_caveat": "Source-identified O. corniculata, including purple-leaved forms where shown. Related yellow-flowered Oxalis can resemble it; habit, stipules, hairs and fruits may be needed to identify an unknown specimen. No cultivar determination is made.",
        "photographed_in_colorado_claimed": false,
        "source_identified_taxon": "Oxalis corniculata",
        "source_categories": [
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          "Mokeehia (islet)"
        ],
        "source_identification_basis": "Source description/title and displayed scientific taxon category agree with the subject; the visible form was reviewed. This preserves the source identification and is not an independent specimen determination."
      },
      "visual_review": {
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        "method": "Every final image inspected on three contact sheets at up to 490 pixels per image, with source description, taxon categories, licenses and original dimensions checked. Visible-feature captions match the actual photographed structures."
      },
      "modifications": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative, reduced from the original; no crop, color change, upscaling, or generative editing.",
      "source_identified_taxon": "Oxalis corniculata",
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        "Flora of Maui",
        "Mokeehia (islet)"
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      "download_url": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Starr_050404-5397_Oxalis_corniculata.jpg/1280px-Starr_050404-5397_Oxalis_corniculata.jpg",
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      "identity_notes": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Source-identified O. corniculata, including purple-leaved forms where shown. Related yellow-flowered Oxalis can resemble it; habit, stipules, hairs and fruits may be needed to identify an unknown specimen. No cultivar determination is made.",
      "caption": "A low leafy patch of creeping woodsorrel with small yellow flowers.",
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      "changes": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative, reduced from the original; no crop, color change, upscaling, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; catalog preview may use a CSS crop.",
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    {
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      "feature": "flower",
      "visible_feature": "A yellow five-petaled flower with fine reddish veins near the center.",
      "title": "File:Oxalis corniculata - blossom top (aka).jpg",
      "creator": "André Karwath aka Aka",
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      "source_description": "Oxalis corniculata - blossom top (aka).jpg Oxalis corniculata English: This image shows a Yellow Wood Sorrel ( Oxalis corniculata ). Deutsch: Dieses Bild zeigt den Hornfrüchtigen Sauerklee ( Oxalis corniculata ). Camera data Camera Nikon D70 Lens Tamron SP AF 90mm/2.8 Di Macro 1:1 Flash Nikon Speedlight SB-800 Focal length 90 mm Aperture f/32 Exposure time 1/60 s Sensivity ISO 200",
      "source_credit": "Own work",
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        "method": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
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        "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Oxalis_corniculata_-_blossom_top_(aka).jpg",
        "visible_features_checked": "A yellow five-petaled flower with fine reddish veins near the center.",
        "species_complex_caveat": "Source-identified O. corniculata, including purple-leaved forms where shown. Related yellow-flowered Oxalis can resemble it; habit, stipules, hairs and fruits may be needed to identify an unknown specimen. No cultivar determination is made.",
        "photographed_in_colorado_claimed": false,
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        "source_identification_basis": "Source description/title and displayed scientific taxon category agree with the subject; the visible form was reviewed. This preserves the source identification and is not an independent specimen determination."
      },
      "visual_review": {
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      "modifications": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative, reduced from the original; no crop, color change, upscaling, or generative editing.",
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      "download_url": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Oxalis_corniculata_-_blossom_top_%28aka%29.jpg/1280px-Oxalis_corniculata_-_blossom_top_%28aka%29.jpg",
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          "result_url": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Oxalis_corniculata_-_blossom_top_%28aka%29.jpg/1280px-Oxalis_corniculata_-_blossom_top_%28aka%29.jpg"
        }
      ],
      "identity_notes": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Source-identified O. corniculata, including purple-leaved forms where shown. Related yellow-flowered Oxalis can resemble it; habit, stipules, hairs and fruits may be needed to identify an unknown specimen. No cultivar determination is made.",
      "caption": "A yellow five-petaled flower with fine reddish veins near the center.",
      "alt_text": "Creeping woodsorrel: a yellow five-petaled flower with fine reddish veins near the center.",
      "retrieval_date": "2026-09-06",
      "source_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Oxalis_corniculata_-_blossom_top_(aka).jpg",
      "source_processing_notes": "Photographic reference; any source-added scale, specimen arrangement or macro framing is part of the original image.",
      "plant_id": "creeping-woodsorrel",
      "path": "assets/photos/coverage-garden-photos-oxalis-corniculata-09-08-flower.jpg",
      "file": "assets/photos/coverage-garden-photos-oxalis-corniculata-09-08-flower.jpg",
      "width": 1280,
      "height": 1161,
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      "alt": "Creeping woodsorrel: a yellow five-petaled flower with fine reddish veins near the center.",
      "identification_note": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Source-identified O. corniculata, including purple-leaved forms where shown. Related yellow-flowered Oxalis can resemble it; habit, stipules, hairs and fruits may be needed to identify an unknown specimen. No cultivar determination is made.",
      "changes": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative, reduced from the original; no crop, color change, upscaling, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; catalog preview may use a CSS crop.",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06",
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    {
      "id": "coverage-garden-photos-09-36",
      "taxon": "Oxalis corniculata",
      "feature": "fruit",
      "visible_feature": "An elongated pointed green capsule with fine surface hairs on a curved stalk, photographed with a 10 mm scale.",
      "title": "File:Oxalis corniculata sl12.jpg",
      "creator": "Stefan.lefnaer",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0",
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        {
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          "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0"
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      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Oxalis_corniculata_sl12.jpg",
      "original_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9d/Oxalis_corniculata_sl12.jpg",
      "source_description": "Deutsch: Früchte mit zurückgeschlagenen Stielen Taxonym: Oxalis corniculata ss Fischer et al. EfÖLS 2008 ISBN 978-3-85474-187-9 Fundort: Fahrbachgasse, Wien-Floridsdorf - ca. 160 m ü. A. Standort: Pflasterritze English: Fruits Taxonym: Oxalis corniculata ss Fischer et al. EfÖLS 2008 ISBN 978-3-85474-187-9 Location: Fahrbachgasse, Vienna-Floridsdorf - ca. 160 m a.s.l. Habitat: gap in road surface",
      "source_credit": "Own work",
      "access_date": "2026-09-06",
      "identity_verification": {
        "method": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
        "scientific_name": "Oxalis corniculata",
        "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Oxalis_corniculata_sl12.jpg",
        "visible_features_checked": "An elongated pointed green capsule with fine surface hairs on a curved stalk, photographed with a 10 mm scale.",
        "species_complex_caveat": "Source-identified O. corniculata, including purple-leaved forms where shown. Related yellow-flowered Oxalis can resemble it; habit, stipules, hairs and fruits may be needed to identify an unknown specimen. No cultivar determination is made.",
        "photographed_in_colorado_claimed": false,
        "source_identified_taxon": "Oxalis corniculata",
        "source_categories": [
          "Oxalis corniculata (fruit)",
          "Flora of Floridsdorf",
          "Flora of Austria in April",
          "Pannonian Flora"
        ],
        "source_identification_basis": "Source description/title and displayed scientific taxon category agree with the subject; the visible form was reviewed. This preserves the source identification and is not an independent specimen determination."
      },
      "visual_review": {
        "status": "passed",
        "review_date": "2026-09-06",
        "method": "Every final image inspected on three contact sheets at up to 490 pixels per image, with source description, taxon categories, licenses and original dimensions checked. Visible-feature captions match the actual photographed structures."
      },
      "modifications": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative, reduced from the original; no crop, color change, upscaling, or generative editing.",
      "source_identified_taxon": "Oxalis corniculata",
      "common_name": "Creeping woodsorrel",
      "source_categories": [
        "Oxalis corniculata (fruit)",
        "Flora of Floridsdorf",
        "Flora of Austria in April",
        "Pannonian Flora"
      ],
      "download_url": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Oxalis_corniculata_sl12.jpg/1280px-Oxalis_corniculata_sl12.jpg",
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      "modification_history": [
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          "date": "2026-09-06",
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          "details": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative, reduced from the original; no crop, color change, upscaling, or generative editing.",
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          "result_url": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Oxalis_corniculata_sl12.jpg/1280px-Oxalis_corniculata_sl12.jpg"
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      ],
      "identity_notes": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Source-identified O. corniculata, including purple-leaved forms where shown. Related yellow-flowered Oxalis can resemble it; habit, stipules, hairs and fruits may be needed to identify an unknown specimen. No cultivar determination is made.",
      "caption": "An elongated pointed green capsule with fine surface hairs on a curved stalk, photographed with a 10 mm scale.",
      "alt_text": "Creeping woodsorrel: an elongated pointed green capsule with fine surface hairs on a curved stalk, photographed with a 10 mm scale.",
      "retrieval_date": "2026-09-06",
      "source_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Oxalis_corniculata_sl12.jpg",
      "source_processing_notes": "Photographic reference; any source-added scale, specimen arrangement or macro framing is part of the original image.",
      "plant_id": "creeping-woodsorrel",
      "path": "assets/photos/coverage-garden-photos-oxalis-corniculata-09-36-fruit.jpg",
      "file": "assets/photos/coverage-garden-photos-oxalis-corniculata-09-36-fruit.jpg",
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      "identification_note": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Source-identified O. corniculata, including purple-leaved forms where shown. Related yellow-flowered Oxalis can resemble it; habit, stipules, hairs and fruits may be needed to identify an unknown specimen. No cultivar determination is made.",
      "changes": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative, reduced from the original; no crop, color change, upscaling, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; catalog preview may use a CSS crop.",
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    {
      "id": "coverage-garden-photos-10-01",
      "taxon": "Trifolium repens",
      "feature": "flower",
      "visible_feature": "A rounded flower head of small white pea-like florets on a slender stalk.",
      "title": "File:Trifolium repens inflorescence - Niitvälja.jpg",
      "creator": "Ivar Leidus",
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      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0",
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      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Trifolium_repens_inflorescence_-_Niitv%C3%A4lja.jpg",
      "original_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0d/Trifolium_repens_inflorescence_-_Niitv%C3%A4lja.jpg",
      "source_description": "Eesti : Valge ristiku õisik (Ø15–20 mm) kaetud hommikukastega English : White clover inflorescence (Ø15–20 mm) covered with morning dew",
      "source_credit": "Own work",
      "access_date": "2026-09-06",
      "identity_verification": {
        "method": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
        "scientific_name": "Trifolium repens",
        "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Trifolium_repens_inflorescence_-_Niitv%C3%A4lja.jpg",
        "visible_features_checked": "A rounded flower head of small white pea-like florets on a slender stalk.",
        "species_complex_caveat": "Source-identified T. repens. Leaf markings can vary or be absent; three leaflets and pale crescents alone do not establish a specimen’s identity or cultivar.",
        "photographed_in_colorado_claimed": false,
        "source_identified_taxon": "Trifolium repens",
        "source_categories": [
          "Focus stacked image",
          "Trifolium repens (flowers)",
          "Nature of Lääne-Harju Parish",
          "Focus stacking images of flowers",
          "Dew on plants",
          "White flowers on green background"
        ],
        "source_identification_basis": "Source description/title and displayed scientific taxon category agree with the subject; the visible form was reviewed. This preserves the source identification and is not an independent specimen determination."
      },
      "visual_review": {
        "status": "passed",
        "review_date": "2026-09-06",
        "method": "Every final image inspected on three contact sheets at up to 490 pixels per image, with source description, taxon categories, licenses and original dimensions checked. Visible-feature captions match the actual photographed structures."
      },
      "modifications": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative, reduced from the original; no crop, color change, upscaling, or generative editing.",
      "source_identified_taxon": "Trifolium repens",
      "common_name": "White clover",
      "source_categories": [
        "Focus stacked image",
        "Trifolium repens (flowers)",
        "Nature of Lääne-Harju Parish",
        "Focus stacking images of flowers",
        "Dew on plants",
        "White flowers on green background"
      ],
      "download_url": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Trifolium_repens_inflorescence_-_Niitv%C3%A4lja.jpg/1280px-Trifolium_repens_inflorescence_-_Niitv%C3%A4lja.jpg",
      "dimensions": {
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      "original_dimensions": {
        "width": 4000,
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      "modification_history": [
        {
          "date": null,
          "operation": "Source photographer focus stacking",
          "details": "Commons explicitly categorizes this original as a focus-stacked photograph; source focus stacking combines photographic focal planes. No generative editing was performed for this catalog.",
          "source_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Trifolium_repens_inflorescence_-_Niitv%C3%A4lja.jpg"
        },
        {
          "date": "2026-09-06",
          "operation": "Wikimedia thumbnail resizing",
          "details": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative, reduced from the original; no crop, color change, upscaling, or generative editing.",
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      ],
      "identity_notes": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Source-identified T. repens. Leaf markings can vary or be absent; three leaflets and pale crescents alone do not establish a specimen’s identity or cultivar.",
      "caption": "A rounded flower head of small white pea-like florets on a slender stalk.",
      "alt_text": "White clover: a rounded flower head of small white pea-like florets on a slender stalk.",
      "retrieval_date": "2026-09-06",
      "source_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Trifolium_repens_inflorescence_-_Niitv%C3%A4lja.jpg",
      "source_processing_notes": "Commons explicitly categorizes this original as a focus-stacked photograph; source focus stacking combines photographic focal planes. No generative editing was performed for this catalog.",
      "plant_id": "white-clover",
      "path": "assets/photos/coverage-garden-photos-trifolium-repens-10-01-flower.jpg",
      "file": "assets/photos/coverage-garden-photos-trifolium-repens-10-01-flower.jpg",
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      "identification_note": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Source-identified T. repens. Leaf markings can vary or be absent; three leaflets and pale crescents alone do not establish a specimen’s identity or cultivar.",
      "changes": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative, reduced from the original; no crop, color change, upscaling, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; catalog preview may use a CSS crop.",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06",
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    },
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      "taxon": "Trifolium repens",
      "feature": "habit",
      "visible_feature": "A dense low rounded patch of white clover with many pale flower heads in grass.",
      "title": "File:Trifolium repens 001.JPG",
      "creator": "H. Zell",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0",
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          "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0"
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      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Trifolium_repens_001.JPG",
      "original_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f4/Trifolium_repens_001.JPG",
      "source_description": "English: Trifolium repens , Fabaceae, White clover, habitus. Karlsruhe, Germany. Deutsch: Trifolium repens , Fabaceae, Weiß-Klee, Kriech-Klee, Habitus. Karlsruhe, Deutschland.",
      "source_credit": "Own work",
      "access_date": "2026-09-06",
      "identity_verification": {
        "method": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
        "scientific_name": "Trifolium repens",
        "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Trifolium_repens_001.JPG",
        "visible_features_checked": "A dense low rounded patch of white clover with many pale flower heads in grass.",
        "species_complex_caveat": "Source-identified T. repens. Leaf markings can vary or be absent; three leaflets and pale crescents alone do not establish a specimen’s identity or cultivar.",
        "photographed_in_colorado_claimed": false,
        "source_identified_taxon": "Trifolium repens",
        "source_categories": [
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          "Trifolium repens in Baden-Württemberg"
        ],
        "source_identification_basis": "Source description/title and displayed scientific taxon category agree with the subject; the visible form was reviewed. This preserves the source identification and is not an independent specimen determination."
      },
      "visual_review": {
        "status": "passed",
        "review_date": "2026-09-06",
        "method": "Every final image inspected on three contact sheets at up to 490 pixels per image, with source description, taxon categories, licenses and original dimensions checked. Visible-feature captions match the actual photographed structures."
      },
      "modifications": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative, reduced from the original; no crop, color change, upscaling, or generative editing.",
      "source_identified_taxon": "Trifolium repens",
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      "source_categories": [
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        "Trifolium repens in Baden-Württemberg"
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          "source_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f4/Trifolium_repens_001.JPG",
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      ],
      "identity_notes": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Source-identified T. repens. Leaf markings can vary or be absent; three leaflets and pale crescents alone do not establish a specimen’s identity or cultivar.",
      "caption": "A dense low rounded patch of white clover with many pale flower heads in grass.",
      "alt_text": "White clover: a dense low rounded patch of white clover with many pale flower heads in grass.",
      "retrieval_date": "2026-09-06",
      "source_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Trifolium_repens_001.JPG",
      "source_processing_notes": "Photographic reference; any source-added scale, specimen arrangement or macro framing is part of the original image.",
      "plant_id": "white-clover",
      "path": "assets/photos/coverage-garden-photos-trifolium-repens-10-12-habit.jpg",
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      "alt": "White clover: a dense low rounded patch of white clover with many pale flower heads in grass.",
      "identification_note": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Source-identified T. repens. Leaf markings can vary or be absent; three leaflets and pale crescents alone do not establish a specimen’s identity or cultivar.",
      "changes": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative, reduced from the original; no crop, color change, upscaling, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; catalog preview may use a CSS crop.",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06",
      "source_manifest_sha256": "61b4553895db6855f3994935dac944671a1225bf4369993569192b0907a77610",
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    },
    {
      "id": "coverage-garden-photos-10-40",
      "taxon": "Trifolium repens",
      "feature": "mature-head",
      "visible_feature": "A mature drooping flower head with brown papery florets beneath green calyces, photographed with a 10 mm scale.",
      "title": "File:Trifolium repens (subsp. repens) sl10.jpg",
      "creator": "Stefan.lefnaer",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0",
      "available_licenses": [
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          "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0"
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      ],
      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Trifolium_repens_(subsp._repens)_sl10.jpg",
      "original_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0a/Trifolium_repens_%28subsp._repens%29_sl10.jpg",
      "source_description": "Deutsch: Fruchtstand Taxonym: Trifolium repens (subsp. repens) ss Fischer et al. EfÖLS 2008 ISBN 978-3-85474-187-9 Fundort: Neue Donau, Wien-Floridsdorf - ca. 160 m ü. A. Standort: Trockene Wiese English: Infructescence Taxonym: Trifolium repens (subsp. repens) ss Fischer et al. EfÖLS 2008 ISBN 978-3-85474-187-9 Location: Neue Donau, Vienna-Floridsdorf - ca. 160 m a.s.l. Habitat: dry meadows",
      "source_credit": "Own work",
      "access_date": "2026-09-06",
      "identity_verification": {
        "method": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
        "scientific_name": "Trifolium repens",
        "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Trifolium_repens_(subsp._repens)_sl10.jpg",
        "visible_features_checked": "A mature drooping flower head with brown papery florets beneath green calyces, photographed with a 10 mm scale.",
        "species_complex_caveat": "Source-identified T. repens. Leaf markings can vary or be absent; three leaflets and pale crescents alone do not establish a specimen’s identity or cultivar.",
        "photographed_in_colorado_claimed": false,
        "source_identified_taxon": "Trifolium repens (subsp. repens)",
        "source_categories": [
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          "Flora of Donauinsel",
          "Flora of Austria in August",
          "Flora of Vienna",
          "Pannonian Flora"
        ],
        "source_identification_basis": "Source description/title and displayed scientific taxon category agree with the subject; the visible form was reviewed. This preserves the source identification and is not an independent specimen determination."
      },
      "visual_review": {
        "status": "passed",
        "review_date": "2026-09-06",
        "method": "Every final image inspected on three contact sheets at up to 490 pixels per image, with source description, taxon categories, licenses and original dimensions checked. Visible-feature captions match the actual photographed structures."
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      "modifications": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative, reduced from the original; no crop, color change, upscaling, or generative editing.",
      "source_identified_taxon": "Trifolium repens (subsp. repens)",
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        "Flora of Donauinsel",
        "Flora of Austria in August",
        "Flora of Vienna",
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      "modification_history": [
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      ],
      "identity_notes": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Source-identified T. repens. Leaf markings can vary or be absent; three leaflets and pale crescents alone do not establish a specimen’s identity or cultivar.",
      "caption": "A mature drooping flower head with brown papery florets beneath green calyces, photographed with a 10 mm scale.",
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      "source_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Trifolium_repens_(subsp._repens)_sl10.jpg",
      "source_processing_notes": "Photographic reference; any source-added scale, specimen arrangement or macro framing is part of the original image.",
      "plant_id": "white-clover",
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      "identification_note": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Source-identified T. repens. Leaf markings can vary or be absent; three leaflets and pale crescents alone do not establish a specimen’s identity or cultivar.",
      "changes": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative, reduced from the original; no crop, color change, upscaling, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; catalog preview may use a CSS crop.",
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    {
      "id": "coverage-garden-photos-11-03",
      "taxon": "Viola sororia",
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      "visible_feature": "A single violet flower with purple-and-pale petals and darker veins leading toward its center.",
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      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0",
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      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Viola_sororia_color_variation.jpg",
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      "source_credit": "Own work",
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        "method": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
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        "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Viola_sororia_color_variation.jpg",
        "visible_features_checked": "A single violet flower with purple-and-pale petals and darker veins leading toward its center.",
        "species_complex_caveat": "Source-identified V. sororia, a variable violet with differing flower colors and taxonomic treatments. Similar stemless violets and hybrids require additional characters; no cultivar, segregate taxon, or hybrid status is determined from these photographs.",
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        ],
        "source_identification_basis": "Source description/title and displayed scientific taxon category agree with the subject; the visible form was reviewed. This preserves the source identification and is not an independent specimen determination."
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      "visual_review": {
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        "review_date": "2026-09-06",
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      },
      "modifications": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative, reduced from the original; no crop, color change, upscaling, or generative editing.",
      "source_identified_taxon": "Viola sororia",
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      "identity_notes": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Source-identified V. sororia, a variable violet with differing flower colors and taxonomic treatments. Similar stemless violets and hybrids require additional characters; no cultivar, segregate taxon, or hybrid status is determined from these photographs.",
      "caption": "A single violet flower with purple-and-pale petals and darker veins leading toward its center.",
      "alt_text": "Common blue violet: a single violet flower with purple-and-pale petals and darker veins leading toward its center.",
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      "source_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Viola_sororia_color_variation.jpg",
      "source_processing_notes": "Photographic reference; any source-added scale, specimen arrangement or macro framing is part of the original image.",
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      "changes": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative, reduced from the original; no crop, color change, upscaling, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; catalog preview may use a CSS crop.",
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        "visible_features_checked": "Broad heart-shaped green leaves with toothed edges and radiating veins.",
        "species_complex_caveat": "Source-identified V. sororia, a variable violet with differing flower colors and taxonomic treatments. Similar stemless violets and hybrids require additional characters; no cultivar, segregate taxon, or hybrid status is determined from these photographs.",
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      "visual_review": {
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      },
      "modifications": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative, reduced from the original; no crop, color change, upscaling, or generative editing.",
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      "identity_notes": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination. Source-identified V. sororia, a variable violet with differing flower colors and taxonomic treatments. Similar stemless violets and hybrids require additional characters; no cultivar, segregate taxon, or hybrid status is determined from these photographs.",
      "caption": "Broad heart-shaped green leaves with toothed edges and radiating veins.",
      "alt_text": "Common blue violet: broad heart-shaped green leaves with toothed edges and radiating veins.",
      "retrieval_date": "2026-09-06",
      "source_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Viola_sororia_4.JPG",
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      "changes": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative, reduced from the original; no crop, color change, upscaling, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; catalog preview may use a CSS crop.",
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      "taxon": "Viola sororia",
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      "visible_feature": "A low patch of purple-flowered violets with broad heart-shaped leaves among ground vegetation.",
      "title": "File:2016-04-16 13 18 40 Violets blooming along the West Branch Shabakunk Creek in Ewing, New Jersey.jpg",
      "creator": "Famartin",
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        "method": "Source page scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference image, not a specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
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        "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:2016-04-16_13_18_40_Violets_blooming_along_the_West_Branch_Shabakunk_Creek_in_Ewing,_New_Jersey.jpg",
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        "species_complex_caveat": "Source-identified V. sororia, a variable violet with differing flower colors and taxonomic treatments. Similar stemless violets and hybrids require additional characters; no cultivar, segregate taxon, or hybrid status is determined from these photographs.",
        "photographed_in_colorado_claimed": false,
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        "source_identification_basis": "The source description names violets without a species; its displayed Commons category explicitly identifies Viola sororia. The visible form was reviewed and the category-based source identification is retained, not treated as an independent specimen determination."
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      "visual_review": {
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        "review_date": "2026-09-06",
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      "changes": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative, reduced from the original; no crop, color change, upscaling, or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; catalog preview may use a CSS crop.",
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      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/us/deed.en",
      "source_description": "Stellaria media  (Common chickweed)     \n  Flowers and leaves at Hawea Pl Olinda, Maui, Hawaii.\nMay 19, 2011\n \n   #110519-5604   \n  \n \n   Image Use Policy",
      "source_credit": "starr-110519-5604-Stellaria_media-flowers_and_leaves-Hawea_Pl_Olinda-Maui",
      "source_categories": [
        "Taken with Canon PowerShot SX10 IS",
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      "title": "File:Stellaria media MHNT.BOT.2008.1.33.jpg",
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        "Supported by Projet Phoebus",
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        "Stellaria media (fruit)",
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      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lamium_amplexicaule_-_Flickr_-_aspidoscelis_(1).jpg",
      "original_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/be/Lamium_amplexicaule_-_Flickr_-_aspidoscelis_%281%29.jpg",
      "download_url": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Lamium_amplexicaule_-_Flickr_-_aspidoscelis_%281%29.jpg/960px-Lamium_amplexicaule_-_Flickr_-_aspidoscelis_%281%29.jpg",
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      "source_description": "Lamium amplexicaule  at 1818 E Missouri, S side of the road east of Missouri & Locust, Las Cruces, New Mexico, United States, 27 Feb 2010.",
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        "Flickr images reviewed by FlickreviewR 2",
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    },
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      "source_description": "Ambrosia trifida  - Giant ragweed - growing in a yard in Denton, Texas, USA. This is a fairly large specimen, with many five-lobed leaves, and new growth showing at the top.",
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      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ambrosia_trifida_15-p.bot-ambro.trifi-08.jpg",
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      "source_description": "Nom français : grande herbe à poux. Nom anglais : great ragweed. Tige et feuilles de grande herbe à poux, en milieu naturel.",
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      "source_description": "Nom français : grande herbe à poux. Nom anglais : great ragweed. Plants en fleur (inflorescence) de grande herbe à poux, en millieu naturel.",
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      "source_description": "Sonchus oleraceus , roadside weed, Tempe, Arizona",
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    },
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      "source_description": "Smooth Sowthistle. A middle leaf. What a shape!",
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        "source_identification_basis": "Scientific source identification in file title, description and/or Commons taxon category; visible content checked for consistency."
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      "visual_review": {
        "status": "passed",
        "review_date": "2026-09-06",
        "method": "Every selected image inspected on labelled contact sheets. Replacement images inspected separately on candidate sheets. Captions checked against visible features."
      },
      "modifications": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no local crop, colour change or generative editing.",
      "image_kind": "photograph",
      "original_downloaded": false,
      "license_evidence": "Photo-specific Commons imageinfo licensing metadata retained in raw_source_metadata.",
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      "identification_note": "Source scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference, not an independent specimen-based taxonomic determination. Sow-thistles can overlap in appearance. Source identification is retained; the leaf and fruit views complement the flower view rather than independently proving identity.",
      "changes": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no local crop, colour change or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; catalog preview may use a CSS crop.",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06",
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    },
    {
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      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sonchus_oleraceus_15-p.bot-sonch.olera-19.jpg",
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      "title": "File:Sonchus oleraceus 15-p.bot-sonch.olera-19.jpg",
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      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0",
      "source_description": "Nom français : laiteron potager. Nom anglais : common sow-thistle. Semences (fruits, achaines) de laiteron potager.",
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        "Uploaded with pattypan",
        "Botanical collection of Université Laval",
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      ],
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      ],
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        "method": "Source scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference, not an independent specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
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        "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sonchus_oleraceus_15-p.bot-sonch.olera-19.jpg",
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      "visual_review": {
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      },
      "modifications": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no local crop, colour change or generative editing.",
      "image_kind": "photograph",
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      "changes": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no local crop, colour change or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; catalog preview may use a CSS crop.",
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      "provider": "Wikimedia Commons",
      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:(MHNT)_Sonchus_asper_-_Plant_habit.jpg",
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      "creator": "Didier Descouens",
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        "Supported by Projet Phoebus",
        "Media supported by Wikimedia France",
        "Service Bibliothèque et documentation Muséum de Toulouse - Botanique",
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        "method": "Source scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference, not an independent specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
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      "visual_review": {
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      "changes": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no local crop, colour change or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; catalog preview may use a CSS crop.",
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      "creator_role": "Photographer named in photo attribution.",
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      "creator": "Matt Lavin  from Bozeman, Montana, USA",
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      "source_description": "The fruits (achenes) are not beaked, a distinction of Sonchus relative to Lactuca, and the surfaces are longitudinally nerved, not with traversely arranged bumps (as in certain other Sonchus species).",
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      "source_categories": [
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        "Flickr images reviewed by File Upload Bot (Magnus Manske)",
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        "source_identification_basis": "Scientific source identification in file title, description and/or Commons taxon category; visible content checked for consistency."
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      "visual_review": {
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      "changes": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no local crop, colour change or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; catalog preview may use a CSS crop.",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06",
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      "provider": "Wikimedia Commons",
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      "download_url": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Galium_aparine_kz07.jpg/960px-Galium_aparine_kz07.jpg",
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      "creator": "Krzysztof Ziarnek, Kenraiz",
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      "source_description": "Galium aparine in Świemino near Karlino, NW Poland",
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      "source_identified_taxon": "Galium aparine",
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      "taxon": "Galium aparine",
      "slug": "galium-aparine",
      "access_date": "2026-09-06",
      "dimensions": {
        "width": 960,
        "height": 1280
      },
      "sha256": "06c239ce2f7c2c39d0dd96141eb41dba9bbbd2a8dd7135fcf22a1864f4540738",
      "byte_size": 170959,
      "feature": "flowers and young fruit",
      "visible_feature": "Small white flowers and rounded young fruits at the tip of a prickly leafy shoot.",
      "caption": "Small white flowers and rounded young fruits at the tip of a prickly leafy shoot.",
      "alt_text": "Galium aparine: Small white flowers and rounded young fruits at the tip of a prickly leafy shoot.",
      "requested_synonyms": [],
      "available_licenses": [
        {
          "name": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
          "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0"
        }
      ],
      "identity_verification": {
        "method": "Source scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference, not an independent specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
        "scientific_name": "Galium aparine",
        "requested_taxon": "Galium aparine",
        "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Galium_aparine_kz07.jpg",
        "visible_features_checked": "Small white flowers and rounded young fruits at the tip of a prickly leafy shoot.",
        "species_complex_caveat": "Other bedstraws can have similar whorled leaves. The source identification is retained, with prickles and paired bristly fruits shown where visible.",
        "photographed_in_colorado_claimed": false,
        "colorado_source_evidence": null,
        "source_categories": [
          "Self-published work",
          "Galium aparine in Poland",
          "Galium aparine (flowers)"
        ],
        "source_identification_basis": "Scientific source identification in file title, description and/or Commons taxon category; visible content checked for consistency."
      },
      "visual_review": {
        "status": "passed",
        "review_date": "2026-09-06",
        "method": "Every selected image inspected on labelled contact sheets. Replacement images inspected separately on candidate sheets. Captions checked against visible features."
      },
      "modifications": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no local crop, colour change or generative editing.",
      "image_kind": "photograph",
      "original_downloaded": false,
      "license_evidence": "Photo-specific Commons imageinfo licensing metadata retained in raw_source_metadata.",
      "attribution": "Galium aparine kz07.jpg — Krzysztof Ziarnek, Kenraiz; CC BY-SA 4.0. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Galium_aparine_kz07.jpg; license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no local crop, colour change or generative editing.",
      "plant_id": "catchweed-bedstraw",
      "path": "assets/photos/coverage-hazard-photos-galium-aparine-1.jpg",
      "file": "assets/photos/coverage-hazard-photos-galium-aparine-1.jpg",
      "width": 960,
      "height": 1280,
      "bytes": 170959,
      "alt": "Galium aparine: Small white flowers and rounded young fruits at the tip of a prickly leafy shoot.",
      "identification_note": "Source scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference, not an independent specimen-based taxonomic determination. Other bedstraws can have similar whorled leaves. The source identification is retained, with prickles and paired bristly fruits shown where visible.",
      "changes": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no local crop, colour change or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; catalog preview may use a CSS crop.",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06",
      "source_manifest_sha256": "6673d68207b13f8e018079e51e32d3a1acecd36964387054458370fe09e49e96",
      "gallery_limitations": [],
      "metadata_archive_sha256": "c247e41fbb65eaa35646282050d0342337e162a8db92b83451c67fd77b83af1b",
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        "path": "assets/thumbs/catchweed-bedstraw.webp",
        "width": 480,
        "height": 640,
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        "changes": "Scaled within 640 by 640 pixels and converted to WebP at quality 82. No crop or generative changes to file; CSS may crop catalog display.",
        "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0"
      }
    },
    {
      "provider": "Wikimedia Commons",
      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Galium_aparine_leaf3_(14432916838).jpg",
      "original_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ad/Galium_aparine_leaf3_%2814432916838%29.jpg",
      "download_url": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Galium_aparine_leaf3_%2814432916838%29.jpg/960px-Galium_aparine_leaf3_%2814432916838%29.jpg",
      "title": "File:Galium aparine leaf3 (14432916838).jpg",
      "creator": "Harry Rose  from South West Rocks, Australia",
      "license": "CC BY 2.0",
      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0",
      "source_description": "Introduced, cool-season, annual herb. Stems are more or less stout and to 1.5 m long, with retrorse prickles mainly along the angles and long thin hairs at the nodes. Leaves and stipules are in whorls of 6–9, sessile, simple, oblanceolate and 1–6 cm long; margins have recurved hairs, upper surface and midvein on lower surface have small hooked hairs. Flowerheads are mostly 2–7-flowered. Flowers are to 1 mm long and whitish. Fruit are 3–5 mm long and densely covered with hooked hairs. Flowering is from August to January. A native of Europe, it is a widespread weed.",
      "source_credit": "Galium aparine leaf3",
      "source_categories": [
        "Flickr images reviewed by FlickreviewR",
        "Photographs by Harry Rose",
        "Galium aparine (leaves)",
        "Mucronate leaves"
      ],
      "source_identified_taxon": "Galium aparine",
      "id": "coverage-hazard-photos-07-02",
      "taxon": "Galium aparine",
      "slug": "galium-aparine",
      "access_date": "2026-09-06",
      "dimensions": {
        "width": 960,
        "height": 720
      },
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      "byte_size": 90106,
      "feature": "leaf whorl",
      "visible_feature": "A whorl of narrow leaves viewed from below, with small backward-pointing prickles along the margins.",
      "caption": "A whorl of narrow leaves viewed from below, with small backward-pointing prickles along the margins.",
      "alt_text": "Galium aparine: A whorl of narrow leaves viewed from below, with small backward-pointing prickles along the margins.",
      "requested_synonyms": [],
      "available_licenses": [
        {
          "name": "CC BY 2.0",
          "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0"
        }
      ],
      "identity_verification": {
        "method": "Source scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference, not an independent specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
        "scientific_name": "Galium aparine",
        "requested_taxon": "Galium aparine",
        "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Galium_aparine_leaf3_(14432916838).jpg",
        "visible_features_checked": "A whorl of narrow leaves viewed from below, with small backward-pointing prickles along the margins.",
        "species_complex_caveat": "Other bedstraws can have similar whorled leaves. The source identification is retained, with prickles and paired bristly fruits shown where visible.",
        "photographed_in_colorado_claimed": false,
        "colorado_source_evidence": null,
        "source_categories": [
          "Flickr images reviewed by FlickreviewR",
          "Photographs by Harry Rose",
          "Galium aparine (leaves)",
          "Mucronate leaves"
        ],
        "source_identification_basis": "Scientific source identification in file title, description and/or Commons taxon category; visible content checked for consistency."
      },
      "visual_review": {
        "status": "passed",
        "review_date": "2026-09-06",
        "method": "Every selected image inspected on labelled contact sheets. Replacement images inspected separately on candidate sheets. Captions checked against visible features."
      },
      "modifications": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no local crop, colour change or generative editing.",
      "image_kind": "photograph",
      "original_downloaded": false,
      "license_evidence": "Photo-specific Commons imageinfo licensing metadata retained in raw_source_metadata.",
      "attribution": "Galium aparine leaf3 (14432916838).jpg — Harry Rose  from South West Rocks, Australia; CC BY 2.0. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Galium_aparine_leaf3_(14432916838).jpg; license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no local crop, colour change or generative editing.",
      "plant_id": "catchweed-bedstraw",
      "path": "assets/photos/coverage-hazard-photos-galium-aparine-2.jpg",
      "file": "assets/photos/coverage-hazard-photos-galium-aparine-2.jpg",
      "width": 960,
      "height": 720,
      "bytes": 90106,
      "alt": "Galium aparine: A whorl of narrow leaves viewed from below, with small backward-pointing prickles along the margins.",
      "identification_note": "Source scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference, not an independent specimen-based taxonomic determination. Other bedstraws can have similar whorled leaves. The source identification is retained, with prickles and paired bristly fruits shown where visible.",
      "changes": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no local crop, colour change or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; catalog preview may use a CSS crop.",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06",
      "source_manifest_sha256": "6673d68207b13f8e018079e51e32d3a1acecd36964387054458370fe09e49e96",
      "gallery_limitations": [],
      "metadata_archive_sha256": "5eabed33b0d743279e80862a64f914820ab52d16ffc27b73f52f0d331eeb6ae6"
    },
    {
      "provider": "Wikimedia Commons",
      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Galium_aparine_Przytulia_czepna_2020-12-30_So%C5%82tysowice_01.jpg",
      "original_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/18/Galium_aparine_Przytulia_czepna_2020-12-30_So%C5%82tysowice_01.jpg",
      "download_url": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Galium_aparine_Przytulia_czepna_2020-12-30_So%C5%82tysowice_01.jpg/960px-Galium_aparine_Przytulia_czepna_2020-12-30_So%C5%82tysowice_01.jpg",
      "title": "File:Galium aparine Przytulia czepna 2020-12-30 Sołtysowice 01.jpg",
      "creator": "Agnieszka Kwiecień, Nova",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0",
      "source_description": "Cleavers (  Galium aparine  ), fruits in winter, meadows by the Widawa River, Sołtysowice, Wrocław, Poland.",
      "source_credit": "Own work",
      "source_categories": [
        "Self-published work",
        "Galium aparine in Poland",
        "Flora of Sołtysowice, Wrocław",
        "Galium aparine (fruit)"
      ],
      "source_identified_taxon": "Galium aparine",
      "id": "coverage-hazard-photos-07-03",
      "taxon": "Galium aparine",
      "slug": "galium-aparine",
      "access_date": "2026-09-06",
      "dimensions": {
        "width": 960,
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      },
      "sha256": "4188efbbea14c2b5872321a69f8087002f7f56b1a9850819e3d7075a784e3700",
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      "feature": "dry fruits",
      "visible_feature": "Paired, bristly dry fruits remaining on a network of thin stems in winter.",
      "caption": "Paired, bristly dry fruits remaining on a network of thin stems in winter.",
      "alt_text": "Galium aparine: Paired, bristly dry fruits remaining on a network of thin stems in winter.",
      "requested_synonyms": [],
      "available_licenses": [
        {
          "name": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
          "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0"
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      ],
      "identity_verification": {
        "method": "Source scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference, not an independent specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
        "scientific_name": "Galium aparine",
        "requested_taxon": "Galium aparine",
        "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Galium_aparine_Przytulia_czepna_2020-12-30_So%C5%82tysowice_01.jpg",
        "visible_features_checked": "Paired, bristly dry fruits remaining on a network of thin stems in winter.",
        "species_complex_caveat": "Other bedstraws can have similar whorled leaves. The source identification is retained, with prickles and paired bristly fruits shown where visible.",
        "photographed_in_colorado_claimed": false,
        "colorado_source_evidence": null,
        "source_categories": [
          "Self-published work",
          "Galium aparine in Poland",
          "Flora of Sołtysowice, Wrocław",
          "Galium aparine (fruit)"
        ],
        "source_identification_basis": "Scientific source identification in file title, description and/or Commons taxon category; visible content checked for consistency."
      },
      "visual_review": {
        "status": "passed",
        "review_date": "2026-09-06",
        "method": "Every selected image inspected on labelled contact sheets. Replacement images inspected separately on candidate sheets. Captions checked against visible features."
      },
      "modifications": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no local crop, colour change or generative editing.",
      "image_kind": "photograph",
      "original_downloaded": false,
      "license_evidence": "Photo-specific Commons imageinfo licensing metadata retained in raw_source_metadata.",
      "attribution": "Galium aparine Przytulia czepna 2020-12-30 Sołtysowice 01.jpg — Agnieszka Kwiecień, Nova; CC BY-SA 4.0. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Galium_aparine_Przytulia_czepna_2020-12-30_So%C5%82tysowice_01.jpg; license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no local crop, colour change or generative editing.",
      "plant_id": "catchweed-bedstraw",
      "path": "assets/photos/coverage-hazard-photos-galium-aparine-3.jpg",
      "file": "assets/photos/coverage-hazard-photos-galium-aparine-3.jpg",
      "width": 960,
      "height": 704,
      "bytes": 131781,
      "alt": "Galium aparine: Paired, bristly dry fruits remaining on a network of thin stems in winter.",
      "identification_note": "Source scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference, not an independent specimen-based taxonomic determination. Other bedstraws can have similar whorled leaves. The source identification is retained, with prickles and paired bristly fruits shown where visible.",
      "changes": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no local crop, colour change or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; catalog preview may use a CSS crop.",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06",
      "source_manifest_sha256": "6673d68207b13f8e018079e51e32d3a1acecd36964387054458370fe09e49e96",
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      "metadata_archive_sha256": "900077cb7ed9d5daa0876bcd8386e29d17d13e64e95da1eed79eaf3725082f6e"
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    {
      "provider": "Wikimedia Commons",
      "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pastinaca_sativa_subsp._sativa_sl24.jpg",
      "original_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a0/Pastinaca_sativa_subsp._sativa_sl24.jpg",
      "download_url": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Pastinaca_sativa_subsp._sativa_sl24.jpg/960px-Pastinaca_sativa_subsp._sativa_sl24.jpg",
      "title": "File:Pastinaca sativa subsp. sativa sl24.jpg",
      "creator": "Stefan.lefnaer",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0",
      "source_description": "Habitus \n Taxonym:  Pastinaca sativa subsp. sativa  ss Fischer et al. EfÖLS 2008    ISBN     978-3-85474-187-9  \nLocation: Donauinsel next to Schwarzlackenau, Vienna-Floridsdorf - ca. 160 m a.s.l. \n \nHabitat: fallow land",
      "source_credit": "Own work",
      "source_categories": [
        "Pastinaca sativa",
        "Self-published work",
        "Flora of Floridsdorf",
        "Flora of Austria in August",
        "Files with coordinates missing SDC location of creation",
        "Pannonian Flora",
        "Flora of Donauinsel"
      ],
      "source_identified_taxon": "Pastinaca sativa subsp. sativa",
      "id": "coverage-hazard-photos-08-01",
      "taxon": "Pastinaca sativa",
      "slug": "pastinaca-sativa",
      "access_date": "2026-09-06",
      "dimensions": {
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        "height": 1280
      },
      "sha256": "ee16cb9419c2c68235a29cfaec16e954da82b978b264c0203d14c54c8780cde1",
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      "source_taxon_qualifier": "",
      "feature": "flowering habit",
      "visible_feature": "A tall branched stem with compound leaves and small yellow umbels, shown against the sky.",
      "caption": "A tall branched stem with compound leaves and small yellow umbels, shown against the sky.",
      "alt_text": "Pastinaca sativa: A tall branched stem with compound leaves and small yellow umbels, shown against the sky.",
      "requested_synonyms": [],
      "available_licenses": [
        {
          "name": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
          "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0"
        }
      ],
      "identity_verification": {
        "method": "Source scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference, not an independent specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
        "scientific_name": "Pastinaca sativa subsp. sativa",
        "requested_taxon": "Pastinaca sativa",
        "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pastinaca_sativa_subsp._sativa_sl24.jpg",
        "visible_features_checked": "A tall branched stem with compound leaves and small yellow umbels, shown against the sky.",
        "species_complex_caveat": "Two Commons source photographs are identified as Pastinaca sativa subsp. sativa; the stem source uses s. lat. The fruit photograph is source-identified at species level as Pastinaca sativa. Umbellifer identification should not rely on flower colour alone.",
        "photographed_in_colorado_claimed": false,
        "colorado_source_evidence": null,
        "source_categories": [
          "Pastinaca sativa",
          "Self-published work",
          "Flora of Floridsdorf",
          "Flora of Austria in August",
          "Files with coordinates missing SDC location of creation",
          "Pannonian Flora",
          "Flora of Donauinsel"
        ],
        "source_identification_basis": "Scientific source identification in file title, description and/or Commons taxon category; visible content checked for consistency."
      },
      "visual_review": {
        "status": "passed",
        "review_date": "2026-09-06",
        "method": "Every selected image inspected on labelled contact sheets. Replacement images inspected separately on candidate sheets. Captions checked against visible features."
      },
      "modifications": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no local crop, colour change or generative editing.",
      "image_kind": "photograph",
      "original_downloaded": false,
      "license_evidence": "Photo-specific Commons imageinfo licensing metadata retained in raw_source_metadata.",
      "attribution": "Pastinaca sativa subsp. sativa sl24.jpg — Stefan.lefnaer; CC BY-SA 4.0. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pastinaca_sativa_subsp._sativa_sl24.jpg; license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no local crop, colour change or generative editing.",
      "plant_id": "wild-parsnip",
      "path": "assets/photos/coverage-hazard-photos-pastinaca-sativa-1.jpg",
      "file": "assets/photos/coverage-hazard-photos-pastinaca-sativa-1.jpg",
      "width": 960,
      "height": 1280,
      "bytes": 149367,
      "alt": "Pastinaca sativa: A tall branched stem with compound leaves and small yellow umbels, shown against the sky.",
      "identification_note": "Source scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference, not an independent specimen-based taxonomic determination. Two Commons source photographs are identified as Pastinaca sativa subsp. sativa; the stem source uses s. lat. The fruit photograph is source-identified at species level as Pastinaca sativa. Umbellifer identification should not rely on flower colour alone.",
      "changes": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no local crop, colour change or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; catalog preview may use a CSS crop.",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06",
      "source_manifest_sha256": "6673d68207b13f8e018079e51e32d3a1acecd36964387054458370fe09e49e96",
      "gallery_limitations": [],
      "metadata_archive_sha256": "abfbb5d251a27d059da6102892d7b518e05ad5c3fd9db73cca22535e3dd45e8e",
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        "path": "assets/thumbs/wild-parsnip.webp",
        "width": 480,
        "height": 640,
        "sha256": "a48d32dc79ef48c30950daeceb5c8b8e4579c64148f914fb4f885a3e481d0805",
        "parent_sha256": "ee16cb9419c2c68235a29cfaec16e954da82b978b264c0203d14c54c8780cde1",
        "changes": "Scaled within 640 by 640 pixels and converted to WebP at quality 82. No crop or generative changes to file; CSS may crop catalog display.",
        "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "coverage-hazard-photos-08-02",
      "taxon": "Pastinaca sativa",
      "slug": "pastinaca-sativa",
      "access_date": "2026-09-06",
      "provider": "iNaturalist",
      "source_page": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/386029822",
      "photo_page": "https://www.inaturalist.org/photos/706765996",
      "original_url": "https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/706765996/original.jpg",
      "download_url": "https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/706765996/large.jpg",
      "title": "Pastinaca sativa — observation 386029822, photo 706765996",
      "creator": "Llydia",
      "creator_role": "Observation contributor; CC0 photo attribution omits a creator name.",
      "license": "CC0 1.0",
      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/",
      "source_description": "Pastinaca sativa; Pestalozzistraße, Markkleeberg, Saxony, DE",
      "source_credit": "no rights reserved",
      "source_identified_taxon": "Pastinaca sativa",
      "dimensions": {
        "width": 768,
        "height": 1024
      },
      "sha256": "f71f049887f6a381531907412757acdf88917bf75ca426bfcc96e5823e9206d8",
      "byte_size": 1010835,
      "feature": "developing fruits",
      "visible_feature": "Clusters of flattened oval developing fruits above nearby small yellow flowers.",
      "caption": "Clusters of flattened oval developing fruits above nearby small yellow flowers.",
      "alt_text": "Pastinaca sativa: Clusters of flattened oval developing fruits above nearby small yellow flowers.",
      "requested_synonyms": [],
      "available_licenses": [
        {
          "name": "CC0 1.0",
          "url": "https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"
        }
      ],
      "source_categories": [],
      "identity_verification": {
        "method": "Source scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference, not an independent specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
        "scientific_name": "Pastinaca sativa",
        "requested_taxon": "Pastinaca sativa",
        "source_page": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/386029822",
        "visible_features_checked": "Clusters of flattened oval developing fruits above nearby small yellow flowers.",
        "species_complex_caveat": "Two Commons source photographs are identified as Pastinaca sativa subsp. sativa; the stem source uses s. lat. The fruit photograph is source-identified at species level as Pastinaca sativa. Umbellifer identification should not rely on flower colour alone.",
        "photographed_in_colorado_claimed": false,
        "colorado_source_evidence": null,
        "source_categories": [],
        "source_identification_basis": "Photo-specific iNaturalist record belongs to a research-grade observation; exact source taxon, rank, identifications and license retained in the archive."
      },
      "visual_review": {
        "status": "passed",
        "review_date": "2026-09-06",
        "method": "Every selected image inspected on labelled contact sheets. Replacement images inspected separately on candidate sheets. Captions checked against visible features."
      },
      "modifications": "iNaturalist large server-resized photo; no local crop, colour change or generative editing.",
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      "sha256": "d28a5aebaa10c1a520303d1b64ad8e2840cb6701aeaf936af73d3ab4b599430d",
      "byte_size": 256231,
      "feature": "flowering habit",
      "visible_feature": "An upright nettle stem bearing toothed opposite leaves and slender branching flower clusters.",
      "caption": "An upright nettle stem bearing toothed opposite leaves and slender branching flower clusters.",
      "alt_text": "Urtica dioica: An upright nettle stem bearing toothed opposite leaves and slender branching flower clusters.",
      "requested_synonyms": [
        "Urtica dioica subsp. gracilis",
        "Urtica gracilis"
      ],
      "available_licenses": [
        {
          "name": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
          "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0"
        }
      ],
      "identity_verification": {
        "method": "Source scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference, not an independent specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
        "scientific_name": "Urtica dioica",
        "requested_taxon": "Urtica dioica",
        "source_page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Urtica_dioica_pokr%C3%B3j2_23.06.2012_p.jpg",
        "visible_features_checked": "An upright nettle stem bearing toothed opposite leaves and slender branching flower clusters.",
        "species_complex_caveat": "This guide uses the explicitly requested broad Urtica dioica treatment. Photo 10-01 is source-labelled Urtica dioica. Photos 10-02 and 10-03 are source-labelled Urtica gracilis gracilis (subspecies rank), a native North American nettle also treated historically as Urtica dioica subsp. gracilis. Those narrow source identifications are preserved and are not asserted to be Eurasian U. dioica sensu stricto.",
        "photographed_in_colorado_claimed": false,
        "colorado_source_evidence": null,
        "source_categories": [
          "Urtica dioica",
          "Taken with Canon EOS 350D",
          "Uploaded with VicuñaUploader",
          "Files with coordinates missing SDC location of creation"
        ],
        "source_identification_basis": "Scientific source identification in file title, description and/or Commons taxon category; visible content checked for consistency.",
        "guide_taxon_scope": "Urtica dioica broad species treatment including the native U. gracilis / historical U. dioica subsp. gracilis complex.",
        "source_taxon_rank": "species unspecified by source file"
      },
      "visual_review": {
        "status": "passed",
        "review_date": "2026-09-06",
        "method": "Every selected image inspected on labelled contact sheets. Replacement images inspected separately on candidate sheets. Captions checked against visible features."
      },
      "modifications": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no local crop, colour change or generative editing.",
      "image_kind": "photograph",
      "original_downloaded": false,
      "license_evidence": "Photo-specific Commons imageinfo licensing metadata retained in raw_source_metadata.",
      "attribution": "Urtica dioica pokrój2 23.06.2012 p.jpg — Przykuta; CC BY-SA 3.0. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Urtica_dioica_pokr%C3%B3j2_23.06.2012_p.jpg; license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0. Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no local crop, colour change or generative editing.",
      "plant_id": "stinging-nettle",
      "path": "assets/photos/coverage-hazard-photos-urtica-dioica-1.jpg",
      "file": "assets/photos/coverage-hazard-photos-urtica-dioica-1.jpg",
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      "alt": "Urtica dioica: An upright nettle stem bearing toothed opposite leaves and slender branching flower clusters.",
      "identification_note": "Source scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference, not an independent specimen-based taxonomic determination. This guide uses the explicitly requested broad Urtica dioica treatment. Photo 10-01 is source-labelled Urtica dioica. Photos 10-02 and 10-03 are source-labelled Urtica gracilis gracilis (subspecies rank), a native North American nettle also treated historically as Urtica dioica subsp. gracilis. Those narrow source identifications are preserved and are not asserted to be Eurasian U. dioica sensu stricto.",
      "changes": "Wikimedia server-resized derivative; no local crop, colour change or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; catalog preview may use a CSS crop.",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06",
      "source_manifest_sha256": "6673d68207b13f8e018079e51e32d3a1acecd36964387054458370fe09e49e96",
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        "path": "assets/thumbs/stinging-nettle.webp",
        "width": 367,
        "height": 640,
        "sha256": "e7e2dbaff6b624cd7afbb9a3c70531bd5aac1a71cbab516bc2af514872ecc5b5",
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        "changes": "Scaled within 640 by 640 pixels and converted to WebP at quality 82. No crop or generative changes to file; CSS may crop catalog display.",
        "license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0"
      }
    },
    {
      "provider": "iNaturalist",
      "source_page": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/175285117",
      "photo_page": "https://www.inaturalist.org/photos/304622103",
      "original_url": "https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/304622103/original.jpeg",
      "download_url": "https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/304622103/large.jpeg",
      "title": "Urtica gracilis gracilis — observation 175285117, photo 304622103",
      "creator": "John A Haskins",
      "creator_role": "Photographer named in photo attribution.",
      "license": "CC BY 4.0",
      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
      "source_description": "Urtica gracilis gracilis; Sequim, WA 98382, USA",
      "source_credit": "(c) John A Haskins, some rights reserved (CC BY)",
      "source_identified_taxon": "Urtica gracilis gracilis",
      "id": "coverage-hazard-photos-10-02",
      "taxon": "Urtica dioica",
      "slug": "urtica-dioica",
      "access_date": "2026-09-06",
      "dimensions": {
        "width": 1024,
        "height": 639
      },
      "sha256": "d5d48af3ea83e447a5e5d99dfba96d6c677cf2e9d059448d9e9842418a8b6f69",
      "byte_size": 599673,
      "feature": "native nettle foliage",
      "visible_feature": "A long leafy branch with sharply toothed leaves and small hanging reproductive clusters; the source identifies Urtica gracilis gracilis.",
      "caption": "A long leafy branch with sharply toothed leaves and small hanging reproductive clusters; the source identifies Urtica gracilis gracilis.",
      "alt_text": "Urtica dioica: A long leafy branch with sharply toothed leaves and small hanging reproductive clusters; the source identifies Urtica gracilis gracilis.",
      "requested_synonyms": [
        "Urtica dioica subsp. gracilis",
        "Urtica gracilis"
      ],
      "available_licenses": [
        {
          "name": "CC BY 4.0",
          "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"
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      ],
      "source_categories": [],
      "identity_verification": {
        "method": "Source scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference, not an independent specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
        "scientific_name": "Urtica gracilis gracilis",
        "requested_taxon": "Urtica dioica",
        "source_page": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/175285117",
        "visible_features_checked": "A long leafy branch with sharply toothed leaves and small hanging reproductive clusters; the source identifies Urtica gracilis gracilis.",
        "species_complex_caveat": "This guide uses the explicitly requested broad Urtica dioica treatment. Photo 10-01 is source-labelled Urtica dioica. Photos 10-02 and 10-03 are source-labelled Urtica gracilis gracilis (subspecies rank), a native North American nettle also treated historically as Urtica dioica subsp. gracilis. Those narrow source identifications are preserved and are not asserted to be Eurasian U. dioica sensu stricto.",
        "photographed_in_colorado_claimed": false,
        "colorado_source_evidence": null,
        "source_categories": [],
        "source_identification_basis": "Photo-specific iNaturalist record belongs to a research-grade observation; exact source taxon, rank, identifications and license retained in the archive.",
        "guide_taxon_scope": "Urtica dioica broad species treatment including the native U. gracilis / historical U. dioica subsp. gracilis complex.",
        "source_taxon_rank": "subspecies"
      },
      "visual_review": {
        "status": "passed",
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        "method": "Every selected image inspected on labelled contact sheets. Replacement images inspected separately on candidate sheets. Captions checked against visible features."
      },
      "modifications": "iNaturalist large server-resized photo; no local crop, colour change or generative editing.",
      "image_kind": "photograph",
      "original_downloaded": false,
      "license_evidence": "Photo-specific iNaturalist API license_code and attribution retained in raw_source_metadata.photo; license codes correspond to CC 4.0 or CC0 1.0 licenses.",
      "attribution": "Urtica gracilis gracilis — observation 175285117, photo 304622103 — John A Haskins; CC BY 4.0. Source: https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/175285117; license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. iNaturalist large server-resized photo; no local crop, colour change or generative editing.",
      "plant_id": "stinging-nettle",
      "path": "assets/photos/coverage-hazard-photos-urtica-dioica-2.jpg",
      "file": "assets/photos/coverage-hazard-photos-urtica-dioica-2.jpg",
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      "height": 639,
      "bytes": 599673,
      "alt": "Urtica dioica: A long leafy branch with sharply toothed leaves and small hanging reproductive clusters; the source identifies Urtica gracilis gracilis.",
      "identification_note": "Source scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference, not an independent specimen-based taxonomic determination. This guide uses the explicitly requested broad Urtica dioica treatment. Photo 10-01 is source-labelled Urtica dioica. Photos 10-02 and 10-03 are source-labelled Urtica gracilis gracilis (subspecies rank), a native North American nettle also treated historically as Urtica dioica subsp. gracilis. Those narrow source identifications are preserved and are not asserted to be Eurasian U. dioica sensu stricto.",
      "changes": "iNaturalist large server-resized photo; no local crop, colour change or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; catalog preview may use a CSS crop.",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06",
      "source_manifest_sha256": "6673d68207b13f8e018079e51e32d3a1acecd36964387054458370fe09e49e96",
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    {
      "id": "coverage-hazard-photos-10-03",
      "taxon": "Urtica dioica",
      "slug": "urtica-dioica",
      "access_date": "2026-09-06",
      "provider": "iNaturalist",
      "source_page": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/175285117",
      "photo_page": "https://www.inaturalist.org/photos/304614058",
      "original_url": "https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/304614058/original.jpeg",
      "download_url": "https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/304614058/large.jpeg",
      "title": "Urtica gracilis gracilis — observation 175285117, photo 304614058",
      "creator": "John A Haskins",
      "creator_role": "Photographer named in photo attribution.",
      "license": "CC BY 4.0",
      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
      "source_description": "Urtica gracilis gracilis; Sequim, WA 98382, USA",
      "source_credit": "(c) John A Haskins, some rights reserved (CC BY)",
      "source_identified_taxon": "Urtica gracilis gracilis",
      "dimensions": {
        "width": 1024,
        "height": 393
      },
      "sha256": "e48a1db9967dfb9a9415941e852f416f991da1aded3047c88711cf5de34eb9fb",
      "byte_size": 220326,
      "feature": "native nettle reproductive cluster",
      "visible_feature": "A detached compact reproductive cluster photographed on a pale surface; the source identifies Urtica gracilis gracilis.",
      "caption": "A detached compact reproductive cluster photographed on a pale surface; the source identifies Urtica gracilis gracilis.",
      "alt_text": "Urtica dioica: A detached compact reproductive cluster photographed on a pale surface; the source identifies Urtica gracilis gracilis.",
      "requested_synonyms": [
        "Urtica dioica subsp. gracilis",
        "Urtica gracilis"
      ],
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        {
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          "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"
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      ],
      "source_categories": [],
      "identity_verification": {
        "method": "Source scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference, not an independent specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
        "scientific_name": "Urtica gracilis gracilis",
        "requested_taxon": "Urtica dioica",
        "source_page": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/175285117",
        "visible_features_checked": "A detached compact reproductive cluster photographed on a pale surface; the source identifies Urtica gracilis gracilis.",
        "species_complex_caveat": "This guide uses the explicitly requested broad Urtica dioica treatment. Photo 10-01 is source-labelled Urtica dioica. Photos 10-02 and 10-03 are source-labelled Urtica gracilis gracilis (subspecies rank), a native North American nettle also treated historically as Urtica dioica subsp. gracilis. Those narrow source identifications are preserved and are not asserted to be Eurasian U. dioica sensu stricto.",
        "photographed_in_colorado_claimed": false,
        "colorado_source_evidence": null,
        "source_categories": [],
        "source_identification_basis": "Photo-specific iNaturalist record belongs to a research-grade observation; exact source taxon, rank, identifications and license retained in the archive.",
        "guide_taxon_scope": "Urtica dioica broad species treatment including the native U. gracilis / historical U. dioica subsp. gracilis complex.",
        "source_taxon_rank": "subspecies"
      },
      "visual_review": {
        "status": "passed",
        "review_date": "2026-09-06",
        "method": "Every selected image inspected on labelled contact sheets. Replacement images inspected separately on candidate sheets. Captions checked against visible features."
      },
      "modifications": "iNaturalist large server-resized photo; no local crop, colour change or generative editing.",
      "image_kind": "photograph",
      "original_downloaded": false,
      "license_evidence": "Photo-specific iNaturalist API license_code and attribution retained in raw_source_metadata.photo; license codes correspond to CC 4.0 or CC0 1.0 licenses.",
      "attribution": "Urtica gracilis gracilis — observation 175285117, photo 304614058 — John A Haskins; CC BY 4.0. Source: https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/175285117; license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. iNaturalist large server-resized photo; no local crop, colour change or generative editing.",
      "plant_id": "stinging-nettle",
      "path": "assets/photos/coverage-hazard-photos-urtica-dioica-3.jpg",
      "file": "assets/photos/coverage-hazard-photos-urtica-dioica-3.jpg",
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      "height": 393,
      "bytes": 220326,
      "alt": "Urtica dioica: A detached compact reproductive cluster photographed on a pale surface; the source identifies Urtica gracilis gracilis.",
      "identification_note": "Source scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference, not an independent specimen-based taxonomic determination. This guide uses the explicitly requested broad Urtica dioica treatment. Photo 10-01 is source-labelled Urtica dioica. Photos 10-02 and 10-03 are source-labelled Urtica gracilis gracilis (subspecies rank), a native North American nettle also treated historically as Urtica dioica subsp. gracilis. Those narrow source identifications are preserved and are not asserted to be Eurasian U. dioica sensu stricto.",
      "changes": "iNaturalist large server-resized photo; no local crop, colour change or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; catalog preview may use a CSS crop.",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06",
      "source_manifest_sha256": "6673d68207b13f8e018079e51e32d3a1acecd36964387054458370fe09e49e96",
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    {
      "provider": "iNaturalist",
      "source_page": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/371801398",
      "photo_page": "https://www.inaturalist.org/photos/679335953",
      "original_url": "https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/679335953/original.jpg",
      "download_url": "https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/679335953/large.jpg",
      "title": "Daucus carota carota — observation 371801398, photo 679335953",
      "creator": "zebedeugalinha",
      "creator_role": "Photographer named in photo attribution.",
      "license": "CC BY 4.0",
      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
      "source_description": "Daucus carota carota; Nabo, Vila Flor, 5360, Portugal",
      "source_credit": "(c) zebedeugalinha, some rights reserved (CC BY)",
      "source_identified_taxon": "Daucus carota carota",
      "id": "coverage-hazard-photos-11-01",
      "taxon": "Daucus carota",
      "slug": "daucus-carota",
      "access_date": "2026-09-06",
      "dimensions": {
        "width": 1024,
        "height": 683
      },
      "sha256": "d061c7f6e5c0c351dc516c54c86d2d9416d116c02d16764dcc2a32b102db6d52",
      "byte_size": 369375,
      "feature": "flowering umbel",
      "visible_feature": "A white compound umbel with a dark central flower and radiating flower clusters; the source identifies Daucus carota carota.",
      "caption": "A white compound umbel with a dark central flower and radiating flower clusters; the source identifies Daucus carota carota.",
      "alt_text": "Daucus carota: A white compound umbel with a dark central flower and radiating flower clusters; the source identifies Daucus carota carota.",
      "requested_synonyms": [],
      "available_licenses": [
        {
          "name": "CC BY 4.0",
          "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"
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      ],
      "source_categories": [],
      "identity_verification": {
        "method": "Source scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference, not an independent specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
        "scientific_name": "Daucus carota carota",
        "requested_taxon": "Daucus carota",
        "source_page": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/371801398",
        "visible_features_checked": "A white compound umbel with a dark central flower and radiating flower clusters; the source identifies Daucus carota carota.",
        "species_complex_caveat": "Photo 11-01 is source-identified Daucus carota carota; the other sources use Daucus carota. Exact names are preserved. Similar white-flowered umbellifers require a full key; a dark central flower alone is not sufficient.",
        "photographed_in_colorado_claimed": false,
        "colorado_source_evidence": null,
        "source_categories": [],
        "source_identification_basis": "Photo-specific iNaturalist record belongs to a research-grade observation; exact source taxon, rank, identifications and license retained in the archive."
      },
      "visual_review": {
        "status": "passed",
        "review_date": "2026-09-06",
        "method": "Every selected image inspected on labelled contact sheets. Replacement images inspected separately on candidate sheets. Captions checked against visible features."
      },
      "modifications": "iNaturalist large server-resized photo; no local crop, colour change or generative editing.",
      "image_kind": "photograph",
      "original_downloaded": false,
      "license_evidence": "Photo-specific iNaturalist API license_code and attribution retained in raw_source_metadata.photo; license codes correspond to CC 4.0 or CC0 1.0 licenses.",
      "attribution": "Daucus carota carota — observation 371801398, photo 679335953 — zebedeugalinha; CC BY 4.0. Source: https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/371801398; license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. iNaturalist large server-resized photo; no local crop, colour change or generative editing.",
      "plant_id": "wild-carrot",
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      "width": 1024,
      "height": 683,
      "bytes": 369375,
      "alt": "Daucus carota: A white compound umbel with a dark central flower and radiating flower clusters; the source identifies Daucus carota carota.",
      "identification_note": "Source scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference, not an independent specimen-based taxonomic determination. Photo 11-01 is source-identified Daucus carota carota; the other sources use Daucus carota. Exact names are preserved. Similar white-flowered umbellifers require a full key; a dark central flower alone is not sufficient.",
      "changes": "iNaturalist large server-resized photo; no local crop, colour change or generative editing. Gallery display preserves the full image; catalog preview may use a CSS crop.",
      "accessed": "2026-09-06",
      "source_manifest_sha256": "6673d68207b13f8e018079e51e32d3a1acecd36964387054458370fe09e49e96",
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      "metadata_archive_sha256": "35478da50b3d06226340fe87606670d53bb9435604eaa9b2bb4b77bda54e5238",
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        "width": 640,
        "height": 427,
        "sha256": "9e3c47d2940c3b61f1f56c6cf69b8ef2f53bbfde77b212add4695945c891f7f3",
        "parent_sha256": "d061c7f6e5c0c351dc516c54c86d2d9416d116c02d16764dcc2a32b102db6d52",
        "changes": "Scaled within 640 by 640 pixels and converted to WebP at quality 82. No crop or generative changes to file; CSS may crop catalog display.",
        "license": "CC BY 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"
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    },
    {
      "id": "coverage-hazard-photos-11-02",
      "taxon": "Daucus carota",
      "slug": "daucus-carota",
      "access_date": "2026-09-06",
      "provider": "iNaturalist",
      "source_page": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/71074966",
      "photo_page": "https://www.inaturalist.org/photos/115648147",
      "original_url": "https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/115648147/original.jpeg",
      "download_url": "https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/115648147/large.jpeg",
      "title": "Daucus carota — observation 71074966, photo 115648147",
      "creator": "Eleftherios Katsillis",
      "creator_role": "Photographer named in photo attribution.",
      "license": "CC BY 4.0",
      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
      "source_description": "Daucus carota; Περιφέρεια Νοτίου Αιγαίου, Ελλάδα",
      "source_credit": "(c) Eleftherios Katsillis, some rights reserved (CC BY)",
      "source_identified_taxon": "Daucus carota",
      "dimensions": {
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        "height": 683
      },
      "sha256": "d31da341ffc55aca4d80fa47450ac521002c77884966f16b8032f5492e841162",
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      "feature": "leaf",
      "visible_feature": "A finely divided compound leaf with narrow pointed segments on a visibly hairy stalk.",
      "caption": "A finely divided compound leaf with narrow pointed segments on a visibly hairy stalk.",
      "alt_text": "Daucus carota: A finely divided compound leaf with narrow pointed segments on a visibly hairy stalk.",
      "requested_synonyms": [],
      "available_licenses": [
        {
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          "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"
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      ],
      "source_categories": [],
      "identity_verification": {
        "method": "Source scientific identification plus visual morphology review of the selected photograph. This is a source-identified reference, not an independent specimen-based taxonomic determination.",
        "scientific_name": "Daucus carota",
        "requested_taxon": "Daucus carota",
        "source_page": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/71074966",
        "visible_features_checked": "A finely divided compound leaf with narrow pointed segments on a visibly hairy stalk.",
        "species_complex_caveat": "Photo 11-01 is source-identified Daucus carota carota; the other sources use Daucus carota. Exact names are preserved. Similar white-flowered umbellifers require a full key; a dark central flower alone is not sufficient.",
        "photographed_in_colorado_claimed": false,
        "colorado_source_evidence": null,
        "source_categories": [],
        "source_identification_basis": "Photo-specific iNaturalist record belongs to a research-grade observation; exact source taxon, rank, identifications and license retained in the archive."
      },
      "visual_review": {
        "status": "passed",
        "review_date": "2026-09-06",
        "method": "Every selected image inspected on labelled contact sheets. Replacement images inspected separately on candidate sheets. Captions checked against visible features."
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      "title": "Daucus carota — observation 71074966, photo 115648319",
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      "title": "Melilotus albus — observation 258673179, photo 464161778",
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      "taxon": "Gutierrezia sarothrae",
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      "caption": "Small branching broom snakeweed plant with yellow flower clusters above a woody base on rocky ground.",
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      "creator": "CK2AZ",
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      "source_page": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/15725119",
      "photo_page": "https://www.inaturalist.org/photos/23477453",
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      "location_as_recorded": "I-25 N, Trinidad, CO, US",
      "identity_verification": {
        "basis": "Explicit iNaturalist observation taxon and Research Grade community identification; photograph visually reviewed for depicted features. This is source identification, not a new independent botanical determination.",
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            "created_at": "2018-08-20T15:40:27+00:00"
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        ],
        "caveat": "Source identifies this plant to species; no variety or subspecies determination is asserted."
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      "visual_inspection": {
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        "date": "2026-09-06",
        "method": "Contact-sheet review of every selected photograph, with source identification metadata checked.",
        "observed_content": "Small branching broom snakeweed plant with yellow flower clusters above a woody base on rocky ground."
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        "observation_date": "2019-07-27",
        "observation_created_at": "2020-08-03T18:25:11-06:00",
        "observation_updated_at": "2025-01-28T23:23:16-07:00"
      },
      "location_as_recorded": "Flatirons Vista, Boulder, CO, US",
      "identity_verification": {
        "basis": "Explicit iNaturalist observation taxon and Research Grade community identification; photograph visually reviewed for depicted features. This is source identification, not a new independent botanical determination.",
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          {
            "identifier": "Jared Shorma",
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          {
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        "method": "Contact-sheet review of every selected photograph, with source identification metadata checked.",
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        "caveat": "Source identifies this plant to species; no variety or subspecies determination is asserted."
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      "id": "coverage-range-photos-inat-322294623",
      "file": "assets/photos/coverage-range-photos-sarcobatus-vermiculatus-leaves-stem-322294623.jpg",
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      "source_attribution": "no rights reserved",
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        ],
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      "id": "coverage-range-photos-inat-211886879",
      "file": "assets/photos/coverage-range-photos-sarcobatus-vermiculatus-flower-spikes-211886879.jpg",
      "taxon": "Sarcobatus vermiculatus",
      "source_taxon": "Sarcobatus vermiculatus",
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      "id": "coverage-range-photos-inat-553735381",
      "file": "assets/photos/coverage-range-photos-artemisia-tridentata-habit-553735381.jpg",
      "taxon": "Artemisia tridentata",
      "source_taxon": "Artemisia tridentata vaseyana",
      "source_taxon_rank": "subspecies",
      "feature": "habit",
      "caption": "Mountain big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata subsp. vaseyana) shrub with upright reproductive shoots beside a mountain pond.",
      "alt_text": "Mountain big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata subsp. vaseyana) shrub with upright reproductive shoots beside a mountain pond.",
      "creator": "Matt Lavin",
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      "photo_page": "https://www.inaturalist.org/photos/553735381",
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      "hash": "422cb80716a8e37eae900bb4ce970da2b02d5a67bad74e82487316dd6038bd73",
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      "location_as_recorded": "Church's Pond, Mount Rose Wilderness Area, Carson Range, Sierra Nevada, Washoe County, Nevada, United States",
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        "basis": "Explicit iNaturalist observation taxon and Research Grade community identification; photograph visually reviewed for depicted features. This is source identification, not a new independent botanical determination.",
        "requested_taxon_id": 75598,
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          {
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        ],
        "caveat": "Source explicitly identifies Artemisia tridentata subsp. vaseyana (mountain big sagebrush). These photographs represent that subspecies within the requested species."
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      "id": "coverage-range-photos-inat-553735374",
      "file": "assets/photos/coverage-range-photos-artemisia-tridentata-reproductive-shoots-553735374.jpg",
      "taxon": "Artemisia tridentata",
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      "caption": "Close view of developing reproductive shoots and gray-green foliage of mountain big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata subsp. vaseyana).",
      "alt_text": "Close view of developing reproductive shoots and gray-green foliage of mountain big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata subsp. vaseyana).",
      "creator": "Matt Lavin",
      "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/mattlavin",
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      "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/",
      "source_attribution": "(c) Matt Lavin, some rights reserved (CC BY-SA)",
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      "photo_page": "https://www.inaturalist.org/photos/553735374",
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      "original_url_provenance": "Derived from the API photo URL using the iNaturalist original rendition path; the large rendition was downloaded.",
      "hash": "314e9ded5752fe3274a91cbd452f264a7eea2cad458c2d856e7570e071eaff8e",
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        "accessed": "2026-09-06",
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        "observation_date": "2025-08-15",
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        "observation_updated_at": "2025-08-18T20:25:12-07:00"
      },
      "location_as_recorded": "Church's Pond, Mount Rose Wilderness Area, Carson Range, Sierra Nevada, Washoe County, Nevada, United States",
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        "basis": "Explicit iNaturalist observation taxon and Research Grade community identification; photograph visually reviewed for depicted features. This is source identification, not a new independent botanical determination.",
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          {
            "identifier": "Barbara L. Wilson",
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          {
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        ],
        "caveat": "Source explicitly identifies Artemisia tridentata subsp. vaseyana (mountain big sagebrush). These photographs represent that subspecies within the requested species."
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      "id": "coverage-range-photos-inat-553735433",
      "file": "assets/photos/coverage-range-photos-artemisia-tridentata-leaves-553735433.jpg",
      "taxon": "Artemisia tridentata",
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      "feature": "leaves",
      "caption": "Fuzzy gray-green, three-toothed leaves of mountain big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata subsp. vaseyana).",
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      "source_attribution": "(c) Matt Lavin, some rights reserved (CC BY-SA)",
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      "original_url_provenance": "Derived from the API photo URL using the iNaturalist original rendition path; the large rendition was downloaded.",
      "hash": "f9601cad6ce2a6f3c2c550018b911b7100962c165fd6991009a8692907ce007f",
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        "basis": "Explicit iNaturalist observation taxon and Research Grade community identification; photograph visually reviewed for depicted features. This is source identification, not a new independent botanical determination.",
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          {
            "identifier": "Matt Lavin",
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        ],
        "caveat": "Source explicitly identifies Artemisia tridentata subsp. vaseyana (mountain big sagebrush). These photographs represent that subspecies within the requested species."
      },
      "visual_inspection": {
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        "method": "Contact-sheet review of every selected photograph, with source identification metadata checked.",
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      "id": "coverage-range-photos-inat-146118429",
      "file": "assets/photos/coverage-range-photos-opuntia-polyacantha-habit-spines-146118429.jpg",
      "taxon": "Opuntia polyacantha",
      "source_taxon": "Opuntia polyacantha",
      "source_taxon_rank": "species",
      "feature": "habit-spines",
      "caption": "Low cluster of plains pricklypear pads covered with long pale spines on dry ground.",
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      "source_page": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/88425296",
      "photo_page": "https://www.inaturalist.org/photos/146118429",
      "original_url": "https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/146118429/original.jpg",
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      "original_url_provenance": "Derived from the API photo URL using the iNaturalist original rendition path; the large rendition was downloaded.",
      "hash": "af21ea0e6b9ebe161559bacca16a454bdad4a92e412ae44fd3f8e932fd0ee618",
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        "observation_updated_at": "2026-03-07T01:59:54+00:00"
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      "location_as_recorded": "Avenue P N, Saskatoon, SK, CA",
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        "basis": "Explicit iNaturalist observation taxon and Research Grade community identification; photograph visually reviewed for depicted features. This is source identification, not a new independent botanical determination.",
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            "identifier": "Lysandra Pyle",
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            "created_at": "2021-07-28T00:58:54+00:00"
          },
          {
            "identifier": "eigenmotion",
            "identifier_login": "eigenmotion",
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          },
          {
            "identifier": "Eric Lamb",
            "identifier_login": "eric_lamb",
            "taxon": "Opuntia polyacantha",
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            "created_at": "2021-07-25T14:44:07+00:00"
          },
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            "identifier": "Andrew Dudley",
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            "taxon": "Opuntia polyacantha",
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        ],
        "caveat": "Source identifies this plant to species; no variety or subspecies determination is asserted."
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        "method": "Contact-sheet review of every selected photograph, with source identification metadata checked.",
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    {
      "id": "coverage-range-photos-inat-293924446",
      "file": "assets/photos/coverage-range-photos-opuntia-polyacantha-flower-293924446.jpg",
      "taxon": "Opuntia polyacantha",
      "source_taxon": "Opuntia polyacantha",
      "source_taxon_rank": "species",
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      "caption": "Open yellow plains pricklypear flower above a spiny pad, with a dried flower beside it.",
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      "source_page": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/169532573",
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          {
            "identifier": "Tim Zitnak",
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            "taxon": "Opuntia polyacantha",
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        ],
        "caveat": "Source identifies this plant to species; no variety or subspecies determination is asserted."
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      "visual_inspection": {
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        "method": "Contact-sheet review of every selected photograph, with source identification metadata checked.",
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      "file": "assets/photos/coverage-range-photos-opuntia-polyacantha-pads-360613213.jpeg",
      "taxon": "Opuntia polyacantha",
      "source_taxon": "Opuntia polyacantha",
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