{ "schema_version": "2.0", "base_url": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide", "plants": [ { "id": "absinth-wormwood", "name": "Absinth wormwood", "scientific": "Artemisia absinthium", "category": "invasive", "status": "Colorado noxious weed · List B — Stop the spread", "status_sources": [ "CO-rules-2025" ], "warning": "Ingestion toxicity and skin irritation", "warning_tone": "danger", "aliases": [ "absinthe", "wormwood" ], "taxonomy_note": "", "source_ids": [ "CO-rules-2025", "N-artemisia-absinthium", "S27", "Fremont-list-definitions" ], "description": "Absinth wormwood: Ingestion toxicity and skin irritation. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.", "claim_evidence": [ { "label": "Recognize", "sources": [ "N-artemisia-absinthium" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "absinth-wormwood-1" }, { "label": "Plants & habitat", "sources": [ "N-artemisia-absinthium" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "absinth-wormwood-2" }, { "label": "People", "sources": [ "N-artemisia-absinthium" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "absinth-wormwood-3" }, { "label": "Dogs & cats", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "", "id": "absinth-wormwood-4" }, { "label": "Other animals", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "", "id": "absinth-wormwood-5" }, { "id": "absinth-wormwood-list-meaning", "label": "State-list meaning", "sources": [ "Fremont-list-definitions" ], "scope": "Colorado management-category definition; species classification retains its original status sources", "note": "Plain-language editorial label for a management category; not a toxicity or danger rating.", "reviewed": "2026-09-07" } ], "noxious_class": "B", "research": { "status": "researching", "label": "Still researching this plant", "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.", "open_questions": [ { "area": "Dogs & cats", "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.", "related_claim_ids": [ "absinth-wormwood-4" ] }, { "area": "Other animals", "question": "Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.", "related_claim_ids": [ "absinth-wormwood-5" ] }, { "area": "Expert review", "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.", "related_claim_ids": [] } ], "expert_review": "pending" }, "noxious_class_label": "B — Stop the spread", "source": "content/plants/absinth-wormwood.md", "html": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/absinth-wormwood/", "markdown": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/absinth-wormwood/index.md" }, { "id": "african-rue", "name": "African rue", "scientific": "Peganum harmala", "category": "invasive", "status": "Colorado noxious weed · List A — Eradicate", "status_sources": [ "CO-rules-2025" ], "warning": "Highly poisonous if eaten; deep-rooted invader", "warning_tone": "danger", "aliases": [], "taxonomy_note": "", "source_ids": [ "CO-rules-2025", "NPS-african", "WA-african-rue", "S27", "Fremont-list-definitions" ], "description": "African rue: Highly poisonous if eaten; deep-rooted invader. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.", "claim_evidence": [ { "label": "Recognize", "sources": [ "NPS-african" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "african-rue-1" }, { "label": "Plants & habitat", "sources": [ "NPS-african", "WA-african-rue" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "african-rue-2" }, { "label": "People", "sources": [ "NPS-african" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "african-rue-3" }, { "label": "Dogs & cats", "sources": [ "NPS-african" ], "scope": "General animal warning; pet thresholds unknown", "note": "", "id": "african-rue-4" }, { "label": "Other animals", "sources": [ "NPS-african" ], "scope": "General animal warning", "note": "", "id": "african-rue-5" }, { "id": "african-rue-list-meaning", "label": "State-list meaning", "sources": [ "Fremont-list-definitions" ], "scope": "Colorado management-category definition; species classification retains its original status sources", "note": "Plain-language editorial label for a management category; not a toxicity or danger rating.", "reviewed": "2026-09-07" } ], "noxious_class": "A", "research": { "status": "researching", "label": "Still researching this plant", "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.", "open_questions": [ { "area": "Expert review", "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.", "related_claim_ids": [] } ], "expert_review": "pending" }, "noxious_class_label": "A — Eradicate", "source": "content/plants/african-rue.md", "html": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/african-rue/", "markdown": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/african-rue/index.md" }, { "id": "annual-sowthistle", "name": "Annual sowthistle", "scientific": "Sonchus oleraceus", "category": "invasive", "status": "Common introduced weed · not on state Lists A/B/C", "status_sources": [ "C-floristic-2020", "CO-rules-2025" ], "warning": "Windborne seed and crop-pest hosting", "warning_tone": "caution", "aliases": [ "common sowthistle", "smooth sowthistle" ], "taxonomy_note": "Separate from prickly sowthistle (Sonchus asper) and the root-spreading perennial sowthistle (Sonchus arvensis). Seedlings can be difficult to separate.", "source_ids": [ "C-floristic-2020", "CO-rules-2025", "U-sowthistle", "S27" ], "description": "Annual sowthistle: Windborne seed and crop-pest hosting. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.", "claim_evidence": [ { "label": "Identification", "sources": [ "U-sowthistle" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "annual-sowthistle-1" }, { "label": "People", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "", "id": "annual-sowthistle-2" }, { "label": "Dogs & cats", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "", "id": "annual-sowthistle-3" }, { "label": "Other animals", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "", "id": "annual-sowthistle-4" }, { "label": "Plants & habitat", "sources": [ "U-sowthistle" ], "scope": "Species ecology; location-limited pest examples", "note": "", "id": "annual-sowthistle-5" }, { "label": "Management & timing", "sources": [ "U-sowthistle" ], "scope": "Management inference from annual seed reproduction", "note": "", "id": "annual-sowthistle-6" } ], "research": { "status": "researching", "label": "Still researching this plant", "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.", "open_questions": [ { "area": "People", "question": "Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.", "related_claim_ids": [ "annual-sowthistle-2" ] }, { "area": "Dogs & cats", "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.", "related_claim_ids": [ "annual-sowthistle-3" ] }, { "area": "Other animals", "question": "Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.", "related_claim_ids": [ "annual-sowthistle-4" ] }, { "area": "Identification", "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.", "related_claim_ids": [] }, { "area": "Expert review", "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.", "related_claim_ids": [] } ], "expert_review": "pending" }, "colorado_relevance": { "source_id": "C-floristic-2020", "locator": "Appendix B; PDF page 80; Sonchus oleraceus", "basis": "Included in the 2020 statewide flora assessment. This is not a current county abundance survey.", "source_taxon": "Sonchus oleraceus" }, "source": "content/plants/annual-sowthistle.md", "html": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/annual-sowthistle/", "markdown": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/annual-sowthistle/index.md" }, { "id": "big-sagebrush", "name": "Big sagebrush", "scientific": "Artemisia tridentata", "category": "xeriscape", "status": "Native Colorado plant · not on state Lists A/B/C", "status_sources": [ "C-floristic-2020", "CO-rules-2025" ], "warning": "Valuable native habitat; subspecies and pet evidence need care", "warning_tone": "caution", "aliases": [ "basin big sagebrush", "mountain big sagebrush", "Wyoming big sagebrush" ], "taxonomy_note": "A broad Artemisia tridentata profile, not a key to its subspecies. The current three photographs are source-identified as subsp. vaseyana (mountain big sagebrush). They do not illustrate every subspecies. Culinary sage and Russian sage belong to different taxa.", "source_ids": [ "C-floristic-2020", "CO-rules-2025", "A-big-sagebrush", "C-native-shrubs", "S27" ], "description": "Big sagebrush: Valuable native habitat; subspecies and pet evidence need care. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.", "claim_evidence": [ { "label": "Identification", "sources": [ "A-big-sagebrush" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "big-sagebrush-1" }, { "label": "People", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "", "id": "big-sagebrush-2" }, { "label": "Dogs & cats", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "", "id": "big-sagebrush-3" }, { "label": "Other animals", "sources": [ "A-big-sagebrush" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "big-sagebrush-4" }, { "label": "Plants & habitat", "sources": [ "C-native-shrubs", "A-big-sagebrush" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "big-sagebrush-5" }, { "label": "Management & timing", "sources": [ "C-native-shrubs", "A-big-sagebrush" ], "scope": "Landscape synthesis", "note": "", "id": "big-sagebrush-6" } ], "research": { "status": "researching", "label": "Still researching this plant", "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.", "open_questions": [ { "area": "People", "question": "Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.", "related_claim_ids": [ "big-sagebrush-2" ] }, { "area": "Dogs & cats", "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.", "related_claim_ids": [ "big-sagebrush-3" ] }, { "area": "Identification", "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.", "related_claim_ids": [] }, { "area": "Expert review", "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.", "related_claim_ids": [] } ], "expert_review": "pending" }, "colorado_relevance": { "source_id": "C-floristic-2020", "locator": "Appendix B; PDF page 35; Artemisia tridentata", "basis": "Included in the 2020 statewide flora assessment. This is not a current county abundance survey.", "source_taxon": "Artemisia tridentata" }, "source": "content/plants/big-sagebrush.md", "html": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/big-sagebrush/", "markdown": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/big-sagebrush/index.md" }, { "id": "bittersweet-nightshade", "name": "Bittersweet nightshade", "scientific": "Solanum dulcamara", "category": "invasive", "status": "Common weed; not an A/B/C listing in the reviewed state rule", "status_sources": [ "CO-rules-2025" ], "warning": "Poisonous berries and foliage", "warning_tone": "danger", "aliases": [ "climbing nightshade", "woody nightshade" ], "taxonomy_note": "Not interchangeable with deadly nightshade (Atropa belladonna), edible tomatoes or other Solanum species. County occurrence remains to be mapped in this guide.", "source_ids": [ "CO-rules-2025", "N-solanum-dulcamara", "S27" ], "description": "Bittersweet nightshade: Poisonous berries and foliage. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.", "claim_evidence": [ { "label": "Recognize", "sources": [ "N-solanum-dulcamara" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "bittersweet-nightshade-1" }, { "label": "Plants & habitat", "sources": [ "N-solanum-dulcamara" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "bittersweet-nightshade-2" }, { "label": "People", "sources": [ "N-solanum-dulcamara" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "bittersweet-nightshade-3" }, { "label": "Dogs & cats", "sources": [ "N-solanum-dulcamara" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "bittersweet-nightshade-4" }, { "label": "Other animals", "sources": [ "N-solanum-dulcamara" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "bittersweet-nightshade-5" } ], "research": { "status": "researching", "label": "Still researching this plant", "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.", "open_questions": [ { "area": "Identification", "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.", "related_claim_ids": [] }, { "area": "Expert review", "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.", "related_claim_ids": [] } ], "expert_review": "pending" }, "source": "content/plants/bittersweet-nightshade.md", "html": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/bittersweet-nightshade/", "markdown": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/bittersweet-nightshade/index.md" }, { "id": "black-greasewood", "name": "Black greasewood", "scientific": "Sarcobatus vermiculatus", "category": "native", "status": "Native Colorado plant · not on state Lists A/B/C", "status_sources": [ "C-floristic-2020", "CO-rules-2025" ], "warning": "Oxalate poisoning can be fatal to livestock", "warning_tone": "danger", "aliases": [ "greasewood" ], "taxonomy_note": "Greasewood is also a common name for unrelated shrubs. This account is Sarcobatus vermiculatus, not creosote bush. Livestock treatment and adaptation schedules in older sources are not reproduced.", "source_ids": [ "C-floristic-2020", "CO-rules-2025", "A-greasewood", "F-sarcobatus", "S27" ], "description": "Black greasewood: Oxalate poisoning can be fatal to livestock. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.", "claim_evidence": [ { "label": "Identification", "sources": [ "A-greasewood" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "black-greasewood-1" }, { "label": "People", "sources": [ "A-greasewood" ], "scope": "Handling precaution inferred from structure", "note": "", "id": "black-greasewood-2" }, { "label": "Dogs & cats", "sources": [ "A-greasewood" ], "scope": "Contact precaution; pet toxicology unresolved", "note": "", "id": "black-greasewood-3" }, { "label": "Other animals", "sources": [ "A-greasewood" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "black-greasewood-4" }, { "label": "Plants & habitat", "sources": [ "F-sarcobatus" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "black-greasewood-5" }, { "label": "Management & timing", "sources": [ "A-greasewood", "F-sarcobatus" ], "scope": "Management synthesis", "note": "", "id": "black-greasewood-6" } ], "research": { "status": "researching", "label": "Still researching this plant", "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.", "open_questions": [ { "area": "People", "question": "Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.", "related_claim_ids": [ "black-greasewood-2" ] }, { "area": "Dogs & cats", "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.", "related_claim_ids": [ "black-greasewood-3" ] }, { "area": "Identification", "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.", "related_claim_ids": [] }, { "area": "Expert review", "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.", "related_claim_ids": [] } ], "expert_review": "pending" }, "colorado_relevance": { "source_id": "C-floristic-2020", "locator": "Appendix B; PDF page 78; Sarcobatus vermiculatus", "basis": "Included in the 2020 statewide flora assessment. This is not a current county abundance survey.", "source_taxon": "Sarcobatus vermiculatus" }, "source": "content/plants/black-greasewood.md", "html": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/black-greasewood/", "markdown": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/black-greasewood/index.md" }, { "id": "black-henbane", "name": "Black henbane", "scientific": "Hyoscyamus niger", "category": "invasive", "status": "Colorado noxious weed · List B — Stop the spread", "status_sources": [ "CO-rules-2025" ], "warning": "Highly poisonous; keep animals away", "warning_tone": "danger", "aliases": [], "taxonomy_note": "", "source_ids": [ "CO-rules-2025", "N-hyoscyamus-niger", "S27", "Fremont-list-definitions" ], "description": "Black henbane: Highly poisonous; keep animals away. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.", "claim_evidence": [ { "label": "Recognize", "sources": [ "N-hyoscyamus-niger" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "black-henbane-1" }, { "label": "Plants & habitat", "sources": [ "N-hyoscyamus-niger" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "black-henbane-2" }, { "label": "People", "sources": [ "N-hyoscyamus-niger" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "black-henbane-3" }, { "label": "Dogs & cats", "sources": [ "N-hyoscyamus-niger" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "black-henbane-4" }, { "label": "Other animals", "sources": [ "N-hyoscyamus-niger" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "black-henbane-5" }, { "id": "black-henbane-list-meaning", "label": "State-list meaning", "sources": [ "Fremont-list-definitions" ], "scope": "Colorado management-category definition; species classification retains its original status sources", "note": "Plain-language editorial label for a management category; not a toxicity or danger rating.", "reviewed": "2026-09-07" } ], "noxious_class": "B", "research": { "status": "researching", "label": "Still researching this plant", "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.", "open_questions": [ { "area": "Expert review", "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.", "related_claim_ids": [] } ], "expert_review": "pending" }, "noxious_class_label": "B — Stop the spread", "source": "content/plants/black-henbane.md", "html": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/black-henbane/", "markdown": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/black-henbane/index.md" }, { "id": "blanketflower", "name": "Blanketflower", "scientific": "Gaillardia aristata", "category": "xeriscape", "status": "Colorado native; low-water garden plant", "status_sources": [ "C-perennials" ], "warning": "Contact dermatitis possible", "warning_tone": "caution", "aliases": [], "taxonomy_note": "Many nursery blanketflowers are Gaillardia × grandiflora hybrids. Their appearance does not prove they are G. aristata.", "source_ids": [ "C-perennials", "N-gaillardia-aristata" ], "description": "Blanketflower: Contact dermatitis possible. Colorado identification, habitat and exposure evidence.", "claim_evidence": [ { "label": "Recognize", "sources": [ "N-gaillardia-aristata" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "blanketflower-1" }, { "label": "Plants & habitat", "sources": [ "N-gaillardia-aristata" ], "scope": "Species-specific traits; garden judgment", "note": "", "id": "blanketflower-2" }, { "label": "People", "sources": [ "N-gaillardia-aristata" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "blanketflower-3" }, { "label": "Dogs & cats", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "Species-specific ingestion effects and exposure thresholds were not established in the reviewed sources.", "id": "blanketflower-4" }, { "label": "Other animals", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "This review did not establish livestock toxicity despite documented wildlife use.", "id": "blanketflower-5" } ], "research": { "status": "researching", "label": "Still researching this plant", "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.", "open_questions": [ { "area": "Dogs & cats", "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.", "related_claim_ids": [ "blanketflower-4" ] }, { "area": "Other animals", "question": "Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.", "related_claim_ids": [ "blanketflower-5" ] }, { "area": "Identification", "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.", "related_claim_ids": [] }, { "area": "Expert review", "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.", "related_claim_ids": [] } ], "expert_review": "pending" }, "source": "content/plants/blanketflower.md", "html": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/blanketflower/", "markdown": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/blanketflower/index.md" }, { "id": "bohemian-knotweed", "name": "Bohemian knotweed", "scientific": "Reynoutria × bohemica", "category": "invasive", "status": "Colorado noxious weed · List A — Eradicate", "status_sources": [ "CO-rules-2025" ], "warning": "Hybrid regrows from small fragments", "warning_tone": "caution", "aliases": [ "Fallopia x bohemicum", "Fallopia × bohemica", "Polygonum x bohemicum" ], "taxonomy_note": "This is the Japanese × giant knotweed hybrid. Intermediate-looking leaves alone cannot establish a hybrid identification.", "source_ids": [ "CO-rules-2025", "WA-bohemian-knotweed", "S27", "Fremont-list-definitions" ], "description": "Bohemian knotweed: Hybrid regrows from small fragments. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.", "claim_evidence": [ { "label": "Recognize", "sources": [ "WA-bohemian-knotweed" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "bohemian-knotweed-1" }, { "label": "Plants & habitat", "sources": [ "WA-bohemian-knotweed" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "bohemian-knotweed-2" }, { "label": "People", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "", "id": "bohemian-knotweed-3" }, { "label": "Dogs & cats", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "", "id": "bohemian-knotweed-4" }, { "label": "Other animals", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "", "id": "bohemian-knotweed-5" }, { "id": "bohemian-knotweed-list-meaning", "label": "State-list meaning", "sources": [ "Fremont-list-definitions" ], "scope": "Colorado management-category definition; species classification retains its original status sources", "note": "Plain-language editorial label for a management category; not a toxicity or danger rating.", "reviewed": "2026-09-07" } ], "noxious_class": "A", "research": { "status": "researching", "label": "Still researching this plant", "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.", "open_questions": [ { "area": "People", "question": "Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.", "related_claim_ids": [ "bohemian-knotweed-3" ] }, { "area": "Dogs & cats", "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.", "related_claim_ids": [ "bohemian-knotweed-4" ] }, { "area": "Other animals", "question": "Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.", "related_claim_ids": [ "bohemian-knotweed-5" ] }, { "area": "Identification", "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.", "related_claim_ids": [] }, { "area": "Expert review", "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.", "related_claim_ids": [] } ], "expert_review": "pending" }, "noxious_class_label": "A — Eradicate", "source": "content/plants/bohemian-knotweed.md", "html": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/bohemian-knotweed/", "markdown": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/bohemian-knotweed/index.md" }, { "id": "bouncingbet", "name": "Bouncingbet", "scientific": "Saponaria officinalis", "category": "invasive", "status": "Colorado noxious weed · List B — Stop the spread", "status_sources": [ "CO-rules-2025" ], "warning": "Saponins can cause digestive poisoning", "warning_tone": "caution", "aliases": [ "soapwort", "bouncing bet" ], "taxonomy_note": "", "source_ids": [ "CO-rules-2025", "N-saponaria-officinalis", "S27", "Fremont-list-definitions" ], "description": "Bouncingbet: Saponins can cause digestive poisoning. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.", "claim_evidence": [ { "label": "Recognize", "sources": [ "N-saponaria-officinalis" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "bouncingbet-1" }, { "label": "Plants & habitat", "sources": [ "N-saponaria-officinalis" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "bouncingbet-2" }, { "label": "People", "sources": [ "N-saponaria-officinalis" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "bouncingbet-3" }, { "label": "Dogs & cats", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "", "id": "bouncingbet-4" }, { "label": "Other animals", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "", "id": "bouncingbet-5" }, { "id": "bouncingbet-list-meaning", "label": "State-list meaning", "sources": [ "Fremont-list-definitions" ], "scope": "Colorado management-category definition; species classification retains its original status sources", "note": "Plain-language editorial label for a management category; not a toxicity or danger rating.", "reviewed": "2026-09-07" } ], "noxious_class": "B", "research": { "status": "researching", "label": "Still researching this plant", "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.", "open_questions": [ { "area": "Dogs & cats", "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.", "related_claim_ids": [ "bouncingbet-4" ] }, { "area": "Other animals", "question": "Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.", "related_claim_ids": [ "bouncingbet-5" ] }, { "area": "Expert review", "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.", "related_claim_ids": [] } ], "expert_review": "pending" }, "noxious_class_label": "B — Stop the spread", "source": "content/plants/bouncingbet.md", "html": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/bouncingbet/", "markdown": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/bouncingbet/index.md" }, { "id": "broom-snakeweed", "name": "Broom snakeweed", "scientific": "Gutierrezia sarothrae", "category": "native", "status": "Native Colorado plant · not on state Lists A/B/C", "status_sources": [ "C-floristic-2020", "CO-rules-2025" ], "warning": "Livestock poisoning and abortion risk when heavily eaten", "warning_tone": "danger", "aliases": [ "broomweed", "snakeweed" ], "taxonomy_note": "Distinct from threadleaf snakeweed (Gutierrezia microcephala) and annual broomweeds. Toxicity varies; published livestock findings do not provide pet exposure limits.", "source_ids": [ "C-floristic-2020", "CO-rules-2025", "F-gutierrezia", "S27" ], "description": "Broom snakeweed: Livestock poisoning and abortion risk when heavily eaten. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.", "claim_evidence": [ { "label": "Identification", "sources": [ "F-gutierrezia" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "broom-snakeweed-1" }, { "label": "People", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "", "id": "broom-snakeweed-2" }, { "label": "Dogs & cats", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "", "id": "broom-snakeweed-3" }, { "label": "Other animals", "sources": [ "F-gutierrezia" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "broom-snakeweed-4" }, { "label": "Plants & habitat", "sources": [ "F-gutierrezia" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "broom-snakeweed-5" }, { "label": "Management & timing", "sources": [ "F-gutierrezia" ], "scope": "Management synthesis", "note": "", "id": "broom-snakeweed-6" } ], "research": { "status": "researching", "label": "Still researching this plant", "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.", "open_questions": [ { "area": "People", "question": "Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.", "related_claim_ids": [ "broom-snakeweed-2" ] }, { "area": "Dogs & cats", "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.", "related_claim_ids": [ "broom-snakeweed-3" ] }, { "area": "Identification", "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.", "related_claim_ids": [] }, { "area": "Expert review", "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.", "related_claim_ids": [] } ], "expert_review": "pending" }, "colorado_relevance": { "source_id": "C-floristic-2020", "locator": "Appendix B; PDF page 56; Gutierrezia sarothrae", "basis": "Included in the 2020 statewide flora assessment. This is not a current county abundance survey.", "source_taxon": "Gutierrezia sarothrae" }, "source": "content/plants/broom-snakeweed.md", "html": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/broom-snakeweed/", "markdown": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/broom-snakeweed/index.md" }, { "id": "buffalobur", "name": "Buffalobur", "scientific": "Solanum rostratum", "category": "native", "status": "Great Plains native; documented in Colorado", "status_sources": [ "I-buffalobur", "U-buffalobur" ], "warning": "Sharp spines; toxic to livestock", "warning_tone": "caution", "aliases": [ "buffalo-bur", "Colorado bur" ], "taxonomy_note": "Washington lists this plant as a noxious weed in that state. That legal designation is not transferred to Colorado.", "source_ids": [ "I-buffalobur", "U-buffalobur", "W-buffalobur" ], "description": "Buffalobur: Sharp spines; toxic to livestock. Colorado identification, habitat and exposure evidence.", "claim_evidence": [ { "label": "Recognize", "sources": [ "I-buffalobur" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "buffalobur-1" }, { "label": "Plants & habitat", "sources": [ "W-buffalobur" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "buffalobur-2" }, { "label": "People", "sources": [ "I-buffalobur" ], "scope": "Documented spines; editorial risk inference", "note": "", "id": "buffalobur-3" }, { "label": "Dogs & cats", "sources": [ "W-buffalobur" ], "scope": "Physical-risk inference; pet evidence gap", "note": "", "id": "buffalobur-4" }, { "label": "Other animals", "sources": [ "W-buffalobur" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "buffalobur-5" } ], "research": { "status": "researching", "label": "Still researching this plant", "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.", "open_questions": [ { "area": "People", "question": "Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.", "related_claim_ids": [ "buffalobur-3" ] }, { "area": "Dogs & cats", "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.", "related_claim_ids": [ "buffalobur-4" ] }, { "area": "Identification", "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.", "related_claim_ids": [] }, { "area": "Expert review", "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.", "related_claim_ids": [] } ], "expert_review": "pending" }, "source": "content/plants/buffalobur.md", "html": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/buffalobur/", "markdown": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/buffalobur/index.md" }, { "id": "bulbous-bluegrass", "name": "Bulbous bluegrass", "scientific": "Poa bulbosa", "category": "invasive", "status": "Colorado noxious weed · List C — Manage widespread weeds", "status_sources": [ "CO-rules-2025" ], "warning": "Early-season grass spreads by bulbils", "warning_tone": "caution", "aliases": [], "taxonomy_note": "The USU page has an unrelated heading, but its scientific-name field and grass description identify Poa bulbosa. Only that species-specific body is used.", "source_ids": [ "CO-rules-2025", "U-bulbous", "S27", "Fremont-list-definitions" ], "description": "Bulbous bluegrass: Early-season grass spreads by bulbils. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.", "claim_evidence": [ { "label": "Recognize", "sources": [ "U-bulbous" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "bulbous-bluegrass-1" }, { "label": "Plants & habitat", "sources": [ "U-bulbous" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "bulbous-bluegrass-2" }, { "label": "People", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "", "id": "bulbous-bluegrass-3" }, { "label": "Dogs & cats", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "", "id": "bulbous-bluegrass-4" }, { "label": "Other animals", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "", "id": "bulbous-bluegrass-5" }, { "id": "bulbous-bluegrass-list-meaning", "label": "State-list meaning", "sources": [ "Fremont-list-definitions" ], "scope": "Colorado management-category definition; species classification retains its original status sources", "note": "Plain-language editorial label for a management category; not a toxicity or danger rating.", "reviewed": "2026-09-07" } ], "noxious_class": "C", "research": { "status": "researching", "label": "Still researching this plant", "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.", "open_questions": [ { "area": "People", "question": "Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.", "related_claim_ids": [ "bulbous-bluegrass-3" ] }, { "area": "Dogs & cats", "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.", "related_claim_ids": [ "bulbous-bluegrass-4" ] }, { "area": "Other animals", "question": "Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.", "related_claim_ids": [ "bulbous-bluegrass-5" ] }, { "area": "Identification", "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.", "related_claim_ids": [] }, { "area": "Expert review", "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.", "related_claim_ids": [] } ], "expert_review": "pending" }, "noxious_class_label": "C — Manage widespread weeds", "source": "content/plants/bulbous-bluegrass.md", "html": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/bulbous-bluegrass/", "markdown": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/bulbous-bluegrass/index.md" }, { "id": "bull-thistle", "name": "Bull thistle", "scientific": "Cirsium vulgare", "category": "invasive", "status": "Colorado noxious weed · List B — Stop the spread", "status_sources": [ "J-bull-thistle" ], "warning": "Sharp spines; competes with vegetation", "warning_tone": "caution", "aliases": [], "taxonomy_note": "Colorado also has native thistles. Purple flowers and spines alone cannot distinguish a listed introduced species.", "source_ids": [ "J-bull-thistle", "Fremont-list-definitions" ], "description": "Bull thistle: Sharp spines; competes with vegetation. Colorado identification, habitat and exposure evidence.", "claim_evidence": [ { "label": "Recognize", "sources": [ "J-bull-thistle" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "bull-thistle-1" }, { "label": "Plants & habitat", "sources": [ "J-bull-thistle" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "bull-thistle-2" }, { "label": "People", "sources": [ "J-bull-thistle" ], "scope": "Physical-risk inference from documented spines", "note": "", "id": "bull-thistle-3" }, { "label": "Dogs & cats", "sources": [ "J-bull-thistle" ], "scope": "Physical-risk inference; toxicology gap", "note": "", "id": "bull-thistle-4" }, { "label": "Other animals", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "The reviewed control source does not establish species-specific livestock chemical toxicity.", "id": "bull-thistle-5" }, { "id": "bull-thistle-list-meaning", "label": "State-list meaning", "sources": [ "Fremont-list-definitions" ], "scope": "Colorado management-category definition; species classification retains its original status sources", "note": "Plain-language editorial label for a management category; not a toxicity or danger rating.", "reviewed": "2026-09-07" } ], "noxious_class": "B", "research": { "status": "researching", "label": "Still researching this plant", "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.", "open_questions": [ { "area": "Dogs & cats", "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.", "related_claim_ids": [ "bull-thistle-4" ] }, { "area": "Other animals", "question": "Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.", "related_claim_ids": [ "bull-thistle-5" ] }, { "area": "Identification", "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.", "related_claim_ids": [] }, { "area": "Expert review", "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.", "related_claim_ids": [] } ], "expert_review": "pending" }, "noxious_class_label": "B — Stop the spread", "source": "content/plants/bull-thistle.md", "html": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/bull-thistle/", "markdown": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/bull-thistle/index.md" }, { "id": "camelthorn", "name": "Camelthorn", "scientific": "Alhagi maurorum", "category": "invasive", "status": "Colorado noxious weed · List A — Eradicate", "status_sources": [ "CO-rules-2025" ], "warning": "Thorns and deep spreading roots", "warning_tone": "caution", "aliases": [], "taxonomy_note": "The Washington legal class is not applied here; Colorado lists camelthorn on List A.", "source_ids": [ "CO-rules-2025", "WA-camelthorn", "S27", "Fremont-list-definitions" ], "description": "Camelthorn: Thorns and deep spreading roots. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.", "claim_evidence": [ { "label": "Recognize", "sources": [ "WA-camelthorn" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "camelthorn-1" }, { "label": "Plants & habitat", "sources": [ "WA-camelthorn" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "camelthorn-2" }, { "label": "People", "sources": [ "WA-camelthorn" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "camelthorn-3" }, { "label": "Dogs & cats", "sources": [ "WA-camelthorn" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "camelthorn-4" }, { "label": "Other animals", "sources": [ "WA-camelthorn" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "camelthorn-5" }, { "id": "camelthorn-list-meaning", "label": "State-list meaning", "sources": [ "Fremont-list-definitions" ], "scope": "Colorado management-category definition; species classification retains its original status sources", "note": "Plain-language editorial label for a management category; not a toxicity or danger rating.", "reviewed": "2026-09-07" } ], "noxious_class": "A", "research": { "status": "researching", "label": "Still researching this plant", "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.", "open_questions": [ { "area": "Other animals", "question": "Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.", "related_claim_ids": [ "camelthorn-5" ] }, { "area": "Identification", "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.", "related_claim_ids": [] }, { "area": "Expert review", "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.", "related_claim_ids": [] } ], "expert_review": "pending" }, "noxious_class_label": "A — Eradicate", "source": "content/plants/camelthorn.md", "html": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/camelthorn/", "markdown": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/camelthorn/index.md" }, { "id": "canada-goldenrod", "name": "Canada goldenrod", "scientific": "Solidago canadensis", "category": "native", "status": "Colorado native", "status_sources": [ "N-solidago-canadensis" ], "warning": "Spreads by roots and seed", "warning_tone": "caution", "aliases": [], "taxonomy_note": "Goldenrod taxonomy is variable. Other Solidago species and plants sharing this common name require separate identification.", "source_ids": [ "N-solidago-canadensis" ], "description": "Canada goldenrod: Spreads by roots and seed. Colorado identification, habitat and exposure evidence.", "claim_evidence": [ { "label": "Recognize", "sources": [ "N-solidago-canadensis" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "canada-goldenrod-1" }, { "label": "Plants & habitat", "sources": [ "N-solidago-canadensis" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "canada-goldenrod-2" }, { "label": "People", "sources": [ "N-solidago-canadensis" ], "scope": "Reported distinction; safety limitation", "note": "", "id": "canada-goldenrod-3" }, { "label": "Dogs & cats", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "Species-specific ingestion effects and exposure thresholds were not established in the reviewed sources.", "id": "canada-goldenrod-4" }, { "label": "Other animals", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "Species-specific livestock ingestion safety was not established in this review.", "id": "canada-goldenrod-5" } ], "research": { "status": "researching", "label": "Still researching this plant", "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.", "open_questions": [ { "area": "People", "question": "Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.", "related_claim_ids": [ "canada-goldenrod-3" ] }, { "area": "Dogs & cats", "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.", "related_claim_ids": [ "canada-goldenrod-4" ] }, { "area": "Other animals", "question": "Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.", "related_claim_ids": [ "canada-goldenrod-5" ] }, { "area": "Identification", "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.", "related_claim_ids": [] }, { "area": "Expert review", "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.", "related_claim_ids": [] } ], "expert_review": "pending" }, "source": "content/plants/canada-goldenrod.md", "html": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/canada-goldenrod/", "markdown": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/canada-goldenrod/index.md" }, { "id": "canada-thistle", "name": "Canada thistle", "scientific": "Cirsium arvense", "category": "invasive", "status": "Colorado noxious weed · List B — Stop the spread", "status_sources": [ "J-canada-thistle" ], "warning": "Sharp spines; competes with vegetation", "warning_tone": "caution", "aliases": [], "taxonomy_note": "Colorado also has native thistles. Purple flowers and spines alone cannot distinguish a listed introduced species.", "source_ids": [ "J-canada-thistle", "Fremont-list-definitions" ], "description": "Canada thistle: Sharp spines; competes with vegetation. Colorado identification, habitat and exposure evidence.", "claim_evidence": [ { "label": "Recognize", "sources": [ "J-canada-thistle" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "canada-thistle-1" }, { "label": "Plants & habitat", "sources": [ "J-canada-thistle" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "canada-thistle-2" }, { "label": "People", "sources": [ "J-canada-thistle" ], "scope": "Physical-risk inference from documented spines", "note": "", "id": "canada-thistle-3" }, { "label": "Dogs & cats", "sources": [ "J-canada-thistle" ], "scope": "Physical-risk inference; toxicology gap", "note": "", "id": "canada-thistle-4" }, { "label": "Other animals", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "The reviewed control source does not establish species-specific livestock chemical toxicity.", "id": "canada-thistle-5" }, { "id": "canada-thistle-list-meaning", "label": "State-list meaning", "sources": [ "Fremont-list-definitions" ], "scope": "Colorado management-category definition; species classification retains its original status sources", "note": "Plain-language editorial label for a management category; not a toxicity or danger rating.", "reviewed": "2026-09-07" } ], "noxious_class": "B", "research": { "status": "researching", "label": "Still researching this plant", "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.", "open_questions": [ { "area": "Dogs & cats", "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.", "related_claim_ids": [ "canada-thistle-4" ] }, { "area": "Other animals", "question": "Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.", "related_claim_ids": [ "canada-thistle-5" ] }, { "area": "Identification", "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.", "related_claim_ids": [] }, { "area": "Expert review", "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.", "related_claim_ids": [] } ], "expert_review": "pending" }, "noxious_class_label": "B — Stop the spread", "source": "content/plants/canada-thistle.md", "html": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/canada-thistle/", "markdown": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/canada-thistle/index.md" }, { "id": "catchweed-bedstraw", "name": "Catchweed bedstraw", "scientific": "Galium aparine", "category": "native", "status": "Native Colorado plant · not on state Lists A/B/C", "status_sources": [ "C-floristic-2020", "CO-rules-2025" ], "warning": "Hooked hairs and burrs cling to fur and clothing", "warning_tone": "caution", "aliases": [ "cleavers", "stickyweed", "sticky willy" ], "taxonomy_note": "Use Galium aparine for evidence matching. A common name such as goosegrass can also refer to unrelated grasses.", "source_ids": [ "C-floristic-2020", "CO-rules-2025", "N-galium-aparine", "S27" ], "description": "Catchweed bedstraw: Hooked hairs and burrs cling to fur and clothing. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.", "claim_evidence": [ { "label": "Identification", "sources": [ "N-galium-aparine" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "catchweed-bedstraw-1" }, { "label": "People", "sources": [ "N-galium-aparine" ], "scope": "Mechanical-contact precaution", "note": "", "id": "catchweed-bedstraw-2" }, { "label": "Dogs & cats", "sources": [ "N-galium-aparine" ], "scope": "Mechanical-contact precaution; clinical evidence unresolved", "note": "", "id": "catchweed-bedstraw-3" }, { "label": "Other animals", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "", "id": "catchweed-bedstraw-4" }, { "label": "Plants & habitat", "sources": [ "N-galium-aparine", "C-floristic-2020" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "catchweed-bedstraw-5" }, { "label": "Management & timing", "sources": [ "N-galium-aparine" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "catchweed-bedstraw-6" } ], "research": { "status": "researching", "label": "Still researching this plant", "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.", "open_questions": [ { "area": "Dogs & cats", "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.", "related_claim_ids": [ "catchweed-bedstraw-3" ] }, { "area": "Other animals", "question": "Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.", "related_claim_ids": [ "catchweed-bedstraw-4" ] }, { "area": "Identification", "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.", "related_claim_ids": [] }, { "area": "Expert review", "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.", "related_claim_ids": [] } ], "expert_review": "pending" }, "colorado_relevance": { "source_id": "C-floristic-2020", "locator": "Appendix B; PDF page 55; Galium aparine", "basis": "Included in the 2020 statewide flora assessment. This is not a current county abundance survey.", "source_taxon": "Galium aparine" }, "source": "content/plants/catchweed-bedstraw.md", "html": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/catchweed-bedstraw/", "markdown": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/catchweed-bedstraw/index.md" }, { "id": "catmint", "name": "Catmint", "scientific": "Nepeta × faassenii", "category": "xeriscape", "status": "Introduced garden hybrid", "status_sources": [ "N-nepeta-x-faassenii" ], "warning": "Spreading clumps; pet evidence gap", "warning_tone": "caution", "aliases": [ "blue catmint", "Faassen catmint", "Nepeta x faassenii" ], "taxonomy_note": "Sterility is reported for this hybrid, not all plants sold as catmint. Verify cultivar and scientific name.", "source_ids": [ "N-nepeta-x-faassenii" ], "description": "Catmint: Spreading clumps; pet evidence gap. Colorado identification, habitat and exposure evidence.", "claim_evidence": [ { "label": "Recognize", "sources": [ "N-nepeta-x-faassenii" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "catmint-1" }, { "label": "Plants & habitat", "sources": [ "N-nepeta-x-faassenii" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "catmint-2" }, { "label": "People", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "The horticultural source does not provide a human ingestion assessment.", "id": "catmint-3" }, { "label": "Dogs & cats", "sources": [ "N-nepeta-x-faassenii" ], "scope": "Species-specific attraction; toxicology gap", "note": "", "id": "catmint-4" }, { "label": "Other animals", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "Species-specific ingestion effects and exposure thresholds were not established in the reviewed sources.", "id": "catmint-5" } ], "research": { "status": "researching", "label": "Still researching this plant", "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.", "open_questions": [ { "area": "People", "question": "Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.", "related_claim_ids": [ "catmint-3" ] }, { "area": "Dogs & cats", "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.", "related_claim_ids": [ "catmint-4" ] }, { "area": "Other animals", "question": "Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.", "related_claim_ids": [ "catmint-5" ] }, { "area": "Identification", "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.", "related_claim_ids": [] }, { "area": "Expert review", "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.", "related_claim_ids": [] } ], "expert_review": "pending" }, "source": "content/plants/catmint.md", "html": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/catmint/", "markdown": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/catmint/index.md" }, { "id": "cheatgrass", "name": "Cheatgrass / downy brome", "scientific": "Bromus tectorum", "category": "invasive", "status": "Colorado List C — Manage widespread weeds", "status_sources": [ "S20" ], "warning": "Grass awns · Fire hazard", "warning_tone": "danger", "aliases": [], "taxonomy_note": "", "source_ids": [ "S20", "S22", "S21", "Fremont-list-definitions" ], "description": "Cheatgrass / downy brome: Grass awns · Fire hazard. Colorado identification, habitat and exposure evidence.", "claim_evidence": [ { "label": "Recognize", "sources": [ "S20" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "reviewed": "2026-09-06", "id": "cheatgrass-1" }, { "label": "Plants & habitat", "sources": [ "S20" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "reviewed": "2026-09-06", "id": "cheatgrass-2" }, { "label": "People", "sources": [ "S20" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "reviewed": "2026-09-06", "id": "cheatgrass-3" }, { "label": "Dogs & cats", "sources": [ "S22" ], "scope": "General grass-awn guidance", "note": "UC Davis discusses foxtails and other grass seed heads; it does not quantify Bromus tectorum-specific pet risk.", "reviewed": "2026-09-06", "id": "cheatgrass-4" }, { "label": "Other animals", "sources": [ "S21", "S20" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "reviewed": "2026-09-06", "id": "cheatgrass-5" }, { "id": "cheatgrass-list-meaning", "label": "State-list meaning", "sources": [ "Fremont-list-definitions" ], "scope": "Colorado management-category definition; species classification retains its original status sources", "note": "Plain-language editorial label for a management category; not a toxicity or danger rating.", "reviewed": "2026-09-07" } ], "noxious_class": "C", "research": { "status": "researching", "label": "Still researching this plant", "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.", "open_questions": [ { "area": "Expert review", "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.", "related_claim_ids": [] } ], "expert_review": "pending" }, "noxious_class_label": "C — Manage widespread weeds", "source": "content/plants/cheatgrass.md", "html": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/cheatgrass/", "markdown": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/cheatgrass/index.md" }, { "id": "chicory", "name": "Chicory", "scientific": "Cichorium intybus", "category": "invasive", "status": "Colorado noxious weed · List C — Manage widespread weeds", "status_sources": [ "CO-rules-2025" ], "warning": "Roadside and pasture spread", "warning_tone": "caution", "aliases": [], "taxonomy_note": "Cultivated chicories and roadside plants can share a species name. This guide does not assess food harvesting or roadside contamination.", "source_ids": [ "CO-rules-2025", "N-cichorium-intybus", "S27", "Fremont-list-definitions" ], "description": "Chicory: Roadside and pasture spread. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.", "claim_evidence": [ { "label": "Recognize", "sources": [ "N-cichorium-intybus" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "chicory-1" }, { "label": "Plants & habitat", "sources": [ "N-cichorium-intybus" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "chicory-2" }, { "label": "People", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "", "id": "chicory-3" }, { "label": "Dogs & cats", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "", "id": "chicory-4" }, { "label": "Other animals", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "", "id": "chicory-5" }, { "id": "chicory-list-meaning", "label": "State-list meaning", "sources": [ "Fremont-list-definitions" ], "scope": "Colorado management-category definition; species classification retains its original status sources", "note": "Plain-language editorial label for a management category; not a toxicity or danger rating.", "reviewed": "2026-09-07" } ], "noxious_class": "C", "research": { "status": "researching", "label": "Still researching this plant", "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.", "open_questions": [ { "area": "People", "question": "Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.", "related_claim_ids": [ "chicory-3" ] }, { "area": "Dogs & cats", "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.", "related_claim_ids": [ "chicory-4" ] }, { "area": "Other animals", "question": "Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.", "related_claim_ids": [ "chicory-5" ] }, { "area": "Identification", "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.", "related_claim_ids": [] }, { "area": "Expert review", "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.", "related_claim_ids": [] } ], "expert_review": "pending" }, "noxious_class_label": "C — Manage widespread weeds", "source": "content/plants/chicory.md", "html": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/chicory/", "markdown": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/chicory/index.md" }, { "id": "chinese-clematis", "name": "Chinese clematis", "scientific": "Clematis orientalis", "category": "invasive", "status": "Colorado noxious weed · List B — Stop the spread", "status_sources": [ "CO-rules-2025" ], "warning": "Smothers vegetation; irritating plant compounds", "warning_tone": "danger", "aliases": [], "taxonomy_note": "Native clematis can be difficult to distinguish when not flowering. The toxicology reference treats Clematis broadly; horticultural recommendations for other clematis are not applied to this listed weed.", "source_ids": [ "CO-rules-2025", "J-chinese-clematis", "N-clematis", "S27", "Fremont-list-definitions" ], "description": "Chinese clematis: Smothers vegetation; irritating plant compounds. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.", "claim_evidence": [ { "label": "Recognize", "sources": [ "J-chinese-clematis" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "chinese-clematis-1" }, { "label": "Plants & habitat", "sources": [ "J-chinese-clematis" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "chinese-clematis-2" }, { "label": "People", "sources": [ "N-clematis" ], "scope": "Genus-level warning, not a C. orientalis exposure series", "note": "", "id": "chinese-clematis-3" }, { "label": "Dogs & cats", "sources": [ "N-clematis" ], "scope": "Genus-level warning", "note": "", "id": "chinese-clematis-4" }, { "label": "Other animals", "sources": [ "N-clematis" ], "scope": "Genus-level warning", "note": "", "id": "chinese-clematis-5" }, { "id": "chinese-clematis-list-meaning", "label": "State-list meaning", "sources": [ "Fremont-list-definitions" ], "scope": "Colorado management-category definition; species classification retains its original status sources", "note": "Plain-language editorial label for a management category; not a toxicity or danger rating.", "reviewed": "2026-09-07" } ], "noxious_class": "B", "research": { "status": "researching", "label": "Still researching this plant", "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.", "open_questions": [ { "area": "Dogs & cats", "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.", "related_claim_ids": [ "chinese-clematis-4" ] }, { "area": "Identification", "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.", "related_claim_ids": [] }, { "area": "Expert review", "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.", "related_claim_ids": [] } ], "expert_review": "pending" }, "noxious_class_label": "B — Stop the spread", "source": "content/plants/chinese-clematis.md", "html": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/chinese-clematis/", "markdown": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/chinese-clematis/index.md" }, { "id": "common-blue-violet", "name": "Common blue violet", "scientific": "Viola sororia", "category": "native", "status": "Native Colorado plant · not on state Lists A/B/C", "status_sources": [ "C-floristic-2020", "CO-rules-2025" ], "warning": "A native volunteer; identify the species before removing", "warning_tone": "caution", "aliases": [ "wild violet", "blue violet" ], "taxonomy_note": "This is one member of CSU’s broader “Viola spp.” topic, not coverage of every Colorado violet. CNHP includes Viola sororia as native; photos and the profile do not resolve all members of the species complex.", "source_ids": [ "C-floristic-2020", "CO-rules-2025", "N-viola-sororia", "C-descriptions", "S27" ], "description": "Common blue violet: A native volunteer; identify the species before removing. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.", "claim_evidence": [ { "label": "Identification", "sources": [ "N-viola-sororia" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "common-blue-violet-1" }, { "label": "People", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "", "id": "common-blue-violet-2" }, { "label": "Dogs & cats", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "", "id": "common-blue-violet-3" }, { "label": "Other animals", "sources": [ "N-viola-sororia" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "common-blue-violet-4" }, { "label": "Plants & habitat", "sources": [ "N-viola-sororia" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "common-blue-violet-5" }, { "label": "Management & timing", "sources": [ "C-descriptions" ], "scope": "Viola group management", "note": "", "id": "common-blue-violet-6" } ], "research": { "status": "researching", "label": "Still researching this plant", "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.", "open_questions": [ { "area": "People", "question": "Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.", "related_claim_ids": [ "common-blue-violet-2" ] }, { "area": "Dogs & cats", "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.", "related_claim_ids": [ "common-blue-violet-3" ] }, { "area": "Other animals", "question": "Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.", "related_claim_ids": [ "common-blue-violet-4" ] }, { "area": "Identification", "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.", "related_claim_ids": [] }, { "area": "Expert review", "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.", "related_claim_ids": [] } ], "expert_review": "pending" }, "colorado_relevance": { "source_id": "C-floristic-2020", "locator": "Appendix B; PDF page 85; Viola sororia", "basis": "Included in the 2020 statewide flora assessment. This is not a current county abundance survey.", "source_taxon": "Viola sororia" }, "source": "content/plants/common-blue-violet.md", "html": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/common-blue-violet/", "markdown": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/common-blue-violet/index.md" }, { "id": "common-burdock", "name": "Common burdock", "scientific": "Arctium minus", "category": "invasive", "status": "Colorado noxious weed · List C — Manage widespread weeds", "status_sources": [ "CO-rules-2025" ], "warning": "Burs and fine bristles injure animals", "warning_tone": "danger", "aliases": [], "taxonomy_note": "", "source_ids": [ "CO-rules-2025", "N-arctium-minus", "S27", "Fremont-list-definitions" ], "description": "Common burdock: Burs and fine bristles injure animals. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.", "claim_evidence": [ { "label": "Recognize", "sources": [ "N-arctium-minus" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "common-burdock-1" }, { "label": "Plants & habitat", "sources": [ "N-arctium-minus" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "common-burdock-2" }, { "label": "People", "sources": [ "N-arctium-minus" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "common-burdock-3" }, { "label": "Dogs & cats", "sources": [ "N-arctium-minus" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "common-burdock-4" }, { "label": "Other animals", "sources": [ "N-arctium-minus" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "common-burdock-5" }, { "id": "common-burdock-list-meaning", "label": "State-list meaning", "sources": [ "Fremont-list-definitions" ], "scope": "Colorado management-category definition; species classification retains its original status sources", "note": "Plain-language editorial label for a management category; not a toxicity or danger rating.", "reviewed": "2026-09-07" } ], "noxious_class": "C", "research": { "status": "researching", "label": "Still researching this plant", "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.", "open_questions": [ { "area": "Expert review", "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.", "related_claim_ids": [] } ], "expert_review": "pending" }, "noxious_class_label": "C — Manage widespread weeds", "source": "content/plants/common-burdock.md", "html": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/common-burdock/", "markdown": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/common-burdock/index.md" }, { "id": "common-chickweed", "name": "Common chickweed", "scientific": "Stellaria media", "category": "invasive", "status": "Common introduced weed · not on state Lists A/B/C", "status_sources": [ "C-floristic-2020", "CO-rules-2025" ], "warning": "A cool-season weed that can seed while still small", "warning_tone": "caution", "aliases": [], "taxonomy_note": "Common chickweed is not every plant called chickweed. Species identification and contamination history must be established independently of any food-use claim.", "source_ids": [ "C-floristic-2020", "CO-rules-2025", "N-stellaria-media", "S27" ], "description": "Common chickweed: A cool-season weed that can seed while still small. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.", "claim_evidence": [ { "label": "Identification", "sources": [ "N-stellaria-media" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "common-chickweed-1" }, { "label": "People", "sources": [ "N-stellaria-media" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "common-chickweed-2" }, { "label": "Dogs & cats", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "", "id": "common-chickweed-3" }, { "label": "Other animals", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "", "id": "common-chickweed-4" }, { "label": "Plants & habitat", "sources": [ "N-stellaria-media" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "common-chickweed-5" }, { "label": "Management & timing", "sources": [ "N-stellaria-media" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "common-chickweed-6" } ], "research": { "status": "researching", "label": "Still researching this plant", "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.", "open_questions": [ { "area": "People", "question": "Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.", "related_claim_ids": [ "common-chickweed-2" ] }, { "area": "Dogs & cats", "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.", "related_claim_ids": [ "common-chickweed-3" ] }, { "area": "Other animals", "question": "Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.", "related_claim_ids": [ "common-chickweed-4" ] }, { "area": "Identification", "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.", "related_claim_ids": [] }, { "area": "Expert review", "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.", "related_claim_ids": [] } ], "expert_review": "pending" }, "colorado_relevance": { "source_id": "C-floristic-2020", "locator": "Appendix B; PDF page 81; Stellaria media", "basis": "Included in the 2020 statewide flora assessment. This is not a current county abundance survey.", "source_taxon": "Stellaria media" }, "source": "content/plants/common-chickweed.md", "html": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/common-chickweed/", "markdown": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/common-chickweed/index.md" }, { "id": "common-cocklebur", "name": "Common cocklebur", "scientific": "Xanthium strumarium", "category": "invasive", "status": "Common weed; not an A/B/C listing in the reviewed state rule", "status_sources": [ "CO-rules-2025" ], "warning": "Burs catch in fur; seedlings and seeds are hazardous", "warning_tone": "danger", "aliases": [], "taxonomy_note": "Xanthium strumarium is treated broadly by some sources and split into other taxa by others. Photographs retain their original source identifications. Native status and a local specimen’s exact taxon need separate review.", "source_ids": [ "CO-rules-2025", "N-xanthium-strumarium", "S27" ], "description": "Common cocklebur: Burs catch in fur; seedlings and seeds are hazardous. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.", "claim_evidence": [ { "label": "Recognize", "sources": [ "N-xanthium-strumarium" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "common-cocklebur-1" }, { "label": "Plants & habitat", "sources": [ "N-xanthium-strumarium" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "common-cocklebur-2" }, { "label": "People", "sources": [ "N-xanthium-strumarium" ], "scope": "Source warning; human clinical detail limited", "note": "", "id": "common-cocklebur-3" }, { "label": "Dogs & cats", "sources": [ "N-xanthium-strumarium" ], "scope": "Physical-risk inference and general animal warning", "note": "", "id": "common-cocklebur-4" }, { "label": "Other animals", "sources": [ "N-xanthium-strumarium" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "common-cocklebur-5" } ], "research": { "status": "researching", "label": "Still researching this plant", "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.", "open_questions": [ { "area": "Dogs & cats", "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.", "related_claim_ids": [ "common-cocklebur-4" ] }, { "area": "Identification", "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.", "related_claim_ids": [] }, { "area": "Expert review", "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.", "related_claim_ids": [] } ], "expert_review": "pending" }, "source": "content/plants/common-cocklebur.md", "html": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/common-cocklebur/", "markdown": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/common-cocklebur/index.md" }, { "id": "common-crupina", "name": "Common crupina", "scientific": "Crupina vulgaris", "category": "invasive", "status": "Colorado noxious weed · List A — Eradicate", "status_sources": [ "CO-rules-2025" ], "warning": "Dense stands reduce forage", "warning_tone": "caution", "aliases": [], "taxonomy_note": "Washington source used for biology; Colorado’s current rules supply the legal designation. “Not known toxic” in the source is not a feeding-safety assessment.", "source_ids": [ "CO-rules-2025", "WA-common-crupina", "S27", "Fremont-list-definitions" ], "description": "Common crupina: Dense stands reduce forage. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.", "claim_evidence": [ { "label": "Recognize", "sources": [ "WA-common-crupina" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "common-crupina-1" }, { "label": "Plants & habitat", "sources": [ "WA-common-crupina" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "common-crupina-2" }, { "label": "People", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "", "id": "common-crupina-3" }, { "label": "Dogs & cats", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "", "id": "common-crupina-4" }, { "label": "Other animals", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "", "id": "common-crupina-5" }, { "id": "common-crupina-list-meaning", "label": "State-list meaning", "sources": [ "Fremont-list-definitions" ], "scope": "Colorado management-category definition; species classification retains its original status sources", "note": "Plain-language editorial label for a management category; not a toxicity or danger rating.", "reviewed": "2026-09-07" } ], "noxious_class": "A", "research": { "status": "researching", "label": "Still researching this plant", "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.", "open_questions": [ { "area": "People", "question": "Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.", "related_claim_ids": [ "common-crupina-3" ] }, { "area": "Dogs & cats", "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.", "related_claim_ids": [ "common-crupina-4" ] }, { "area": "Other animals", "question": "Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.", "related_claim_ids": [ "common-crupina-5" ] }, { "area": "Identification", "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.", "related_claim_ids": [] }, { "area": "Expert review", "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.", "related_claim_ids": [] } ], "expert_review": "pending" }, "noxious_class_label": "A — Eradicate", "source": "content/plants/common-crupina.md", "html": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/common-crupina/", "markdown": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/common-crupina/index.md" }, { "id": "common-dandelion", "name": "Common dandelion", "scientific": "Taraxacum officinale", "category": "invasive", "status": "Common weed; not an A/B/C listing in the reviewed state rule", "status_sources": [ "CO-rules-2025" ], "warning": "Persistent lawn volunteer; sap can irritate skin", "warning_tone": "caution", "aliases": [], "taxonomy_note": "Used in the common broad sense (T. officinale aggregate / section Ruderalia). Photographs are not intended to resolve small segregate taxa or Colorado’s native dandelions.", "source_ids": [ "CO-rules-2025", "N-taraxacum-officinale", "C-descriptions", "S27" ], "description": "Common dandelion: Persistent lawn volunteer; sap can irritate skin. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.", "claim_evidence": [ { "label": "Recognize", "sources": [ "N-taraxacum-officinale" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "common-dandelion-1" }, { "label": "Plants & habitat", "sources": [ "C-descriptions", "N-taraxacum-officinale" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "common-dandelion-2" }, { "label": "People", "sources": [ "N-taraxacum-officinale" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "common-dandelion-3" }, { "label": "Dogs & cats", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "", "id": "common-dandelion-4" }, { "label": "Other animals", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "", "id": "common-dandelion-5" } ], "research": { "status": "researching", "label": "Still researching this plant", "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.", "open_questions": [ { "area": "People", "question": "Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.", "related_claim_ids": [ "common-dandelion-3" ] }, { "area": "Dogs & cats", "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.", "related_claim_ids": [ "common-dandelion-4" ] }, { "area": "Other animals", "question": "Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.", "related_claim_ids": [ "common-dandelion-5" ] }, { "area": "Identification", "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.", "related_claim_ids": [] }, { "area": "Expert review", "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.", "related_claim_ids": [] } ], "expert_review": "pending" }, "source": "content/plants/common-dandelion.md", "html": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/common-dandelion/", "markdown": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/common-dandelion/index.md" }, { "id": "common-lambsquarters", "name": "Common lambsquarters", "scientific": "Chenopodium album", "category": "invasive", "status": "Common weed; not an A/B/C listing in the reviewed state rule", "status_sources": [ "CO-rules-2025" ], "warning": "Prolific garden weed; ingestion caution", "warning_tone": "caution", "aliases": [ "white goosefoot", "lamb’s quarters" ], "taxonomy_note": "Chenopodium album is distinct from netseed lambsquarters (C. berlandieri). Exact native status within this variable complex is not resolved here.", "source_ids": [ "CO-rules-2025", "N-chenopodium-album", "C-edible-weeds", "S27" ], "description": "Common lambsquarters: Prolific garden weed; ingestion caution. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.", "claim_evidence": [ { "label": "Recognize", "sources": [ "N-chenopodium-album" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "common-lambsquarters-1" }, { "label": "Plants & habitat", "sources": [ "C-edible-weeds", "N-chenopodium-album" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "common-lambsquarters-2" }, { "label": "People", "sources": [ "N-chenopodium-album" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "common-lambsquarters-3" }, { "label": "Dogs & cats", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "", "id": "common-lambsquarters-4" }, { "label": "Other animals", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "", "id": "common-lambsquarters-5" } ], "research": { "status": "researching", "label": "Still researching this plant", "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.", "open_questions": [ { "area": "Dogs & cats", "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.", "related_claim_ids": [ "common-lambsquarters-4" ] }, { "area": "Other animals", "question": "Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.", "related_claim_ids": [ "common-lambsquarters-5" ] }, { "area": "Identification", "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.", "related_claim_ids": [] }, { "area": "Expert review", "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.", "related_claim_ids": [] } ], "expert_review": "pending" }, "source": "content/plants/common-lambsquarters.md", "html": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/common-lambsquarters/", "markdown": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/common-lambsquarters/index.md" }, { "id": "common-mallow", "name": "Common mallow", "scientific": "Malva neglecta", "category": "invasive", "status": "Common weed; not an A/B/C listing in the reviewed state rule", "status_sources": [ "CO-rules-2025" ], "warning": "Tough taproot and persistent lawn seedbank", "warning_tone": "caution", "aliases": [ "cheeseweed", "buttonweed" ], "taxonomy_note": "Common names overlap with other Malva species. The reviewed account supports weed biology, not a declaration that all pet or livestock exposures are harmless.", "source_ids": [ "CO-rules-2025", "N-malva-neglecta", "C-descriptions", "S27" ], "description": "Common mallow: Tough taproot and persistent lawn seedbank. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.", "claim_evidence": [ { "label": "Recognize", "sources": [ "N-malva-neglecta", "C-descriptions" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "common-mallow-1" }, { "label": "Plants & habitat", "sources": [ "C-descriptions", "N-malva-neglecta" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "common-mallow-2" }, { "label": "People", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "", "id": "common-mallow-3" }, { "label": "Dogs & cats", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "", "id": "common-mallow-4" }, { "label": "Other animals", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "", "id": "common-mallow-5" } ], "research": { "status": "researching", "label": "Still researching this plant", "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.", "open_questions": [ { "area": "People", "question": "Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.", "related_claim_ids": [ "common-mallow-3" ] }, { "area": "Dogs & cats", "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.", "related_claim_ids": [ "common-mallow-4" ] }, { "area": "Other animals", "question": "Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.", "related_claim_ids": [ "common-mallow-5" ] }, { "area": "Identification", "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.", "related_claim_ids": [] }, { "area": "Expert review", "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.", "related_claim_ids": [] } ], "expert_review": "pending" }, "source": "content/plants/common-mallow.md", "html": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/common-mallow/", "markdown": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/common-mallow/index.md" }, { "id": "common-mullein", "name": "Common mullein", "scientific": "Verbascum thapsus", "category": "invasive", "status": "Colorado noxious weed · List C — Manage widespread weeds", "status_sources": [ "CO-rules-2025" ], "warning": "Dense rosettes and persistent volunteers", "warning_tone": "caution", "aliases": [], "taxonomy_note": "Soft leaves do not establish medicinal or ingestion safety. This is not lamb’s-ear (Stachys byzantina).", "source_ids": [ "CO-rules-2025", "N-verbascum-thapsus", "S27", "Fremont-list-definitions" ], "description": "Common mullein: Dense rosettes and persistent volunteers. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.", "claim_evidence": [ { "label": "Recognize", "sources": [ "N-verbascum-thapsus" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "common-mullein-1" }, { "label": "Plants & habitat", "sources": [ "N-verbascum-thapsus" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "common-mullein-2" }, { "label": "People", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "", "id": "common-mullein-3" }, { "label": "Dogs & cats", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "", "id": "common-mullein-4" }, { "label": "Other animals", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "", "id": "common-mullein-5" }, { "id": "common-mullein-list-meaning", "label": "State-list meaning", "sources": [ "Fremont-list-definitions" ], "scope": "Colorado management-category definition; species classification retains its original status sources", "note": "Plain-language editorial label for a management category; not a toxicity or danger rating.", "reviewed": "2026-09-07" } ], "noxious_class": "C", "research": { "status": "researching", "label": "Still researching this plant", "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.", "open_questions": [ { "area": "People", "question": "Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.", "related_claim_ids": [ "common-mullein-3" ] }, { "area": "Dogs & cats", "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.", "related_claim_ids": [ "common-mullein-4" ] }, { "area": "Other animals", "question": "Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.", "related_claim_ids": [ "common-mullein-5" ] }, { "area": "Identification", "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.", "related_claim_ids": [] }, { "area": "Expert review", "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.", "related_claim_ids": [] } ], "expert_review": "pending" }, "noxious_class_label": "C — Manage widespread weeds", "source": "content/plants/common-mullein.md", "html": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/common-mullein/", "markdown": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/common-mullein/index.md" }, { "id": "common-purslane", "name": "Common purslane", "scientific": "Portulaca oleracea", "category": "invasive", "status": "Common weed; not an A/B/C listing in the reviewed state rule", "status_sources": [ "CO-rules-2025" ], "warning": "Pet ingestion hazard despite human food uses", "warning_tone": "danger", "aliases": [], "taxonomy_note": "Distinguish succulent purslane from low-growing spurges. The ASPCA entry is Portulaca oleracea, not merely an ornamental plant sharing a common name.", "source_ids": [ "CO-rules-2025", "N-portulaca-oleracea", "C-descriptions", "A-purslane", "S27" ], "description": "Common purslane: Pet ingestion hazard despite human food uses. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.", "claim_evidence": [ { "label": "Recognize", "sources": [ "N-portulaca-oleracea" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "common-purslane-1" }, { "label": "Plants & habitat", "sources": [ "C-descriptions", "N-portulaca-oleracea" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "common-purslane-2" }, { "label": "People", "sources": [ "N-portulaca-oleracea" ], "scope": "Food-use record, not individual safety assessment", "note": "", "id": "common-purslane-3" }, { "label": "Dogs & cats", "sources": [ "A-purslane" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "common-purslane-4" }, { "label": "Other animals", "sources": [ "A-purslane" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "common-purslane-5" } ], "research": { "status": "researching", "label": "Still researching this plant", "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.", "open_questions": [ { "area": "Identification", "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.", "related_claim_ids": [] }, { "area": "Expert review", "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.", "related_claim_ids": [] } ], "expert_review": "pending" }, "source": "content/plants/common-purslane.md", "html": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/common-purslane/", "markdown": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/common-purslane/index.md" }, { "id": "common-ragweed", "name": "Common ragweed", "scientific": "Ambrosia artemisiifolia", "category": "native", "status": "Colorado native", "status_sources": [ "N-ambrosia-artemisiifolia" ], "warning": "Pollen allergy; skin irritation", "warning_tone": "caution", "aliases": [ "hay fever weed" ], "taxonomy_note": "", "source_ids": [ "N-ambrosia-artemisiifolia" ], "description": "Common ragweed: Pollen allergy; skin irritation. Colorado identification, habitat and exposure evidence.", "claim_evidence": [ { "label": "Recognize", "sources": [ "N-ambrosia-artemisiifolia" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "common-ragweed-1" }, { "label": "Plants & habitat", "sources": [ "N-ambrosia-artemisiifolia" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "common-ragweed-2" }, { "label": "People", "sources": [ "N-ambrosia-artemisiifolia" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "common-ragweed-3" }, { "label": "Dogs & cats", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "Species-specific ingestion effects and exposure thresholds were not established in the reviewed sources.", "id": "common-ragweed-4" }, { "label": "Other animals", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "This review did not establish species-specific livestock toxicity.", "id": "common-ragweed-5" } ], "research": { "status": "researching", "label": "Still researching this plant", "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.", "open_questions": [ { "area": "Dogs & cats", "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.", "related_claim_ids": [ "common-ragweed-4" ] }, { "area": "Other animals", "question": "Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.", "related_claim_ids": [ "common-ragweed-5" ] }, { "area": "Expert review", "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.", "related_claim_ids": [] } ], "expert_review": "pending" }, "source": "content/plants/common-ragweed.md", "html": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/common-ragweed/", "markdown": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/common-ragweed/index.md" }, { "id": "common-st-johnswort", "name": "Common St. Johnswort", "scientific": "Hypericum perforatum", "category": "invasive", "status": "Colorado noxious weed · List C — Manage widespread weeds", "status_sources": [ "CO-rules-2025" ], "warning": "Photosensitivity and animal exposure concerns", "warning_tone": "danger", "aliases": [ "St John’s wort", "Klamath weed" ], "taxonomy_note": "", "source_ids": [ "CO-rules-2025", "N-hypericum-perforatum", "S27", "Fremont-list-definitions" ], "description": "Common St. Johnswort: Photosensitivity and animal exposure concerns. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.", "claim_evidence": [ { "label": "Recognize", "sources": [ "N-hypericum-perforatum" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "common-st-johnswort-1" }, { "label": "Plants & habitat", "sources": [ "N-hypericum-perforatum" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "common-st-johnswort-2" }, { "label": "People", "sources": [ "N-hypericum-perforatum" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "common-st-johnswort-3" }, { "label": "Dogs & cats", "sources": [ "N-hypericum-perforatum" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "common-st-johnswort-4" }, { "label": "Other animals", "sources": [ "N-hypericum-perforatum" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "common-st-johnswort-5" }, { "id": "common-st-johnswort-list-meaning", "label": "State-list meaning", "sources": [ "Fremont-list-definitions" ], "scope": "Colorado management-category definition; species classification retains its original status sources", "note": "Plain-language editorial label for a management category; not a toxicity or danger rating.", "reviewed": "2026-09-07" } ], "noxious_class": "C", "research": { "status": "researching", "label": "Still researching this plant", "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.", "open_questions": [ { "area": "Dogs & cats", "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.", "related_claim_ids": [ "common-st-johnswort-4" ] }, { "area": "Expert review", "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.", "related_claim_ids": [] } ], "expert_review": "pending" }, "noxious_class_label": "C — Manage widespread weeds", "source": "content/plants/common-st-johnswort.md", "html": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/common-st-johnswort/", "markdown": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/common-st-johnswort/index.md" }, { "id": "common-sunflower", "name": "Common sunflower", "scientific": "Helianthus annuus", "category": "native", "status": "Colorado native", "status_sources": [ "S28", "S23" ], "warning": "Listed non-toxic to dogs & cats", "warning_tone": "neutral", "aliases": [], "taxonomy_note": "", "source_ids": [ "S28", "S23", "S24", "S25" ], "description": "Common sunflower: Listed non-toxic to dogs & cats. Colorado identification, habitat and exposure evidence.", "claim_evidence": [ { "label": "Recognize", "sources": [ "S23" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "reviewed": "2026-09-06", "id": "common-sunflower-1" }, { "label": "Plants & habitat", "sources": [ "S23" ], "scope": "Species-specific + garden judgment", "note": "Crowding advice is an inference from vigorous self-seeding; no chemical harm to neighboring plants is asserted.", "reviewed": "2026-09-06", "id": "common-sunflower-2" }, { "label": "People", "sources": [], "scope": "Not assessed", "note": "Editorial limit on scope; no claim of human safety.", "reviewed": "2026-09-06", "id": "common-sunflower-3" }, { "label": "Dogs & cats", "sources": [ "S24", "S25" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "reviewed": "2026-09-06", "id": "common-sunflower-4" }, { "label": "Other animals", "sources": [ "S23", "S24" ], "scope": "Species-specific; livestock not assessed", "note": "", "reviewed": "2026-09-06", "id": "common-sunflower-5" } ], "research": { "status": "researching", "label": "Still researching this plant", "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.", "open_questions": [ { "area": "People", "question": "Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.", "related_claim_ids": [ "common-sunflower-3" ] }, { "area": "Other animals", "question": "Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.", "related_claim_ids": [ "common-sunflower-5" ] }, { "area": "Expert review", "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.", "related_claim_ids": [] } ], "expert_review": "pending" }, "source": "content/plants/common-sunflower.md", "html": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/common-sunflower/", "markdown": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/common-sunflower/index.md" }, { "id": "common-tansy", "name": "Common tansy", "scientific": "Tanacetum vulgare", "category": "invasive", "status": "Colorado noxious weed · List B — Stop the spread", "status_sources": [ "CO-rules-2025" ], "warning": "Toxic ingestion; contact dermatitis", "warning_tone": "danger", "aliases": [], "taxonomy_note": "Common tansy is not tansy ragwort (Jacobaea vulgaris). Their chemical hazards and flower structures differ.", "source_ids": [ "CO-rules-2025", "N-tanacetum-vulgare", "S27", "Fremont-list-definitions" ], "description": "Common tansy: Toxic ingestion; contact dermatitis. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.", "claim_evidence": [ { "label": "Recognize", "sources": [ "N-tanacetum-vulgare" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "common-tansy-1" }, { "label": "Plants & habitat", "sources": [ "N-tanacetum-vulgare" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "common-tansy-2" }, { "label": "People", "sources": [ "N-tanacetum-vulgare" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "common-tansy-3" }, { "label": "Dogs & cats", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "", "id": "common-tansy-4" }, { "label": "Other animals", "sources": [ "N-tanacetum-vulgare" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "common-tansy-5" }, { "id": "common-tansy-list-meaning", "label": "State-list meaning", "sources": [ "Fremont-list-definitions" ], "scope": "Colorado management-category definition; species classification retains its original status sources", "note": "Plain-language editorial label for a management category; not a toxicity or danger rating.", "reviewed": "2026-09-07" } ], "noxious_class": "B", "research": { "status": "researching", "label": "Still researching this plant", "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.", "open_questions": [ { "area": "Dogs & cats", "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.", "related_claim_ids": [ "common-tansy-4" ] }, { "area": "Identification", "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.", "related_claim_ids": [] }, { "area": "Expert review", "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.", "related_claim_ids": [] } ], "expert_review": "pending" }, "noxious_class_label": "B — Stop the spread", "source": "content/plants/common-tansy.md", "html": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/common-tansy/", "markdown": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/common-tansy/index.md" }, { "id": "common-teasel", "name": "Common teasel", "scientific": "Dipsacus fullonum", "category": "invasive", "status": "Colorado noxious weed · List B — Stop the spread", "status_sources": [ "J-teasel" ], "warning": "Prickly heads; prolific seed spread", "warning_tone": "caution", "aliases": [], "taxonomy_note": "The Colorado county designation is for Dipsacus spp. This page illustrates source-identified D. fullonum; cutleaf teasel, D. laciniatus, requires a separate identification.", "source_ids": [ "J-teasel", "Fremont-list-definitions" ], "description": "Common teasel: Prickly heads; prolific seed spread. Colorado identification, habitat and exposure evidence.", "claim_evidence": [ { "label": "Recognize", "sources": [ "J-teasel" ], "scope": "Dipsacus group; source-identified photo examples", "note": "", "id": "common-teasel-1" }, { "label": "Plants & habitat", "sources": [ "J-teasel" ], "scope": "Dipsacus group", "note": "", "id": "common-teasel-2" }, { "label": "People", "sources": [ "J-teasel" ], "scope": "Physical-risk inference", "note": "", "id": "common-teasel-3" }, { "label": "Dogs & cats", "sources": [ "J-teasel" ], "scope": "Physical-risk inference; toxicity gap", "note": "", "id": "common-teasel-4" }, { "label": "Other animals", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "Species-specific ingestion effects and exposure thresholds were not established in the reviewed sources.", "id": "common-teasel-5" }, { "id": "common-teasel-list-meaning", "label": "State-list meaning", "sources": [ "Fremont-list-definitions" ], "scope": "Colorado management-category definition; species classification retains its original status sources", "note": "Plain-language editorial label for a management category; not a toxicity or danger rating.", "reviewed": "2026-09-07" } ], "noxious_class": "B", "research": { "status": "researching", "label": "Still researching this plant", "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.", "open_questions": [ { "area": "Dogs & cats", "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.", "related_claim_ids": [ "common-teasel-4" ] }, { "area": "Other animals", "question": "Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.", "related_claim_ids": [ "common-teasel-5" ] }, { "area": "Identification", "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.", "related_claim_ids": [] }, { "area": "Expert review", "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.", "related_claim_ids": [] } ], "expert_review": "pending" }, "noxious_class_label": "B — Stop the spread", "source": "content/plants/common-teasel.md", "html": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/common-teasel/", "markdown": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/common-teasel/index.md" }, { "id": "common-yarrow", "name": "Common yarrow", "scientific": "Achillea millefolium", "category": "xeriscape", "status": "Low-water garden plant", "status_sources": [ "S03", "S07" ], "warning": "Toxic to pets · Skin irritation", "warning_tone": "danger", "aliases": [], "taxonomy_note": "", "source_ids": [ "S03", "S07", "S08" ], "description": "Common yarrow: Toxic to pets · Skin irritation. Colorado identification, habitat and exposure evidence.", "claim_evidence": [ { "label": "Recognize", "sources": [ "S07" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "reviewed": "2026-09-06", "id": "common-yarrow-1" }, { "label": "Plants & habitat", "sources": [ "S07" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "reviewed": "2026-09-06", "id": "common-yarrow-2" }, { "label": "People", "sources": [ "S07" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "reviewed": "2026-09-06", "id": "common-yarrow-3" }, { "label": "Dogs & cats", "sources": [ "S08" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "reviewed": "2026-09-06", "id": "common-yarrow-4" }, { "label": "Other animals", "sources": [ "S08" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "reviewed": "2026-09-06", "id": "common-yarrow-5" } ], "research": { "status": "researching", "label": "Still researching this plant", "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.", "open_questions": [ { "area": "Expert review", "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.", "related_claim_ids": [] } ], "expert_review": "pending" }, "source": "content/plants/common-yarrow.md", "html": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/common-yarrow/", "markdown": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/common-yarrow/index.md" }, { "id": "creeping-woodsorrel", "name": "Creeping woodsorrel", "scientific": "Oxalis corniculata", "category": "invasive", "status": "Common introduced weed · not on state Lists A/B/C", "status_sources": [ "C-floristic-2020", "CO-rules-2025" ], "warning": "Oxalate-containing plant; keep pets from grazing", "warning_tone": "caution", "aliases": [ "creeping wood sorrel", "yellow oxalis" ], "taxonomy_note": "Oxalis corniculata is not a Trifolium clover or a Rumex sorrel. Do not attach an ASPCA Rumex scutatus entry to this plant merely because both are called sorrel.", "source_ids": [ "C-floristic-2020", "CO-rules-2025", "N-oxalis-corniculata", "S27" ], "description": "Creeping woodsorrel: Oxalate-containing plant; keep pets from grazing. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.", "claim_evidence": [ { "label": "Identification", "sources": [ "N-oxalis-corniculata" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "creeping-woodsorrel-1" }, { "label": "People", "sources": [ "N-oxalis-corniculata" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "creeping-woodsorrel-2" }, { "label": "Dogs & cats", "sources": [ "N-oxalis-corniculata" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "creeping-woodsorrel-3" }, { "label": "Other animals", "sources": [ "N-oxalis-corniculata" ], "scope": "Genus-level horse evidence", "note": "", "id": "creeping-woodsorrel-4" }, { "label": "Plants & habitat", "sources": [ "N-oxalis-corniculata" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "creeping-woodsorrel-5" }, { "label": "Management & timing", "sources": [ "N-oxalis-corniculata" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "creeping-woodsorrel-6" } ], "research": { "status": "researching", "label": "Still researching this plant", "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.", "open_questions": [ { "area": "Identification", "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.", "related_claim_ids": [] }, { "area": "Expert review", "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.", "related_claim_ids": [] } ], "expert_review": "pending" }, "colorado_relevance": { "source_id": "C-floristic-2020", "locator": "Appendix B; PDF page 67; Oxalis corniculata", "basis": "Included in the 2020 statewide flora assessment. This is not a current county abundance survey.", "source_taxon": "Oxalis corniculata" }, "source": "content/plants/creeping-woodsorrel.md", "html": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/creeping-woodsorrel/", "markdown": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/creeping-woodsorrel/index.md" }, { "id": "crownvetch", "name": "Crownvetch", "scientific": "Securigera varia", "category": "invasive", "status": "Introduced weed · not on state Lists A/B/C", "status_sources": [ "C-floristic-2020", "CO-rules-2025" ], "warning": "Toxic to horses; spreading roots can smother vegetation", "warning_tone": "danger", "aliases": [ "Coronilla varia", "crown vetch", "purple crownvetch" ], "taxonomy_note": "Older NC State material uses Coronilla varia; the Colorado assessment uses Securigera varia. This is separate from Vicia species and their distinct feeding hazards.", "source_ids": [ "C-floristic-2020", "CO-rules-2025", "N-securigera-varia", "F-securigera", "S27" ], "description": "Crownvetch: Toxic to horses; spreading roots can smother vegetation. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.", "claim_evidence": [ { "label": "Identification", "sources": [ "N-securigera-varia", "F-securigera" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "crownvetch-1" }, { "label": "People", "sources": [ "N-securigera-varia" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "crownvetch-2" }, { "label": "Dogs & cats", "sources": [ "N-securigera-varia", "F-securigera" ], "scope": "Animal-group evidence; pet-specific gap", "note": "", "id": "crownvetch-3" }, { "label": "Other animals", "sources": [ "F-securigera" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "crownvetch-4" }, { "label": "Plants & habitat", "sources": [ "N-securigera-varia" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "crownvetch-5" }, { "label": "Management & timing", "sources": [ "N-securigera-varia", "F-securigera" ], "scope": "Management synthesis", "note": "", "id": "crownvetch-6" } ], "research": { "status": "researching", "label": "Still researching this plant", "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.", "open_questions": [ { "area": "Dogs & cats", "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.", "related_claim_ids": [ "crownvetch-3" ] }, { "area": "Identification", "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.", "related_claim_ids": [] }, { "area": "Expert review", "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.", "related_claim_ids": [] } ], "expert_review": "pending" }, "colorado_relevance": { "source_id": "C-floristic-2020", "locator": "Appendix B; PDF page 79; Securigera varia", "basis": "Included in the 2020 statewide flora assessment. This is not a current county abundance survey.", "source_taxon": "Securigera varia" }, "source": "content/plants/crownvetch.md", "html": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/crownvetch/", "markdown": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/crownvetch/index.md" }, { "id": "curly-dock", "name": "Curly dock", "scientific": "Rumex crispus", "category": "invasive", "status": "Common weed; not an A/B/C listing in the reviewed state rule", "status_sources": [ "CO-rules-2025" ], "warning": "Soluble oxalates; persistent roots and seeds", "warning_tone": "caution", "aliases": [ "yellow dock" ], "taxonomy_note": "", "source_ids": [ "CO-rules-2025", "N-rumex-crispus", "C-descriptions", "S27" ], "description": "Curly dock: Soluble oxalates; persistent roots and seeds. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.", "claim_evidence": [ { "label": "Recognize", "sources": [ "N-rumex-crispus" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "curly-dock-1" }, { "label": "Plants & habitat", "sources": [ "C-descriptions", "N-rumex-crispus" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "curly-dock-2" }, { "label": "People", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "", "id": "curly-dock-3" }, { "label": "Dogs & cats", "sources": [ "N-rumex-crispus" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "curly-dock-4" }, { "label": "Other animals", "sources": [ "N-rumex-crispus" ], "scope": "Source hazard flag; limited horse clinical detail", "note": "", "id": "curly-dock-5" } ], "research": { "status": "researching", "label": "Still researching this plant", "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.", "open_questions": [ { "area": "People", "question": "Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.", "related_claim_ids": [ "curly-dock-3" ] }, { "area": "Other animals", "question": "Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.", "related_claim_ids": [ "curly-dock-5" ] }, { "area": "Expert review", "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.", "related_claim_ids": [] } ], "expert_review": "pending" }, "source": "content/plants/curly-dock.md", "html": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/curly-dock/", "markdown": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/curly-dock/index.md" }, { "id": "curlycup-gumweed", "name": "Curlycup gumweed", "scientific": "Grindelia squarrosa", "category": "native", "status": "Native Colorado plant · not on state Lists A/B/C", "status_sources": [ "C-floristic-2020", "CO-rules-2025" ], "warning": "Sticky resin and conditional selenium concern", "warning_tone": "caution", "aliases": [ "gumweed", "resinweed" ], "taxonomy_note": "Grindelia squarrosa includes multiple varieties. Photographs and this profile do not constitute a variety-level key or a selenium test.", "source_ids": [ "C-floristic-2020", "CO-rules-2025", "F-grindelia", "S27" ], "description": "Curlycup gumweed: Sticky resin and conditional selenium concern. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.", "claim_evidence": [ { "label": "Identification", "sources": [ "F-grindelia" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "curlycup-gumweed-1" }, { "label": "People", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "", "id": "curlycup-gumweed-2" }, { "label": "Dogs & cats", "sources": [ "F-grindelia" ], "scope": "Contact precaution inferred from livestock observations", "note": "", "id": "curlycup-gumweed-3" }, { "label": "Other animals", "sources": [ "F-grindelia" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "curlycup-gumweed-4" }, { "label": "Plants & habitat", "sources": [ "F-grindelia" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "curlycup-gumweed-5" }, { "label": "Management & timing", "sources": [ "F-grindelia", "S27" ], "scope": "Management synthesis", "note": "", "id": "curlycup-gumweed-6" } ], "research": { "status": "researching", "label": "Still researching this plant", "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.", "open_questions": [ { "area": "People", "question": "Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.", "related_claim_ids": [ "curlycup-gumweed-2" ] }, { "area": "Dogs & cats", "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.", "related_claim_ids": [ "curlycup-gumweed-3" ] }, { "area": "Identification", "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.", "related_claim_ids": [] }, { "area": "Expert review", "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.", "related_claim_ids": [] } ], "expert_review": "pending" }, "colorado_relevance": { "source_id": "C-floristic-2020", "locator": "Appendix B; PDF page 56; Grindelia squarrosa", "basis": "Included in the 2020 statewide flora assessment. This is not a current county abundance survey.", "source_taxon": "Grindelia squarrosa" }, "source": "content/plants/curlycup-gumweed.md", "html": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/curlycup-gumweed/", "markdown": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/curlycup-gumweed/index.md" }, { "id": "cutleaf-teasel", "name": "Cutleaf teasel", "scientific": "Dipsacus laciniatus", "category": "invasive", "status": "Colorado noxious weed · List B — Stop the spread", "status_sources": [ "CO-rules-2025" ], "warning": "Prickly stands can displace native vegetation", "warning_tone": "caution", "aliases": [ "cut-leaved teasel" ], "taxonomy_note": "Common teasel usually has unlobed leaves and lavender flowers. Flower color alone does not establish the species.", "source_ids": [ "CO-rules-2025", "F-teasels", "S27", "Fremont-list-definitions" ], "description": "Cutleaf teasel: Prickly stands can displace native vegetation. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.", "claim_evidence": [ { "label": "Recognize", "sources": [ "F-teasels" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "cutleaf-teasel-1" }, { "label": "Plants & habitat", "sources": [ "F-teasels" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "cutleaf-teasel-2" }, { "label": "People", "sources": [ "F-teasels" ], "scope": "Physical-risk inference", "note": "", "id": "cutleaf-teasel-3" }, { "label": "Dogs & cats", "sources": [ "F-teasels" ], "scope": "Physical-risk inference; ingestion evidence gap", "note": "", "id": "cutleaf-teasel-4" }, { "label": "Other animals", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "", "id": "cutleaf-teasel-5" }, { "id": "cutleaf-teasel-list-meaning", "label": "State-list meaning", "sources": [ "Fremont-list-definitions" ], "scope": "Colorado management-category definition; species classification retains its original status sources", "note": "Plain-language editorial label for a management category; not a toxicity or danger rating.", "reviewed": "2026-09-07" } ], "noxious_class": "B", "research": { "status": "researching", "label": "Still researching this plant", "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.", "open_questions": [ { "area": "Dogs & cats", "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.", "related_claim_ids": [ "cutleaf-teasel-4" ] }, { "area": "Other animals", "question": "Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.", "related_claim_ids": [ "cutleaf-teasel-5" ] }, { "area": "Identification", "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.", "related_claim_ids": [] }, { "area": "Expert review", "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.", "related_claim_ids": [] } ], "expert_review": "pending" }, "noxious_class_label": "B — Stop the spread", "source": "content/plants/cutleaf-teasel.md", "html": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/cutleaf-teasel/", "markdown": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/cutleaf-teasel/index.md" }, { "id": "cypress-spurge", "name": "Cypress spurge", "scientific": "Euphorbia cyparissias", "category": "invasive", "status": "Colorado noxious weed · List A — Eradicate", "status_sources": [ "CO-rules-2025" ], "warning": "Sap can injure skin and eyes", "warning_tone": "danger", "aliases": [], "taxonomy_note": "", "source_ids": [ "CO-rules-2025", "N-euphorbia-cyparissias", "S27", "Fremont-list-definitions" ], "description": "Cypress spurge: Sap can injure skin and eyes. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.", "claim_evidence": [ { "label": "Recognize", "sources": [ "N-euphorbia-cyparissias" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "cypress-spurge-1" }, { "label": "Plants & habitat", "sources": [ "N-euphorbia-cyparissias" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "cypress-spurge-2" }, { "label": "People", "sources": [ "N-euphorbia-cyparissias" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "cypress-spurge-3" }, { "label": "Dogs & cats", "sources": [ "N-euphorbia-cyparissias" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "cypress-spurge-4" }, { "label": "Other animals", "sources": [ "N-euphorbia-cyparissias" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "cypress-spurge-5" }, { "id": "cypress-spurge-list-meaning", "label": "State-list meaning", "sources": [ "Fremont-list-definitions" ], "scope": "Colorado management-category definition; species classification retains its original status sources", "note": "Plain-language editorial label for a management category; not a toxicity or danger rating.", "reviewed": "2026-09-07" } ], "noxious_class": "A", "research": { "status": "researching", "label": "Still researching this plant", "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.", "open_questions": [ { "area": "Expert review", "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.", "related_claim_ids": [] } ], "expert_review": "pending" }, "noxious_class_label": "A — Eradicate", "source": "content/plants/cypress-spurge.md", "html": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/cypress-spurge/", "markdown": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/cypress-spurge/index.md" }, { "id": "dalmatian-toadflax", "name": "Dalmatian toadflax", "scientific": "Linaria dalmatica", "category": "invasive", "status": "Colorado noxious weed · List B — Stop the spread", "status_sources": [ "J-dalmatian-toadflax" ], "warning": "Spreads from roots; livestock concern", "warning_tone": "caution", "aliases": [], "taxonomy_note": "Distinguish the two toadflaxes by leaves as well as flowers. A snapdragon-like bloom is not evidence of garden suitability.", "source_ids": [ "J-dalmatian-toadflax", "Fremont-list-definitions" ], "description": "Dalmatian toadflax: Spreads from roots; livestock concern. Colorado identification, habitat and exposure evidence.", "claim_evidence": [ { "label": "Recognize", "sources": [ "J-dalmatian-toadflax" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "dalmatian-toadflax-1" }, { "label": "Plants & habitat", "sources": [ "J-dalmatian-toadflax" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "dalmatian-toadflax-2" }, { "label": "People", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "Human ingestion effects were not established in this review.", "id": "dalmatian-toadflax-3" }, { "label": "Dogs & cats", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "Species-specific ingestion effects and exposure thresholds were not established in the reviewed sources.", "id": "dalmatian-toadflax-4" }, { "label": "Other animals", "sources": [ "J-dalmatian-toadflax" ], "scope": "Possible livestock toxicity; pet evidence gap", "note": "", "id": "dalmatian-toadflax-5" }, { "id": "dalmatian-toadflax-list-meaning", "label": "State-list meaning", "sources": [ "Fremont-list-definitions" ], "scope": "Colorado management-category definition; species classification retains its original status sources", "note": "Plain-language editorial label for a management category; not a toxicity or danger rating.", "reviewed": "2026-09-07" } ], "noxious_class": "B", "research": { "status": "researching", "label": "Still researching this plant", "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.", "open_questions": [ { "area": "People", "question": "Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.", "related_claim_ids": [ "dalmatian-toadflax-3" ] }, { "area": "Dogs & cats", "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.", "related_claim_ids": [ "dalmatian-toadflax-4" ] }, { "area": "Other animals", "question": "Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.", "related_claim_ids": [ "dalmatian-toadflax-5" ] }, { "area": "Identification", "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.", "related_claim_ids": [] }, { "area": "Expert review", "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.", "related_claim_ids": [] } ], "expert_review": "pending" }, "noxious_class_label": "B — Stop the spread", "source": "content/plants/dalmatian-toadflax.md", "html": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/dalmatian-toadflax/", "markdown": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/dalmatian-toadflax/index.md" }, { "id": "dames-rocket", "name": "Dame’s rocket", "scientific": "Hesperis matronalis", "category": "invasive", "status": "Colorado noxious weed · List B — Stop the spread", "status_sources": [ "J-dames-rocket" ], "warning": "Escapes gardens and spreads", "warning_tone": "caution", "aliases": [ "dame's rocket" ], "taxonomy_note": "Four petals help distinguish this mustard relative from five-petaled garden phlox; this clue alone is not a complete identification.", "source_ids": [ "J-dames-rocket", "C-descriptions", "Fremont-list-definitions" ], "description": "Dame’s rocket: Escapes gardens and spreads. Colorado identification, habitat and exposure evidence.", "claim_evidence": [ { "label": "Recognize", "sources": [ "C-descriptions" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "dames-rocket-1" }, { "label": "Plants & habitat", "sources": [ "C-descriptions" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "dames-rocket-2" }, { "label": "People", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "The reviewed sources do not establish ingestion safety.", "id": "dames-rocket-3" }, { "label": "Dogs & cats", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "Species-specific ingestion effects and exposure thresholds were not established in the reviewed sources.", "id": "dames-rocket-4" }, { "label": "Other animals", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "Species-specific ingestion effects and exposure thresholds were not established in the reviewed sources.", "id": "dames-rocket-5" }, { "id": "dames-rocket-list-meaning", "label": "State-list meaning", "sources": [ "Fremont-list-definitions" ], "scope": "Colorado management-category definition; species classification retains its original status sources", "note": "Plain-language editorial label for a management category; not a toxicity or danger rating.", "reviewed": "2026-09-07" } ], "noxious_class": "B", "research": { "status": "researching", "label": "Still researching this plant", "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.", "open_questions": [ { "area": "People", "question": "Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.", "related_claim_ids": [ "dames-rocket-3" ] }, { "area": "Dogs & cats", "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.", "related_claim_ids": [ "dames-rocket-4" ] }, { "area": "Other animals", "question": "Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.", "related_claim_ids": [ "dames-rocket-5" ] }, { "area": "Identification", "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.", "related_claim_ids": [] }, { "area": "Expert review", "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.", "related_claim_ids": [] } ], "expert_review": "pending" }, "noxious_class_label": "B — Stop the spread", "source": "content/plants/dames-rocket.md", "html": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/dames-rocket/", "markdown": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/dames-rocket/index.md" }, { "id": "diffuse-knapweed", "name": "Diffuse knapweed", "scientific": "Centaurea diffusa", "category": "invasive", "status": "Colorado noxious weed · List B — Stop the spread", "status_sources": [ "CO-rules-2025" ], "warning": "Skin irritation; tumbling seed spread", "warning_tone": "caution", "aliases": [], "taxonomy_note": "Spotted knapweed and spotted × diffuse hybrids require separate identification. Russian-knapweed horse poisoning must not be transferred merely because the common names overlap.", "source_ids": [ "CO-rules-2025", "J-diffuse-knapweed", "S27", "Fremont-list-definitions" ], "description": "Diffuse knapweed: Skin irritation; tumbling seed spread. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.", "claim_evidence": [ { "label": "Recognize", "sources": [ "J-diffuse-knapweed" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "diffuse-knapweed-1" }, { "label": "Plants & habitat", "sources": [ "J-diffuse-knapweed" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "diffuse-knapweed-2" }, { "label": "People", "sources": [ "J-diffuse-knapweed" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "diffuse-knapweed-3" }, { "label": "Dogs & cats", "sources": [ "J-diffuse-knapweed" ], "scope": "Physical-risk inference; chemical-toxicity gap", "note": "", "id": "diffuse-knapweed-4" }, { "label": "Other animals", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "", "id": "diffuse-knapweed-5" }, { "id": "diffuse-knapweed-list-meaning", "label": "State-list meaning", "sources": [ "Fremont-list-definitions" ], "scope": "Colorado management-category definition; species classification retains its original status sources", "note": "Plain-language editorial label for a management category; not a toxicity or danger rating.", "reviewed": "2026-09-07" } ], "noxious_class": "B", "research": { "status": "researching", "label": "Still researching this plant", "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.", "open_questions": [ { "area": "Dogs & cats", "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.", "related_claim_ids": [ "diffuse-knapweed-4" ] }, { "area": "Other animals", "question": "Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.", "related_claim_ids": [ "diffuse-knapweed-5" ] }, { "area": "Identification", "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.", "related_claim_ids": [] }, { "area": "Expert review", "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.", "related_claim_ids": [] } ], "expert_review": "pending" }, "noxious_class_label": "B — Stop the spread", "source": "content/plants/diffuse-knapweed.md", "html": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/diffuse-knapweed/", "markdown": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/diffuse-knapweed/index.md" }, { "id": "dyers-woad", "name": "Dyer’s woad", "scientific": "Isatis tinctoria", "category": "invasive", "status": "Colorado noxious weed · List A — Eradicate", "status_sources": [ "CO-rules-2025" ], "warning": "Persistent seed spread", "warning_tone": "caution", "aliases": [ "dyer's woad" ], "taxonomy_note": "", "source_ids": [ "CO-rules-2025", "N-isatis-tinctoria", "S27", "Fremont-list-definitions" ], "description": "Dyer’s woad: Persistent seed spread. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.", "claim_evidence": [ { "label": "Recognize", "sources": [ "N-isatis-tinctoria" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "dyers-woad-1" }, { "label": "Plants & habitat", "sources": [ "N-isatis-tinctoria" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "dyers-woad-2" }, { "label": "People", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "", "id": "dyers-woad-3" }, { "label": "Dogs & cats", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "", "id": "dyers-woad-4" }, { "label": "Other animals", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "", "id": "dyers-woad-5" }, { "id": "dyers-woad-list-meaning", "label": "State-list meaning", "sources": [ "Fremont-list-definitions" ], "scope": "Colorado management-category definition; species classification retains its original status sources", "note": "Plain-language editorial label for a management category; not a toxicity or danger rating.", "reviewed": "2026-09-07" } ], "noxious_class": "A", "research": { "status": "researching", "label": "Still researching this plant", "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.", "open_questions": [ { "area": "People", "question": "Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.", "related_claim_ids": [ "dyers-woad-3" ] }, { "area": "Dogs & cats", "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.", "related_claim_ids": [ "dyers-woad-4" ] }, { "area": "Other animals", "question": "Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.", "related_claim_ids": [ "dyers-woad-5" ] }, { "area": "Expert review", "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.", "related_claim_ids": [] } ], "expert_review": "pending" }, "noxious_class_label": "A — Eradicate", "source": "content/plants/dyers-woad.md", "html": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/dyers-woad/", "markdown": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/dyers-woad/index.md" }, { "id": "elongated-mustard", "name": "Elongated mustard", "scientific": "Brassica elongata", "category": "invasive", "status": "Colorado noxious weed · List A — Eradicate", "status_sources": [ "CO-rules-2025" ], "warning": "Early detection priority in dry disturbed land", "warning_tone": "caution", "aliases": [], "taxonomy_note": "Reference photographs identify B. elongata subsp. integrifolia. Colorado lists B. elongata broadly. The fact sheet’s inconsistent sepal-count caption is not adopted.", "source_ids": [ "CO-rules-2025", "CO-elongated-mustard", "S27", "Fremont-list-definitions" ], "description": "Elongated mustard: Early detection priority in dry disturbed land. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.", "claim_evidence": [ { "label": "Recognize", "sources": [ "CO-elongated-mustard" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "elongated-mustard-1" }, { "label": "Plants & habitat", "sources": [ "CO-elongated-mustard" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "elongated-mustard-2" }, { "label": "People", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "", "id": "elongated-mustard-3" }, { "label": "Dogs & cats", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "", "id": "elongated-mustard-4" }, { "label": "Other animals", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "", "id": "elongated-mustard-5" }, { "id": "elongated-mustard-list-meaning", "label": "State-list meaning", "sources": [ "Fremont-list-definitions" ], "scope": "Colorado management-category definition; species classification retains its original status sources", "note": "Plain-language editorial label for a management category; not a toxicity or danger rating.", "reviewed": "2026-09-07" } ], "noxious_class": "A", "research": { "status": "researching", "label": "Still researching this plant", "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.", "open_questions": [ { "area": "People", "question": "Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.", "related_claim_ids": [ "elongated-mustard-3" ] }, { "area": "Dogs & cats", "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.", "related_claim_ids": [ "elongated-mustard-4" ] }, { "area": "Other animals", "question": "Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.", "related_claim_ids": [ "elongated-mustard-5" ] }, { "area": "Identification", "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.", "related_claim_ids": [] }, { "area": "Expert review", "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.", "related_claim_ids": [] } ], "expert_review": "pending" }, "noxious_class_label": "A — Eradicate", "source": "content/plants/elongated-mustard.md", "html": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/elongated-mustard/", "markdown": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/elongated-mustard/index.md" }, { "id": "eurasian-watermilfoil", "name": "Eurasian watermilfoil", "scientific": "Myriophyllum spicatum", "category": "invasive", "status": "Colorado noxious weed · List B — Stop the spread", "status_sources": [ "CO-rules-2025" ], "warning": "Fragments spread dense aquatic growth", "warning_tone": "caution", "aliases": [], "taxonomy_note": "Native milfoils and hybrids can look similar. Confirm identification before management; a feathery leaf is not enough.", "source_ids": [ "CO-rules-2025", "N-myriophyllum-spicatum", "S27", "Fremont-list-definitions" ], "description": "Eurasian watermilfoil: Fragments spread dense aquatic growth. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.", "claim_evidence": [ { "label": "Recognize", "sources": [ "N-myriophyllum-spicatum" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "eurasian-watermilfoil-1" }, { "label": "Plants & habitat", "sources": [ "N-myriophyllum-spicatum" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "eurasian-watermilfoil-2" }, { "label": "People", "sources": [ "N-myriophyllum-spicatum" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "eurasian-watermilfoil-3" }, { "label": "Dogs & cats", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "", "id": "eurasian-watermilfoil-4" }, { "label": "Other animals", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "", "id": "eurasian-watermilfoil-5" }, { "id": "eurasian-watermilfoil-list-meaning", "label": "State-list meaning", "sources": [ "Fremont-list-definitions" ], "scope": "Colorado management-category definition; species classification retains its original status sources", "note": "Plain-language editorial label for a management category; not a toxicity or danger rating.", "reviewed": "2026-09-07" } ], "noxious_class": "B", "research": { "status": "researching", "label": "Still researching this plant", "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.", "open_questions": [ { "area": "Dogs & cats", "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.", "related_claim_ids": [ "eurasian-watermilfoil-4" ] }, { "area": "Other animals", "question": "Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.", "related_claim_ids": [ "eurasian-watermilfoil-5" ] }, { "area": "Identification", "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.", "related_claim_ids": [] }, { "area": "Expert review", "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.", "related_claim_ids": [] } ], "expert_review": "pending" }, "noxious_class_label": "B — Stop the spread", "source": "content/plants/eurasian-watermilfoil.md", "html": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/eurasian-watermilfoil/", "markdown": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/eurasian-watermilfoil/index.md" }, { "id": "fernleaf-yarrow", "name": "Fernleaf yarrow", "scientific": "Achillea filipendulina", "category": "xeriscape", "status": "Introduced drought-tolerant perennial", "status_sources": [ "N-achillea-filipendulina" ], "warning": "Spreads; pet toxicity unresolved", "warning_tone": "caution", "aliases": [], "taxonomy_note": "Do not merge this taxon with Achillea millefolium solely because both are called yarrow.", "source_ids": [ "N-achillea-filipendulina", "S08" ], "description": "Fernleaf yarrow: Spreads; pet toxicity unresolved. Colorado identification, habitat and exposure evidence.", "claim_evidence": [ { "label": "Recognize", "sources": [ "N-achillea-filipendulina" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "fernleaf-yarrow-1" }, { "label": "Plants & habitat", "sources": [ "N-achillea-filipendulina" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "fernleaf-yarrow-2" }, { "label": "People", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "This species-specific horticultural source does not establish human ingestion safety.", "id": "fernleaf-yarrow-3" }, { "label": "Dogs & cats", "sources": [ "S08" ], "scope": "Different-species source; unresolved transfer", "note": "", "id": "fernleaf-yarrow-4" }, { "label": "Other animals", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "Species-specific ingestion effects and exposure thresholds were not established in the reviewed sources.", "id": "fernleaf-yarrow-5" } ], "research": { "status": "researching", "label": "Still researching this plant", "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.", "open_questions": [ { "area": "People", "question": "Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.", "related_claim_ids": [ "fernleaf-yarrow-3" ] }, { "area": "Dogs & cats", "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.", "related_claim_ids": [ "fernleaf-yarrow-4" ] }, { "area": "Other animals", "question": "Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.", "related_claim_ids": [ "fernleaf-yarrow-5" ] }, { "area": "Identification", "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.", "related_claim_ids": [] }, { "area": "Expert review", "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.", "related_claim_ids": [] } ], "expert_review": "pending" }, "source": "content/plants/fernleaf-yarrow.md", "html": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/fernleaf-yarrow/", "markdown": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/fernleaf-yarrow/index.md" }, { "id": "field-bindweed", "name": "Field bindweed", "scientific": "Convolvulus arvensis", "category": "invasive", "status": "Colorado noxious weed · List C — Manage widespread weeds", "status_sources": [ "C-descriptions" ], "warning": "Smothers plants; livestock concern", "warning_tone": "caution", "aliases": [ "field morning-glory" ], "taxonomy_note": "Morning glory is an ambiguous common name. Ipomoea poison listings do not automatically apply to Convolvulus arvensis.", "source_ids": [ "C-descriptions", "N-convolvulus-arvensis", "K-bindweed", "Fremont-list-definitions" ], "description": "Field bindweed: Smothers plants; livestock concern. Colorado identification, habitat and exposure evidence.", "claim_evidence": [ { "label": "Recognize", "sources": [ "C-descriptions" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "field-bindweed-1" }, { "label": "Plants & habitat", "sources": [ "N-convolvulus-arvensis", "C-descriptions" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "field-bindweed-2" }, { "label": "People", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "This review did not establish human ingestion effects.", "id": "field-bindweed-3" }, { "label": "Dogs & cats", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "Species-specific ingestion effects and exposure thresholds were not established in the reviewed sources.", "id": "field-bindweed-4" }, { "label": "Other animals", "sources": [ "K-bindweed" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "field-bindweed-5" }, { "id": "field-bindweed-list-meaning", "label": "State-list meaning", "sources": [ "Fremont-list-definitions" ], "scope": "Colorado management-category definition; species classification retains its original status sources", "note": "Plain-language editorial label for a management category; not a toxicity or danger rating.", "reviewed": "2026-09-07" } ], "noxious_class": "C", "research": { "status": "researching", "label": "Still researching this plant", "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.", "open_questions": [ { "area": "People", "question": "Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.", "related_claim_ids": [ "field-bindweed-3" ] }, { "area": "Dogs & cats", "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.", "related_claim_ids": [ "field-bindweed-4" ] }, { "area": "Other animals", "question": "Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.", "related_claim_ids": [ "field-bindweed-5" ] }, { "area": "Identification", "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.", "related_claim_ids": [] }, { "area": "Expert review", "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.", "related_claim_ids": [] } ], "expert_review": "pending" }, "noxious_class_label": "C — Manage widespread weeds", "source": "content/plants/field-bindweed.md", "html": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/field-bindweed/", "markdown": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/field-bindweed/index.md" }, { "id": "flowering-rush", "name": "Flowering rush", "scientific": "Butomus umbellatus", "category": "invasive", "status": "Colorado noxious weed · List A — Eradicate", "status_sources": [ "CO-rules-2025" ], "warning": "Small fragments spread aquatic colonies", "warning_tone": "caution", "aliases": [], "taxonomy_note": "Grass-like aquatic plants may not be flowering when found. Leaf bases and submerged structures matter for identification.", "source_ids": [ "CO-rules-2025", "WA-flowering-rush", "S27", "Fremont-list-definitions" ], "description": "Flowering rush: Small fragments spread aquatic colonies. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.", "claim_evidence": [ { "label": "Recognize", "sources": [ "WA-flowering-rush" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "flowering-rush-1" }, { "label": "Plants & habitat", "sources": [ "WA-flowering-rush" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "flowering-rush-2" }, { "label": "People", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "", "id": "flowering-rush-3" }, { "label": "Dogs & cats", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "", "id": "flowering-rush-4" }, { "label": "Other animals", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "", "id": "flowering-rush-5" }, { "id": "flowering-rush-list-meaning", "label": "State-list meaning", "sources": [ "Fremont-list-definitions" ], "scope": "Colorado management-category definition; species classification retains its original status sources", "note": "Plain-language editorial label for a management category; not a toxicity or danger rating.", "reviewed": "2026-09-07" } ], "noxious_class": "A", "research": { "status": "researching", "label": "Still researching this plant", "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.", "open_questions": [ { "area": "People", "question": "Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.", "related_claim_ids": [ "flowering-rush-3" ] }, { "area": "Dogs & cats", "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.", "related_claim_ids": [ "flowering-rush-4" ] }, { "area": "Other animals", "question": "Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.", "related_claim_ids": [ "flowering-rush-5" ] }, { "area": "Identification", "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.", "related_claim_ids": [] }, { "area": "Expert review", "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.", "related_claim_ids": [] } ], "expert_review": "pending" }, "noxious_class_label": "A — Eradicate", "source": "content/plants/flowering-rush.md", "html": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/flowering-rush/", "markdown": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/flowering-rush/index.md" }, { "id": "foxtail-barley", "name": "Foxtail barley", "scientific": "Hordeum jubatum", "category": "native", "status": "Colorado native", "status_sources": [ "C-foxtail" ], "warning": "Barbed seed awns injure animals", "warning_tone": "caution", "aliases": [ "squirreltail barley" ], "taxonomy_note": "", "source_ids": [ "C-foxtail", "S22" ], "description": "Foxtail barley: Barbed seed awns injure animals. Colorado identification, habitat and exposure evidence.", "claim_evidence": [ { "label": "Recognize", "sources": [ "C-foxtail" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "foxtail-barley-1" }, { "label": "Plants & habitat", "sources": [ "C-foxtail" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "foxtail-barley-2" }, { "label": "People", "sources": [ "C-foxtail" ], "scope": "Editorial physical-risk inference", "note": "", "id": "foxtail-barley-3" }, { "label": "Dogs & cats", "sources": [ "S22" ], "scope": "Grass-awn group; not a species-specific pet case series", "note": "", "id": "foxtail-barley-4" }, { "label": "Other animals", "sources": [ "C-foxtail" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "foxtail-barley-5" } ], "research": { "status": "researching", "label": "Still researching this plant", "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.", "open_questions": [ { "area": "Expert review", "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.", "related_claim_ids": [] } ], "expert_review": "pending" }, "source": "content/plants/foxtail-barley.md", "html": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/foxtail-barley/", "markdown": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/foxtail-barley/index.md" }, { "id": "fringed-sage", "name": "Fringed sage", "scientific": "Artemisia frigida", "category": "xeriscape", "status": "Colorado native; low-water garden plant", "status_sources": [ "S03" ], "warning": "Spreading growth; pet evidence gap", "warning_tone": "caution", "aliases": [ "fringed sagebrush" ], "taxonomy_note": "Artemisia species differ chemically. Do not infer toxicity or medicinal uses from a different sage or sagebrush.", "source_ids": [ "S03", "F-fringed" ], "description": "Fringed sage: Spreading growth; pet evidence gap. Colorado identification, habitat and exposure evidence.", "claim_evidence": [ { "label": "Recognize", "sources": [ "F-fringed" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "fringed-sage-1" }, { "label": "Plants & habitat", "sources": [ "F-fringed" ], "scope": "Species-specific habit; garden judgment", "note": "", "id": "fringed-sage-2" }, { "label": "People", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "Human ingestion safety was not established in the reviewed gardening and ecological sources.", "id": "fringed-sage-3" }, { "label": "Dogs & cats", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "Species-specific ingestion effects and exposure thresholds were not established in the reviewed sources.", "id": "fringed-sage-4" }, { "label": "Other animals", "sources": [ "S03" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "fringed-sage-5" } ], "research": { "status": "researching", "label": "Still researching this plant", "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.", "open_questions": [ { "area": "People", "question": "Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.", "related_claim_ids": [ "fringed-sage-3" ] }, { "area": "Dogs & cats", "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.", "related_claim_ids": [ "fringed-sage-4" ] }, { "area": "Other animals", "question": "Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.", "related_claim_ids": [ "fringed-sage-5" ] }, { "area": "Identification", "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.", "related_claim_ids": [] }, { "area": "Expert review", "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.", "related_claim_ids": [] } ], "expert_review": "pending" }, "source": "content/plants/fringed-sage.md", "html": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/fringed-sage/", "markdown": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/fringed-sage/index.md" }, { "id": "giant-knotweed", "name": "Giant knotweed", "scientific": "Reynoutria sachalinensis", "category": "invasive", "status": "Colorado noxious weed · List A — Eradicate", "status_sources": [ "CO-rules-2025" ], "warning": "Very persistent riparian colonies", "warning_tone": "caution", "aliases": [ "Fallopia sachalinense", "Fallopia sachalinensis", "Polygonum sachalinense" ], "taxonomy_note": "The state rule uses Fallopia sachalinense. Giant, Japanese and Bohemian knotweeds overlap in appearance; confirm identity beyond plant height.", "source_ids": [ "CO-rules-2025", "WA-giant-knotweed", "S27", "Fremont-list-definitions" ], "description": "Giant knotweed: Very persistent riparian colonies. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.", "claim_evidence": [ { "label": "Recognize", "sources": [ "WA-giant-knotweed" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "giant-knotweed-1" }, { "label": "Plants & habitat", "sources": [ "WA-giant-knotweed" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "giant-knotweed-2" }, { "label": "People", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "", "id": "giant-knotweed-3" }, { "label": "Dogs & cats", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "", "id": "giant-knotweed-4" }, { "label": "Other animals", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "", "id": "giant-knotweed-5" }, { "id": "giant-knotweed-list-meaning", "label": "State-list meaning", "sources": [ "Fremont-list-definitions" ], "scope": "Colorado management-category definition; species classification retains its original status sources", "note": "Plain-language editorial label for a management category; not a toxicity or danger rating.", "reviewed": "2026-09-07" } ], "noxious_class": "A", "research": { "status": "researching", "label": "Still researching this plant", "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.", "open_questions": [ { "area": "People", "question": "Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.", "related_claim_ids": [ "giant-knotweed-3" ] }, { "area": "Dogs & cats", "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.", "related_claim_ids": [ "giant-knotweed-4" ] }, { "area": "Other animals", "question": "Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.", "related_claim_ids": [ "giant-knotweed-5" ] }, { "area": "Identification", "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.", "related_claim_ids": [] }, { "area": "Expert review", "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.", "related_claim_ids": [] } ], "expert_review": "pending" }, "noxious_class_label": "A — Eradicate", "source": "content/plants/giant-knotweed.md", "html": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/giant-knotweed/", "markdown": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/giant-knotweed/index.md" }, { "id": "giant-ragweed", "name": "Giant ragweed", "scientific": "Ambrosia trifida", "category": "native", "status": "Native Colorado plant · not on state Lists A/B/C", "status_sources": [ "C-floristic-2020", "CO-rules-2025" ], "warning": "Allergenic pollen and strong competition in disturbed ground", "warning_tone": "caution", "aliases": [ "great ragweed" ], "taxonomy_note": "Giant ragweed is Ambrosia trifida. A mismatched Latin name in the compared manufacturer guide is not adopted. Common ragweed and western ragweed have their own profiles.", "source_ids": [ "C-floristic-2020", "CO-rules-2025", "I-giant-ragweed", "C-ragweed-native", "S27" ], "description": "Giant ragweed: Allergenic pollen and strong competition in disturbed ground. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.", "claim_evidence": [ { "label": "Identification", "sources": [ "I-giant-ragweed" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "giant-ragweed-1" }, { "label": "People", "sources": [ "I-giant-ragweed", "C-ragweed-native" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "giant-ragweed-2" }, { "label": "Dogs & cats", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "", "id": "giant-ragweed-3" }, { "label": "Other animals", "sources": [ "I-giant-ragweed" ], "scope": "Forage observation; safety limitation", "note": "", "id": "giant-ragweed-4" }, { "label": "Plants & habitat", "sources": [ "I-giant-ragweed" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "giant-ragweed-5" }, { "label": "Management & timing", "sources": [ "C-ragweed-native" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "giant-ragweed-6" } ], "research": { "status": "researching", "label": "Still researching this plant", "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.", "open_questions": [ { "area": "Dogs & cats", "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.", "related_claim_ids": [ "giant-ragweed-3" ] }, { "area": "Other animals", "question": "Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.", "related_claim_ids": [ "giant-ragweed-4" ] }, { "area": "Identification", "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.", "related_claim_ids": [] }, { "area": "Expert review", "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.", "related_claim_ids": [] } ], "expert_review": "pending" }, "colorado_relevance": { "source_id": "C-floristic-2020", "locator": "Appendix B; PDF page 32; Ambrosia trifida", "basis": "Included in the 2020 statewide flora assessment. This is not a current county abundance survey.", "source_taxon": "Ambrosia trifida" }, "source": "content/plants/giant-ragweed.md", "html": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/giant-ragweed/", "markdown": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/giant-ragweed/index.md" }, { "id": "giant-reed", "name": "Giant reed", "scientific": "Arundo donax", "category": "invasive", "status": "Colorado noxious weed · List A — Eradicate", "status_sources": [ "CO-rules-2025" ], "warning": "Dense stands displace riparian plants", "warning_tone": "caution", "aliases": [], "taxonomy_note": "This is a grass, not a true bamboo. Variegated garden cultivars are not evidence of an exemption from the listed species.", "source_ids": [ "CO-rules-2025", "N-arundo-donax", "S27", "Fremont-list-definitions" ], "description": "Giant reed: Dense stands displace riparian plants. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.", "claim_evidence": [ { "label": "Recognize", "sources": [ "N-arundo-donax" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "giant-reed-1" }, { "label": "Plants & habitat", "sources": [ "N-arundo-donax" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "giant-reed-2" }, { "label": "People", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "", "id": "giant-reed-3" }, { "label": "Dogs & cats", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "", "id": "giant-reed-4" }, { "label": "Other animals", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "", "id": "giant-reed-5" }, { "id": "giant-reed-list-meaning", "label": "State-list meaning", "sources": [ "Fremont-list-definitions" ], "scope": "Colorado management-category definition; species classification retains its original status sources", "note": "Plain-language editorial label for a management category; not a toxicity or danger rating.", "reviewed": "2026-09-07" } ], "noxious_class": "A", "research": { "status": "researching", "label": "Still researching this plant", "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.", "open_questions": [ { "area": "People", "question": "Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.", "related_claim_ids": [ "giant-reed-3" ] }, { "area": "Dogs & cats", "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.", "related_claim_ids": [ "giant-reed-4" ] }, { "area": "Other animals", "question": "Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.", "related_claim_ids": [ "giant-reed-5" ] }, { "area": "Identification", "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.", "related_claim_ids": [] }, { "area": "Expert review", "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.", "related_claim_ids": [] } ], "expert_review": "pending" }, "noxious_class_label": "A — Eradicate", "source": "content/plants/giant-reed.md", "html": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/giant-reed/", "markdown": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/giant-reed/index.md" }, { "id": "giant-salvinia", "name": "Giant salvinia", "scientific": "Salvinia molesta", "category": "invasive", "status": "Colorado noxious weed · List A — Eradicate", "status_sources": [ "CO-rules-2025" ], "warning": "Floating mats harm aquatic habitat", "warning_tone": "caution", "aliases": [], "taxonomy_note": "Several floating ferns look similar. Close inspection of leaf hairs is needed; no photo alone establishes identification.", "source_ids": [ "CO-rules-2025", "N-salvinia-molesta", "S27", "Fremont-list-definitions" ], "description": "Giant salvinia: Floating mats harm aquatic habitat. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.", "claim_evidence": [ { "label": "Recognize", "sources": [ "N-salvinia-molesta" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "giant-salvinia-1" }, { "label": "Plants & habitat", "sources": [ "N-salvinia-molesta" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "giant-salvinia-2" }, { "label": "People", "sources": [ "N-salvinia-molesta" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "giant-salvinia-3" }, { "label": "Dogs & cats", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "", "id": "giant-salvinia-4" }, { "label": "Other animals", "sources": [ "N-salvinia-molesta" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "giant-salvinia-5" }, { "id": "giant-salvinia-list-meaning", "label": "State-list meaning", "sources": [ "Fremont-list-definitions" ], "scope": "Colorado management-category definition; species classification retains its original status sources", "note": "Plain-language editorial label for a management category; not a toxicity or danger rating.", "reviewed": "2026-09-07" } ], "noxious_class": "A", "research": { "status": "researching", "label": "Still researching this plant", "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.", "open_questions": [ { "area": "Dogs & cats", "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.", "related_claim_ids": [ "giant-salvinia-4" ] }, { "area": "Other animals", "question": "Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.", "related_claim_ids": [ "giant-salvinia-5" ] }, { "area": "Identification", "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.", "related_claim_ids": [] }, { "area": "Expert review", "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.", "related_claim_ids": [] } ], "expert_review": "pending" }, "noxious_class_label": "A — Eradicate", "source": "content/plants/giant-salvinia.md", "html": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/giant-salvinia/", "markdown": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/giant-salvinia/index.md" }, { "id": "golden-banner", "name": "Golden banner", "scientific": "Thermopsis divaricarpa", "category": "native", "status": "Colorado native", "status_sources": [ "C-perennials" ], "warning": "May poison livestock", "warning_tone": "caution", "aliases": [], "taxonomy_note": "Do not silently substitute Thermopsis montana or T. lupinoides studies for T. divaricarpa.", "source_ids": [ "C-perennials", "C-banner" ], "description": "Golden banner: May poison livestock. Colorado identification, habitat and exposure evidence.", "claim_evidence": [ { "label": "Recognize", "sources": [ "C-perennials" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "golden-banner-1" }, { "label": "Plants & habitat", "sources": [ "C-perennials" ], "scope": "Reported spread; garden judgment", "note": "", "id": "golden-banner-2" }, { "label": "People", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "This review has no species-specific human exposure assessment.", "id": "golden-banner-3" }, { "label": "Dogs & cats", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "Species-specific ingestion effects and exposure thresholds were not established in the reviewed sources.", "id": "golden-banner-4" }, { "label": "Other animals", "sources": [ "C-banner" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "golden-banner-5" } ], "research": { "status": "researching", "label": "Still researching this plant", "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.", "open_questions": [ { "area": "People", "question": "Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.", "related_claim_ids": [ "golden-banner-3" ] }, { "area": "Dogs & cats", "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.", "related_claim_ids": [ "golden-banner-4" ] }, { "area": "Identification", "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.", "related_claim_ids": [] }, { "area": "Expert review", "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.", "related_claim_ids": [] } ], "expert_review": "pending" }, "source": "content/plants/golden-banner.md", "html": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/golden-banner/", "markdown": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/golden-banner/index.md" }, { "id": "green-foxtail", "name": "Green foxtail", "scientific": "Setaria viridis", "category": "invasive", "status": "Common introduced weed · not on state Lists A/B/C", "status_sources": [ "C-floristic-2020", "CO-rules-2025" ], "warning": "Identify the grass behind the name “foxtail”", "warning_tone": "caution", "aliases": [ "green bristlegrass" ], "taxonomy_note": "Setaria viridis is distinct from foxtail barley (Hordeum jubatum), giant foxtail (Setaria faberi) and yellow foxtail (Setaria pumila).", "source_ids": [ "C-floristic-2020", "CO-rules-2025", "N-setaria-viridis", "C-descriptions", "S27" ], "description": "Green foxtail: Identify the grass behind the name “foxtail”. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.", "claim_evidence": [ { "label": "Identification", "sources": [ "N-setaria-viridis" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "green-foxtail-1" }, { "label": "People", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "", "id": "green-foxtail-2" }, { "label": "Dogs & cats", "sources": [ "N-setaria-viridis" ], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "", "id": "green-foxtail-3" }, { "label": "Other animals", "sources": [ "N-setaria-viridis" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "green-foxtail-4" }, { "label": "Plants & habitat", "sources": [ "N-setaria-viridis" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "green-foxtail-5" }, { "label": "Management & timing", "sources": [ "C-descriptions" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "green-foxtail-6" } ], "research": { "status": "researching", "label": "Still researching this plant", "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.", "open_questions": [ { "area": "People", "question": "Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.", "related_claim_ids": [ "green-foxtail-2" ] }, { "area": "Dogs & cats", "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.", "related_claim_ids": [ "green-foxtail-3" ] }, { "area": "Identification", "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.", "related_claim_ids": [] }, { "area": "Expert review", "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.", "related_claim_ids": [] } ], "expert_review": "pending" }, "colorado_relevance": { "source_id": "C-floristic-2020", "locator": "Appendix B; PDF page 79; Setaria viridis", "basis": "Included in the 2020 statewide flora assessment. This is not a current county abundance survey.", "source_taxon": "Setaria viridis" }, "source": "content/plants/green-foxtail.md", "html": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/green-foxtail/", "markdown": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/green-foxtail/index.md" }, { "id": "hairy-willow-herb", "name": "Hairy willow-herb", "scientific": "Epilobium hirsutum", "category": "invasive", "status": "Colorado noxious weed · List A — Eradicate", "status_sources": [ "CO-rules-2025" ], "warning": "Spreads through wetland vegetation", "warning_tone": "caution", "aliases": [ "hairy willowherb", "great willowherb" ], "taxonomy_note": "", "source_ids": [ "CO-rules-2025", "N-epilobium-hirsutum", "S27", "Fremont-list-definitions" ], "description": "Hairy willow-herb: Spreads through wetland vegetation. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.", "claim_evidence": [ { "label": "Recognize", "sources": [ "N-epilobium-hirsutum" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "hairy-willow-herb-1" }, { "label": "Plants & habitat", "sources": [ "N-epilobium-hirsutum" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "hairy-willow-herb-2" }, { "label": "People", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "", "id": "hairy-willow-herb-3" }, { "label": "Dogs & cats", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "", "id": "hairy-willow-herb-4" }, { "label": "Other animals", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "", "id": "hairy-willow-herb-5" }, { "id": "hairy-willow-herb-list-meaning", "label": "State-list meaning", "sources": [ "Fremont-list-definitions" ], "scope": "Colorado management-category definition; species classification retains its original status sources", "note": "Plain-language editorial label for a management category; not a toxicity or danger rating.", "reviewed": "2026-09-07" } ], "noxious_class": "A", "research": { "status": "researching", "label": "Still researching this plant", "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.", "open_questions": [ { "area": "People", "question": "Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.", "related_claim_ids": [ "hairy-willow-herb-3" ] }, { "area": "Dogs & cats", "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.", "related_claim_ids": [ "hairy-willow-herb-4" ] }, { "area": "Other animals", "question": "Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.", "related_claim_ids": [ "hairy-willow-herb-5" ] }, { "area": "Expert review", "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.", "related_claim_ids": [] } ], "expert_review": "pending" }, "noxious_class_label": "A — Eradicate", "source": "content/plants/hairy-willow-herb.md", "html": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/hairy-willow-herb/", "markdown": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/hairy-willow-herb/index.md" }, { "id": "halogeton", "name": "Halogeton", "scientific": "Halogeton glomeratus", "category": "invasive", "status": "Colorado noxious weed · List C — Manage widespread weeds", "status_sources": [ "CO-rules-2025" ], "warning": "Severe oxalate poisoning in livestock", "warning_tone": "danger", "aliases": [], "taxonomy_note": "", "source_ids": [ "CO-rules-2025", "A-halogeton", "S27", "Fremont-list-definitions" ], "description": "Halogeton: Severe oxalate poisoning in livestock. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.", "claim_evidence": [ { "label": "Recognize", "sources": [ "A-halogeton" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "halogeton-1" }, { "label": "Plants & habitat", "sources": [ "A-halogeton" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "halogeton-2" }, { "label": "People", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "", "id": "halogeton-3" }, { "label": "Dogs & cats", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "", "id": "halogeton-4" }, { "label": "Other animals", "sources": [ "A-halogeton" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "halogeton-5" }, { "id": "halogeton-list-meaning", "label": "State-list meaning", "sources": [ "Fremont-list-definitions" ], "scope": "Colorado management-category definition; species classification retains its original status sources", "note": "Plain-language editorial label for a management category; not a toxicity or danger rating.", "reviewed": "2026-09-07" } ], "noxious_class": "C", "research": { "status": "researching", "label": "Still researching this plant", "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.", "open_questions": [ { "area": "People", "question": "Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.", "related_claim_ids": [ "halogeton-3" ] }, { "area": "Dogs & cats", "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.", "related_claim_ids": [ "halogeton-4" ] }, { "area": "Expert review", "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.", "related_claim_ids": [] } ], "expert_review": "pending" }, "noxious_class_label": "C — Manage widespread weeds", "source": "content/plants/halogeton.md", "html": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/halogeton/", "markdown": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/halogeton/index.md" }, { "id": "hemp-dogbane", "name": "Hemp dogbane", "scientific": "Apocynum cannabinum", "category": "native", "status": "Native Colorado plant · not on state Lists A/B/C", "status_sources": [ "C-floristic-2020", "CO-rules-2025" ], "warning": "Cardiac-glycoside poisoning hazard for people and animals", "warning_tone": "danger", "aliases": [ "Indian hemp", "prairie dogbane" ], "taxonomy_note": "Not Cannabis. Apocynum androsaemifolium is a different dogbane. Pet signs are explicitly sourced to the ASPCA genus account, not silently transferred from its differently named species page.", "source_ids": [ "C-floristic-2020", "CO-rules-2025", "N-apocynum-cannabinum", "P-dogbane", "F-apocynum", "S27" ], "description": "Hemp dogbane: Cardiac-glycoside poisoning hazard for people and animals. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.", "claim_evidence": [ { "label": "Identification", "sources": [ "N-apocynum-cannabinum" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "hemp-dogbane-1" }, { "label": "People", "sources": [ "N-apocynum-cannabinum" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "hemp-dogbane-2" }, { "label": "Dogs & cats", "sources": [ "P-dogbane" ], "scope": "Genus-level veterinary evidence", "note": "", "id": "hemp-dogbane-3" }, { "label": "Other animals", "sources": [ "F-apocynum" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "hemp-dogbane-4" }, { "label": "Plants & habitat", "sources": [ "N-apocynum-cannabinum" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "hemp-dogbane-5" }, { "label": "Management & timing", "sources": [ "N-apocynum-cannabinum", "F-apocynum" ], "scope": "Management synthesis", "note": "", "id": "hemp-dogbane-6" } ], "research": { "status": "researching", "label": "Still researching this plant", "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.", "open_questions": [ { "area": "Identification", "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.", "related_claim_ids": [] }, { "area": "Expert review", "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.", "related_claim_ids": [] } ], "expert_review": "pending" }, "colorado_relevance": { "source_id": "C-floristic-2020", "locator": "Appendix B; PDF page 33; Apocynum cannabinum", "basis": "Included in the 2020 statewide flora assessment. This is not a current county abundance survey.", "source_taxon": "Apocynum cannabinum" }, "source": "content/plants/hemp-dogbane.md", "html": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/hemp-dogbane/", "markdown": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/hemp-dogbane/index.md" }, { "id": "henbit", "name": "Henbit", "scientific": "Lamium amplexicaule", "category": "invasive", "status": "Common introduced weed · not on state Lists A/B/C", "status_sources": [ "C-floristic-2020", "CO-rules-2025" ], "warning": "An early-flowering weed with useful nectar", "warning_tone": "caution", "aliases": [ "henbit deadnettle" ], "taxonomy_note": "Henbit differs from purple deadnettle (Lamium purpureum), whose upper leaves have stalks. Neither common name establishes a relationship to stinging nettles.", "source_ids": [ "C-floristic-2020", "CO-rules-2025", "N-lamium-amplexicaule", "S27" ], "description": "Henbit: An early-flowering weed with useful nectar. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.", "claim_evidence": [ { "label": "Identification", "sources": [ "N-lamium-amplexicaule" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "henbit-1" }, { "label": "People", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "", "id": "henbit-2" }, { "label": "Dogs & cats", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "", "id": "henbit-3" }, { "label": "Other animals", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "", "id": "henbit-4" }, { "label": "Plants & habitat", "sources": [ "N-lamium-amplexicaule" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "henbit-5" }, { "label": "Management & timing", "sources": [ "N-lamium-amplexicaule" ], "scope": "Management inference from life cycle", "note": "", "id": "henbit-6" } ], "research": { "status": "researching", "label": "Still researching this plant", "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.", "open_questions": [ { "area": "People", "question": "Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.", "related_claim_ids": [ "henbit-2" ] }, { "area": "Dogs & cats", "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.", "related_claim_ids": [ "henbit-3" ] }, { "area": "Other animals", "question": "Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.", "related_claim_ids": [ "henbit-4" ] }, { "area": "Identification", "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.", "related_claim_ids": [] }, { "area": "Expert review", "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.", "related_claim_ids": [] } ], "expert_review": "pending" }, "colorado_relevance": { "source_id": "C-floristic-2020", "locator": "Appendix B; PDF page 60; Lamium amplexicaule", "basis": "Included in the 2020 statewide flora assessment. This is not a current county abundance survey.", "source_taxon": "Lamium amplexicaule" }, "source": "content/plants/henbit.md", "html": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/henbit/", "markdown": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/henbit/index.md" }, { "id": "hoary-cress", "name": "Hoary cress", "scientific": "Lepidium draba", "category": "invasive", "status": "Colorado noxious weed · List B — Stop the spread", "status_sources": [ "CO-rules-2025" ], "warning": "Spreading roots; possible livestock poisoning", "warning_tone": "caution", "aliases": [ "whitetop", "Cardaria draba" ], "taxonomy_note": "", "source_ids": [ "CO-rules-2025", "J-hoary-cress", "S27", "Fremont-list-definitions" ], "description": "Hoary cress: Spreading roots; possible livestock poisoning. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.", "claim_evidence": [ { "label": "Recognize", "sources": [ "J-hoary-cress" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "hoary-cress-1" }, { "label": "Plants & habitat", "sources": [ "J-hoary-cress" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "hoary-cress-2" }, { "label": "People", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "", "id": "hoary-cress-3" }, { "label": "Dogs & cats", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "", "id": "hoary-cress-4" }, { "label": "Other animals", "sources": [ "J-hoary-cress" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "hoary-cress-5" }, { "id": "hoary-cress-list-meaning", "label": "State-list meaning", "sources": [ "Fremont-list-definitions" ], "scope": "Colorado management-category definition; species classification retains its original status sources", "note": "Plain-language editorial label for a management category; not a toxicity or danger rating.", "reviewed": "2026-09-07" } ], "noxious_class": "B", "research": { "status": "researching", "label": "Still researching this plant", "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.", "open_questions": [ { "area": "People", "question": "Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.", "related_claim_ids": [ "hoary-cress-3" ] }, { "area": "Dogs & cats", "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.", "related_claim_ids": [ "hoary-cress-4" ] }, { "area": "Expert review", "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.", "related_claim_ids": [] } ], "expert_review": "pending" }, "noxious_class_label": "B — Stop the spread", "source": "content/plants/hoary-cress.md", "html": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/hoary-cress/", "markdown": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/hoary-cress/index.md" }, { "id": "horseweed", "name": "Horseweed", "scientific": "Erigeron canadensis", "category": "native", "status": "Native Colorado plant · not on state Lists A/B/C", "status_sources": [ "C-floristic-2020", "CO-rules-2025" ], "warning": "Fast windborne spread; some populations resist herbicides", "warning_tone": "caution", "aliases": [ "Conyza canadensis", "marestail" ], "taxonomy_note": "CNHP treats Conyza canadensis as native in its 2020 assessment and records historical disagreement over western nativity. NC State uses Erigeron canadensis. Horseweed is also a common name for unrelated plants.", "source_ids": [ "C-floristic-2020", "CO-rules-2025", "N-erigeron-canadensis", "S27" ], "description": "Horseweed: Fast windborne spread; some populations resist herbicides. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.", "claim_evidence": [ { "label": "Identification", "sources": [ "N-erigeron-canadensis" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "horseweed-1" }, { "label": "People", "sources": [ "N-erigeron-canadensis" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "horseweed-2" }, { "label": "Dogs & cats", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "", "id": "horseweed-3" }, { "label": "Other animals", "sources": [ "N-erigeron-canadensis" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "horseweed-4" }, { "label": "Plants & habitat", "sources": [ "N-erigeron-canadensis" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "horseweed-5" }, { "label": "Management & timing", "sources": [ "N-erigeron-canadensis" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "horseweed-6" } ], "research": { "status": "researching", "label": "Still researching this plant", "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.", "open_questions": [ { "area": "People", "question": "Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.", "related_claim_ids": [ "horseweed-2" ] }, { "area": "Dogs & cats", "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.", "related_claim_ids": [ "horseweed-3" ] }, { "area": "Identification", "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.", "related_claim_ids": [] }, { "area": "Expert review", "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.", "related_claim_ids": [] } ], "expert_review": "pending" }, "colorado_relevance": { "source_id": "C-floristic-2020", "locator": "Appendix B; PDF page 46; Conyza canadensis", "basis": "Included in the 2020 statewide flora assessment. This is not a current county abundance survey.", "source_taxon": "Conyza canadensis" }, "source": "content/plants/horseweed.md", "html": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/horseweed/", "markdown": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/horseweed/index.md" }, { "id": "houndstongue", "name": "Houndstongue", "scientific": "Cynoglossum officinale", "category": "invasive", "status": "Colorado noxious weed · List B — Stop the spread", "status_sources": [ "J-houndstongue" ], "warning": "Toxic to livestock", "warning_tone": "danger", "aliases": [], "taxonomy_note": "", "source_ids": [ "J-houndstongue", "Fremont-list-definitions" ], "description": "Houndstongue: Toxic to livestock. Colorado identification, habitat and exposure evidence.", "claim_evidence": [ { "label": "Recognize", "sources": [ "J-houndstongue" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "houndstongue-1" }, { "label": "Plants & habitat", "sources": [ "J-houndstongue" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "houndstongue-2" }, { "label": "People", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "Species-specific human ingestion effects were not established in the reviewed county source.", "id": "houndstongue-3" }, { "label": "Dogs & cats", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "Species-specific ingestion effects and exposure thresholds were not established in the reviewed sources.", "id": "houndstongue-4" }, { "label": "Other animals", "sources": [ "J-houndstongue" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "houndstongue-5" }, { "id": "houndstongue-list-meaning", "label": "State-list meaning", "sources": [ "Fremont-list-definitions" ], "scope": "Colorado management-category definition; species classification retains its original status sources", "note": "Plain-language editorial label for a management category; not a toxicity or danger rating.", "reviewed": "2026-09-07" } ], "noxious_class": "B", "research": { "status": "researching", "label": "Still researching this plant", "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.", "open_questions": [ { "area": "People", "question": "Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.", "related_claim_ids": [ "houndstongue-3" ] }, { "area": "Dogs & cats", "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.", "related_claim_ids": [ "houndstongue-4" ] }, { "area": "Expert review", "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.", "related_claim_ids": [] } ], "expert_review": "pending" }, "noxious_class_label": "B — Stop the spread", "source": "content/plants/houndstongue.md", "html": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/houndstongue/", "markdown": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/houndstongue/index.md" }, { "id": "hybrid-knapweed", "name": "Spotted × diffuse knapweed hybrid", "scientific": "Centaurea × psammogena", "category": "invasive", "status": "Colorado noxious weed · List B — Stop the spread", "status_sources": [ "CO-rules-2025" ], "warning": "Hybrid identification needs expert review", "warning_tone": "caution", "aliases": [ "hybrid knapweed" ], "taxonomy_note": "The source explains chromosome and subspecies differences in the parents and uncertainty in older identifications. The photographs come from a community research-grade Colorado observation, not genetic testing. No parent-species poisoning syndrome is assumed for the hybrid.", "source_ids": [ "CO-rules-2025", "F-knapweed", "S27", "Fremont-list-definitions" ], "description": "Spotted × diffuse knapweed hybrid: Hybrid identification needs expert review. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.", "claim_evidence": [ { "label": "Recognize", "sources": [ "F-knapweed" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "hybrid-knapweed-1" }, { "label": "Plants & habitat", "sources": [ "F-knapweed", "CO-rules-2025" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "hybrid-knapweed-2" }, { "label": "People", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "", "id": "hybrid-knapweed-3" }, { "label": "Dogs & cats", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "", "id": "hybrid-knapweed-4" }, { "label": "Other animals", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "", "id": "hybrid-knapweed-5" }, { "id": "hybrid-knapweed-list-meaning", "label": "State-list meaning", "sources": [ "Fremont-list-definitions" ], "scope": "Colorado management-category definition; species classification retains its original status sources", "note": "Plain-language editorial label for a management category; not a toxicity or danger rating.", "reviewed": "2026-09-07" } ], "noxious_class": "B", "research": { "status": "researching", "label": "Still researching this plant", "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.", "open_questions": [ { "area": "People", "question": "Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.", "related_claim_ids": [ "hybrid-knapweed-3" ] }, { "area": "Dogs & cats", "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.", "related_claim_ids": [ "hybrid-knapweed-4" ] }, { "area": "Other animals", "question": "Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.", "related_claim_ids": [ "hybrid-knapweed-5" ] }, { "area": "Identification", "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.", "related_claim_ids": [] }, { "area": "Expert review", "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.", "related_claim_ids": [] } ], "expert_review": "pending" }, "noxious_class_label": "B — Stop the spread", "source": "content/plants/hybrid-knapweed.md", "html": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/hybrid-knapweed/", "markdown": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/hybrid-knapweed/index.md" }, { "id": "hybrid-toadflax", "name": "Yellow × Dalmatian toadflax hybrid", "scientific": "Linaria vulgaris × Linaria dalmatica", "category": "invasive", "status": "Colorado noxious weed · List B — Stop the spread", "status_sources": [ "CO-rules-2025" ], "warning": "Variable hybrid; persistent spreading roots", "warning_tone": "caution", "aliases": [ "hybrid toadflax" ], "taxonomy_note": "Reference photos are identified hybrids in a USDA Forest Service manual. The third, flower-detail image is small because the original source is only 176 × 329 pixels; it has not been enlarged to imply more detail.", "source_ids": [ "CO-rules-2025", "F-toadflaxes", "S27", "Fremont-list-definitions" ], "description": "Yellow × Dalmatian toadflax hybrid: Variable hybrid; persistent spreading roots. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.", "claim_evidence": [ { "label": "Recognize", "sources": [ "F-toadflaxes" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "hybrid-toadflax-1" }, { "label": "Plants & habitat", "sources": [ "F-toadflaxes" ], "scope": "Hybrid-group evidence; performance varies", "note": "", "id": "hybrid-toadflax-2" }, { "label": "People", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "", "id": "hybrid-toadflax-3" }, { "label": "Dogs & cats", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "", "id": "hybrid-toadflax-4" }, { "label": "Other animals", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "", "id": "hybrid-toadflax-5" }, { "id": "hybrid-toadflax-list-meaning", "label": "State-list meaning", "sources": [ "Fremont-list-definitions" ], "scope": "Colorado management-category definition; species classification retains its original status sources", "note": "Plain-language editorial label for a management category; not a toxicity or danger rating.", "reviewed": "2026-09-07" } ], "noxious_class": "B", "research": { "status": "researching", "label": "Still researching this plant", "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.", "open_questions": [ { "area": "People", "question": "Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.", "related_claim_ids": [ "hybrid-toadflax-3" ] }, { "area": "Dogs & cats", "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.", "related_claim_ids": [ "hybrid-toadflax-4" ] }, { "area": "Other animals", "question": "Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.", "related_claim_ids": [ "hybrid-toadflax-5" ] }, { "area": "Identification", "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.", "related_claim_ids": [] }, { "area": "Expert review", "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.", "related_claim_ids": [] } ], "expert_review": "pending" }, "noxious_class_label": "B — Stop the spread", "source": "content/plants/hybrid-toadflax.md", "html": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/hybrid-toadflax/", "markdown": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/hybrid-toadflax/index.md" }, { "id": "hydrilla", "name": "Hydrilla", "scientific": "Hydrilla verticillata", "category": "invasive", "status": "Colorado noxious weed · List A — Eradicate", "status_sources": [ "CO-rules-2025" ], "warning": "Dense aquatic growth; wildlife disease association", "warning_tone": "caution", "aliases": [], "taxonomy_note": "Separate hydrilla from native waterweeds using a botanical key. Disease association is not proof that every plant or waterbody is toxic.", "source_ids": [ "CO-rules-2025", "N-hydrilla-verticillata", "S27", "Fremont-list-definitions" ], "description": "Hydrilla: Dense aquatic growth; wildlife disease association. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.", "claim_evidence": [ { "label": "Recognize", "sources": [ "N-hydrilla-verticillata" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "hydrilla-1" }, { "label": "Plants & habitat", "sources": [ "N-hydrilla-verticillata" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "hydrilla-2" }, { "label": "People", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "", "id": "hydrilla-3" }, { "label": "Dogs & cats", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "", "id": "hydrilla-4" }, { "label": "Other animals", "sources": [ "N-hydrilla-verticillata" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "hydrilla-5" }, { "id": "hydrilla-list-meaning", "label": "State-list meaning", "sources": [ "Fremont-list-definitions" ], "scope": "Colorado management-category definition; species classification retains its original status sources", "note": "Plain-language editorial label for a management category; not a toxicity or danger rating.", "reviewed": "2026-09-07" } ], "noxious_class": "A", "research": { "status": "researching", "label": "Still researching this plant", "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.", "open_questions": [ { "area": "People", "question": "Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.", "related_claim_ids": [ "hydrilla-3" ] }, { "area": "Dogs & cats", "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.", "related_claim_ids": [ "hydrilla-4" ] }, { "area": "Other animals", "question": "Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.", "related_claim_ids": [ "hydrilla-5" ] }, { "area": "Identification", "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.", "related_claim_ids": [] }, { "area": "Expert review", "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.", "related_claim_ids": [] } ], "expert_review": "pending" }, "noxious_class_label": "A — Eradicate", "source": "content/plants/hydrilla.md", "html": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/hydrilla/", "markdown": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/hydrilla/index.md" }, { "id": "japanese-knotweed", "name": "Japanese knotweed", "scientific": "Reynoutria japonica", "category": "invasive", "status": "Colorado noxious weed · List A — Eradicate", "status_sources": [ "CO-rules-2025" ], "warning": "Root and stem fragments regrow", "warning_tone": "caution", "aliases": [ "Fallopia japonica", "Polygonum cuspidatum" ], "taxonomy_note": "Colorado’s rule uses Fallopia japonica. Giant and Bohemian knotweeds need separate identification; broad leaves and bamboo-like stems are insufficient to distinguish them.", "source_ids": [ "CO-rules-2025", "N-reynoutria-japonica", "S27", "Fremont-list-definitions" ], "description": "Japanese knotweed: Root and stem fragments regrow. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.", "claim_evidence": [ { "label": "Recognize", "sources": [ "N-reynoutria-japonica" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "japanese-knotweed-1" }, { "label": "Plants & habitat", "sources": [ "N-reynoutria-japonica" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "japanese-knotweed-2" }, { "label": "People", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "", "id": "japanese-knotweed-3" }, { "label": "Dogs & cats", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "", "id": "japanese-knotweed-4" }, { "label": "Other animals", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "", "id": "japanese-knotweed-5" }, { "id": "japanese-knotweed-list-meaning", "label": "State-list meaning", "sources": [ "Fremont-list-definitions" ], "scope": "Colorado management-category definition; species classification retains its original status sources", "note": "Plain-language editorial label for a management category; not a toxicity or danger rating.", "reviewed": "2026-09-07" } ], "noxious_class": "A", "research": { "status": "researching", "label": "Still researching this plant", "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.", "open_questions": [ { "area": "People", "question": "Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.", "related_claim_ids": [ "japanese-knotweed-3" ] }, { "area": "Dogs & cats", "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.", "related_claim_ids": [ "japanese-knotweed-4" ] }, { "area": "Other animals", "question": "Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.", "related_claim_ids": [ "japanese-knotweed-5" ] }, { "area": "Identification", "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.", "related_claim_ids": [] }, { "area": "Expert review", "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.", "related_claim_ids": [] } ], "expert_review": "pending" }, "noxious_class_label": "A — Eradicate", "source": "content/plants/japanese-knotweed.md", "html": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/japanese-knotweed/", "markdown": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/japanese-knotweed/index.md" }, { "id": "jimsonweed", "name": "Jimsonweed", "scientific": "Datura stramonium", "category": "invasive", "status": "Common weed; not an A/B/C listing in the reviewed state rule", "status_sources": [ "CO-rules-2025" ], "warning": "Serious poisoning risk to people and animals", "warning_tone": "danger", "aliases": [ "thorn apple" ], "taxonomy_note": "This is Datura stramonium, not a generic profile for every Datura or Brugmansia. Photograph identification does not establish a safe exposure.", "source_ids": [ "CO-rules-2025", "N-datura-stramonium", "C-routt-guide", "S27" ], "description": "Jimsonweed: Serious poisoning risk to people and animals. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.", "claim_evidence": [ { "label": "Recognize", "sources": [ "N-datura-stramonium" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "jimsonweed-1" }, { "label": "Plants & habitat", "sources": [ "C-routt-guide" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "jimsonweed-2" }, { "label": "People", "sources": [ "N-datura-stramonium" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "jimsonweed-3" }, { "label": "Dogs & cats", "sources": [ "N-datura-stramonium" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "jimsonweed-4" }, { "label": "Other animals", "sources": [ "N-datura-stramonium" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "jimsonweed-5" } ], "research": { "status": "researching", "label": "Still researching this plant", "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.", "open_questions": [ { "area": "Identification", "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.", "related_claim_ids": [] }, { "area": "Expert review", "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.", "related_claim_ids": [] } ], "expert_review": "pending" }, "source": "content/plants/jimsonweed.md", "html": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/jimsonweed/", "markdown": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/jimsonweed/index.md" }, { "id": "johnsongrass", "name": "Johnsongrass", "scientific": "Sorghum halepense", "category": "invasive", "status": "Colorado noxious weed · List C — Manage widespread weeds", "status_sources": [ "CO-rules-2025" ], "warning": "Livestock cyanide risk; added fire fuel", "warning_tone": "danger", "aliases": [], "taxonomy_note": "", "source_ids": [ "CO-rules-2025", "N-sorghum-halepense", "S27", "Fremont-list-definitions" ], "description": "Johnsongrass: Livestock cyanide risk; added fire fuel. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.", "claim_evidence": [ { "label": "Recognize", "sources": [ "N-sorghum-halepense" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "johnsongrass-1" }, { "label": "Plants & habitat", "sources": [ "N-sorghum-halepense" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "johnsongrass-2" }, { "label": "People", "sources": [ "N-sorghum-halepense" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "johnsongrass-3" }, { "label": "Dogs & cats", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "", "id": "johnsongrass-4" }, { "label": "Other animals", "sources": [ "N-sorghum-halepense" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "johnsongrass-5" }, { "id": "johnsongrass-list-meaning", "label": "State-list meaning", "sources": [ "Fremont-list-definitions" ], "scope": "Colorado management-category definition; species classification retains its original status sources", "note": "Plain-language editorial label for a management category; not a toxicity or danger rating.", "reviewed": "2026-09-07" } ], "noxious_class": "C", "research": { "status": "researching", "label": "Still researching this plant", "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.", "open_questions": [ { "area": "Dogs & cats", "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.", "related_claim_ids": [ "johnsongrass-4" ] }, { "area": "Expert review", "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.", "related_claim_ids": [] } ], "expert_review": "pending" }, "noxious_class_label": "C — Manage widespread weeds", "source": "content/plants/johnsongrass.md", "html": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/johnsongrass/", "markdown": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/johnsongrass/index.md" }, { "id": "jointed-goatgrass", "name": "Jointed goatgrass", "scientific": "Aegilops cylindrica", "category": "invasive", "status": "Colorado noxious weed · List B — Stop the spread", "status_sources": [ "CO-rules-2025" ], "warning": "Wheat-field and rangeland seed spread", "warning_tone": "caution", "aliases": [], "taxonomy_note": "", "source_ids": [ "CO-rules-2025", "J-jointed-goatgrass", "S27", "Fremont-list-definitions" ], "description": "Jointed goatgrass: Wheat-field and rangeland seed spread. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.", "claim_evidence": [ { "label": "Recognize", "sources": [ "J-jointed-goatgrass" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "jointed-goatgrass-1" }, { "label": "Plants & habitat", "sources": [ "J-jointed-goatgrass" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "jointed-goatgrass-2" }, { "label": "People", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "", "id": "jointed-goatgrass-3" }, { "label": "Dogs & cats", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "", "id": "jointed-goatgrass-4" }, { "label": "Other animals", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "", "id": "jointed-goatgrass-5" }, { "id": "jointed-goatgrass-list-meaning", "label": "State-list meaning", "sources": [ "Fremont-list-definitions" ], "scope": "Colorado management-category definition; species classification retains its original status sources", "note": "Plain-language editorial label for a management category; not a toxicity or danger rating.", "reviewed": "2026-09-07" } ], "noxious_class": "B", "research": { "status": "researching", "label": "Still researching this plant", "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.", "open_questions": [ { "area": "People", "question": "Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.", "related_claim_ids": [ "jointed-goatgrass-3" ] }, { "area": "Dogs & cats", "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.", "related_claim_ids": [ "jointed-goatgrass-4" ] }, { "area": "Other animals", "question": "Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.", "related_claim_ids": [ "jointed-goatgrass-5" ] }, { "area": "Expert review", "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.", "related_claim_ids": [] } ], "expert_review": "pending" }, "noxious_class_label": "B — Stop the spread", "source": "content/plants/jointed-goatgrass.md", "html": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/jointed-goatgrass/", "markdown": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/jointed-goatgrass/index.md" }, { "id": "kochia", "name": "Kochia", "scientific": "Bassia scoparia", "category": "invasive", "status": "Introduced annual weed; not designated on the reviewed Colorado A/B/C lists", "status_sources": [ "C-tumbleweeds", "CO-rules-2025" ], "warning": "Tumbling seed spread; livestock poisoning risk", "warning_tone": "danger", "aliases": [ "Kochia scoparia", "burning bush", "summer cypress", "tumbleweed" ], "taxonomy_note": "Bassia scoparia is also published as Kochia scoparia. It is distinct from Russian thistle and from the woody ornamental Euonymus alatus, also called burning bush.", "source_ids": [ "C-tumbleweeds", "CO-rules-2025", "S27", "K-kochia" ], "description": "Kochia: Tumbling seed spread; livestock poisoning risk. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.", "claim_evidence": [ { "label": "Recognize", "sources": [ "C-tumbleweeds" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "kochia-1" }, { "label": "Plants & habitat", "sources": [ "C-tumbleweeds" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "kochia-2" }, { "label": "People", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "", "id": "kochia-3" }, { "label": "Dogs & cats", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "", "id": "kochia-4" }, { "label": "Other animals", "sources": [ "C-tumbleweeds" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "kochia-5" }, { "id": "kochia-taxonomy", "label": "Taxonomy", "scope": "Species-specific", "sources": [ "K-kochia" ], "note": "Synonym mapping" } ], "research": { "status": "researching", "label": "Still researching this plant", "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.", "open_questions": [ { "area": "People", "question": "Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.", "related_claim_ids": [ "kochia-3" ] }, { "area": "Dogs & cats", "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.", "related_claim_ids": [ "kochia-4" ] }, { "area": "Identification", "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.", "related_claim_ids": [] }, { "area": "Expert review", "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.", "related_claim_ids": [] } ], "expert_review": "pending" }, "source": "content/plants/kochia.md", "html": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/kochia/", "markdown": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/kochia/index.md" }, { "id": "lambs-ear", "name": "Lamb’s-ear", "scientific": "Stachys byzantina", "category": "xeriscape", "status": "Introduced low-water perennial", "status_sources": [ "N-stachys-byzantina" ], "warning": "Can spread; pet evidence gap", "warning_tone": "caution", "aliases": [ "lamb's-ear", "lamb's ears" ], "taxonomy_note": "Cultivars differ in flowering and leaf size. Deer resistance does not demonstrate safety for pets.", "source_ids": [ "N-stachys-byzantina" ], "description": "Lamb’s-ear: Can spread; pet evidence gap. Colorado identification, habitat and exposure evidence.", "claim_evidence": [ { "label": "Recognize", "sources": [ "N-stachys-byzantina" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "lambs-ear-1" }, { "label": "Plants & habitat", "sources": [ "N-stachys-byzantina" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "lambs-ear-2" }, { "label": "People", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "A recommendation for sensory gardens is not a human ingestion-safety assessment.", "id": "lambs-ear-3" }, { "label": "Dogs & cats", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "Species-specific ingestion effects and exposure thresholds were not established in the reviewed sources.", "id": "lambs-ear-4" }, { "label": "Other animals", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "Species-specific ingestion effects and exposure thresholds were not established in the reviewed sources.", "id": "lambs-ear-5" } ], "research": { "status": "researching", "label": "Still researching this plant", "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.", "open_questions": [ { "area": "People", "question": "Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.", "related_claim_ids": [ "lambs-ear-3" ] }, { "area": "Dogs & cats", "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.", "related_claim_ids": [ "lambs-ear-4" ] }, { "area": "Other animals", "question": "Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.", "related_claim_ids": [ "lambs-ear-5" ] }, { "area": "Identification", "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.", "related_claim_ids": [] }, { "area": "Expert review", "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.", "related_claim_ids": [] } ], "expert_review": "pending" }, "source": "content/plants/lambs-ear.md", "html": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/lambs-ear/", "markdown": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/lambs-ear/index.md" }, { "id": "large-crabgrass", "name": "Large crabgrass", "scientific": "Digitaria sanguinalis", "category": "invasive", "status": "Common introduced weed · not on state Lists A/B/C", "status_sources": [ "C-floristic-2020", "CO-rules-2025" ], "warning": "Fast seed production in thin lawns", "warning_tone": "caution", "aliases": [ "crabgrass", "hairy crabgrass" ], "taxonomy_note": "One source photograph is labeled Digitaria sanguinalis subsp. pectiniformis; that label is preserved, without asserting its occurrence in Colorado.", "source_ids": [ "C-floristic-2020", "CO-rules-2025", "N-digitaria-sanguinalis", "C-descriptions", "S27" ], "description": "Large crabgrass: Fast seed production in thin lawns. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.", "claim_evidence": [ { "label": "Identification", "sources": [ "N-digitaria-sanguinalis", "C-descriptions" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "large-crabgrass-1" }, { "label": "People", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "", "id": "large-crabgrass-2" }, { "label": "Dogs & cats", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "", "id": "large-crabgrass-3" }, { "label": "Other animals", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "", "id": "large-crabgrass-4" }, { "label": "Plants & habitat", "sources": [ "N-digitaria-sanguinalis" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "large-crabgrass-5" }, { "label": "Management & timing", "sources": [ "N-digitaria-sanguinalis" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "large-crabgrass-6" } ], "research": { "status": "researching", "label": "Still researching this plant", "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.", "open_questions": [ { "area": "People", "question": "Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.", "related_claim_ids": [ "large-crabgrass-2" ] }, { "area": "Dogs & cats", "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.", "related_claim_ids": [ "large-crabgrass-3" ] }, { "area": "Other animals", "question": "Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.", "related_claim_ids": [ "large-crabgrass-4" ] }, { "area": "Identification", "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.", "related_claim_ids": [] }, { "area": "Expert review", "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.", "related_claim_ids": [] } ], "expert_review": "pending" }, "colorado_relevance": { "source_id": "C-floristic-2020", "locator": "Appendix B; PDF page 49; Digitaria sanguinalis", "basis": "Included in the 2020 statewide flora assessment. This is not a current county abundance survey.", "source_taxon": "Digitaria sanguinalis" }, "source": "content/plants/large-crabgrass.md", "html": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/large-crabgrass/", "markdown": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/large-crabgrass/index.md" }, { "id": "leafy-spurge", "name": "Leafy spurge", "scientific": "Euphorbia esula", "category": "invasive", "status": "Colorado noxious weed · List B — Stop the spread", "status_sources": [ "J-leafy-spurge" ], "warning": "Irritating sap; eye injury risk", "warning_tone": "danger", "aliases": [], "taxonomy_note": "Colorado references use Euphorbia esula. Leafy-spurge taxonomy can involve closely related taxa; this profile does not resolve every population or hybrid.", "source_ids": [ "J-leafy-spurge", "N-euphorbia-esula", "Fremont-list-definitions" ], "description": "Leafy spurge: Irritating sap; eye injury risk. Colorado identification, habitat and exposure evidence.", "claim_evidence": [ { "label": "Recognize", "sources": [ "N-euphorbia-esula" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "leafy-spurge-1" }, { "label": "Plants & habitat", "sources": [ "J-leafy-spurge" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "leafy-spurge-2" }, { "label": "People", "sources": [ "N-euphorbia-esula" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "leafy-spurge-3" }, { "label": "Dogs & cats", "sources": [ "N-euphorbia-esula" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "leafy-spurge-4" }, { "label": "Other animals", "sources": [ "J-leafy-spurge" ], "scope": "Animal-group-specific management evidence", "note": "", "id": "leafy-spurge-5" }, { "id": "leafy-spurge-list-meaning", "label": "State-list meaning", "sources": [ "Fremont-list-definitions" ], "scope": "Colorado management-category definition; species classification retains its original status sources", "note": "Plain-language editorial label for a management category; not a toxicity or danger rating.", "reviewed": "2026-09-07" } ], "noxious_class": "B", "research": { "status": "researching", "label": "Still researching this plant", "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.", "open_questions": [ { "area": "Identification", "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.", "related_claim_ids": [] }, { "area": "Expert review", "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.", "related_claim_ids": [] } ], "expert_review": "pending" }, "noxious_class_label": "B — Stop the spread", "source": "content/plants/leafy-spurge.md", "html": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/leafy-spurge/", "markdown": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/leafy-spurge/index.md" }, { "id": "lewis-blue-flax", "name": "Lewis blue flax", "scientific": "Linum lewisii", "category": "xeriscape", "status": "Colorado native; low-water garden plant", "status_sources": [ "C-perennials" ], "warning": "Ingestion and contact concerns", "warning_tone": "caution", "aliases": [ "blue flax", "western blue flax" ], "taxonomy_note": "Use Linum lewisii records, not L. perenne or culinary flax L. usitatissimum. The source’s food-use language is not adopted as preparation advice.", "source_ids": [ "C-perennials", "N-linum-lewisii" ], "description": "Lewis blue flax: Ingestion and contact concerns. Colorado identification, habitat and exposure evidence.", "claim_evidence": [ { "label": "Recognize", "sources": [ "N-linum-lewisii" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "lewis-blue-flax-1" }, { "label": "Plants & habitat", "sources": [ "N-linum-lewisii" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "lewis-blue-flax-2" }, { "label": "People", "sources": [ "N-linum-lewisii" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "lewis-blue-flax-3" }, { "label": "Dogs & cats", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "Species-specific ingestion effects and exposure thresholds were not established in the reviewed sources.", "id": "lewis-blue-flax-4" }, { "label": "Other animals", "sources": [ "N-linum-lewisii" ], "scope": "Species-specific livestock warning", "note": "", "id": "lewis-blue-flax-5" } ], "research": { "status": "researching", "label": "Still researching this plant", "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.", "open_questions": [ { "area": "People", "question": "Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.", "related_claim_ids": [ "lewis-blue-flax-3" ] }, { "area": "Dogs & cats", "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.", "related_claim_ids": [ "lewis-blue-flax-4" ] }, { "area": "Identification", "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.", "related_claim_ids": [] }, { "area": "Expert review", "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.", "related_claim_ids": [] } ], "expert_review": "pending" }, "source": "content/plants/lewis-blue-flax.md", "html": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/lewis-blue-flax/", "markdown": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/lewis-blue-flax/index.md" }, { "id": "low-larkspur", "name": "Low larkspur", "scientific": "Delphinium nuttallianum", "category": "native", "status": "Native Colorado wildflower; grazing and ingestion hazard", "status_sources": [ "C-routt-guide" ], "warning": "Serious livestock and pet poisoning hazard", "warning_tone": "danger", "aliases": [ "Delphinium nelsonii" ], "taxonomy_note": "This profile focuses on Delphinium nuttallianum. Other larkspurs differ in appearance and alkaloid content. Genus-level pet warnings are clearly marked; cattle exposure amounts are not transferred to pets.", "source_ids": [ "C-routt-guide", "ARS-larkspur", "A-larkspur", "S27" ], "description": "Low larkspur: Serious livestock and pet poisoning hazard. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.", "claim_evidence": [ { "label": "Recognize", "sources": [ "ARS-larkspur" ], "scope": "Larkspur-group morphology; use a species key", "note": "", "id": "low-larkspur-1" }, { "label": "Plants & habitat", "sources": [ "C-routt-guide" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "low-larkspur-2" }, { "label": "People", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "", "id": "low-larkspur-3" }, { "label": "Dogs & cats", "sources": [ "A-larkspur" ], "scope": "Genus-level warning; no species-specific pet threshold", "note": "", "id": "low-larkspur-4" }, { "label": "Other animals", "sources": [ "ARS-larkspur" ], "scope": "Larkspur-group evidence", "note": "", "id": "low-larkspur-5" } ], "research": { "status": "researching", "label": "Still researching this plant", "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.", "open_questions": [ { "area": "People", "question": "Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.", "related_claim_ids": [ "low-larkspur-3" ] }, { "area": "Identification", "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.", "related_claim_ids": [] }, { "area": "Expert review", "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.", "related_claim_ids": [] } ], "expert_review": "pending" }, "source": "content/plants/low-larkspur.md", "html": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/low-larkspur/", "markdown": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/low-larkspur/index.md" }, { "id": "mayweed-chamomile", "name": "Mayweed chamomile", "scientific": "Anthemis cotula", "category": "invasive", "status": "Colorado noxious weed · List B — Stop the spread", "status_sources": [ "CO-rules-2025" ], "warning": "Crop weed with unpleasant-smelling foliage", "warning_tone": "caution", "aliases": [ "stinking chamomile", "dog fennel" ], "taxonomy_note": "Do not substitute Roman chamomile (Anthemis nobilis / Chamaemelum nobile) toxicology. The retrieved NC State URL described a different plant and was excluded.", "source_ids": [ "CO-rules-2025", "UC-mayweed", "K-chamomiles", "S27", "Fremont-list-definitions" ], "description": "Mayweed chamomile: Crop weed with unpleasant-smelling foliage. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.", "claim_evidence": [ { "label": "Recognize", "sources": [ "UC-mayweed" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "mayweed-chamomile-1" }, { "label": "Plants & habitat", "sources": [ "UC-mayweed" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "mayweed-chamomile-2" }, { "label": "People", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "", "id": "mayweed-chamomile-3" }, { "label": "Dogs & cats", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "", "id": "mayweed-chamomile-4" }, { "label": "Other animals", "sources": [ "K-chamomiles" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "mayweed-chamomile-5" }, { "id": "mayweed-chamomile-list-meaning", "label": "State-list meaning", "sources": [ "Fremont-list-definitions" ], "scope": "Colorado management-category definition; species classification retains its original status sources", "note": "Plain-language editorial label for a management category; not a toxicity or danger rating.", "reviewed": "2026-09-07" } ], "noxious_class": "B", "research": { "status": "researching", "label": "Still researching this plant", "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.", "open_questions": [ { "area": "People", "question": "Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.", "related_claim_ids": [ "mayweed-chamomile-3" ] }, { "area": "Dogs & cats", "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.", "related_claim_ids": [ "mayweed-chamomile-4" ] }, { "area": "Identification", "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.", "related_claim_ids": [] }, { "area": "Expert review", "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.", "related_claim_ids": [] } ], "expert_review": "pending" }, "noxious_class_label": "B — Stop the spread", "source": "content/plants/mayweed-chamomile.md", "html": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/mayweed-chamomile/", "markdown": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/mayweed-chamomile/index.md" }, { "id": "meadow-death-camas", "name": "Meadow death camas", "scientific": "Toxicoscordion venenosum", "category": "native", "status": "Native regional plant; death-camas poisoning hazard", "status_sources": [ "B-deathcamas", "C-routt-guide" ], "warning": "Potentially fatal ingestion; onion-like bulbs", "warning_tone": "danger", "aliases": [ "Zigadenus venenosus", "deathcamas" ], "taxonomy_note": "Older sources use Zigadenus. T. venenosum includes named varieties; Colorado’s older county guide treats death camas as a group. Images show the species broadly and do not prove a particular variety or county occurrence.", "source_ids": [ "B-deathcamas", "C-routt-guide", "ARS-deathcamas", "S27" ], "description": "Meadow death camas: Potentially fatal ingestion; onion-like bulbs. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.", "claim_evidence": [ { "label": "Recognize", "sources": [ "ARS-deathcamas" ], "scope": "Death-camas group morphology", "note": "", "id": "meadow-death-camas-1" }, { "label": "Plants & habitat", "sources": [ "B-deathcamas", "ARS-deathcamas" ], "scope": "Regional variety and death-camas group", "note": "", "id": "meadow-death-camas-2" }, { "label": "People", "sources": [ "ARS-deathcamas" ], "scope": "Death-camas group including Z. venenosus", "note": "", "id": "meadow-death-camas-3" }, { "label": "Dogs & cats", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "", "id": "meadow-death-camas-4" }, { "label": "Other animals", "sources": [ "ARS-deathcamas" ], "scope": "Death-camas group including Z. venenosus", "note": "", "id": "meadow-death-camas-5" } ], "research": { "status": "researching", "label": "Still researching this plant", "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.", "open_questions": [ { "area": "Dogs & cats", "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.", "related_claim_ids": [ "meadow-death-camas-4" ] }, { "area": "Identification", "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.", "related_claim_ids": [] }, { "area": "Expert review", "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.", "related_claim_ids": [] } ], "expert_review": "pending" }, "source": "content/plants/meadow-death-camas.md", "html": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/meadow-death-camas/", "markdown": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/meadow-death-camas/index.md" }, { "id": "meadow-knapweed", "name": "Meadow knapweed", "scientific": "Centaurea × moncktonii", "category": "invasive", "status": "Colorado noxious weed · List A — Eradicate", "status_sources": [ "CO-rules-2025" ], "warning": "Outcompetes pasture and meadow plants", "warning_tone": "caution", "aliases": [ "Centaurea x moncktonii", "Centaurea x gerstlaueri" ], "taxonomy_note": "A hybrid complex associated with C. jacea and C. nigra. Older meadow-knapweed names can represent different taxonomic concepts; records require checking.", "source_ids": [ "CO-rules-2025", "WA-meadow-knapweed", "S27", "Fremont-list-definitions" ], "description": "Meadow knapweed: Outcompetes pasture and meadow plants. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.", "claim_evidence": [ { "label": "Recognize", "sources": [ "WA-meadow-knapweed" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "meadow-knapweed-1" }, { "label": "Plants & habitat", "sources": [ "WA-meadow-knapweed" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "meadow-knapweed-2" }, { "label": "People", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "", "id": "meadow-knapweed-3" }, { "label": "Dogs & cats", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "", "id": "meadow-knapweed-4" }, { "label": "Other animals", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "", "id": "meadow-knapweed-5" }, { "id": "meadow-knapweed-list-meaning", "label": "State-list meaning", "sources": [ "Fremont-list-definitions" ], "scope": "Colorado management-category definition; species classification retains its original status sources", "note": "Plain-language editorial label for a management category; not a toxicity or danger rating.", "reviewed": "2026-09-07" } ], "noxious_class": "A", "research": { "status": "researching", "label": "Still researching this plant", "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.", "open_questions": [ { "area": "People", "question": "Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.", "related_claim_ids": [ "meadow-knapweed-3" ] }, { "area": "Dogs & cats", "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.", "related_claim_ids": [ "meadow-knapweed-4" ] }, { "area": "Other animals", "question": "Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.", "related_claim_ids": [ "meadow-knapweed-5" ] }, { "area": "Identification", "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.", "related_claim_ids": [] }, { "area": "Expert review", "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.", "related_claim_ids": [] } ], "expert_review": "pending" }, "noxious_class_label": "A — Eradicate", "source": "content/plants/meadow-knapweed.md", "html": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/meadow-knapweed/", "markdown": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/meadow-knapweed/index.md" }, { "id": "mediterranean-sage", "name": "Mediterranean sage", "scientific": "Salvia aethiopis", "category": "invasive", "status": "Colorado noxious weed · List A — Eradicate", "status_sources": [ "CO-rules-2025" ], "warning": "Tumbles and spreads seed through rangeland", "warning_tone": "caution", "aliases": [], "taxonomy_note": "This is another tumbleweed-forming plant, distinct from Russian sage (Salvia yangii), kochia and Russian thistle. Do not merge their toxicity evidence.", "source_ids": [ "CO-rules-2025", "WA-mediterranean-sage", "S27", "Fremont-list-definitions" ], "description": "Mediterranean sage: Tumbles and spreads seed through rangeland. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.", "claim_evidence": [ { "label": "Recognize", "sources": [ "WA-mediterranean-sage" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "mediterranean-sage-1" }, { "label": "Plants & habitat", "sources": [ "WA-mediterranean-sage" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "mediterranean-sage-2" }, { "label": "People", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "", "id": "mediterranean-sage-3" }, { "label": "Dogs & cats", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "", "id": "mediterranean-sage-4" }, { "label": "Other animals", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "", "id": "mediterranean-sage-5" }, { "id": "mediterranean-sage-list-meaning", "label": "State-list meaning", "sources": [ "Fremont-list-definitions" ], "scope": "Colorado management-category definition; species classification retains its original status sources", "note": "Plain-language editorial label for a management category; not a toxicity or danger rating.", "reviewed": "2026-09-07" } ], "noxious_class": "A", "research": { "status": "researching", "label": "Still researching this plant", "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.", "open_questions": [ { "area": "People", "question": "Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.", "related_claim_ids": [ "mediterranean-sage-3" ] }, { "area": "Dogs & cats", "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.", "related_claim_ids": [ "mediterranean-sage-4" ] }, { "area": "Other animals", "question": "Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.", "related_claim_ids": [ "mediterranean-sage-5" ] }, { "area": "Identification", "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.", "related_claim_ids": [] }, { "area": "Expert review", "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.", "related_claim_ids": [] } ], "expert_review": "pending" }, "noxious_class_label": "A — Eradicate", "source": "content/plants/mediterranean-sage.md", "html": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/mediterranean-sage/", "markdown": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/mediterranean-sage/index.md" }, { "id": "medusahead", "name": "Medusahead", "scientific": "Taeniatherum caput-medusae", "category": "invasive", "status": "Colorado noxious weed · List A — Eradicate", "status_sources": [ "CO-rules-2025" ], "warning": "Barbed awns; persistent fire-promoting thatch", "warning_tone": "danger", "aliases": [], "taxonomy_note": "Similar-looking native grasses exist. Awn and spike structure must be examined before identification or removal.", "source_ids": [ "CO-rules-2025", "WA-medusahead", "S27", "Fremont-list-definitions" ], "description": "Medusahead: Barbed awns; persistent fire-promoting thatch. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.", "claim_evidence": [ { "label": "Recognize", "sources": [ "WA-medusahead" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "medusahead-1" }, { "label": "Plants & habitat", "sources": [ "WA-medusahead" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "medusahead-2" }, { "label": "People", "sources": [ "WA-medusahead" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "medusahead-3" }, { "label": "Dogs & cats", "sources": [ "WA-medusahead" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "medusahead-4" }, { "label": "Other animals", "sources": [ "WA-medusahead" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "medusahead-5" }, { "id": "medusahead-list-meaning", "label": "State-list meaning", "sources": [ "Fremont-list-definitions" ], "scope": "Colorado management-category definition; species classification retains its original status sources", "note": "Plain-language editorial label for a management category; not a toxicity or danger rating.", "reviewed": "2026-09-07" } ], "noxious_class": "A", "research": { "status": "researching", "label": "Still researching this plant", "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.", "open_questions": [ { "area": "Other animals", "question": "Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.", "related_claim_ids": [ "medusahead-5" ] }, { "area": "Identification", "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.", "related_claim_ids": [] }, { "area": "Expert review", "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.", "related_claim_ids": [] } ], "expert_review": "pending" }, "noxious_class_label": "A — Eradicate", "source": "content/plants/medusahead.md", "html": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/medusahead/", "markdown": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/medusahead/index.md" }, { "id": "moth-mullein", "name": "Moth mullein", "scientific": "Verbascum blattaria", "category": "invasive", "status": "Colorado noxious weed · List B — Stop the spread", "status_sources": [ "CO-rules-2025" ], "warning": "Long-lived seeds sustain infestations", "warning_tone": "caution", "aliases": [], "taxonomy_note": "Unlike common mullein, this species does not have a thickly woolly rosette. Confirm the whole plant, not flower color alone.", "source_ids": [ "CO-rules-2025", "J-moth-mullein", "S27", "Fremont-list-definitions" ], "description": "Moth mullein: Long-lived seeds sustain infestations. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.", "claim_evidence": [ { "label": "Recognize", "sources": [ "J-moth-mullein" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "moth-mullein-1" }, { "label": "Plants & habitat", "sources": [ "J-moth-mullein" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "moth-mullein-2" }, { "label": "People", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "", "id": "moth-mullein-3" }, { "label": "Dogs & cats", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "", "id": "moth-mullein-4" }, { "label": "Other animals", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "", "id": "moth-mullein-5" }, { "id": "moth-mullein-list-meaning", "label": "State-list meaning", "sources": [ "Fremont-list-definitions" ], "scope": "Colorado management-category definition; species classification retains its original status sources", "note": "Plain-language editorial label for a management category; not a toxicity or danger rating.", "reviewed": "2026-09-07" } ], "noxious_class": "B", "research": { "status": "researching", "label": "Still researching this plant", "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.", "open_questions": [ { "area": "People", "question": "Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.", "related_claim_ids": [ "moth-mullein-3" ] }, { "area": "Dogs & cats", "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.", "related_claim_ids": [ "moth-mullein-4" ] }, { "area": "Other animals", "question": "Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.", "related_claim_ids": [ "moth-mullein-5" ] }, { "area": "Identification", "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.", "related_claim_ids": [] }, { "area": "Expert review", "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.", "related_claim_ids": [] } ], "expert_review": "pending" }, "noxious_class_label": "B — Stop the spread", "source": "content/plants/moth-mullein.md", "html": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/moth-mullein/", "markdown": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/moth-mullein/index.md" }, { "id": "musk-thistle", "name": "Musk thistle", "scientific": "Carduus nutans", "category": "invasive", "status": "Colorado noxious weed · List B — Stop the spread", "status_sources": [ "J-musk-thistle" ], "warning": "Sharp spines; competes with vegetation", "warning_tone": "caution", "aliases": [], "taxonomy_note": "Colorado also has native thistles. Purple flowers and spines alone cannot distinguish a listed introduced species.", "source_ids": [ "J-musk-thistle", "Fremont-list-definitions" ], "description": "Musk thistle: Sharp spines; competes with vegetation. Colorado identification, habitat and exposure evidence.", "claim_evidence": [ { "label": "Recognize", "sources": [ "J-musk-thistle" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "musk-thistle-1" }, { "label": "Plants & habitat", "sources": [ "J-musk-thistle" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "musk-thistle-2" }, { "label": "People", "sources": [ "J-musk-thistle" ], "scope": "Physical-risk inference from documented spines", "note": "", "id": "musk-thistle-3" }, { "label": "Dogs & cats", "sources": [ "J-musk-thistle" ], "scope": "Physical-risk inference; toxicology gap", "note": "", "id": "musk-thistle-4" }, { "label": "Other animals", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "The reviewed control source does not establish species-specific livestock chemical toxicity.", "id": "musk-thistle-5" }, { "id": "musk-thistle-list-meaning", "label": "State-list meaning", "sources": [ "Fremont-list-definitions" ], "scope": "Colorado management-category definition; species classification retains its original status sources", "note": "Plain-language editorial label for a management category; not a toxicity or danger rating.", "reviewed": "2026-09-07" } ], "noxious_class": "B", "research": { "status": "researching", "label": "Still researching this plant", "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.", "open_questions": [ { "area": "Dogs & cats", "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.", "related_claim_ids": [ "musk-thistle-4" ] }, { "area": "Other animals", "question": "Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.", "related_claim_ids": [ "musk-thistle-5" ] }, { "area": "Identification", "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.", "related_claim_ids": [] }, { "area": "Expert review", "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.", "related_claim_ids": [] } ], "expert_review": "pending" }, "noxious_class_label": "B — Stop the spread", "source": "content/plants/musk-thistle.md", "html": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/musk-thistle/", "markdown": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/musk-thistle/index.md" }, { "id": "myrtle-spurge", "name": "Myrtle spurge", "scientific": "Euphorbia myrsinites", "category": "invasive", "status": "Colorado List A — Eradicate", "status_sources": [ "S14" ], "warning": "Poisonous · Eye & skin injury", "warning_tone": "danger", "aliases": [], "taxonomy_note": "", "source_ids": [ "S14", "S13", "S15", "S27", "Fremont-list-definitions" ], "description": "Myrtle spurge: Poisonous · Eye & skin injury. Colorado identification, habitat and exposure evidence.", "claim_evidence": [ { "label": "Recognize", "sources": [ "S13", "S14", "S15" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "reviewed": "2026-09-06", "id": "myrtle-spurge-1" }, { "label": "Plants & habitat", "sources": [ "S13", "S15", "S27" ], "scope": "Species-specific + management guidance", "note": "Garden exclusion is an editorial recommendation derived from Colorado List A status.", "reviewed": "2026-09-06", "id": "myrtle-spurge-2" }, { "label": "People", "sources": [ "S14", "S15" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "reviewed": "2026-09-06", "id": "myrtle-spurge-3" }, { "label": "Dogs & cats", "sources": [ "S15" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "reviewed": "2026-09-06", "id": "myrtle-spurge-4" }, { "label": "Other animals", "sources": [ "S14", "S15" ], "scope": "Evidence gap", "note": "", "reviewed": "2026-09-06", "id": "myrtle-spurge-5" }, { "id": "myrtle-spurge-list-meaning", "label": "State-list meaning", "sources": [ "Fremont-list-definitions" ], "scope": "Colorado management-category definition; species classification retains its original status sources", "note": "Plain-language editorial label for a management category; not a toxicity or danger rating.", "reviewed": "2026-09-07" } ], "noxious_class": "A", "research": { "status": "researching", "label": "Still researching this plant", "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.", "open_questions": [ { "area": "Other animals", "question": "Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.", "related_claim_ids": [ "myrtle-spurge-5" ] }, { "area": "Expert review", "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.", "related_claim_ids": [] } ], "expert_review": "pending" }, "noxious_class_label": "A — Eradicate", "source": "content/plants/myrtle-spurge.md", "html": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/myrtle-spurge/", "markdown": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/myrtle-spurge/index.md" }, { "id": "narrow-leaved-dalmatian-toadflax", "name": "Narrow-leaved Dalmatian toadflax", "scientific": "Linaria genistifolia", "category": "invasive", "status": "Colorado noxious weed · List B — Stop the spread", "status_sources": [ "CO-rules-2025" ], "warning": "Listed taxon with difficult identification", "warning_tone": "caution", "aliases": [ "broomleaf toadflax" ], "taxonomy_note": "Colorado’s listing name is retained. Drought-stressed L. dalmatica and hybrid toadflaxes can also have narrow leaves. Photographs from Europe show source-identified L. genistifolia; they do not confirm Colorado occurrence. Expert identification is needed before assigning a local plant to this taxon.", "source_ids": [ "CO-rules-2025", "F-toadflaxes", "S27", "Fremont-list-definitions" ], "description": "Narrow-leaved Dalmatian toadflax: Listed taxon with difficult identification. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.", "claim_evidence": [ { "label": "Recognize", "sources": [ "F-toadflaxes" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "narrow-leaved-dalmatian-toadflax-1" }, { "label": "Plants & habitat", "sources": [ "F-toadflaxes", "CO-rules-2025" ], "scope": "Regulatory listing and historical taxonomic uncertainty", "note": "", "id": "narrow-leaved-dalmatian-toadflax-2" }, { "label": "People", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "", "id": "narrow-leaved-dalmatian-toadflax-3" }, { "label": "Dogs & cats", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "", "id": "narrow-leaved-dalmatian-toadflax-4" }, { "label": "Other animals", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "", "id": "narrow-leaved-dalmatian-toadflax-5" }, { "id": "narrow-leaved-dalmatian-toadflax-list-meaning", "label": "State-list meaning", "sources": [ "Fremont-list-definitions" ], "scope": "Colorado management-category definition; species classification retains its original status sources", "note": "Plain-language editorial label for a management category; not a toxicity or danger rating.", "reviewed": "2026-09-07" } ], "noxious_class": "B", "research": { "status": "researching", "label": "Still researching this plant", "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.", "open_questions": [ { "area": "People", "question": "Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.", "related_claim_ids": [ "narrow-leaved-dalmatian-toadflax-3" ] }, { "area": "Dogs & cats", "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.", "related_claim_ids": [ "narrow-leaved-dalmatian-toadflax-4" ] }, { "area": "Other animals", "question": "Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.", "related_claim_ids": [ "narrow-leaved-dalmatian-toadflax-5" ] }, { "area": "Identification", "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.", "related_claim_ids": [] }, { "area": "Expert review", "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.", "related_claim_ids": [] } ], "expert_review": "pending" }, "noxious_class_label": "B — Stop the spread", "source": "content/plants/narrow-leaved-dalmatian-toadflax.md", "html": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/narrow-leaved-dalmatian-toadflax/", "markdown": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/narrow-leaved-dalmatian-toadflax/index.md" }, { "id": "netseed-lambsquarters", "name": "Netseed lambsquarters", "scientific": "Chenopodium berlandieri", "category": "native", "status": "Native Colorado plant · not on state Lists A/B/C", "status_sources": [ "C-floristic-2020", "CO-rules-2025" ], "warning": "A fast-growing volunteer; pet toxicity remains unresolved", "warning_tone": "caution", "aliases": [ "netseed goosefoot" ], "taxonomy_note": "The Colorado flora assessment lists native Chenopodium berlandieri var. zschackii. This broader species profile does not identify every variety. It is separate from Chenopodium album; hazard claims for that species have not been transferred here.", "source_ids": [ "C-floristic-2020", "CO-rules-2025", "C-descriptions", "S27" ], "description": "Netseed lambsquarters: A fast-growing volunteer; pet toxicity remains unresolved. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.", "claim_evidence": [ { "label": "Identification", "sources": [ "C-descriptions" ], "scope": "Species description; identification limitation", "note": "", "id": "netseed-lambsquarters-1" }, { "label": "People", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "", "id": "netseed-lambsquarters-2" }, { "label": "Dogs & cats", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "", "id": "netseed-lambsquarters-3" }, { "label": "Other animals", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "", "id": "netseed-lambsquarters-4" }, { "label": "Plants & habitat", "sources": [ "C-descriptions" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "netseed-lambsquarters-5" }, { "label": "Management & timing", "sources": [ "C-descriptions" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "netseed-lambsquarters-6" } ], "research": { "status": "researching", "label": "Still researching this plant", "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.", "open_questions": [ { "area": "People", "question": "Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.", "related_claim_ids": [ "netseed-lambsquarters-2" ] }, { "area": "Dogs & cats", "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.", "related_claim_ids": [ "netseed-lambsquarters-3" ] }, { "area": "Other animals", "question": "Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.", "related_claim_ids": [ "netseed-lambsquarters-4" ] }, { "area": "Identification", "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.", "related_claim_ids": [] }, { "area": "Expert review", "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.", "related_claim_ids": [] } ], "expert_review": "pending" }, "colorado_relevance": { "source_id": "C-floristic-2020", "locator": "Appendix B; PDF page 44; Chenopodium berlandieri", "basis": "Included in the 2020 statewide flora assessment. This is not a current county abundance survey.", "source_taxon": "Chenopodium berlandieri" }, "source": "content/plants/netseed-lambsquarters.md", "html": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/netseed-lambsquarters/", "markdown": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/netseed-lambsquarters/index.md" }, { "id": "orange-hawkweed", "name": "Orange hawkweed", "scientific": "Pilosella aurantiaca", "category": "invasive", "status": "Colorado noxious weed · List A — Eradicate", "status_sources": [ "CO-rules-2025" ], "warning": "Runners crowd lawns and mountain meadows", "warning_tone": "caution", "aliases": [ "Hieracium aurantiacum", "orange paintbrush", "devil’s paintbrush" ], "taxonomy_note": "Colorado lists the synonym Hieracium aurantiacum. The name orange paintbrush must not be confused with native Castilleja species.", "source_ids": [ "CO-rules-2025", "WA-orange-hawkweed", "S27", "Fremont-list-definitions" ], "description": "Orange hawkweed: Runners crowd lawns and mountain meadows. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.", "claim_evidence": [ { "label": "Recognize", "sources": [ "WA-orange-hawkweed" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "orange-hawkweed-1" }, { "label": "Plants & habitat", "sources": [ "WA-orange-hawkweed" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "orange-hawkweed-2" }, { "label": "People", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "", "id": "orange-hawkweed-3" }, { "label": "Dogs & cats", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "", "id": "orange-hawkweed-4" }, { "label": "Other animals", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "", "id": "orange-hawkweed-5" }, { "id": "orange-hawkweed-list-meaning", "label": "State-list meaning", "sources": [ "Fremont-list-definitions" ], "scope": "Colorado management-category definition; species classification retains its original status sources", "note": "Plain-language editorial label for a management category; not a toxicity or danger rating.", "reviewed": "2026-09-07" } ], "noxious_class": "A", "research": { "status": "researching", "label": "Still researching this plant", "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.", "open_questions": [ { "area": "People", "question": "Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.", "related_claim_ids": [ "orange-hawkweed-3" ] }, { "area": "Dogs & cats", "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.", "related_claim_ids": [ "orange-hawkweed-4" ] }, { "area": "Other animals", "question": "Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.", "related_claim_ids": [ "orange-hawkweed-5" ] }, { "area": "Identification", "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.", "related_claim_ids": [] }, { "area": "Expert review", "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.", "related_claim_ids": [] } ], "expert_review": "pending" }, "noxious_class_label": "A — Eradicate", "source": "content/plants/orange-hawkweed.md", "html": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/orange-hawkweed/", "markdown": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/orange-hawkweed/index.md" }, { "id": "oxeye-daisy", "name": "Oxeye daisy", "scientific": "Leucanthemum vulgare", "category": "invasive", "status": "Colorado noxious weed · List B — Stop the spread", "status_sources": [ "J-oxeye-daisy" ], "warning": "Toxic to dogs and cats; dermatitis", "warning_tone": "danger", "aliases": [ "Chrysanthemum leucanthemum" ], "taxonomy_note": "ASPCA’s page titled Daisy names Chrysanthemum species, not Leucanthemum vulgare. It is excluded as direct pet evidence; the species-specific NC State account supports the warning here.", "source_ids": [ "J-oxeye-daisy", "N-leucanthemum-vulgare", "Fremont-list-definitions" ], "description": "Oxeye daisy: Toxic to dogs and cats; dermatitis. Colorado identification, habitat and exposure evidence.", "claim_evidence": [ { "label": "Recognize", "sources": [ "N-leucanthemum-vulgare" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "oxeye-daisy-1" }, { "label": "Plants & habitat", "sources": [ "J-oxeye-daisy" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "oxeye-daisy-2" }, { "label": "People", "sources": [ "N-leucanthemum-vulgare" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "oxeye-daisy-3" }, { "label": "Dogs & cats", "sources": [ "N-leucanthemum-vulgare" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "oxeye-daisy-4" }, { "label": "Other animals", "sources": [ "N-leucanthemum-vulgare" ], "scope": "Source problem tag; clinical detail limited", "note": "", "id": "oxeye-daisy-5" }, { "id": "oxeye-daisy-list-meaning", "label": "State-list meaning", "sources": [ "Fremont-list-definitions" ], "scope": "Colorado management-category definition; species classification retains its original status sources", "note": "Plain-language editorial label for a management category; not a toxicity or danger rating.", "reviewed": "2026-09-07" } ], "noxious_class": "B", "research": { "status": "researching", "label": "Still researching this plant", "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.", "open_questions": [ { "area": "Identification", "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.", "related_claim_ids": [] }, { "area": "Expert review", "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.", "related_claim_ids": [] } ], "expert_review": "pending" }, "noxious_class_label": "B — Stop the spread", "source": "content/plants/oxeye-daisy.md", "html": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/oxeye-daisy/", "markdown": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/oxeye-daisy/index.md" }, { "id": "parrotfeather", "name": "Parrotfeather", "scientific": "Myriophyllum aquaticum", "category": "invasive", "status": "Colorado noxious weed · List A — Eradicate", "status_sources": [ "CO-rules-2025" ], "warning": "Aquatic mats obstruct waterways", "warning_tone": "caution", "aliases": [], "taxonomy_note": "Do not confuse this species with Eurasian watermilfoil or native Myriophyllum species.", "source_ids": [ "CO-rules-2025", "N-myriophyllum-aquaticum", "S27", "Fremont-list-definitions" ], "description": "Parrotfeather: Aquatic mats obstruct waterways. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.", "claim_evidence": [ { "label": "Recognize", "sources": [ "N-myriophyllum-aquaticum" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "parrotfeather-1" }, { "label": "Plants & habitat", "sources": [ "N-myriophyllum-aquaticum" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "parrotfeather-2" }, { "label": "People", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "", "id": "parrotfeather-3" }, { "label": "Dogs & cats", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "", "id": "parrotfeather-4" }, { "label": "Other animals", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "", "id": "parrotfeather-5" }, { "id": "parrotfeather-list-meaning", "label": "State-list meaning", "sources": [ "Fremont-list-definitions" ], "scope": "Colorado management-category definition; species classification retains its original status sources", "note": "Plain-language editorial label for a management category; not a toxicity or danger rating.", "reviewed": "2026-09-07" } ], "noxious_class": "A", "research": { "status": "researching", "label": "Still researching this plant", "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.", "open_questions": [ { "area": "People", "question": "Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.", "related_claim_ids": [ "parrotfeather-3" ] }, { "area": "Dogs & cats", "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.", "related_claim_ids": [ "parrotfeather-4" ] }, { "area": "Other animals", "question": "Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.", "related_claim_ids": [ "parrotfeather-5" ] }, { "area": "Identification", "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.", "related_claim_ids": [] }, { "area": "Expert review", "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.", "related_claim_ids": [] } ], "expert_review": "pending" }, "noxious_class_label": "A — Eradicate", "source": "content/plants/parrotfeather.md", "html": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/parrotfeather/", "markdown": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/parrotfeather/index.md" }, { "id": "perennial-pepperweed", "name": "Perennial pepperweed", "scientific": "Lepidium latifolium", "category": "invasive", "status": "Colorado noxious weed · List B — Stop the spread", "status_sources": [ "CO-rules-2025" ], "warning": "Deep roots form persistent wetland colonies", "warning_tone": "caution", "aliases": [ "tall whitetop" ], "taxonomy_note": "", "source_ids": [ "CO-rules-2025", "J-perennial-pepperweed", "S27", "Fremont-list-definitions" ], "description": "Perennial pepperweed: Deep roots form persistent wetland colonies. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.", "claim_evidence": [ { "label": "Recognize", "sources": [ "J-perennial-pepperweed" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "perennial-pepperweed-1" }, { "label": "Plants & habitat", "sources": [ "J-perennial-pepperweed" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "perennial-pepperweed-2" }, { "label": "People", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "", "id": "perennial-pepperweed-3" }, { "label": "Dogs & cats", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "", "id": "perennial-pepperweed-4" }, { "label": "Other animals", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "", "id": "perennial-pepperweed-5" }, { "id": "perennial-pepperweed-list-meaning", "label": "State-list meaning", "sources": [ "Fremont-list-definitions" ], "scope": "Colorado management-category definition; species classification retains its original status sources", "note": "Plain-language editorial label for a management category; not a toxicity or danger rating.", "reviewed": "2026-09-07" } ], "noxious_class": "B", "research": { "status": "researching", "label": "Still researching this plant", "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.", "open_questions": [ { "area": "People", "question": "Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.", "related_claim_ids": [ "perennial-pepperweed-3" ] }, { "area": "Dogs & cats", "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.", "related_claim_ids": [ "perennial-pepperweed-4" ] }, { "area": "Other animals", "question": "Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.", "related_claim_ids": [ "perennial-pepperweed-5" ] }, { "area": "Expert review", "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.", "related_claim_ids": [] } ], "expert_review": "pending" }, "noxious_class_label": "B — Stop the spread", "source": "content/plants/perennial-pepperweed.md", "html": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/perennial-pepperweed/", "markdown": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/perennial-pepperweed/index.md" }, { "id": "perennial-sowthistle", "name": "Perennial sowthistle", "scientific": "Sonchus arvensis", "category": "invasive", "status": "Colorado noxious weed · List C — Manage widespread weeds", "status_sources": [ "CO-rules-2025" ], "warning": "Persistent underground spread", "warning_tone": "caution", "aliases": [], "taxonomy_note": "Annual sowthistles are separate species. A yellow flowerhead and milky sap are insufficient identification.", "source_ids": [ "CO-rules-2025", "J-perennial-sowthistle", "S27", "Fremont-list-definitions" ], "description": "Perennial sowthistle: Persistent underground spread. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.", "claim_evidence": [ { "label": "Recognize", "sources": [ "J-perennial-sowthistle" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "perennial-sowthistle-1" }, { "label": "Plants & habitat", "sources": [ "J-perennial-sowthistle" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "perennial-sowthistle-2" }, { "label": "People", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "", "id": "perennial-sowthistle-3" }, { "label": "Dogs & cats", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "", "id": "perennial-sowthistle-4" }, { "label": "Other animals", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "", "id": "perennial-sowthistle-5" }, { "id": "perennial-sowthistle-list-meaning", "label": "State-list meaning", "sources": [ "Fremont-list-definitions" ], "scope": "Colorado management-category definition; species classification retains its original status sources", "note": "Plain-language editorial label for a management category; not a toxicity or danger rating.", "reviewed": "2026-09-07" } ], "noxious_class": "C", "research": { "status": "researching", "label": "Still researching this plant", "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.", "open_questions": [ { "area": "People", "question": "Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.", "related_claim_ids": [ "perennial-sowthistle-3" ] }, { "area": "Dogs & cats", "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.", "related_claim_ids": [ "perennial-sowthistle-4" ] }, { "area": "Other animals", "question": "Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.", "related_claim_ids": [ "perennial-sowthistle-5" ] }, { "area": "Identification", "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.", "related_claim_ids": [] }, { "area": "Expert review", "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.", "related_claim_ids": [] } ], "expert_review": "pending" }, "noxious_class_label": "C — Manage widespread weeds", "source": "content/plants/perennial-sowthistle.md", "html": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/perennial-sowthistle/", "markdown": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/perennial-sowthistle/index.md" }, { "id": "plains-pricklypear", "name": "Plains pricklypear", "scientific": "Opuntia polyacantha", "category": "xeriscape", "status": "Native Colorado plant · not on state Lists A/B/C", "status_sources": [ "C-floristic-2020", "CO-rules-2025" ], "warning": "Sharp spines around paws, mouths and eyes", "warning_tone": "caution", "aliases": [ "plains prickly pear", "prickly pear cactus" ], "taxonomy_note": "Many Opuntia species share prickly-pear names. Source photographs are species references, not a complete key to Colorado cacti or a basis for edible-fruit identification.", "source_ids": [ "C-floristic-2020", "CO-rules-2025", "F-opuntia", "C-low-water-cactus", "S27" ], "description": "Plains pricklypear: Sharp spines around paws, mouths and eyes. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.", "claim_evidence": [ { "label": "Identification", "sources": [ "F-opuntia" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "plains-pricklypear-1" }, { "label": "People", "sources": [ "F-opuntia" ], "scope": "Mechanical-injury precaution inferred from spines", "note": "", "id": "plains-pricklypear-2" }, { "label": "Dogs & cats", "sources": [ "F-opuntia" ], "scope": "Mechanical-injury precaution; toxicology unresolved", "note": "", "id": "plains-pricklypear-3" }, { "label": "Other animals", "sources": [ "F-opuntia" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "plains-pricklypear-4" }, { "label": "Plants & habitat", "sources": [ "F-opuntia", "C-low-water-cactus" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "plains-pricklypear-5" }, { "label": "Management & timing", "sources": [ "F-opuntia" ], "scope": "Placement and handling precaution", "note": "", "id": "plains-pricklypear-6" } ], "research": { "status": "researching", "label": "Still researching this plant", "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.", "open_questions": [ { "area": "Dogs & cats", "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.", "related_claim_ids": [ "plains-pricklypear-3" ] }, { "area": "Identification", "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.", "related_claim_ids": [] }, { "area": "Expert review", "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.", "related_claim_ids": [] } ], "expert_review": "pending" }, "colorado_relevance": { "source_id": "C-floristic-2020", "locator": "Appendix B; PDF page 66; Opuntia polyacantha", "basis": "Included in the 2020 statewide flora assessment. This is not a current county abundance survey.", "source_taxon": "Opuntia polyacantha" }, "source": "content/plants/plains-pricklypear.md", "html": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/plains-pricklypear/", "markdown": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/plains-pricklypear/index.md" }, { "id": "plumeless-thistle", "name": "Plumeless thistle", "scientific": "Carduus acanthoides", "category": "invasive", "status": "Colorado noxious weed · List B — Stop the spread", "status_sources": [ "CO-rules-2025" ], "warning": "Sharp spines; pasture competition", "warning_tone": "caution", "aliases": [], "taxonomy_note": "Distinguish introduced Carduus from Colorado’s native thistles before removal.", "source_ids": [ "CO-rules-2025", "J-plumeless-thistle", "S27", "Fremont-list-definitions" ], "description": "Plumeless thistle: Sharp spines; pasture competition. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.", "claim_evidence": [ { "label": "Recognize", "sources": [ "J-plumeless-thistle" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "plumeless-thistle-1" }, { "label": "Plants & habitat", "sources": [ "J-plumeless-thistle" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "plumeless-thistle-2" }, { "label": "People", "sources": [ "J-plumeless-thistle" ], "scope": "Physical-risk inference", "note": "", "id": "plumeless-thistle-3" }, { "label": "Dogs & cats", "sources": [ "J-plumeless-thistle" ], "scope": "Physical-risk inference; ingestion evidence gap", "note": "", "id": "plumeless-thistle-4" }, { "label": "Other animals", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "", "id": "plumeless-thistle-5" }, { "id": "plumeless-thistle-list-meaning", "label": "State-list meaning", "sources": [ "Fremont-list-definitions" ], "scope": "Colorado management-category definition; species classification retains its original status sources", "note": "Plain-language editorial label for a management category; not a toxicity or danger rating.", "reviewed": "2026-09-07" } ], "noxious_class": "B", "research": { "status": "researching", "label": "Still researching this plant", "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.", "open_questions": [ { "area": "Dogs & cats", "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.", "related_claim_ids": [ "plumeless-thistle-4" ] }, { "area": "Other animals", "question": "Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.", "related_claim_ids": [ "plumeless-thistle-5" ] }, { "area": "Identification", "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.", "related_claim_ids": [] }, { "area": "Expert review", "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.", "related_claim_ids": [] } ], "expert_review": "pending" }, "noxious_class_label": "B — Stop the spread", "source": "content/plants/plumeless-thistle.md", "html": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/plumeless-thistle/", "markdown": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/plumeless-thistle/index.md" }, { "id": "poison-hemlock", "name": "Poison hemlock", "scientific": "Conium maculatum", "category": "invasive", "status": "Colorado List C — Manage widespread weeds", "status_sources": [ "S16" ], "warning": "Poisonous to people & animals", "warning_tone": "danger", "aliases": [], "taxonomy_note": "", "source_ids": [ "S16", "S26", "S04", "Fremont-list-definitions" ], "description": "Poison hemlock: Poisonous to people & animals. Colorado identification, habitat and exposure evidence.", "claim_evidence": [ { "label": "Recognize", "sources": [ "S16" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "reviewed": "2026-09-06", "id": "poison-hemlock-1" }, { "label": "Plants & habitat", "sources": [ "S16" ], "scope": "Species-specific + garden judgment", "note": "Access restriction and referral are cautious editorial advice based on documented poisoning.", "reviewed": "2026-09-06", "id": "poison-hemlock-2" }, { "label": "People", "sources": [ "S16", "S26" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "reviewed": "2026-09-06", "id": "poison-hemlock-3" }, { "label": "Dogs & cats", "sources": [ "S16", "S04" ], "scope": "Broad animal warning; pet precaution", "note": "Pet recommendation applies general animal toxicity plus ASPCA's prompt-contact guidance; it is not a species-specific dose estimate.", "reviewed": "2026-09-06", "id": "poison-hemlock-4" }, { "label": "Other animals", "sources": [ "S16" ], "scope": "Species-specific + interpretation", "note": "Risk interpretation follows the county page listing both List C and toxicity.", "reviewed": "2026-09-06", "id": "poison-hemlock-5" }, { "id": "poison-hemlock-list-meaning", "label": "State-list meaning", "sources": [ "Fremont-list-definitions" ], "scope": "Colorado management-category definition; species classification retains its original status sources", "note": "Plain-language editorial label for a management category; not a toxicity or danger rating.", "reviewed": "2026-09-07" } ], "noxious_class": "C", "research": { "status": "researching", "label": "Still researching this plant", "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.", "open_questions": [ { "area": "Expert review", "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.", "related_claim_ids": [] } ], "expert_review": "pending" }, "noxious_class_label": "C — Manage widespread weeds", "source": "content/plants/poison-hemlock.md", "html": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/poison-hemlock/", "markdown": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/poison-hemlock/index.md" }, { "id": "prairie-sage", "name": "Prairie sage", "scientific": "Artemisia ludoviciana", "category": "native", "status": "Colorado native", "status_sources": [ "S03" ], "warning": "Spreading roots; pet evidence gap", "warning_tone": "caution", "aliases": [ "white sage", "white sagebrush" ], "taxonomy_note": "Common name white sage also refers to other plants, including Salvia apiana. Do not merge their uses or toxicology.", "source_ids": [ "S03", "N-artemisia-ludoviciana" ], "description": "Prairie sage: Spreading roots; pet evidence gap. Colorado identification, habitat and exposure evidence.", "claim_evidence": [ { "label": "Recognize", "sources": [ "N-artemisia-ludoviciana" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "prairie-sage-1" }, { "label": "Plants & habitat", "sources": [ "N-artemisia-ludoviciana" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "prairie-sage-2" }, { "label": "People", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "The reviewed gardening source does not establish human ingestion safety.", "id": "prairie-sage-3" }, { "label": "Dogs & cats", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "Species-specific ingestion effects and exposure thresholds were not established in the reviewed sources.", "id": "prairie-sage-4" }, { "label": "Other animals", "sources": [ "S03" ], "scope": "Species-specific wildlife use; toxicity gap", "note": "", "id": "prairie-sage-5" } ], "research": { "status": "researching", "label": "Still researching this plant", "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.", "open_questions": [ { "area": "People", "question": "Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.", "related_claim_ids": [ "prairie-sage-3" ] }, { "area": "Dogs & cats", "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.", "related_claim_ids": [ "prairie-sage-4" ] }, { "area": "Other animals", "question": "Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.", "related_claim_ids": [ "prairie-sage-5" ] }, { "area": "Identification", "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.", "related_claim_ids": [] }, { "area": "Expert review", "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.", "related_claim_ids": [] } ], "expert_review": "pending" }, "source": "content/plants/prairie-sage.md", "html": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/prairie-sage/", "markdown": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/prairie-sage/index.md" }, { "id": "prickly-lettuce", "name": "Prickly lettuce", "scientific": "Lactuca serriola", "category": "invasive", "status": "Common introduced weed · not on state Lists A/B/C", "status_sources": [ "C-floristic-2020", "CO-rules-2025" ], "warning": "Prickly leaves and prolific windborne seed", "warning_tone": "caution", "aliases": [ "compassplant", "wild lettuce" ], "taxonomy_note": "Wild lettuce names refer to several species. Lactuca serriola is not a substitute for cultivated lettuce or a verified medicinal product.", "source_ids": [ "C-floristic-2020", "CO-rules-2025", "C-descriptions", "S27" ], "description": "Prickly lettuce: Prickly leaves and prolific windborne seed. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.", "claim_evidence": [ { "label": "Identification", "sources": [ "C-descriptions" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "prickly-lettuce-1" }, { "label": "People", "sources": [ "C-descriptions" ], "scope": "Handling precaution inferred from leaf structure", "note": "", "id": "prickly-lettuce-2" }, { "label": "Dogs & cats", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "", "id": "prickly-lettuce-3" }, { "label": "Other animals", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "", "id": "prickly-lettuce-4" }, { "label": "Plants & habitat", "sources": [ "C-descriptions" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "prickly-lettuce-5" }, { "label": "Management & timing", "sources": [ "C-descriptions" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "prickly-lettuce-6" } ], "research": { "status": "researching", "label": "Still researching this plant", "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.", "open_questions": [ { "area": "Dogs & cats", "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.", "related_claim_ids": [ "prickly-lettuce-3" ] }, { "area": "Other animals", "question": "Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.", "related_claim_ids": [ "prickly-lettuce-4" ] }, { "area": "Identification", "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.", "related_claim_ids": [] }, { "area": "Expert review", "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.", "related_claim_ids": [] } ], "expert_review": "pending" }, "colorado_relevance": { "source_id": "C-floristic-2020", "locator": "Appendix B; PDF page 60; Lactuca serriola", "basis": "Included in the 2020 statewide flora assessment. This is not a current county abundance survey.", "source_taxon": "Lactuca serriola" }, "source": "content/plants/prickly-lettuce.md", "html": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/prickly-lettuce/", "markdown": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/prickly-lettuce/index.md" }, { "id": "prickly-sowthistle", "name": "Prickly sowthistle", "scientific": "Sonchus asper", "category": "invasive", "status": "Common introduced weed · not on state Lists A/B/C", "status_sources": [ "C-floristic-2020", "CO-rules-2025" ], "warning": "Spiny leaves and rapid seed production", "warning_tone": "caution", "aliases": [ "spiny sowthistle" ], "taxonomy_note": "This is an annual Sonchus, not a true Cirsium thistle and not perennial sowthistle. Confirm leaf bases and life cycle.", "source_ids": [ "C-floristic-2020", "CO-rules-2025", "N-sonchus-asper", "U-sowthistle", "S27" ], "description": "Prickly sowthistle: Spiny leaves and rapid seed production. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.", "claim_evidence": [ { "label": "Identification", "sources": [ "N-sonchus-asper", "U-sowthistle" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "prickly-sowthistle-1" }, { "label": "People", "sources": [ "N-sonchus-asper" ], "scope": "Handling precaution inferred from leaf structure", "note": "", "id": "prickly-sowthistle-2" }, { "label": "Dogs & cats", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "", "id": "prickly-sowthistle-3" }, { "label": "Other animals", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "", "id": "prickly-sowthistle-4" }, { "label": "Plants & habitat", "sources": [ "N-sonchus-asper" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "prickly-sowthistle-5" }, { "label": "Management & timing", "sources": [ "N-sonchus-asper" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "prickly-sowthistle-6" } ], "research": { "status": "researching", "label": "Still researching this plant", "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.", "open_questions": [ { "area": "Dogs & cats", "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.", "related_claim_ids": [ "prickly-sowthistle-3" ] }, { "area": "Other animals", "question": "Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.", "related_claim_ids": [ "prickly-sowthistle-4" ] }, { "area": "Identification", "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.", "related_claim_ids": [] }, { "area": "Expert review", "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.", "related_claim_ids": [] } ], "expert_review": "pending" }, "colorado_relevance": { "source_id": "C-floristic-2020", "locator": "Appendix B; PDF page 80; Sonchus asper", "basis": "Included in the 2020 statewide flora assessment. This is not a current county abundance survey.", "source_taxon": "Sonchus asper" }, "source": "content/plants/prickly-sowthistle.md", "html": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/prickly-sowthistle/", "markdown": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/prickly-sowthistle/index.md" }, { "id": "prostrate-knotweed", "name": "Prostrate knotweed", "scientific": "Polygonum aviculare", "category": "invasive", "status": "Common introduced weed · not on state Lists A/B/C", "status_sources": [ "C-floristic-2020", "CO-rules-2025" ], "warning": "A mat-forming weed of compacted ground", "warning_tone": "caution", "aliases": [ "knotgrass", "wiregrass" ], "taxonomy_note": "This small lawn weed is not Japanese knotweed or another large invasive Reynoutria species. Polygonum aviculare is treated broadly here. The flower photo is source-labeled Polygonum aviculare subsp. depressum (s. lat.). Segregate-taxon boundaries remain under research; no subspecies determination is made for Colorado specimens.", "source_ids": [ "C-floristic-2020", "CO-rules-2025", "N-polygonum-aviculare", "C-descriptions", "S27" ], "description": "Prostrate knotweed: A mat-forming weed of compacted ground. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.", "claim_evidence": [ { "label": "Identification", "sources": [ "N-polygonum-aviculare" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "prostrate-knotweed-1" }, { "label": "People", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "", "id": "prostrate-knotweed-2" }, { "label": "Dogs & cats", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "", "id": "prostrate-knotweed-3" }, { "label": "Other animals", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "", "id": "prostrate-knotweed-4" }, { "label": "Plants & habitat", "sources": [ "N-polygonum-aviculare" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "prostrate-knotweed-5" }, { "label": "Management & timing", "sources": [ "N-polygonum-aviculare", "C-descriptions" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "prostrate-knotweed-6" } ], "research": { "status": "researching", "label": "Still researching this plant", "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.", "open_questions": [ { "area": "People", "question": "Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.", "related_claim_ids": [ "prostrate-knotweed-2" ] }, { "area": "Dogs & cats", "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.", "related_claim_ids": [ "prostrate-knotweed-3" ] }, { "area": "Other animals", "question": "Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.", "related_claim_ids": [ "prostrate-knotweed-4" ] }, { "area": "Identification", "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.", "related_claim_ids": [] }, { "area": "Expert review", "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.", "related_claim_ids": [] } ], "expert_review": "pending" }, "colorado_relevance": { "source_id": "C-floristic-2020", "locator": "Appendix B; PDF page 73; Polygonum aviculare", "basis": "Included in the 2020 statewide flora assessment. This is not a current county abundance survey.", "source_taxon": "Polygonum aviculare" }, "source": "content/plants/prostrate-knotweed.md", "html": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/prostrate-knotweed/", "markdown": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/prostrate-knotweed/index.md" }, { "id": "puncturevine", "name": "Puncturevine / goathead", "scientific": "Tribulus terrestris", "category": "invasive", "status": "Colorado List C — Manage widespread weeds", "status_sources": [ "S29" ], "warning": "Sharp burs · Animal injury", "warning_tone": "danger", "aliases": [], "taxonomy_note": "", "source_ids": [ "S29", "S17", "S18", "S19", "Fremont-list-definitions" ], "description": "Puncturevine / goathead: Sharp burs · Animal injury. Colorado identification, habitat and exposure evidence.", "claim_evidence": [ { "label": "Recognize", "sources": [ "S17" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "reviewed": "2026-09-06", "id": "puncturevine-1" }, { "label": "Plants & habitat", "sources": [ "S18" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "reviewed": "2026-09-06", "id": "puncturevine-2" }, { "label": "People", "sources": [ "S17", "S18" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "reviewed": "2026-09-06", "id": "puncturevine-3" }, { "label": "Dogs & cats", "sources": [ "S18", "S19" ], "scope": "Species-specific injury; pet precaution", "note": "Paw-checking and play-area advice are editorial inferences from the documented spines.", "reviewed": "2026-09-06", "id": "puncturevine-4" }, { "label": "Other animals", "sources": [ "S18" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "reviewed": "2026-09-06", "id": "puncturevine-5" }, { "id": "puncturevine-list-meaning", "label": "State-list meaning", "sources": [ "Fremont-list-definitions" ], "scope": "Colorado management-category definition; species classification retains its original status sources", "note": "Plain-language editorial label for a management category; not a toxicity or danger rating.", "reviewed": "2026-09-07" } ], "noxious_class": "C", "research": { "status": "researching", "label": "Still researching this plant", "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.", "open_questions": [ { "area": "Other animals", "question": "Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.", "related_claim_ids": [ "puncturevine-5" ] }, { "area": "Expert review", "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.", "related_claim_ids": [] } ], "expert_review": "pending" }, "noxious_class_label": "C — Manage widespread weeds", "source": "content/plants/puncturevine.md", "html": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/puncturevine/", "markdown": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/puncturevine/index.md" }, { "id": "purple-loosestrife", "name": "Purple loosestrife", "scientific": "Lythrum salicaria", "category": "invasive", "status": "Colorado noxious weed · List A — Eradicate", "status_sources": [ "CO-rules-2025" ], "warning": "Crowds out wetland vegetation", "warning_tone": "caution", "aliases": [], "taxonomy_note": "", "source_ids": [ "CO-rules-2025", "N-lythrum-salicaria", "S27", "Fremont-list-definitions" ], "description": "Purple loosestrife: Crowds out wetland vegetation. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.", "claim_evidence": [ { "label": "Recognize", "sources": [ "N-lythrum-salicaria" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "purple-loosestrife-1" }, { "label": "Plants & habitat", "sources": [ "N-lythrum-salicaria" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "purple-loosestrife-2" }, { "label": "People", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "", "id": "purple-loosestrife-3" }, { "label": "Dogs & cats", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "", "id": "purple-loosestrife-4" }, { "label": "Other animals", "sources": [ "N-lythrum-salicaria" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "purple-loosestrife-5" }, { "id": "purple-loosestrife-list-meaning", "label": "State-list meaning", "sources": [ "Fremont-list-definitions" ], "scope": "Colorado management-category definition; species classification retains its original status sources", "note": "Plain-language editorial label for a management category; not a toxicity or danger rating.", "reviewed": "2026-09-07" } ], "noxious_class": "A", "research": { "status": "researching", "label": "Still researching this plant", "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.", "open_questions": [ { "area": "People", "question": "Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.", "related_claim_ids": [ "purple-loosestrife-3" ] }, { "area": "Dogs & cats", "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.", "related_claim_ids": [ "purple-loosestrife-4" ] }, { "area": "Expert review", "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.", "related_claim_ids": [] } ], "expert_review": "pending" }, "noxious_class_label": "A — Eradicate", "source": "content/plants/purple-loosestrife.md", "html": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/purple-loosestrife/", "markdown": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/purple-loosestrife/index.md" }, { "id": "quackgrass", "name": "Quackgrass", "scientific": "Elymus repens", "category": "invasive", "status": "Colorado noxious weed · List C — Manage widespread weeds", "status_sources": [ "CO-rules-2025" ], "warning": "Rhizome fragments regrow in lawns and gardens", "warning_tone": "caution", "aliases": [ "Elytrigia repens", "Agropyron repens", "couch grass" ], "taxonomy_note": "", "source_ids": [ "CO-rules-2025", "M-quackgrass", "S27", "Fremont-list-definitions" ], "description": "Quackgrass: Rhizome fragments regrow in lawns and gardens. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.", "claim_evidence": [ { "label": "Recognize", "sources": [ "M-quackgrass" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "quackgrass-1" }, { "label": "Plants & habitat", "sources": [ "M-quackgrass" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "quackgrass-2" }, { "label": "People", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "", "id": "quackgrass-3" }, { "label": "Dogs & cats", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "", "id": "quackgrass-4" }, { "label": "Other animals", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "", "id": "quackgrass-5" }, { "id": "quackgrass-list-meaning", "label": "State-list meaning", "sources": [ "Fremont-list-definitions" ], "scope": "Colorado management-category definition; species classification retains its original status sources", "note": "Plain-language editorial label for a management category; not a toxicity or danger rating.", "reviewed": "2026-09-07" } ], "noxious_class": "C", "research": { "status": "researching", "label": "Still researching this plant", "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.", "open_questions": [ { "area": "People", "question": "Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.", "related_claim_ids": [ "quackgrass-3" ] }, { "area": "Dogs & cats", "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.", "related_claim_ids": [ "quackgrass-4" ] }, { "area": "Other animals", "question": "Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.", "related_claim_ids": [ "quackgrass-5" ] }, { "area": "Expert review", "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.", "related_claim_ids": [] } ], "expert_review": "pending" }, "noxious_class_label": "C — Manage widespread weeds", "source": "content/plants/quackgrass.md", "html": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/quackgrass/", "markdown": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/quackgrass/index.md" }, { "id": "red-valerian", "name": "Red valerian", "scientific": "Centranthus ruber", "category": "xeriscape", "status": "Introduced drought-tolerant ornamental", "status_sources": [ "N-centranthus-ruber" ], "warning": "Self-seeds beyond garden beds", "warning_tone": "caution", "aliases": [ "Jupiter's beard", "Valeriana rubra" ], "taxonomy_note": "The retrieved NC State source now treats Centranthus ruber as Valeriana rubra. The familiar garden name is retained for discovery; it is not Valeriana officinalis.", "source_ids": [ "N-centranthus-ruber" ], "description": "Red valerian: Self-seeds beyond garden beds. Colorado identification, habitat and exposure evidence.", "claim_evidence": [ { "label": "Recognize", "sources": [ "N-centranthus-ruber" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "red-valerian-1" }, { "label": "Plants & habitat", "sources": [ "N-centranthus-ruber" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "red-valerian-2" }, { "label": "People", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "This guide does not assess ingestion safety or medicinal use.", "id": "red-valerian-3" }, { "label": "Dogs & cats", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "Species-specific ingestion effects and exposure thresholds were not established in the reviewed sources.", "id": "red-valerian-4" }, { "label": "Other animals", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "Species-specific ingestion effects and exposure thresholds were not established in the reviewed sources.", "id": "red-valerian-5" } ], "research": { "status": "researching", "label": "Still researching this plant", "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.", "open_questions": [ { "area": "People", "question": "Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.", "related_claim_ids": [ "red-valerian-3" ] }, { "area": "Dogs & cats", "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.", "related_claim_ids": [ "red-valerian-4" ] }, { "area": "Other animals", "question": "Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.", "related_claim_ids": [ "red-valerian-5" ] }, { "area": "Identification", "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.", "related_claim_ids": [] }, { "area": "Expert review", "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.", "related_claim_ids": [] } ], "expert_review": "pending" }, "source": "content/plants/red-valerian.md", "html": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/red-valerian/", "markdown": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/red-valerian/index.md" }, { "id": "redroot-pigweed", "name": "Redroot pigweed", "scientific": "Amaranthus retroflexus", "category": "invasive", "status": "Common weed; not an A/B/C listing in the reviewed state rule", "status_sources": [ "CO-rules-2025" ], "warning": "Crop competition; nitrate and oxalate livestock risk", "warning_tone": "danger", "aliases": [], "taxonomy_note": "Pigweed is used for several unrelated or similar-looking plants. Routt County’s prostrate pigweed entry concerns A. blitoides and is not used as exact A. retroflexus evidence.", "source_ids": [ "CO-rules-2025", "N-amaranthus-retroflexus", "C-descriptions", "S27" ], "description": "Redroot pigweed: Crop competition; nitrate and oxalate livestock risk. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.", "claim_evidence": [ { "label": "Recognize", "sources": [ "N-amaranthus-retroflexus" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "redroot-pigweed-1" }, { "label": "Plants & habitat", "sources": [ "C-descriptions", "N-amaranthus-retroflexus" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "redroot-pigweed-2" }, { "label": "People", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "", "id": "redroot-pigweed-3" }, { "label": "Dogs & cats", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "", "id": "redroot-pigweed-4" }, { "label": "Other animals", "sources": [ "N-amaranthus-retroflexus" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "redroot-pigweed-5" } ], "research": { "status": "researching", "label": "Still researching this plant", "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.", "open_questions": [ { "area": "People", "question": "Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.", "related_claim_ids": [ "redroot-pigweed-3" ] }, { "area": "Dogs & cats", "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.", "related_claim_ids": [ "redroot-pigweed-4" ] }, { "area": "Other animals", "question": "Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.", "related_claim_ids": [ "redroot-pigweed-5" ] }, { "area": "Identification", "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.", "related_claim_ids": [] }, { "area": "Expert review", "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.", "related_claim_ids": [] } ], "expert_review": "pending" }, "source": "content/plants/redroot-pigweed.md", "html": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/redroot-pigweed/", "markdown": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/redroot-pigweed/index.md" }, { "id": "redstem-filaree", "name": "Redstem filaree", "scientific": "Erodium cicutarium", "category": "invasive", "status": "Colorado noxious weed · List C — Manage widespread weeds", "status_sources": [ "CO-rules-2025" ], "warning": "Seeds spread through lawns and pasture", "warning_tone": "caution", "aliases": [ "stork’s bill", "redstem storksbill" ], "taxonomy_note": "The county’s unusually large height figure is not adopted. This guide relies on flower, rosette and fruit features instead.", "source_ids": [ "CO-rules-2025", "J-redstem-filaree", "S27", "Fremont-list-definitions" ], "description": "Redstem filaree: Seeds spread through lawns and pasture. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.", "claim_evidence": [ { "label": "Recognize", "sources": [ "J-redstem-filaree" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "redstem-filaree-1" }, { "label": "Plants & habitat", "sources": [ "J-redstem-filaree" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "redstem-filaree-2" }, { "label": "People", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "", "id": "redstem-filaree-3" }, { "label": "Dogs & cats", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "", "id": "redstem-filaree-4" }, { "label": "Other animals", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "", "id": "redstem-filaree-5" }, { "id": "redstem-filaree-list-meaning", "label": "State-list meaning", "sources": [ "Fremont-list-definitions" ], "scope": "Colorado management-category definition; species classification retains its original status sources", "note": "Plain-language editorial label for a management category; not a toxicity or danger rating.", "reviewed": "2026-09-07" } ], "noxious_class": "C", "research": { "status": "researching", "label": "Still researching this plant", "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.", "open_questions": [ { "area": "People", "question": "Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.", "related_claim_ids": [ "redstem-filaree-3" ] }, { "area": "Dogs & cats", "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.", "related_claim_ids": [ "redstem-filaree-4" ] }, { "area": "Other animals", "question": "Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.", "related_claim_ids": [ "redstem-filaree-5" ] }, { "area": "Identification", "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.", "related_claim_ids": [] }, { "area": "Expert review", "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.", "related_claim_ids": [] } ], "expert_review": "pending" }, "noxious_class_label": "C — Manage widespread weeds", "source": "content/plants/redstem-filaree.md", "html": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/redstem-filaree/", "markdown": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/redstem-filaree/index.md" }, { "id": "rubber-rabbitbrush", "name": "Rubber rabbitbrush", "scientific": "Ericameria nauseosa", "category": "xeriscape", "status": "Native Colorado plant · not on state Lists A/B/C", "status_sources": [ "C-floristic-2020", "CO-rules-2025" ], "warning": "A native low-water shrub that can spread readily", "warning_tone": "caution", "aliases": [ "Chrysothamnus nauseosus", "rabbitbrush" ], "taxonomy_note": "Ericameria nauseosa was formerly Chrysothamnus nauseosus. A manufacturer entry for Chrysothamnus spp. is only partly represented by this profile; other rabbitbrush species remain separate research candidates.", "source_ids": [ "C-floristic-2020", "CO-rules-2025", "C-native-shrubs", "F-ericameria", "S27" ], "description": "Rubber rabbitbrush: A native low-water shrub that can spread readily. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.", "claim_evidence": [ { "label": "Identification", "sources": [ "C-native-shrubs" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "rubber-rabbitbrush-1" }, { "label": "People", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "", "id": "rubber-rabbitbrush-2" }, { "label": "Dogs & cats", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "", "id": "rubber-rabbitbrush-3" }, { "label": "Other animals", "sources": [ "F-ericameria" ], "scope": "Older range synthesis; clinical details limited", "note": "", "id": "rubber-rabbitbrush-4" }, { "label": "Plants & habitat", "sources": [ "C-native-shrubs" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "rubber-rabbitbrush-5" }, { "label": "Management & timing", "sources": [ "C-native-shrubs", "F-ericameria" ], "scope": "Landscape management synthesis", "note": "", "id": "rubber-rabbitbrush-6" } ], "research": { "status": "researching", "label": "Still researching this plant", "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.", "open_questions": [ { "area": "People", "question": "Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.", "related_claim_ids": [ "rubber-rabbitbrush-2" ] }, { "area": "Dogs & cats", "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.", "related_claim_ids": [ "rubber-rabbitbrush-3" ] }, { "area": "Identification", "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.", "related_claim_ids": [] }, { "area": "Expert review", "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.", "related_claim_ids": [] } ], "expert_review": "pending" }, "colorado_relevance": { "source_id": "C-floristic-2020", "locator": "Appendix B; PDF page 51; Ericameria nauseosa", "basis": "Included in the 2020 statewide flora assessment. This is not a current county abundance survey.", "source_taxon": "Ericameria nauseosa" }, "source": "content/plants/rubber-rabbitbrush.md", "html": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/rubber-rabbitbrush/", "markdown": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/rubber-rabbitbrush/index.md" }, { "id": "rush-skeletonweed", "name": "Rush skeletonweed", "scientific": "Chondrilla juncea", "category": "invasive", "status": "Colorado noxious weed · List A — Eradicate", "status_sources": [ "CO-rules-2025" ], "warning": "Deep roots and fragments sustain spread", "warning_tone": "caution", "aliases": [], "taxonomy_note": "", "source_ids": [ "CO-rules-2025", "WA-rush-skeletonweed", "S27", "Fremont-list-definitions" ], "description": "Rush skeletonweed: Deep roots and fragments sustain spread. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.", "claim_evidence": [ { "label": "Recognize", "sources": [ "WA-rush-skeletonweed" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "rush-skeletonweed-1" }, { "label": "Plants & habitat", "sources": [ "WA-rush-skeletonweed" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "rush-skeletonweed-2" }, { "label": "People", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "", "id": "rush-skeletonweed-3" }, { "label": "Dogs & cats", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "", "id": "rush-skeletonweed-4" }, { "label": "Other animals", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "", "id": "rush-skeletonweed-5" }, { "id": "rush-skeletonweed-list-meaning", "label": "State-list meaning", "sources": [ "Fremont-list-definitions" ], "scope": "Colorado management-category definition; species classification retains its original status sources", "note": "Plain-language editorial label for a management category; not a toxicity or danger rating.", "reviewed": "2026-09-07" } ], "noxious_class": "A", "research": { "status": "researching", "label": "Still researching this plant", "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.", "open_questions": [ { "area": "People", "question": "Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.", "related_claim_ids": [ "rush-skeletonweed-3" ] }, { "area": "Dogs & cats", "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.", "related_claim_ids": [ "rush-skeletonweed-4" ] }, { "area": "Other animals", "question": "Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.", "related_claim_ids": [ "rush-skeletonweed-5" ] }, { "area": "Expert review", "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.", "related_claim_ids": [] } ], "expert_review": "pending" }, "noxious_class_label": "A — Eradicate", "source": "content/plants/rush-skeletonweed.md", "html": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/rush-skeletonweed/", "markdown": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/rush-skeletonweed/index.md" }, { "id": "russian-knapweed", "name": "Russian knapweed", "scientific": "Rhaponticum repens", "category": "invasive", "status": "Colorado noxious weed · List B — Stop the spread", "status_sources": [ "J-russian-knapweed" ], "warning": "Toxic to horses", "warning_tone": "danger", "aliases": [ "Acroptilon repens", "Centaurea repens" ], "taxonomy_note": "The county page misspells the old genus as Arcoptilon; Acroptilon repens is the synonym used by NC State.", "source_ids": [ "J-russian-knapweed", "N-rhaponticum-repens", "Fremont-list-definitions" ], "description": "Russian knapweed: Toxic to horses. Colorado identification, habitat and exposure evidence.", "claim_evidence": [ { "label": "Recognize", "sources": [ "J-russian-knapweed" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "russian-knapweed-1" }, { "label": "Plants & habitat", "sources": [ "N-rhaponticum-repens", "J-russian-knapweed" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "russian-knapweed-2" }, { "label": "People", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "Human ingestion effects were not established in this review.", "id": "russian-knapweed-3" }, { "label": "Dogs & cats", "sources": [ "N-rhaponticum-repens" ], "scope": "Source tag; evidence detail limited", "note": "", "id": "russian-knapweed-4" }, { "label": "Other animals", "sources": [ "N-rhaponticum-repens" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "russian-knapweed-5" }, { "id": "russian-knapweed-list-meaning", "label": "State-list meaning", "sources": [ "Fremont-list-definitions" ], "scope": "Colorado management-category definition; species classification retains its original status sources", "note": "Plain-language editorial label for a management category; not a toxicity or danger rating.", "reviewed": "2026-09-07" } ], "noxious_class": "B", "research": { "status": "researching", "label": "Still researching this plant", "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.", "open_questions": [ { "area": "People", "question": "Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.", "related_claim_ids": [ "russian-knapweed-3" ] }, { "area": "Identification", "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.", "related_claim_ids": [] }, { "area": "Expert review", "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.", "related_claim_ids": [] } ], "expert_review": "pending" }, "noxious_class_label": "B — Stop the spread", "source": "content/plants/russian-knapweed.md", "html": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/russian-knapweed/", "markdown": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/russian-knapweed/index.md" }, { "id": "russian-olive", "name": "Russian olive", "scientific": "Elaeagnus angustifolia", "category": "invasive", "status": "Colorado noxious weed · List B — Stop the spread", "status_sources": [ "J-russian-olive" ], "warning": "Thorns; riparian habitat concern", "warning_tone": "caution", "aliases": [], "taxonomy_note": "", "source_ids": [ "J-russian-olive", "Fremont-list-definitions" ], "description": "Russian olive: Thorns; riparian habitat concern. Colorado identification, habitat and exposure evidence.", "claim_evidence": [ { "label": "Recognize", "sources": [ "J-russian-olive" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "russian-olive-1" }, { "label": "Plants & habitat", "sources": [ "J-russian-olive" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "russian-olive-2" }, { "label": "People", "sources": [ "J-russian-olive" ], "scope": "Physical-risk inference", "note": "", "id": "russian-olive-3" }, { "label": "Dogs & cats", "sources": [ "J-russian-olive" ], "scope": "Physical-risk inference; toxicology gap", "note": "", "id": "russian-olive-4" }, { "label": "Other animals", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "Species-specific ingestion effects and exposure thresholds were not established in the reviewed sources.", "id": "russian-olive-5" }, { "id": "russian-olive-list-meaning", "label": "State-list meaning", "sources": [ "Fremont-list-definitions" ], "scope": "Colorado management-category definition; species classification retains its original status sources", "note": "Plain-language editorial label for a management category; not a toxicity or danger rating.", "reviewed": "2026-09-07" } ], "noxious_class": "B", "research": { "status": "researching", "label": "Still researching this plant", "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.", "open_questions": [ { "area": "Dogs & cats", "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.", "related_claim_ids": [ "russian-olive-4" ] }, { "area": "Other animals", "question": "Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.", "related_claim_ids": [ "russian-olive-5" ] }, { "area": "Expert review", "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.", "related_claim_ids": [] } ], "expert_review": "pending" }, "noxious_class_label": "B — Stop the spread", "source": "content/plants/russian-olive.md", "html": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/russian-olive/", "markdown": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/russian-olive/index.md" }, { "id": "russian-sage", "name": "Russian sage", "scientific": "Salvia yangii", "category": "xeriscape", "status": "Introduced low-water garden perennial", "status_sources": [ "N-russian-sage", "C-russian-sage" ], "warning": "Spreads by suckers; pet evidence unresolved", "warning_tone": "caution", "aliases": [ "Perovskia atriplicifolia" ], "taxonomy_note": "NC State uses Salvia yangii; older Colorado guidance uses Perovskia atriplicifolia. The older statement that this plant is outside Salvia is outdated. Culinary sage (Salvia officinalis) safety claims do not apply automatically.", "source_ids": [ "N-russian-sage", "C-russian-sage", "E-sage-suckers", "S27" ], "description": "Russian sage: Spreads by suckers; pet evidence unresolved. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.", "claim_evidence": [ { "label": "Recognize", "sources": [ "N-russian-sage" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "russian-sage-1" }, { "label": "Plants & habitat", "sources": [ "C-russian-sage", "E-sage-suckers" ], "scope": "Horticultural evidence; county extension advice", "note": "", "id": "russian-sage-2" }, { "label": "People", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "", "id": "russian-sage-3" }, { "label": "Dogs & cats", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "", "id": "russian-sage-4" }, { "label": "Other animals", "sources": [ "N-russian-sage" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "russian-sage-5" } ], "research": { "status": "researching", "label": "Still researching this plant", "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.", "open_questions": [ { "area": "People", "question": "Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.", "related_claim_ids": [ "russian-sage-3" ] }, { "area": "Dogs & cats", "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.", "related_claim_ids": [ "russian-sage-4" ] }, { "area": "Identification", "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.", "related_claim_ids": [] }, { "area": "Expert review", "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.", "related_claim_ids": [] } ], "expert_review": "pending" }, "source": "content/plants/russian-sage.md", "html": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/russian-sage/", "markdown": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/russian-sage/index.md" }, { "id": "russian-thistle", "name": "Russian thistle", "scientific": "Salsola tragus", "category": "invasive", "status": "Introduced annual weed; not designated on the reviewed Colorado A/B/C lists", "status_sources": [ "C-tumbleweeds", "CO-rules-2025" ], "warning": "Prickly tumbleweeds; livestock and fire hazards", "warning_tone": "danger", "aliases": [ "tumbleweed", "Kali tragus", "prickly Russian thistle" ], "taxonomy_note": "Russian thistle is a common name for several similar Salsola taxa. This profile uses S. tragus as its principal name; UC’s identification and dry-plant hazards address a species complex. A round tumbleweed alone does not establish the species.", "source_ids": [ "C-tumbleweeds", "CO-rules-2025", "UC-russian-thistle", "S27" ], "description": "Russian thistle: Prickly tumbleweeds; livestock and fire hazards. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.", "claim_evidence": [ { "label": "Recognize", "sources": [ "UC-russian-thistle" ], "scope": "Russian-thistle species complex", "note": "", "id": "russian-thistle-1" }, { "label": "Plants & habitat", "sources": [ "UC-russian-thistle", "C-tumbleweeds" ], "scope": "Species-group hazards; editorial prevention priority", "note": "", "id": "russian-thistle-2" }, { "label": "People", "sources": [ "UC-russian-thistle" ], "scope": "Physical-risk inference", "note": "", "id": "russian-thistle-3" }, { "label": "Dogs & cats", "sources": [ "UC-russian-thistle" ], "scope": "Physical-risk inference; pet toxicology gap", "note": "", "id": "russian-thistle-4" }, { "label": "Other animals", "sources": [ "C-tumbleweeds" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "russian-thistle-5" } ], "research": { "status": "researching", "label": "Still researching this plant", "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.", "open_questions": [ { "area": "Dogs & cats", "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.", "related_claim_ids": [ "russian-thistle-4" ] }, { "area": "Identification", "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.", "related_claim_ids": [] }, { "area": "Expert review", "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.", "related_claim_ids": [] } ], "expert_review": "pending" }, "source": "content/plants/russian-thistle.md", "html": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/russian-thistle/", "markdown": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/russian-thistle/index.md" }, { "id": "scentless-chamomile", "name": "Scentless chamomile", "scientific": "Tripleurospermum inodorum", "category": "invasive", "status": "Colorado noxious weed · List B — Stop the spread", "status_sources": [ "CO-rules-2025" ], "warning": "Prolific seeds; reported livestock irritation", "warning_tone": "caution", "aliases": [ "scentless mayweed", "Matricaria perforata" ], "taxonomy_note": "Not interchangeable with Roman chamomile, German chamomile or mayweed chamomile. Their poison and food-use records require exact name matching.", "source_ids": [ "CO-rules-2025", "J-scentless-chamomile", "S27", "Fremont-list-definitions" ], "description": "Scentless chamomile: Prolific seeds; reported livestock irritation. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.", "claim_evidence": [ { "label": "Recognize", "sources": [ "J-scentless-chamomile" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "scentless-chamomile-1" }, { "label": "Plants & habitat", "sources": [ "J-scentless-chamomile" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "scentless-chamomile-2" }, { "label": "People", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "", "id": "scentless-chamomile-3" }, { "label": "Dogs & cats", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "", "id": "scentless-chamomile-4" }, { "label": "Other animals", "sources": [ "J-scentless-chamomile" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "scentless-chamomile-5" }, { "id": "scentless-chamomile-list-meaning", "label": "State-list meaning", "sources": [ "Fremont-list-definitions" ], "scope": "Colorado management-category definition; species classification retains its original status sources", "note": "Plain-language editorial label for a management category; not a toxicity or danger rating.", "reviewed": "2026-09-07" } ], "noxious_class": "B", "research": { "status": "researching", "label": "Still researching this plant", "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.", "open_questions": [ { "area": "People", "question": "Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.", "related_claim_ids": [ "scentless-chamomile-3" ] }, { "area": "Dogs & cats", "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.", "related_claim_ids": [ "scentless-chamomile-4" ] }, { "area": "Identification", "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.", "related_claim_ids": [] }, { "area": "Expert review", "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.", "related_claim_ids": [] } ], "expert_review": "pending" }, "noxious_class_label": "B — Stop the spread", "source": "content/plants/scentless-chamomile.md", "html": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/scentless-chamomile/", "markdown": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/scentless-chamomile/index.md" }, { "id": "scotch-thistle", "name": "Scotch thistle", "scientific": "Onopordum acanthium", "category": "invasive", "status": "Colorado noxious weed · List B — Stop the spread", "status_sources": [ "J-scotch-thistle" ], "warning": "Sharp spines; competes with vegetation", "warning_tone": "caution", "aliases": [], "taxonomy_note": "Colorado also has native thistles. Purple flowers and spines alone cannot distinguish a listed introduced species.", "source_ids": [ "J-scotch-thistle", "Fremont-list-definitions" ], "description": "Scotch thistle: Sharp spines; competes with vegetation. Colorado identification, habitat and exposure evidence.", "claim_evidence": [ { "label": "Recognize", "sources": [ "J-scotch-thistle" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "scotch-thistle-1" }, { "label": "Plants & habitat", "sources": [ "J-scotch-thistle" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "scotch-thistle-2" }, { "label": "People", "sources": [ "J-scotch-thistle" ], "scope": "Physical-risk inference from documented spines", "note": "", "id": "scotch-thistle-3" }, { "label": "Dogs & cats", "sources": [ "J-scotch-thistle" ], "scope": "Physical-risk inference; toxicology gap", "note": "", "id": "scotch-thistle-4" }, { "label": "Other animals", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "The reviewed control source does not establish species-specific livestock chemical toxicity.", "id": "scotch-thistle-5" }, { "id": "scotch-thistle-list-meaning", "label": "State-list meaning", "sources": [ "Fremont-list-definitions" ], "scope": "Colorado management-category definition; species classification retains its original status sources", "note": "Plain-language editorial label for a management category; not a toxicity or danger rating.", "reviewed": "2026-09-07" } ], "noxious_class": "B", "research": { "status": "researching", "label": "Still researching this plant", "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.", "open_questions": [ { "area": "Dogs & cats", "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.", "related_claim_ids": [ "scotch-thistle-4" ] }, { "area": "Other animals", "question": "Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.", "related_claim_ids": [ "scotch-thistle-5" ] }, { "area": "Identification", "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.", "related_claim_ids": [] }, { "area": "Expert review", "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.", "related_claim_ids": [] } ], "expert_review": "pending" }, "noxious_class_label": "B — Stop the spread", "source": "content/plants/scotch-thistle.md", "html": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/scotch-thistle/", "markdown": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/scotch-thistle/index.md" }, { "id": "shepherds-purse", "name": "Shepherd’s purse", "scientific": "Capsella bursa-pastoris", "category": "invasive", "status": "Common introduced weed · not on state Lists A/B/C", "status_sources": [ "C-floristic-2020", "CO-rules-2025" ], "warning": "An early-seeding lawn and garden weed", "warning_tone": "caution", "aliases": [ "shepherd's purse" ], "taxonomy_note": "", "source_ids": [ "C-floristic-2020", "CO-rules-2025", "N-capsella-bursa-pastoris", "C-descriptions", "S27" ], "description": "Shepherd’s purse: An early-seeding lawn and garden weed. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.", "claim_evidence": [ { "label": "Identification", "sources": [ "N-capsella-bursa-pastoris" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "shepherds-purse-1" }, { "label": "People", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "", "id": "shepherds-purse-2" }, { "label": "Dogs & cats", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "", "id": "shepherds-purse-3" }, { "label": "Other animals", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "", "id": "shepherds-purse-4" }, { "label": "Plants & habitat", "sources": [ "N-capsella-bursa-pastoris" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "shepherds-purse-5" }, { "label": "Management & timing", "sources": [ "C-descriptions" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "shepherds-purse-6" } ], "research": { "status": "researching", "label": "Still researching this plant", "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.", "open_questions": [ { "area": "People", "question": "Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.", "related_claim_ids": [ "shepherds-purse-2" ] }, { "area": "Dogs & cats", "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.", "related_claim_ids": [ "shepherds-purse-3" ] }, { "area": "Other animals", "question": "Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.", "related_claim_ids": [ "shepherds-purse-4" ] }, { "area": "Expert review", "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.", "related_claim_ids": [] } ], "expert_review": "pending" }, "colorado_relevance": { "source_id": "C-floristic-2020", "locator": "Appendix B; PDF page 41; Capsella bursa‐pastoris", "basis": "Included in the 2020 statewide flora assessment. This is not a current county abundance survey.", "source_taxon": "Capsella bursa‐pastoris" }, "source": "content/plants/shepherds-purse.md", "html": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/shepherds-purse/", "markdown": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/shepherds-purse/index.md" }, { "id": "showy-milkweed", "name": "Showy milkweed", "scientific": "Asclepias speciosa", "category": "native", "status": "Colorado native", "status_sources": [ "S02", "S28" ], "warning": "Toxic if eaten", "warning_tone": "danger", "aliases": [], "taxonomy_note": "", "source_ids": [ "S02", "S28", "S03", "S05", "S04" ], "description": "Showy milkweed: Toxic if eaten. Colorado identification, habitat and exposure evidence.", "claim_evidence": [ { "label": "Recognize", "sources": [ "S03" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "reviewed": "2026-09-06", "id": "showy-milkweed-1" }, { "label": "Plants & habitat", "sources": [ "S02" ], "scope": "Species-specific + garden judgment", "note": "Crowding advice is an editorial inference from self-seeding, not a measured allelopathy claim.", "reviewed": "2026-09-06", "id": "showy-milkweed-2" }, { "label": "People", "sources": [ "S05" ], "scope": "Genus-level", "note": "", "reviewed": "2026-09-06", "id": "showy-milkweed-3" }, { "label": "Dogs & cats", "sources": [ "S04" ], "scope": "Genus-level", "note": "", "reviewed": "2026-09-06", "id": "showy-milkweed-4" }, { "label": "Other animals", "sources": [ "S04", "S02" ], "scope": "Genus-level toxicity; species-specific benefit", "note": "", "reviewed": "2026-09-06", "id": "showy-milkweed-5" } ], "research": { "status": "researching", "label": "Still researching this plant", "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.", "open_questions": [ { "area": "Expert review", "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.", "related_claim_ids": [] } ], "expert_review": "pending" }, "source": "content/plants/showy-milkweed.md", "html": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/showy-milkweed/", "markdown": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/showy-milkweed/index.md" }, { "id": "siberian-elm", "name": "Siberian elm", "scientific": "Ulmus pumila", "category": "invasive", "status": "Colorado noxious weed · List C — Manage widespread weeds", "status_sources": [ "CO-rules-2025" ], "warning": "Numerous seedlings; weak branches", "warning_tone": "caution", "aliases": [], "taxonomy_note": "Weak-wood descriptions support the structural concern; this guide cannot assess the stability of an individual tree.", "source_ids": [ "CO-rules-2025", "N-ulmus-pumila", "S27", "Fremont-list-definitions" ], "description": "Siberian elm: Numerous seedlings; weak branches. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.", "claim_evidence": [ { "label": "Recognize", "sources": [ "N-ulmus-pumila" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "siberian-elm-1" }, { "label": "Plants & habitat", "sources": [ "N-ulmus-pumila" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "siberian-elm-2" }, { "label": "People", "sources": [ "N-ulmus-pumila" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "siberian-elm-3" }, { "label": "Dogs & cats", "sources": [ "N-ulmus-pumila" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "siberian-elm-4" }, { "label": "Other animals", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "", "id": "siberian-elm-5" }, { "id": "siberian-elm-list-meaning", "label": "State-list meaning", "sources": [ "Fremont-list-definitions" ], "scope": "Colorado management-category definition; species classification retains its original status sources", "note": "Plain-language editorial label for a management category; not a toxicity or danger rating.", "reviewed": "2026-09-07" } ], "noxious_class": "C", "research": { "status": "researching", "label": "Still researching this plant", "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.", "open_questions": [ { "area": "Dogs & cats", "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.", "related_claim_ids": [ "siberian-elm-4" ] }, { "area": "Other animals", "question": "Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.", "related_claim_ids": [ "siberian-elm-5" ] }, { "area": "Identification", "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.", "related_claim_ids": [] }, { "area": "Expert review", "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.", "related_claim_ids": [] } ], "expert_review": "pending" }, "noxious_class_label": "C — Manage widespread weeds", "source": "content/plants/siberian-elm.md", "html": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/siberian-elm/", "markdown": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/siberian-elm/index.md" }, { "id": "silverleaf-nightshade", "name": "Silverleaf nightshade", "scientific": "Solanum elaeagnifolium", "category": "native", "status": "Native Colorado plant · not on state Lists A/B/C", "status_sources": [ "C-floristic-2020", "CO-rules-2025" ], "warning": "Toxic leaves and berries; persistent spreading roots", "warning_tone": "danger", "aliases": [ "silver-leaved nightshade" ], "taxonomy_note": "Distinct from buffalobur, horsenettle and black nightshade species. Native status does not imply harmlessness or prevent it being invasive outside its native range.", "source_ids": [ "C-floristic-2020", "CO-rules-2025", "U-silverleaf", "S27" ], "description": "Silverleaf nightshade: Toxic leaves and berries; persistent spreading roots. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.", "claim_evidence": [ { "label": "Identification", "sources": [ "U-silverleaf" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "silverleaf-nightshade-1" }, { "label": "People", "sources": [ "U-silverleaf" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "silverleaf-nightshade-2" }, { "label": "Dogs & cats", "sources": [ "U-silverleaf" ], "scope": "Precautionary inference; pet evidence unresolved", "note": "", "id": "silverleaf-nightshade-3" }, { "label": "Other animals", "sources": [ "U-silverleaf" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "silverleaf-nightshade-4" }, { "label": "Plants & habitat", "sources": [ "U-silverleaf", "C-floristic-2020" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "silverleaf-nightshade-5" }, { "label": "Management & timing", "sources": [ "U-silverleaf" ], "scope": "Management inference from root persistence", "note": "", "id": "silverleaf-nightshade-6" } ], "research": { "status": "researching", "label": "Still researching this plant", "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.", "open_questions": [ { "area": "Dogs & cats", "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.", "related_claim_ids": [ "silverleaf-nightshade-3" ] }, { "area": "Other animals", "question": "Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.", "related_claim_ids": [ "silverleaf-nightshade-4" ] }, { "area": "Identification", "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.", "related_claim_ids": [] }, { "area": "Expert review", "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.", "related_claim_ids": [] } ], "expert_review": "pending" }, "colorado_relevance": { "source_id": "C-floristic-2020", "locator": "Appendix B; PDF page 80; Solanum elaeagnifolium", "basis": "Included in the 2020 statewide flora assessment. This is not a current county abundance survey.", "source_taxon": "Solanum elaeagnifolium" }, "source": "content/plants/silverleaf-nightshade.md", "html": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/silverleaf-nightshade/", "markdown": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/silverleaf-nightshade/index.md" }, { "id": "snow-in-summer", "name": "Snow-in-summer", "scientific": "Cerastium tomentosum", "category": "xeriscape", "status": "Introduced garden groundcover", "status_sources": [ "S12", "S11" ], "warning": "Spreading habit · Safety gap", "warning_tone": "caution", "aliases": [], "taxonomy_note": "", "source_ids": [ "S12", "S11", "S25" ], "description": "Snow-in-summer: Spreading habit · Safety gap. Colorado identification, habitat and exposure evidence.", "claim_evidence": [ { "label": "Recognize", "sources": [ "S12", "S11" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "reviewed": "2026-09-06", "id": "snow-in-summer-1" }, { "label": "Plants & habitat", "sources": [ "S11", "S12" ], "scope": "Species-specific + garden judgment", "note": "Neighbor-crowding advice is inferred from aggressive, mat-forming growth.", "reviewed": "2026-09-06", "id": "snow-in-summer-2" }, { "label": "People", "sources": [ "S11", "S12" ], "scope": "Evidence gap", "note": "These horticultural profiles were not treated as toxicology clearance.", "reviewed": "2026-09-06", "id": "snow-in-summer-3" }, { "label": "Dogs & cats", "sources": [ "S11", "S12", "S25" ], "scope": "Evidence gap", "note": "No safety conclusion is inferred from omission from a toxic-plant list.", "reviewed": "2026-09-06", "id": "snow-in-summer-4" }, { "label": "Other animals", "sources": [ "S12" ], "scope": "Species-specific benefit; safety gap", "note": "", "reviewed": "2026-09-06", "id": "snow-in-summer-5" } ], "research": { "status": "researching", "label": "Still researching this plant", "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.", "open_questions": [ { "area": "People", "question": "Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.", "related_claim_ids": [ "snow-in-summer-3" ] }, { "area": "Dogs & cats", "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.", "related_claim_ids": [ "snow-in-summer-4" ] }, { "area": "Other animals", "question": "Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.", "related_claim_ids": [ "snow-in-summer-5" ] }, { "area": "Expert review", "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.", "related_claim_ids": [] } ], "expert_review": "pending" }, "source": "content/plants/snow-in-summer.md", "html": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/snow-in-summer/", "markdown": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/snow-in-summer/index.md" }, { "id": "snow-on-the-mountain", "name": "Snow-on-the-mountain", "scientific": "Euphorbia marginata", "category": "native", "status": "Native Colorado plant · not on state Lists A/B/C", "status_sources": [ "C-floristic-2020", "CO-rules-2025" ], "warning": "Latex can damage skin and eyes; toxic if eaten", "warning_tone": "danger", "aliases": [ "snow on the mountain", "variegated spurge" ], "taxonomy_note": "The same common name is used for Aegopodium podagraria, an unrelated groundcover. This profile and its sap warnings apply to Euphorbia marginata.", "source_ids": [ "C-floristic-2020", "CO-rules-2025", "N-euphorbia-marginata", "S27" ], "description": "Snow-on-the-mountain: Latex can damage skin and eyes; toxic if eaten. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.", "claim_evidence": [ { "label": "Identification", "sources": [ "N-euphorbia-marginata" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "snow-on-the-mountain-1" }, { "label": "People", "sources": [ "N-euphorbia-marginata" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "snow-on-the-mountain-2" }, { "label": "Dogs & cats", "sources": [ "N-euphorbia-marginata" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "snow-on-the-mountain-3" }, { "label": "Other animals", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "", "id": "snow-on-the-mountain-4" }, { "label": "Plants & habitat", "sources": [ "N-euphorbia-marginata" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "snow-on-the-mountain-5" }, { "label": "Management & timing", "sources": [ "N-euphorbia-marginata" ], "scope": "Management synthesis", "note": "", "id": "snow-on-the-mountain-6" } ], "research": { "status": "researching", "label": "Still researching this plant", "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.", "open_questions": [ { "area": "Other animals", "question": "Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.", "related_claim_ids": [ "snow-on-the-mountain-4" ] }, { "area": "Identification", "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.", "related_claim_ids": [] }, { "area": "Expert review", "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.", "related_claim_ids": [] } ], "expert_review": "pending" }, "colorado_relevance": { "source_id": "C-floristic-2020", "locator": "Appendix B; PDF page 54; Euphorbia marginata", "basis": "Included in the 2020 statewide flora assessment. This is not a current county abundance survey.", "source_taxon": "Euphorbia marginata" }, "source": "content/plants/snow-on-the-mountain.md", "html": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/snow-on-the-mountain/", "markdown": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/snow-on-the-mountain/index.md" }, { "id": "soapweed-yucca", "name": "Soapweed yucca", "scientific": "Yucca glauca", "category": "xeriscape", "status": "Great Plains native", "status_sources": [ "S09" ], "warning": "Sharp leaves · Toxic to pets", "warning_tone": "danger", "aliases": [], "taxonomy_note": "", "source_ids": [ "S09", "S10" ], "description": "Soapweed yucca: Sharp leaves · Toxic to pets. Colorado identification, habitat and exposure evidence.", "claim_evidence": [ { "label": "Recognize", "sources": [ "S09" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "reviewed": "2026-09-06", "id": "soapweed-yucca-1" }, { "label": "Plants & habitat", "sources": [ "S09" ], "scope": "Species-specific + garden judgment", "note": "Placement advice is an inference from offsets and needle-sharp leaves.", "reviewed": "2026-09-06", "id": "soapweed-yucca-2" }, { "label": "People", "sources": [ "S09" ], "scope": "Species-specific physical feature; risk inference", "note": "", "reviewed": "2026-09-06", "id": "soapweed-yucca-3" }, { "label": "Dogs & cats", "sources": [ "S10" ], "scope": "Genus-level", "note": "", "reviewed": "2026-09-06", "id": "soapweed-yucca-4" }, { "label": "Other animals", "sources": [ "S10", "S09" ], "scope": "Genus-level toxicity; species-specific benefit", "note": "", "reviewed": "2026-09-06", "id": "soapweed-yucca-5" } ], "research": { "status": "researching", "label": "Still researching this plant", "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.", "open_questions": [ { "area": "Expert review", "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.", "related_claim_ids": [] } ], "expert_review": "pending" }, "source": "content/plants/soapweed-yucca.md", "html": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/soapweed-yucca/", "markdown": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/soapweed-yucca/index.md" }, { "id": "spotted-knapweed", "name": "Spotted knapweed", "scientific": "Centaurea stoebe", "category": "invasive", "status": "Colorado noxious weed · List B — Stop the spread", "status_sources": [ "J-spotted-knapweed" ], "warning": "Competes with native vegetation", "warning_tone": "caution", "aliases": [ "Centaurea maculosa" ], "taxonomy_note": "Some Colorado references use Centaurea maculosa for spotted knapweed. We retain their name in the citation record and use C. stoebe as the catalog label.", "source_ids": [ "J-spotted-knapweed", "C-descriptions", "Fremont-list-definitions" ], "description": "Spotted knapweed: Competes with native vegetation. Colorado identification, habitat and exposure evidence.", "claim_evidence": [ { "label": "Recognize", "sources": [ "C-descriptions" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "spotted-knapweed-1" }, { "label": "Plants & habitat", "sources": [ "J-spotted-knapweed" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "spotted-knapweed-2" }, { "label": "People", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "This review did not establish a species-specific human toxicity profile.", "id": "spotted-knapweed-3" }, { "label": "Dogs & cats", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "Species-specific ingestion effects and exposure thresholds were not established in the reviewed sources.", "id": "spotted-knapweed-4" }, { "label": "Other animals", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "Do not transfer Russian-knapweed horse toxicity to spotted knapweed without species-specific evidence.", "id": "spotted-knapweed-5" }, { "id": "spotted-knapweed-list-meaning", "label": "State-list meaning", "sources": [ "Fremont-list-definitions" ], "scope": "Colorado management-category definition; species classification retains its original status sources", "note": "Plain-language editorial label for a management category; not a toxicity or danger rating.", "reviewed": "2026-09-07" } ], "noxious_class": "B", "research": { "status": "researching", "label": "Still researching this plant", "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.", "open_questions": [ { "area": "People", "question": "Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.", "related_claim_ids": [ "spotted-knapweed-3" ] }, { "area": "Dogs & cats", "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.", "related_claim_ids": [ "spotted-knapweed-4" ] }, { "area": "Other animals", "question": "Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.", "related_claim_ids": [ "spotted-knapweed-5" ] }, { "area": "Identification", "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.", "related_claim_ids": [] }, { "area": "Expert review", "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.", "related_claim_ids": [] } ], "expert_review": "pending" }, "noxious_class_label": "B — Stop the spread", "source": "content/plants/spotted-knapweed.md", "html": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/spotted-knapweed/", "markdown": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/spotted-knapweed/index.md" }, { "id": "spotted-spurge", "name": "Spotted spurge", "scientific": "Euphorbia maculata", "category": "native", "status": "Native Colorado plant · not on state Lists A/B/C", "status_sources": [ "C-floristic-2020", "CO-rules-2025" ], "warning": "Milky sap can injure skin and eyes; keep pets from chewing", "warning_tone": "caution", "aliases": [ "Chamaesyce maculata", "spotted sandmat", "prostrate spurge" ], "taxonomy_note": "CNHP treats Chamaesyce maculata as native, while documenting disagreement among earlier floras. NC State places it in Euphorbia. The common name prostrate spurge also applies to Euphorbia prostrata.", "source_ids": [ "C-floristic-2020", "CO-rules-2025", "N-euphorbia-maculata", "S27" ], "description": "Spotted spurge: Milky sap can injure skin and eyes; keep pets from chewing. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.", "claim_evidence": [ { "label": "Identification", "sources": [ "N-euphorbia-maculata" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "spotted-spurge-1" }, { "label": "People", "sources": [ "N-euphorbia-maculata" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "spotted-spurge-2" }, { "label": "Dogs & cats", "sources": [ "N-euphorbia-maculata" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "spotted-spurge-3" }, { "label": "Other animals", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "", "id": "spotted-spurge-4" }, { "label": "Plants & habitat", "sources": [ "N-euphorbia-maculata" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "spotted-spurge-5" }, { "label": "Management & timing", "sources": [ "N-euphorbia-maculata" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "spotted-spurge-6" } ], "research": { "status": "researching", "label": "Still researching this plant", "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.", "open_questions": [ { "area": "Dogs & cats", "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.", "related_claim_ids": [ "spotted-spurge-3" ] }, { "area": "Other animals", "question": "Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.", "related_claim_ids": [ "spotted-spurge-4" ] }, { "area": "Identification", "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.", "related_claim_ids": [] }, { "area": "Expert review", "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.", "related_claim_ids": [] } ], "expert_review": "pending" }, "colorado_relevance": { "source_id": "C-floristic-2020", "locator": "Appendix B; PDF page 44; Chamaesyce maculata", "basis": "Included in the 2020 statewide flora assessment. This is not a current county abundance survey.", "source_taxon": "Chamaesyce maculata" }, "source": "content/plants/spotted-spurge.md", "html": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/spotted-spurge/", "markdown": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/spotted-spurge/index.md" }, { "id": "squarrose-knapweed", "name": "Squarrose knapweed", "scientific": "Centaurea virgata", "category": "invasive", "status": "Colorado noxious weed · List A — Eradicate", "status_sources": [ "CO-rules-2025" ], "warning": "Spiny seedheads; loss of rangeland forage", "warning_tone": "caution", "aliases": [ "Centaurea squarrosa", "Centaurea virgata subsp. squarrosa" ], "taxonomy_note": "The state listing uses C. virgata. The NPS account and photographs concern the narrower taxon C. virgata subsp. squarrosa. Do not transfer Russian-knapweed horse toxicity to this species.", "source_ids": [ "CO-rules-2025", "NPS-squarrose", "S27", "Fremont-list-definitions" ], "description": "Squarrose knapweed: Spiny seedheads; loss of rangeland forage. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.", "claim_evidence": [ { "label": "Recognize", "sources": [ "NPS-squarrose" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "squarrose-knapweed-1" }, { "label": "Plants & habitat", "sources": [ "NPS-squarrose" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "squarrose-knapweed-2" }, { "label": "People", "sources": [ "NPS-squarrose" ], "scope": "Physical-risk inference", "note": "", "id": "squarrose-knapweed-3" }, { "label": "Dogs & cats", "sources": [ "NPS-squarrose" ], "scope": "Attachment and physical-risk inference", "note": "", "id": "squarrose-knapweed-4" }, { "label": "Other animals", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "", "id": "squarrose-knapweed-5" }, { "id": "squarrose-knapweed-list-meaning", "label": "State-list meaning", "sources": [ "Fremont-list-definitions" ], "scope": "Colorado management-category definition; species classification retains its original status sources", "note": "Plain-language editorial label for a management category; not a toxicity or danger rating.", "reviewed": "2026-09-07" } ], "noxious_class": "A", "research": { "status": "researching", "label": "Still researching this plant", "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.", "open_questions": [ { "area": "Dogs & cats", "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.", "related_claim_ids": [ "squarrose-knapweed-4" ] }, { "area": "Other animals", "question": "Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.", "related_claim_ids": [ "squarrose-knapweed-5" ] }, { "area": "Identification", "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.", "related_claim_ids": [] }, { "area": "Expert review", "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.", "related_claim_ids": [] } ], "expert_review": "pending" }, "noxious_class_label": "A — Eradicate", "source": "content/plants/squarrose-knapweed.md", "html": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/squarrose-knapweed/", "markdown": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/squarrose-knapweed/index.md" }, { "id": "stinging-nettle", "name": "Stinging nettle", "scientific": "Urtica dioica", "category": "native", "status": "Native Colorado plant · not on state Lists A/B/C", "status_sources": [ "C-floristic-2020", "CO-rules-2025" ], "warning": "Stinging hairs; this profile covers a taxonomic complex", "warning_tone": "caution", "aliases": [ "Urtica gracilis", "Urtica dioica subsp. gracilis", "American stinging nettle" ], "taxonomy_note": "A broad, historical Urtica dioica treatment includes native American nettles (often now called Urtica gracilis) and introduced relatives. Colorado’s native status applies to the native elements; photos preserve their original identifications and do not prove every pictured subspecies occurs at your site.", "source_ids": [ "C-floristic-2020", "CO-rules-2025", "N-urtica-dioica", "F-urtica", "S27" ], "description": "Stinging nettle: Stinging hairs; this profile covers a taxonomic complex. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.", "claim_evidence": [ { "label": "Identification", "sources": [ "N-urtica-dioica", "F-urtica" ], "scope": "Broad Urtica dioica complex", "note": "", "id": "stinging-nettle-1" }, { "label": "People", "sources": [ "N-urtica-dioica" ], "scope": "Broad Urtica dioica complex", "note": "", "id": "stinging-nettle-2" }, { "label": "Dogs & cats", "sources": [ "N-urtica-dioica" ], "scope": "Precautionary inference; pet evidence unresolved", "note": "", "id": "stinging-nettle-3" }, { "label": "Other animals", "sources": [ "F-urtica" ], "scope": "Broad-complex forage evidence", "note": "", "id": "stinging-nettle-4" }, { "label": "Plants & habitat", "sources": [ "F-urtica", "N-urtica-dioica" ], "scope": "Broad Urtica dioica complex", "note": "", "id": "stinging-nettle-5" }, { "label": "Management & timing", "sources": [ "F-urtica" ], "scope": "Broad-complex management", "note": "", "id": "stinging-nettle-6" } ], "research": { "status": "researching", "label": "Still researching this plant", "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.", "open_questions": [ { "area": "Dogs & cats", "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.", "related_claim_ids": [ "stinging-nettle-3" ] }, { "area": "Other animals", "question": "Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.", "related_claim_ids": [ "stinging-nettle-4" ] }, { "area": "Identification", "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.", "related_claim_ids": [] }, { "area": "Expert review", "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.", "related_claim_ids": [] } ], "expert_review": "pending" }, "colorado_relevance": { "source_id": "C-floristic-2020", "locator": "Appendix B; PDF page 84; Urtica dioica", "basis": "Included in the 2020 statewide flora assessment. This is not a current county abundance survey.", "source_taxon": "Urtica dioica" }, "source": "content/plants/stinging-nettle.md", "html": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/stinging-nettle/", "markdown": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/stinging-nettle/index.md" }, { "id": "sulfur-cinquefoil", "name": "Sulfur cinquefoil", "scientific": "Potentilla recta", "category": "invasive", "status": "Colorado noxious weed · List B — Stop the spread", "status_sources": [ "CO-rules-2025" ], "warning": "Persistent pasture and roadside weed", "warning_tone": "caution", "aliases": [], "taxonomy_note": "Colorado has native cinquefoils. Confirm Potentilla recta before removing a yellow-flowered cinquefoil.", "source_ids": [ "CO-rules-2025", "N-potentilla-recta", "S27", "Fremont-list-definitions" ], "description": "Sulfur cinquefoil: Persistent pasture and roadside weed. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.", "claim_evidence": [ { "label": "Recognize", "sources": [ "N-potentilla-recta" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "sulfur-cinquefoil-1" }, { "label": "Plants & habitat", "sources": [ "N-potentilla-recta" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "sulfur-cinquefoil-2" }, { "label": "People", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "", "id": "sulfur-cinquefoil-3" }, { "label": "Dogs & cats", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "", "id": "sulfur-cinquefoil-4" }, { "label": "Other animals", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "", "id": "sulfur-cinquefoil-5" }, { "id": "sulfur-cinquefoil-list-meaning", "label": "State-list meaning", "sources": [ "Fremont-list-definitions" ], "scope": "Colorado management-category definition; species classification retains its original status sources", "note": "Plain-language editorial label for a management category; not a toxicity or danger rating.", "reviewed": "2026-09-07" } ], "noxious_class": "B", "research": { "status": "researching", "label": "Still researching this plant", "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.", "open_questions": [ { "area": "People", "question": "Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.", "related_claim_ids": [ "sulfur-cinquefoil-3" ] }, { "area": "Dogs & cats", "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.", "related_claim_ids": [ "sulfur-cinquefoil-4" ] }, { "area": "Other animals", "question": "Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.", "related_claim_ids": [ "sulfur-cinquefoil-5" ] }, { "area": "Identification", "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.", "related_claim_ids": [] }, { "area": "Expert review", "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.", "related_claim_ids": [] } ], "expert_review": "pending" }, "noxious_class_label": "B — Stop the spread", "source": "content/plants/sulfur-cinquefoil.md", "html": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/sulfur-cinquefoil/", "markdown": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/sulfur-cinquefoil/index.md" }, { "id": "tall-buttercup", "name": "Tall buttercup", "scientific": "Ranunculus acris", "category": "invasive", "status": "Introduced weed · not on state Lists A/B/C", "status_sources": [ "C-floristic-2020", "CO-rules-2025" ], "warning": "Fresh plant irritation and animal poisoning hazard", "warning_tone": "danger", "aliases": [ "meadow buttercup", "common buttercup" ], "taxonomy_note": "The pet warning is genus-level evidence. It does not establish identical toxicity across every Ranunculus or justify blanket removal of native buttercups.", "source_ids": [ "C-floristic-2020", "CO-rules-2025", "N-ranunculus-acris", "P-buttercup", "S27" ], "description": "Tall buttercup: Fresh plant irritation and animal poisoning hazard. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.", "claim_evidence": [ { "label": "Identification", "sources": [ "N-ranunculus-acris" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "tall-buttercup-1" }, { "label": "People", "sources": [ "N-ranunculus-acris" ], "scope": "Source-field limitation", "note": "", "id": "tall-buttercup-2" }, { "label": "Dogs & cats", "sources": [ "P-buttercup" ], "scope": "Genus-level veterinary evidence", "note": "", "id": "tall-buttercup-3" }, { "label": "Other animals", "sources": [ "N-ranunculus-acris" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "tall-buttercup-4" }, { "label": "Plants & habitat", "sources": [ "N-ranunculus-acris" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "tall-buttercup-5" }, { "label": "Management & timing", "sources": [ "N-ranunculus-acris", "P-buttercup" ], "scope": "Management synthesis", "note": "", "id": "tall-buttercup-6" } ], "research": { "status": "researching", "label": "Still researching this plant", "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.", "open_questions": [ { "area": "People", "question": "Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.", "related_claim_ids": [ "tall-buttercup-2" ] }, { "area": "Identification", "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.", "related_claim_ids": [] }, { "area": "Expert review", "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.", "related_claim_ids": [] } ], "expert_review": "pending" }, "colorado_relevance": { "source_id": "C-floristic-2020", "locator": "Appendix B; PDF page 75; Ranunculus acris", "basis": "Included in the 2020 statewide flora assessment. This is not a current county abundance survey.", "source_taxon": "Ranunculus acris" }, "source": "content/plants/tall-buttercup.md", "html": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/tall-buttercup/", "markdown": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/tall-buttercup/index.md" }, { "id": "tall-larkspur", "name": "Tall larkspur", "scientific": "Delphinium barbeyi", "category": "native", "status": "Native Colorado wildflower; grazing and ingestion hazard", "status_sources": [ "C-routt-guide" ], "warning": "Serious livestock and pet poisoning hazard", "warning_tone": "danger", "aliases": [ "Barbey’s larkspur" ], "taxonomy_note": "This profile focuses on Delphinium barbeyi. Other larkspurs differ in appearance and alkaloid content. Genus-level pet warnings are clearly marked; cattle exposure amounts are not transferred to pets.", "source_ids": [ "C-routt-guide", "ARS-larkspur", "A-larkspur", "S27" ], "description": "Tall larkspur: Serious livestock and pet poisoning hazard. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.", "claim_evidence": [ { "label": "Recognize", "sources": [ "ARS-larkspur" ], "scope": "Larkspur-group morphology; use a species key", "note": "", "id": "tall-larkspur-1" }, { "label": "Plants & habitat", "sources": [ "C-routt-guide" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "tall-larkspur-2" }, { "label": "People", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "", "id": "tall-larkspur-3" }, { "label": "Dogs & cats", "sources": [ "A-larkspur" ], "scope": "Genus-level warning; no species-specific pet threshold", "note": "", "id": "tall-larkspur-4" }, { "label": "Other animals", "sources": [ "ARS-larkspur" ], "scope": "Larkspur-group evidence", "note": "", "id": "tall-larkspur-5" } ], "research": { "status": "researching", "label": "Still researching this plant", "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.", "open_questions": [ { "area": "People", "question": "Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.", "related_claim_ids": [ "tall-larkspur-3" ] }, { "area": "Identification", "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.", "related_claim_ids": [] }, { "area": "Expert review", "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.", "related_claim_ids": [] } ], "expert_review": "pending" }, "source": "content/plants/tall-larkspur.md", "html": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/tall-larkspur/", "markdown": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/tall-larkspur/index.md" }, { "id": "tamarisk", "name": "Tamarisk", "scientific": "Tamarix ramosissima", "category": "invasive", "status": "Colorado noxious weed · List B — Stop the spread", "status_sources": [ "J-saltcedar---tamarisk" ], "warning": "Alters riparian vegetation", "warning_tone": "caution", "aliases": [ "saltcedar", "Tamarix chinensis" ], "taxonomy_note": "The county covers T. chinensis and T. ramosissima together. Photos and broad saltcedar descriptions cannot reliably resolve every hybrid or species. No universal water-saving amount is inferred from removal.", "source_ids": [ "J-saltcedar---tamarisk", "Fremont-list-definitions" ], "description": "Tamarisk: Alters riparian vegetation. Colorado identification, habitat and exposure evidence.", "claim_evidence": [ { "label": "Recognize", "sources": [ "J-saltcedar---tamarisk" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "tamarisk-1" }, { "label": "Plants & habitat", "sources": [ "J-saltcedar---tamarisk" ], "scope": "Species-group ecology; editorial management advice", "note": "", "id": "tamarisk-2" }, { "label": "People", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "Human chemical-toxicity effects were not established in this review.", "id": "tamarisk-3" }, { "label": "Dogs & cats", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "Species-specific ingestion effects and exposure thresholds were not established in the reviewed sources.", "id": "tamarisk-4" }, { "label": "Other animals", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "This review does not establish unrestricted livestock feeding safety.", "id": "tamarisk-5" }, { "id": "tamarisk-list-meaning", "label": "State-list meaning", "sources": [ "Fremont-list-definitions" ], "scope": "Colorado management-category definition; species classification retains its original status sources", "note": "Plain-language editorial label for a management category; not a toxicity or danger rating.", "reviewed": "2026-09-07" } ], "noxious_class": "B", "research": { "status": "researching", "label": "Still researching this plant", "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.", "open_questions": [ { "area": "People", "question": "Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.", "related_claim_ids": [ "tamarisk-3" ] }, { "area": "Dogs & cats", "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.", "related_claim_ids": [ "tamarisk-4" ] }, { "area": "Other animals", "question": "Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.", "related_claim_ids": [ "tamarisk-5" ] }, { "area": "Identification", "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.", "related_claim_ids": [] }, { "area": "Expert review", "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.", "related_claim_ids": [] } ], "expert_review": "pending" }, "noxious_class_label": "B — Stop the spread", "source": "content/plants/tamarisk.md", "html": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/tamarisk/", "markdown": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/tamarisk/index.md" }, { "id": "tansy-ragwort", "name": "Tansy ragwort", "scientific": "Jacobaea vulgaris", "category": "invasive", "status": "Colorado noxious weed · List A — Eradicate", "status_sources": [ "CO-rules-2025" ], "warning": "Poisonous to livestock; harmful alkaloids", "warning_tone": "danger", "aliases": [ "Senecio jacobaea" ], "taxonomy_note": "This is not common tansy or common groundsel. The attempted NC State Jacobaea URL returned a common-groundsel account and was excluded as mismatched evidence.", "source_ids": [ "CO-rules-2025", "WA-tansy-ragwort", "S27", "A-ragwort", "Fremont-list-definitions" ], "description": "Tansy ragwort: Poisonous to livestock; harmful alkaloids. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.", "claim_evidence": [ { "label": "Recognize", "sources": [ "WA-tansy-ragwort" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "tansy-ragwort-1" }, { "label": "Plants & habitat", "sources": [ "WA-tansy-ragwort" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "tansy-ragwort-2" }, { "label": "People", "sources": [ "WA-tansy-ragwort" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "tansy-ragwort-3" }, { "label": "Dogs & cats", "sources": [ "A-ragwort", "WA-tansy-ragwort" ], "scope": "Historical genus-group warning; species-specific alkaloid evidence", "note": "", "id": "tansy-ragwort-4" }, { "label": "Other animals", "sources": [ "WA-tansy-ragwort" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "tansy-ragwort-5" }, { "id": "tansy-ragwort-list-meaning", "label": "State-list meaning", "sources": [ "Fremont-list-definitions" ], "scope": "Colorado management-category definition; species classification retains its original status sources", "note": "Plain-language editorial label for a management category; not a toxicity or danger rating.", "reviewed": "2026-09-07" } ], "noxious_class": "A", "research": { "status": "researching", "label": "Still researching this plant", "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.", "open_questions": [ { "area": "People", "question": "Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.", "related_claim_ids": [ "tansy-ragwort-3" ] }, { "area": "Identification", "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.", "related_claim_ids": [] }, { "area": "Expert review", "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.", "related_claim_ids": [] } ], "expert_review": "pending" }, "noxious_class_label": "A — Eradicate", "source": "content/plants/tansy-ragwort.md", "html": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/tansy-ragwort/", "markdown": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/tansy-ragwort/index.md" }, { "id": "taurian-thistle", "name": "Taurian thistle", "scientific": "Onopordum tauricum", "category": "invasive", "status": "Colorado noxious weed · List B — Stop the spread", "status_sources": [ "CO-rules-2025" ], "warning": "Sharp spines; taxon listed as Scotch thistle", "warning_tone": "caution", "aliases": [ "Scotch thistle", "bull cottonthistle" ], "taxonomy_note": "Onopordum acanthium has its own profile. Identification can be difficult; the reference study documents morphological variation among Italian populations, not Colorado impact severity.", "source_ids": [ "CO-rules-2025", "P-tauricum", "S27", "Fremont-list-definitions" ], "description": "Taurian thistle: Sharp spines; taxon listed as Scotch thistle. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.", "claim_evidence": [ { "label": "Recognize", "sources": [ "P-tauricum" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "taurian-thistle-1" }, { "label": "Plants & habitat", "sources": [ "CO-rules-2025" ], "scope": "Regulatory status", "note": "", "id": "taurian-thistle-2" }, { "label": "People", "sources": [ "P-tauricum" ], "scope": "Physical-risk inference", "note": "", "id": "taurian-thistle-3" }, { "label": "Dogs & cats", "sources": [ "P-tauricum" ], "scope": "Physical-risk inference", "note": "", "id": "taurian-thistle-4" }, { "label": "Other animals", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "", "id": "taurian-thistle-5" }, { "id": "taurian-thistle-list-meaning", "label": "State-list meaning", "sources": [ "Fremont-list-definitions" ], "scope": "Colorado management-category definition; species classification retains its original status sources", "note": "Plain-language editorial label for a management category; not a toxicity or danger rating.", "reviewed": "2026-09-07" } ], "noxious_class": "B", "research": { "status": "researching", "label": "Still researching this plant", "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.", "open_questions": [ { "area": "Other animals", "question": "Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.", "related_claim_ids": [ "taurian-thistle-5" ] }, { "area": "Identification", "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.", "related_claim_ids": [] }, { "area": "Expert review", "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.", "related_claim_ids": [] } ], "expert_review": "pending" }, "noxious_class_label": "B — Stop the spread", "source": "content/plants/taurian-thistle.md", "html": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/taurian-thistle/", "markdown": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/taurian-thistle/index.md" }, { "id": "tree-of-heaven", "name": "Tree of heaven", "scientific": "Ailanthus altissima", "category": "invasive", "status": "Colorado noxious weed · List C — Manage widespread weeds", "status_sources": [ "CO-rules-2025" ], "warning": "Root suckers form persistent thickets", "warning_tone": "caution", "aliases": [], "taxonomy_note": "Distinguish from sumacs and walnuts using leaflet bases and other features. Established root systems require a coordinated control plan.", "source_ids": [ "CO-rules-2025", "N-ailanthus-altissima", "S27", "Fremont-list-definitions" ], "description": "Tree of heaven: Root suckers form persistent thickets. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.", "claim_evidence": [ { "label": "Recognize", "sources": [ "N-ailanthus-altissima" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "tree-of-heaven-1" }, { "label": "Plants & habitat", "sources": [ "N-ailanthus-altissima" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "tree-of-heaven-2" }, { "label": "People", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "", "id": "tree-of-heaven-3" }, { "label": "Dogs & cats", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "", "id": "tree-of-heaven-4" }, { "label": "Other animals", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "", "id": "tree-of-heaven-5" }, { "id": "tree-of-heaven-list-meaning", "label": "State-list meaning", "sources": [ "Fremont-list-definitions" ], "scope": "Colorado management-category definition; species classification retains its original status sources", "note": "Plain-language editorial label for a management category; not a toxicity or danger rating.", "reviewed": "2026-09-07" } ], "noxious_class": "C", "research": { "status": "researching", "label": "Still researching this plant", "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.", "open_questions": [ { "area": "People", "question": "Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.", "related_claim_ids": [ "tree-of-heaven-3" ] }, { "area": "Dogs & cats", "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.", "related_claim_ids": [ "tree-of-heaven-4" ] }, { "area": "Other animals", "question": "Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.", "related_claim_ids": [ "tree-of-heaven-5" ] }, { "area": "Identification", "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.", "related_claim_ids": [] }, { "area": "Expert review", "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.", "related_claim_ids": [] } ], "expert_review": "pending" }, "noxious_class_label": "C — Manage widespread weeds", "source": "content/plants/tree-of-heaven.md", "html": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/tree-of-heaven/", "markdown": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/tree-of-heaven/index.md" }, { "id": "tumble-mustard", "name": "Tumble mustard", "scientific": "Sisymbrium altissimum", "category": "invasive", "status": "Introduced weed · not on state Lists A/B/C", "status_sources": [ "C-floristic-2020", "CO-rules-2025" ], "warning": "Another tumbleweed: brittle plants scatter persistent seed", "warning_tone": "caution", "aliases": [ "tall tumblemustard", "Jim Hill mustard", "tall hedge mustard" ], "taxonomy_note": "Tumbleweed describes a dispersal habit, not one species. This mustard is distinct from Russian thistle, kochia and the perennial baby’s-breath species.", "source_ids": [ "C-floristic-2020", "CO-rules-2025", "F-sisymbrium", "S27" ], "description": "Tumble mustard: Another tumbleweed: brittle plants scatter persistent seed. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.", "claim_evidence": [ { "label": "Identification", "sources": [ "F-sisymbrium" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "tumble-mustard-1" }, { "label": "People", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "", "id": "tumble-mustard-2" }, { "label": "Dogs & cats", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "", "id": "tumble-mustard-3" }, { "label": "Other animals", "sources": [ "F-sisymbrium" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "tumble-mustard-4" }, { "label": "Plants & habitat", "sources": [ "F-sisymbrium" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "tumble-mustard-5" }, { "label": "Management & timing", "sources": [ "F-sisymbrium" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "tumble-mustard-6" } ], "research": { "status": "researching", "label": "Still researching this plant", "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.", "open_questions": [ { "area": "People", "question": "Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.", "related_claim_ids": [ "tumble-mustard-2" ] }, { "area": "Dogs & cats", "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.", "related_claim_ids": [ "tumble-mustard-3" ] }, { "area": "Other animals", "question": "Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.", "related_claim_ids": [ "tumble-mustard-4" ] }, { "area": "Identification", "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.", "related_claim_ids": [] }, { "area": "Expert review", "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.", "related_claim_ids": [] } ], "expert_review": "pending" }, "colorado_relevance": { "source_id": "C-floristic-2020", "locator": "Appendix B; PDF page 80; Sisymbrium altissimum", "basis": "Included in the 2020 statewide flora assessment. This is not a current county abundance survey.", "source_taxon": "Sisymbrium altissimum" }, "source": "content/plants/tumble-mustard.md", "html": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/tumble-mustard/", "markdown": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/tumble-mustard/index.md" }, { "id": "velvetleaf", "name": "Velvetleaf", "scientific": "Abutilon theophrasti", "category": "invasive", "status": "Colorado noxious weed · List C — Manage widespread weeds", "status_sources": [ "CO-rules-2025" ], "warning": "Persistent seeds and strong crop competition", "warning_tone": "caution", "aliases": [], "taxonomy_note": "", "source_ids": [ "CO-rules-2025", "K-velvetleaf", "S27", "Fremont-list-definitions" ], "description": "Velvetleaf: Persistent seeds and strong crop competition. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.", "claim_evidence": [ { "label": "Recognize", "sources": [ "K-velvetleaf" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "velvetleaf-1" }, { "label": "Plants & habitat", "sources": [ "K-velvetleaf" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "velvetleaf-2" }, { "label": "People", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "", "id": "velvetleaf-3" }, { "label": "Dogs & cats", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "", "id": "velvetleaf-4" }, { "label": "Other animals", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "", "id": "velvetleaf-5" }, { "id": "velvetleaf-list-meaning", "label": "State-list meaning", "sources": [ "Fremont-list-definitions" ], "scope": "Colorado management-category definition; species classification retains its original status sources", "note": "Plain-language editorial label for a management category; not a toxicity or danger rating.", "reviewed": "2026-09-07" } ], "noxious_class": "C", "research": { "status": "researching", "label": "Still researching this plant", "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.", "open_questions": [ { "area": "People", "question": "Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.", "related_claim_ids": [ "velvetleaf-3" ] }, { "area": "Dogs & cats", "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.", "related_claim_ids": [ "velvetleaf-4" ] }, { "area": "Other animals", "question": "Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.", "related_claim_ids": [ "velvetleaf-5" ] }, { "area": "Expert review", "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.", "related_claim_ids": [] } ], "expert_review": "pending" }, "noxious_class_label": "C — Manage widespread weeds", "source": "content/plants/velvetleaf.md", "html": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/velvetleaf/", "markdown": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/velvetleaf/index.md" }, { "id": "ventenata", "name": "Ventenata", "scientific": "Ventenata dubia", "category": "invasive", "status": "Colorado noxious weed · List A — Eradicate", "status_sources": [ "CO-rules-2025" ], "warning": "Displaces forage and native grassland", "warning_tone": "caution", "aliases": [ "North Africa grass", "wiregrass", "softbearded oat grass" ], "taxonomy_note": "Added to Colorado List A in the rule effective May 15, 2025. Washington’s different legal class is not applied to Colorado.", "source_ids": [ "CO-rules-2025", "WA-ventenata", "S27", "Fremont-list-definitions" ], "description": "Ventenata: Displaces forage and native grassland. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.", "claim_evidence": [ { "label": "Recognize", "sources": [ "WA-ventenata" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "ventenata-1" }, { "label": "Plants & habitat", "sources": [ "WA-ventenata" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "ventenata-2" }, { "label": "People", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "", "id": "ventenata-3" }, { "label": "Dogs & cats", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "", "id": "ventenata-4" }, { "label": "Other animals", "sources": [ "WA-ventenata" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "ventenata-5" }, { "id": "ventenata-list-meaning", "label": "State-list meaning", "sources": [ "Fremont-list-definitions" ], "scope": "Colorado management-category definition; species classification retains its original status sources", "note": "Plain-language editorial label for a management category; not a toxicity or danger rating.", "reviewed": "2026-09-07" } ], "noxious_class": "A", "research": { "status": "researching", "label": "Still researching this plant", "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.", "open_questions": [ { "area": "People", "question": "Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.", "related_claim_ids": [ "ventenata-3" ] }, { "area": "Dogs & cats", "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.", "related_claim_ids": [ "ventenata-4" ] }, { "area": "Other animals", "question": "Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.", "related_claim_ids": [ "ventenata-5" ] }, { "area": "Identification", "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.", "related_claim_ids": [] }, { "area": "Expert review", "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.", "related_claim_ids": [] } ], "expert_review": "pending" }, "noxious_class_label": "A — Eradicate", "source": "content/plants/ventenata.md", "html": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/ventenata/", "markdown": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/ventenata/index.md" }, { "id": "western-poison-ivy", "name": "Western poison ivy", "scientific": "Toxicodendron rydbergii", "category": "native", "status": "Colorado native; contact hazard", "status_sources": [ "C-wetland-guide" ], "warning": "Skin-rash oil can travel on pet fur", "warning_tone": "danger", "aliases": [ "Rydberg’s poison ivy" ], "taxonomy_note": "The FDA advice covers poison ivy as a group. Source identification distinguishes this western species from other Toxicodendron taxa.", "source_ids": [ "C-wetland-guide", "FDA-poison-ivy", "S27" ], "description": "Western poison ivy: Skin-rash oil can travel on pet fur. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.", "claim_evidence": [ { "label": "Recognize", "sources": [ "C-wetland-guide" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "western-poison-ivy-1" }, { "label": "Plants & habitat", "sources": [ "C-wetland-guide" ], "scope": "Ecology plus site-management inference", "note": "", "id": "western-poison-ivy-2" }, { "label": "People", "sources": [ "FDA-poison-ivy" ], "scope": "Poison-ivy group evidence", "note": "", "id": "western-poison-ivy-3" }, { "label": "Dogs & cats", "sources": [ "FDA-poison-ivy" ], "scope": "Poison-ivy group evidence", "note": "", "id": "western-poison-ivy-4" }, { "label": "Other animals", "sources": [ "C-wetland-guide" ], "scope": "Ecological observation, not feed clearance", "note": "", "id": "western-poison-ivy-5" } ], "research": { "status": "researching", "label": "Still researching this plant", "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.", "open_questions": [ { "area": "Other animals", "question": "Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.", "related_claim_ids": [ "western-poison-ivy-5" ] }, { "area": "Identification", "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.", "related_claim_ids": [] }, { "area": "Expert review", "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.", "related_claim_ids": [] } ], "expert_review": "pending" }, "source": "content/plants/western-poison-ivy.md", "html": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/western-poison-ivy/", "markdown": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/western-poison-ivy/index.md" }, { "id": "western-ragweed", "name": "Western ragweed", "scientific": "Ambrosia psilostachya", "category": "native", "status": "Native Colorado plant · not on state Lists A/B/C", "status_sources": [ "C-floristic-2020", "CO-rules-2025" ], "warning": "A persistent perennial ragweed; allergy detail still under review", "warning_tone": "caution", "aliases": [ "Cuman ragweed", "perennial ragweed" ], "taxonomy_note": "Unlike annual common and giant ragweeds, this species is perennial. Ambrosia psilostachya is not treated as a synonym of either.", "source_ids": [ "C-floristic-2020", "CO-rules-2025", "F-ambrosia-psilostachya", "C-ragweed-native", "S27" ], "description": "Western ragweed: A persistent perennial ragweed; allergy detail still under review. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.", "claim_evidence": [ { "label": "Identification", "sources": [ "F-ambrosia-psilostachya" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "western-ragweed-1" }, { "label": "People", "sources": [ "C-ragweed-native" ], "scope": "Related-species context; species-specific evidence unresolved", "note": "", "id": "western-ragweed-2" }, { "label": "Dogs & cats", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "", "id": "western-ragweed-3" }, { "label": "Other animals", "sources": [ "F-ambrosia-psilostachya" ], "scope": "Species forage discussion; broader treated-ragweed warning", "note": "", "id": "western-ragweed-4" }, { "label": "Plants & habitat", "sources": [ "F-ambrosia-psilostachya" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "western-ragweed-5" }, { "label": "Management & timing", "sources": [ "F-ambrosia-psilostachya" ], "scope": "Management inference from perennial growth", "note": "", "id": "western-ragweed-6" } ], "research": { "status": "researching", "label": "Still researching this plant", "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.", "open_questions": [ { "area": "People", "question": "Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.", "related_claim_ids": [ "western-ragweed-2" ] }, { "area": "Dogs & cats", "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.", "related_claim_ids": [ "western-ragweed-3" ] }, { "area": "Other animals", "question": "Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.", "related_claim_ids": [ "western-ragweed-4" ] }, { "area": "Identification", "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.", "related_claim_ids": [] }, { "area": "Expert review", "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.", "related_claim_ids": [] } ], "expert_review": "pending" }, "colorado_relevance": { "source_id": "C-floristic-2020", "locator": "Appendix B; PDF page 32; Ambrosia psilostachya", "basis": "Included in the 2020 statewide flora assessment. This is not a current county abundance survey.", "source_taxon": "Ambrosia psilostachya" }, "source": "content/plants/western-ragweed.md", "html": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/western-ragweed/", "markdown": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/western-ragweed/index.md" }, { "id": "western-water-hemlock", "name": "Western water hemlock", "scientific": "Cicuta douglasii", "category": "native", "status": "Native wetland hazard; not an A/B/C listing in the reviewed rule", "status_sources": [ "C-wetland-guide", "CO-rules-2025" ], "warning": "Potentially fatal poisoning; wetland look-alike danger", "warning_tone": "danger", "aliases": [], "taxonomy_note": "The older Colorado wetland guide treats C. douglasii within C. maculata var. angustifolia. The photos and Utah source identify C. douglasii. This is separate from poison hemlock (Conium maculatum). Older home-treatment instructions and an incorrect chemical classification in sources are excluded.", "source_ids": [ "C-wetland-guide", "CO-rules-2025", "U-water-hemlock", "C-routt-guide", "S27" ], "description": "Western water hemlock: Potentially fatal poisoning; wetland look-alike danger. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.", "claim_evidence": [ { "label": "Recognize", "sources": [ "U-water-hemlock" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "western-water-hemlock-1" }, { "label": "Plants & habitat", "sources": [ "C-wetland-guide" ], "scope": "Older regional flora; taxonomic scope differs", "note": "", "id": "western-water-hemlock-2" }, { "label": "People", "sources": [ "C-routt-guide" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "western-water-hemlock-3" }, { "label": "Dogs & cats", "sources": [ "C-routt-guide" ], "scope": "Dog warning; cat evidence gap", "note": "", "id": "western-water-hemlock-4" }, { "label": "Other animals", "sources": [ "U-water-hemlock" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "western-water-hemlock-5" } ], "research": { "status": "researching", "label": "Still researching this plant", "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.", "open_questions": [ { "area": "Dogs & cats", "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.", "related_claim_ids": [ "western-water-hemlock-4" ] }, { "area": "Identification", "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.", "related_claim_ids": [] }, { "area": "Expert review", "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.", "related_claim_ids": [] } ], "expert_review": "pending" }, "source": "content/plants/western-water-hemlock.md", "html": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/western-water-hemlock/", "markdown": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/western-water-hemlock/index.md" }, { "id": "western-whorled-milkweed", "name": "Western whorled milkweed", "scientific": "Asclepias subverticillata", "category": "native", "status": "Colorado native", "status_sources": [ "S06" ], "warning": "High livestock toxicity", "warning_tone": "danger", "aliases": [], "taxonomy_note": "", "source_ids": [ "S06", "S05", "S04" ], "description": "Western whorled milkweed: High livestock toxicity. Colorado identification, habitat and exposure evidence.", "claim_evidence": [ { "label": "Recognize", "sources": [ "S06" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "reviewed": "2026-09-06", "id": "western-whorled-milkweed-1" }, { "label": "Plants & habitat", "sources": [ "S06" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "reviewed": "2026-09-06", "id": "western-whorled-milkweed-2" }, { "label": "People", "sources": [ "S05" ], "scope": "Genus-level", "note": "", "reviewed": "2026-09-06", "id": "western-whorled-milkweed-3" }, { "label": "Dogs & cats", "sources": [ "S04" ], "scope": "Genus-level", "note": "", "reviewed": "2026-09-06", "id": "western-whorled-milkweed-4" }, { "label": "Other animals", "sources": [ "S06" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "reviewed": "2026-09-06", "id": "western-whorled-milkweed-5" } ], "research": { "status": "researching", "label": "Still researching this plant", "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.", "open_questions": [ { "area": "Expert review", "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.", "related_claim_ids": [] } ], "expert_review": "pending" }, "source": "content/plants/western-whorled-milkweed.md", "html": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/western-whorled-milkweed/", "markdown": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/western-whorled-milkweed/index.md" }, { "id": "white-clover", "name": "White clover", "scientific": "Trifolium repens", "category": "invasive", "status": "Common introduced weed · not on state Lists A/B/C", "status_sources": [ "C-floristic-2020", "CO-rules-2025" ], "warning": "A spreading lawn plant with pollinator value", "warning_tone": "caution", "aliases": [ "Dutch clover", "ladino clover" ], "taxonomy_note": "White clover (Trifolium repens) differs from white sweetclover (Melilotus albus); the moldy sweetclover-hay warning is not assigned to it solely from a common name.", "source_ids": [ "C-floristic-2020", "CO-rules-2025", "N-trifolium-repens", "C-descriptions", "S27" ], "description": "White clover: A spreading lawn plant with pollinator value. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.", "claim_evidence": [ { "label": "Identification", "sources": [ "N-trifolium-repens" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "white-clover-1" }, { "label": "People", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "", "id": "white-clover-2" }, { "label": "Dogs & cats", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "", "id": "white-clover-3" }, { "label": "Other animals", "sources": [ "N-trifolium-repens" ], "scope": "Forage-use observation; safety limitation", "note": "", "id": "white-clover-4" }, { "label": "Plants & habitat", "sources": [ "N-trifolium-repens" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "white-clover-5" }, { "label": "Management & timing", "sources": [ "N-trifolium-repens", "C-descriptions" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "white-clover-6" } ], "research": { "status": "researching", "label": "Still researching this plant", "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.", "open_questions": [ { "area": "People", "question": "Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.", "related_claim_ids": [ "white-clover-2" ] }, { "area": "Dogs & cats", "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.", "related_claim_ids": [ "white-clover-3" ] }, { "area": "Other animals", "question": "Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.", "related_claim_ids": [ "white-clover-4" ] }, { "area": "Identification", "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.", "related_claim_ids": [] }, { "area": "Expert review", "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.", "related_claim_ids": [] } ], "expert_review": "pending" }, "colorado_relevance": { "source_id": "C-floristic-2020", "locator": "Appendix B; PDF page 84; Trifolium repens", "basis": "Included in the 2020 statewide flora assessment. This is not a current county abundance survey.", "source_taxon": "Trifolium repens" }, "source": "content/plants/white-clover.md", "html": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/white-clover/", "markdown": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/white-clover/index.md" }, { "id": "white-locoweed", "name": "White locoweed", "scientific": "Oxytropis sericea", "category": "native", "status": "Colorado native", "status_sources": [ "F-locoweed" ], "warning": "Toxic to livestock", "warning_tone": "danger", "aliases": [ "silky crazyweed", "whitepoint locoweed" ], "taxonomy_note": "The USFS synthesis dates to 1993; its taxonomy and cited studies are retained as historical evidence. No pet dose is inferred from livestock studies.", "source_ids": [ "F-locoweed", "A-loco" ], "description": "White locoweed: Toxic to livestock. Colorado identification, habitat and exposure evidence.", "claim_evidence": [ { "label": "Recognize", "sources": [ "F-locoweed" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "white-locoweed-1" }, { "label": "Plants & habitat", "sources": [ "F-locoweed" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "white-locoweed-2" }, { "label": "People", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "Human exposure effects were not established in the reviewed livestock sources; this is not a food plant recommendation.", "id": "white-locoweed-3" }, { "label": "Dogs & cats", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "Species-specific ingestion effects and exposure thresholds were not established in the reviewed sources.", "id": "white-locoweed-4" }, { "label": "Other animals", "sources": [ "F-locoweed", "A-loco" ], "scope": "Species-specific persistence; locoweed-group clinical effects", "note": "", "id": "white-locoweed-5" } ], "research": { "status": "researching", "label": "Still researching this plant", "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.", "open_questions": [ { "area": "People", "question": "Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.", "related_claim_ids": [ "white-locoweed-3" ] }, { "area": "Dogs & cats", "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.", "related_claim_ids": [ "white-locoweed-4" ] }, { "area": "Identification", "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.", "related_claim_ids": [] }, { "area": "Expert review", "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.", "related_claim_ids": [] } ], "expert_review": "pending" }, "source": "content/plants/white-locoweed.md", "html": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/white-locoweed/", "markdown": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/white-locoweed/index.md" }, { "id": "white-sweetclover", "name": "White sweetclover", "scientific": "Melilotus albus", "category": "invasive", "status": "Common introduced weed · not on state Lists A/B/C", "status_sources": [ "C-floristic-2020", "CO-rules-2025" ], "warning": "Moldy sweetclover hay can cause dangerous bleeding", "warning_tone": "caution", "aliases": [ "Melilotus alba", "white sweet clover" ], "taxonomy_note": "Older sources often spell the name Melilotus alba. This is not white clover (Trifolium repens). Sweetclover hay warnings are specific to the documented feed conditions, not a pet dose calculation.", "source_ids": [ "C-floristic-2020", "CO-rules-2025", "F-melilotus", "S27" ], "description": "White sweetclover: Moldy sweetclover hay can cause dangerous bleeding. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.", "claim_evidence": [ { "label": "Identification", "sources": [ "F-melilotus" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "white-sweetclover-1" }, { "label": "People", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "", "id": "white-sweetclover-2" }, { "label": "Dogs & cats", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "", "id": "white-sweetclover-3" }, { "label": "Other animals", "sources": [ "F-melilotus" ], "scope": "Sweetclover group evidence", "note": "", "id": "white-sweetclover-4" }, { "label": "Plants & habitat", "sources": [ "F-melilotus" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "white-sweetclover-5" }, { "label": "Management & timing", "sources": [ "F-melilotus" ], "scope": "Management synthesis", "note": "", "id": "white-sweetclover-6" } ], "research": { "status": "researching", "label": "Still researching this plant", "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.", "open_questions": [ { "area": "People", "question": "Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.", "related_claim_ids": [ "white-sweetclover-2" ] }, { "area": "Dogs & cats", "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.", "related_claim_ids": [ "white-sweetclover-3" ] }, { "area": "Identification", "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.", "related_claim_ids": [] }, { "area": "Expert review", "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.", "related_claim_ids": [] } ], "expert_review": "pending" }, "colorado_relevance": { "source_id": "C-floristic-2020", "locator": "Appendix B; PDF page 63; Melilotus albus", "basis": "Included in the 2020 statewide flora assessment. This is not a current county abundance survey.", "source_taxon": "Melilotus albus" }, "source": "content/plants/white-sweetclover.md", "html": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/white-sweetclover/", "markdown": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/white-sweetclover/index.md" }, { "id": "wild-caraway", "name": "Wild caraway", "scientific": "Carum carvi", "category": "invasive", "status": "Colorado noxious weed · List B — Stop the spread", "status_sources": [ "CO-rules-2025" ], "warning": "Spreads by seed; pet safety concern", "warning_tone": "caution", "aliases": [], "taxonomy_note": "A white flower umbrella is not sufficient to separate caraway from poison hemlock or water hemlock; the comparison is an editorial identification precaution.", "source_ids": [ "CO-rules-2025", "N-carum-carvi", "S27", "A-caraway", "Fremont-list-definitions" ], "description": "Wild caraway: Spreads by seed; pet safety concern. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.", "claim_evidence": [ { "label": "Recognize", "sources": [ "N-carum-carvi" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "wild-caraway-1" }, { "label": "Plants & habitat", "sources": [ "N-carum-carvi" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "wild-caraway-2" }, { "label": "People", "sources": [ "N-carum-carvi" ], "scope": "Editorial identification precaution", "note": "", "id": "wild-caraway-3" }, { "label": "Dogs & cats", "sources": [ "A-caraway" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "wild-caraway-4" }, { "label": "Other animals", "sources": [ "A-caraway" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "wild-caraway-5" }, { "id": "wild-caraway-list-meaning", "label": "State-list meaning", "sources": [ "Fremont-list-definitions" ], "scope": "Colorado management-category definition; species classification retains its original status sources", "note": "Plain-language editorial label for a management category; not a toxicity or danger rating.", "reviewed": "2026-09-07" } ], "noxious_class": "B", "research": { "status": "researching", "label": "Still researching this plant", "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.", "open_questions": [ { "area": "Other animals", "question": "Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.", "related_claim_ids": [ "wild-caraway-5" ] }, { "area": "Identification", "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.", "related_claim_ids": [] }, { "area": "Expert review", "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.", "related_claim_ids": [] } ], "expert_review": "pending" }, "noxious_class_label": "B — Stop the spread", "source": "content/plants/wild-caraway.md", "html": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/wild-caraway/", "markdown": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/wild-caraway/index.md" }, { "id": "wild-carrot", "name": "Wild carrot", "scientific": "Daucus carota", "category": "invasive", "status": "Common introduced weed · not on state Lists A/B/C", "status_sources": [ "C-floristic-2020", "CO-rules-2025" ], "warning": "Do not confuse it with highly poisonous hemlocks", "warning_tone": "caution", "aliases": [ "Queen Anne’s lace", "Queen Anne's lace" ], "taxonomy_note": "Wild carrot, poison hemlock and water hemlocks require careful separation. A dark floret, a smell or a photograph by itself is insufficient. This profile does not authorize eating wild roots.", "source_ids": [ "C-floristic-2020", "CO-rules-2025", "N-daucus-carota", "S27" ], "description": "Wild carrot: Do not confuse it with highly poisonous hemlocks. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.", "claim_evidence": [ { "label": "Identification", "sources": [ "N-daucus-carota" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "wild-carrot-1" }, { "label": "People", "sources": [ "N-daucus-carota" ], "scope": "Species contact hazard; identification precaution", "note": "", "id": "wild-carrot-2" }, { "label": "Dogs & cats", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "", "id": "wild-carrot-3" }, { "label": "Other animals", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "", "id": "wild-carrot-4" }, { "label": "Plants & habitat", "sources": [ "N-daucus-carota" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "wild-carrot-5" }, { "label": "Management & timing", "sources": [ "N-daucus-carota" ], "scope": "Management inference from reproduction and sap hazard", "note": "", "id": "wild-carrot-6" } ], "research": { "status": "researching", "label": "Still researching this plant", "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.", "open_questions": [ { "area": "Dogs & cats", "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.", "related_claim_ids": [ "wild-carrot-3" ] }, { "area": "Other animals", "question": "Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.", "related_claim_ids": [ "wild-carrot-4" ] }, { "area": "Identification", "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.", "related_claim_ids": [] }, { "area": "Expert review", "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.", "related_claim_ids": [] } ], "expert_review": "pending" }, "colorado_relevance": { "source_id": "C-floristic-2020", "locator": "Appendix B; PDF page 48; Daucus carota", "basis": "Included in the 2020 statewide flora assessment. This is not a current county abundance survey.", "source_taxon": "Daucus carota" }, "source": "content/plants/wild-carrot.md", "html": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/wild-carrot/", "markdown": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/wild-carrot/index.md" }, { "id": "wild-parsnip", "name": "Wild parsnip", "scientific": "Pastinaca sativa", "category": "invasive", "status": "Common introduced weed · not on state Lists A/B/C", "status_sources": [ "C-floristic-2020", "CO-rules-2025" ], "warning": "Sap plus sunlight can cause severe skin burns", "warning_tone": "danger", "aliases": [ "parsnip" ], "taxonomy_note": "Garden parsnip cultivars and wild plants belong to the same species. Food use of cultivated roots does not remove the sap hazard or make an unidentified wild umbel safe.", "source_ids": [ "C-floristic-2020", "CO-rules-2025", "N-pastinaca-sativa", "S27" ], "description": "Wild parsnip: Sap plus sunlight can cause severe skin burns. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.", "claim_evidence": [ { "label": "Identification", "sources": [ "N-pastinaca-sativa" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "wild-parsnip-1" }, { "label": "People", "sources": [ "N-pastinaca-sativa" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "wild-parsnip-2" }, { "label": "Dogs & cats", "sources": [ "N-pastinaca-sativa" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "wild-parsnip-3" }, { "label": "Other animals", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "", "id": "wild-parsnip-4" }, { "label": "Plants & habitat", "sources": [ "N-pastinaca-sativa", "C-floristic-2020" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "wild-parsnip-5" }, { "label": "Management & timing", "sources": [ "N-pastinaca-sativa" ], "scope": "Management synthesis from seed spread and contact hazard", "note": "", "id": "wild-parsnip-6" } ], "research": { "status": "researching", "label": "Still researching this plant", "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.", "open_questions": [ { "area": "Dogs & cats", "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.", "related_claim_ids": [ "wild-parsnip-3" ] }, { "area": "Other animals", "question": "Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.", "related_claim_ids": [ "wild-parsnip-4" ] }, { "area": "Identification", "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.", "related_claim_ids": [] }, { "area": "Expert review", "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.", "related_claim_ids": [] } ], "expert_review": "pending" }, "colorado_relevance": { "source_id": "C-floristic-2020", "locator": "Appendix B; PDF page 68; Pastinaca sativa", "basis": "Included in the 2020 statewide flora assessment. This is not a current county abundance survey.", "source_taxon": "Pastinaca sativa" }, "source": "content/plants/wild-parsnip.md", "html": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/wild-parsnip/", "markdown": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/wild-parsnip/index.md" }, { "id": "wild-proso-millet", "name": "Wild proso millet", "scientific": "Panicum miliaceum", "category": "invasive", "status": "Colorado noxious weed · List C — Manage widespread weeds", "status_sources": [ "CO-rules-2025" ], "warning": "Seed contamination and crop competition", "warning_tone": "caution", "aliases": [ "proso millet", "broomcorn millet" ], "taxonomy_note": "Cultivated proso and wild proso belong to the same species. These species-reference photographs include cultivated settings and do not demonstrate a wild, shattering or herbicide-resistant biotype. Seed and field-history assessment is needed.", "source_ids": [ "CO-rules-2025", "K-wild-proso", "S27", "Fremont-list-definitions" ], "description": "Wild proso millet: Seed contamination and crop competition. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.", "claim_evidence": [ { "label": "Recognize", "sources": [ "K-wild-proso" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "wild-proso-millet-1" }, { "label": "Plants & habitat", "sources": [ "K-wild-proso" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "wild-proso-millet-2" }, { "label": "People", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "", "id": "wild-proso-millet-3" }, { "label": "Dogs & cats", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "", "id": "wild-proso-millet-4" }, { "label": "Other animals", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "", "id": "wild-proso-millet-5" }, { "id": "wild-proso-millet-list-meaning", "label": "State-list meaning", "sources": [ "Fremont-list-definitions" ], "scope": "Colorado management-category definition; species classification retains its original status sources", "note": "Plain-language editorial label for a management category; not a toxicity or danger rating.", "reviewed": "2026-09-07" } ], "noxious_class": "C", "research": { "status": "researching", "label": "Still researching this plant", "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.", "open_questions": [ { "area": "People", "question": "Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.", "related_claim_ids": [ "wild-proso-millet-3" ] }, { "area": "Dogs & cats", "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.", "related_claim_ids": [ "wild-proso-millet-4" ] }, { "area": "Other animals", "question": "Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.", "related_claim_ids": [ "wild-proso-millet-5" ] }, { "area": "Identification", "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.", "related_claim_ids": [] }, { "area": "Expert review", "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.", "related_claim_ids": [] } ], "expert_review": "pending" }, "noxious_class_label": "C — Manage widespread weeds", "source": "content/plants/wild-proso-millet.md", "html": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/wild-proso-millet/", "markdown": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/wild-proso-millet/index.md" }, { "id": "yellow-flag-iris", "name": "Yellow flag iris", "scientific": "Iris pseudacorus", "category": "invasive", "status": "Colorado noxious weed · List A — Eradicate", "status_sources": [ "CO-rules-2025" ], "warning": "Ingestion concern; invasive wetland colonies", "warning_tone": "danger", "aliases": [], "taxonomy_note": "", "source_ids": [ "CO-rules-2025", "N-iris-pseudacorus", "S27", "Fremont-list-definitions" ], "description": "Yellow flag iris: Ingestion concern; invasive wetland colonies. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.", "claim_evidence": [ { "label": "Recognize", "sources": [ "N-iris-pseudacorus" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "yellow-flag-iris-1" }, { "label": "Plants & habitat", "sources": [ "N-iris-pseudacorus" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "yellow-flag-iris-2" }, { "label": "People", "sources": [ "N-iris-pseudacorus" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "yellow-flag-iris-3" }, { "label": "Dogs & cats", "sources": [ "N-iris-pseudacorus" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "yellow-flag-iris-4" }, { "label": "Other animals", "sources": [ "N-iris-pseudacorus" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "yellow-flag-iris-5" }, { "id": "yellow-flag-iris-list-meaning", "label": "State-list meaning", "sources": [ "Fremont-list-definitions" ], "scope": "Colorado management-category definition; species classification retains its original status sources", "note": "Plain-language editorial label for a management category; not a toxicity or danger rating.", "reviewed": "2026-09-07" } ], "noxious_class": "A", "research": { "status": "researching", "label": "Still researching this plant", "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.", "open_questions": [ { "area": "Expert review", "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.", "related_claim_ids": [] } ], "expert_review": "pending" }, "noxious_class_label": "A — Eradicate", "source": "content/plants/yellow-flag-iris.md", "html": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/yellow-flag-iris/", "markdown": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/yellow-flag-iris/index.md" }, { "id": "yellow-nutsedge", "name": "Yellow nutsedge", "scientific": "Cyperus esculentus", "category": "invasive", "status": "Colorado noxious weed · List B — Stop the spread", "status_sources": [ "CO-rules-2025" ], "warning": "Underground tubers sustain infestations", "warning_tone": "caution", "aliases": [], "taxonomy_note": "This listed sedge is described as native in the NC source; that broad range label is not a Colorado nativity assessment. It is distinct from purple nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus).", "source_ids": [ "CO-rules-2025", "N-cyperus-esculentus", "S27", "Fremont-list-definitions" ], "description": "Yellow nutsedge: Underground tubers sustain infestations. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.", "claim_evidence": [ { "label": "Recognize", "sources": [ "N-cyperus-esculentus" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "yellow-nutsedge-1" }, { "label": "Plants & habitat", "sources": [ "N-cyperus-esculentus" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "yellow-nutsedge-2" }, { "label": "People", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "", "id": "yellow-nutsedge-3" }, { "label": "Dogs & cats", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "", "id": "yellow-nutsedge-4" }, { "label": "Other animals", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "", "id": "yellow-nutsedge-5" }, { "id": "yellow-nutsedge-list-meaning", "label": "State-list meaning", "sources": [ "Fremont-list-definitions" ], "scope": "Colorado management-category definition; species classification retains its original status sources", "note": "Plain-language editorial label for a management category; not a toxicity or danger rating.", "reviewed": "2026-09-07" } ], "noxious_class": "B", "research": { "status": "researching", "label": "Still researching this plant", "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.", "open_questions": [ { "area": "People", "question": "Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.", "related_claim_ids": [ "yellow-nutsedge-3" ] }, { "area": "Dogs & cats", "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.", "related_claim_ids": [ "yellow-nutsedge-4" ] }, { "area": "Other animals", "question": "Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.", "related_claim_ids": [ "yellow-nutsedge-5" ] }, { "area": "Identification", "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.", "related_claim_ids": [] }, { "area": "Expert review", "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.", "related_claim_ids": [] } ], "expert_review": "pending" }, "noxious_class_label": "B — Stop the spread", "source": "content/plants/yellow-nutsedge.md", "html": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/yellow-nutsedge/", "markdown": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/yellow-nutsedge/index.md" }, { "id": "yellow-starthistle", "name": "Yellow starthistle", "scientific": "Centaurea solstitialis", "category": "invasive", "status": "Colorado noxious weed · List A — Eradicate", "status_sources": [ "CO-rules-2025" ], "warning": "Severe horse poisoning; sharp spines", "warning_tone": "danger", "aliases": [], "taxonomy_note": "A horse-specific poisoning hazard is established. Do not generalize controlled grazing by other livestock into unrestricted feeding advice.", "source_ids": [ "CO-rules-2025", "N-centaurea-solstitialis", "S27", "Fremont-list-definitions" ], "description": "Yellow starthistle: Severe horse poisoning; sharp spines. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.", "claim_evidence": [ { "label": "Recognize", "sources": [ "N-centaurea-solstitialis" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "yellow-starthistle-1" }, { "label": "Plants & habitat", "sources": [ "N-centaurea-solstitialis" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "yellow-starthistle-2" }, { "label": "People", "sources": [ "N-centaurea-solstitialis" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "yellow-starthistle-3" }, { "label": "Dogs & cats", "sources": [ "N-centaurea-solstitialis" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "yellow-starthistle-4" }, { "label": "Other animals", "sources": [ "N-centaurea-solstitialis" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "yellow-starthistle-5" }, { "id": "yellow-starthistle-list-meaning", "label": "State-list meaning", "sources": [ "Fremont-list-definitions" ], "scope": "Colorado management-category definition; species classification retains its original status sources", "note": "Plain-language editorial label for a management category; not a toxicity or danger rating.", "reviewed": "2026-09-07" } ], "noxious_class": "A", "research": { "status": "researching", "label": "Still researching this plant", "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.", "open_questions": [ { "area": "Dogs & cats", "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.", "related_claim_ids": [ "yellow-starthistle-4" ] }, { "area": "Identification", "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.", "related_claim_ids": [] }, { "area": "Expert review", "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.", "related_claim_ids": [] } ], "expert_review": "pending" }, "noxious_class_label": "A — Eradicate", "source": "content/plants/yellow-starthistle.md", "html": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/yellow-starthistle/", "markdown": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/yellow-starthistle/index.md" }, { "id": "yellow-sweetclover", "name": "Yellow sweetclover", "scientific": "Melilotus officinalis", "category": "invasive", "status": "Common introduced weed · not on state Lists A/B/C", "status_sources": [ "C-floristic-2020", "CO-rules-2025" ], "warning": "Moldy sweetclover hay can cause dangerous bleeding", "warning_tone": "caution", "aliases": [ "yellow sweet clover" ], "taxonomy_note": "", "source_ids": [ "C-floristic-2020", "CO-rules-2025", "N-melilotus-officinalis", "F-melilotus", "C-descriptions", "S27" ], "description": "Yellow sweetclover: Moldy sweetclover hay can cause dangerous bleeding. Identification and evidence for Colorado readers.", "claim_evidence": [ { "label": "Identification", "sources": [ "N-melilotus-officinalis", "F-melilotus" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "yellow-sweetclover-1" }, { "label": "People", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "", "id": "yellow-sweetclover-2" }, { "label": "Dogs & cats", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "", "id": "yellow-sweetclover-3" }, { "label": "Other animals", "sources": [ "F-melilotus" ], "scope": "Sweetclover group evidence", "note": "", "id": "yellow-sweetclover-4" }, { "label": "Plants & habitat", "sources": [ "N-melilotus-officinalis" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "yellow-sweetclover-5" }, { "label": "Management & timing", "sources": [ "C-descriptions", "F-melilotus" ], "scope": "Management synthesis", "note": "", "id": "yellow-sweetclover-6" } ], "research": { "status": "researching", "label": "Still researching this plant", "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.", "open_questions": [ { "area": "People", "question": "Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.", "related_claim_ids": [ "yellow-sweetclover-2" ] }, { "area": "Dogs & cats", "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.", "related_claim_ids": [ "yellow-sweetclover-3" ] }, { "area": "Other animals", "question": "Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.", "related_claim_ids": [ "yellow-sweetclover-4" ] }, { "area": "Expert review", "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.", "related_claim_ids": [] } ], "expert_review": "pending" }, "colorado_relevance": { "source_id": "C-floristic-2020", "locator": "Appendix B; PDF page 63; Melilotus officinalis", "basis": "Included in the 2020 statewide flora assessment. This is not a current county abundance survey.", "source_taxon": "Melilotus officinalis" }, "source": "content/plants/yellow-sweetclover.md", "html": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/yellow-sweetclover/", "markdown": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/yellow-sweetclover/index.md" }, { "id": "yellow-toadflax", "name": "Yellow toadflax", "scientific": "Linaria vulgaris", "category": "invasive", "status": "Colorado noxious weed · List B — Stop the spread", "status_sources": [ "J-yellow-toadflax" ], "warning": "Spreads from roots; livestock concern", "warning_tone": "caution", "aliases": [], "taxonomy_note": "Distinguish the two toadflaxes by leaves as well as flowers. A snapdragon-like bloom is not evidence of garden suitability.", "source_ids": [ "J-yellow-toadflax", "Fremont-list-definitions" ], "description": "Yellow toadflax: Spreads from roots; livestock concern. Colorado identification, habitat and exposure evidence.", "claim_evidence": [ { "label": "Recognize", "sources": [ "J-yellow-toadflax" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "yellow-toadflax-1" }, { "label": "Plants & habitat", "sources": [ "J-yellow-toadflax" ], "scope": "Species-specific", "note": "", "id": "yellow-toadflax-2" }, { "label": "People", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "Human ingestion effects were not established in this review.", "id": "yellow-toadflax-3" }, { "label": "Dogs & cats", "sources": [], "scope": "Review limitation", "note": "Species-specific ingestion effects and exposure thresholds were not established in the reviewed sources.", "id": "yellow-toadflax-4" }, { "label": "Other animals", "sources": [ "J-yellow-toadflax" ], "scope": "Possible livestock toxicity; pet evidence gap", "note": "", "id": "yellow-toadflax-5" }, { "id": "yellow-toadflax-list-meaning", "label": "State-list meaning", "sources": [ "Fremont-list-definitions" ], "scope": "Colorado management-category definition; species classification retains its original status sources", "note": "Plain-language editorial label for a management category; not a toxicity or danger rating.", "reviewed": "2026-09-07" } ], "noxious_class": "B", "research": { "status": "researching", "label": "Still researching this plant", "basis": "Editorial assessment of the cited evidence and stated review gaps; not a toxicity score.", "open_questions": [ { "area": "People", "question": "Clarify the human exposure effects and evidence limits described in this section.", "related_claim_ids": [ "yellow-toadflax-3" ] }, { "area": "Dogs & cats", "question": "Find species-specific dog and cat exposure evidence; do not infer safety from missing reports.", "related_claim_ids": [ "yellow-toadflax-4" ] }, { "area": "Other animals", "question": "Clarify feeding and exposure risks for each animal group; do not transfer findings between species.", "related_claim_ids": [ "yellow-toadflax-5" ] }, { "area": "Identification", "question": "Resolve the taxonomic, common-name or photograph limitations stated in the identification caveat.", "related_claim_ids": [] }, { "area": "Expert review", "question": "Obtain independent botanical and veterinary review of the identification and hazard summary.", "related_claim_ids": [] } ], "expert_review": "pending" }, "noxious_class_label": "B — Stop the spread", "source": "content/plants/yellow-toadflax.md", "html": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/yellow-toadflax/", "markdown": "https://denson.github.io/colorado-weed-field-guide/plants/yellow-toadflax/index.md" } ] }